2021 CHPT 12 Resist Logs 1101

Chpt 11- Introduction to Petrophysics –
Basic Log Analysis
Resistivity Logs – Invasion, Induction & Laterlog
GW Gunter, Eduardo Viro & M. Watfa

NExT - Petrophysics
Contributions by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor
Pre Chapter Quiz
1. Where does electrical current flow ?

2. T/F – Induction based tools work best in water based muds ?
3. T/F – Induction based tools work in oil based muds ?
4. T/F – It is important to understand the invasion profile for different mud
systems ?
5. T/F – Rw can be described using sodium chlorites or resistivity ?
6. T/F – Rw changes in terms of ohm-m is a function of temperature ?
7. T/F – Lateral logs work best in salt based muds ?
8. T/F – Induction logs can be effected by bed thickness and contrasting
electrical properties ?
9. What are 3 common uses of sonic logs for petrophysical applications?
2 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Schlumberger-Private
Resistivity Logs
Resistivity Logs
Introduction
Resistivity Logs
Resistivity Theory
– The resistivity of a substance is a
measure of its ability to impede the flow
of a electrical current
– Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon
saturation determination
– Porosity give volumes of fluids but does
not indicate what fluid and its saturation
is occupying the pores.
– Current can only pass through water in
the formation. Therefore, resistivity
depends on:
▪ Resistivity of the formation water (Rw)
▪ Amount of water present
Resistivity Model
Resistivity Model - Terms
Invasion: Characteristics & Factors Controlling It
1. Volumen of filtrate entering the formation

• Controlled by the Mud Cake Quality
➢ “Water Loss”: measured in an API cell
– volume filtrating in 30 min, with DP=100 psi & T=76 °F:
– 4cc: excellent, 12 cc: typical, 30 cc: mediocre
2. Velocity for the Invasion Process

• Controlled by the Formation Permeability
➢ It can take months in low permeability formations
3. Depth of Invasion inside the formation
• Controlled by the value of Formation Porosity
➢ Invasion is shallow in high porosity formations
➢ Invasion is deep in low porosity formations (low velocity!)
Typical Invasion Patterns
Invaded Zone
Virgin Zone
Rxo Rxo
Resistivity
Resistivity
Rt Rt
dj d1 d2
Case 1: Case 2:
Step Profile Transition Profile
Typical Invasion Patterns: WBM vs OBM
Effect of Laminations on Horizontal Resistivity, Rh
(Standard Induction measurements)
Rsand
20 ohms
1/Rh = Vsd/Rsd + Vsh/Rsh
Rshale
Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor

1 ohm
Resistivity Logs
Resistivity Logs
Induction Logs – Deep Resistivity

(Works best in high resistivity muds)
Resistivity Logs
The Induction-Family of Deep Resistivity tools:

– Induction – Electrical Survey (IES or 6FF40)
– Dual Induction - SFL (DIT)
– Phasor Dual Induction – SFL (PI)
– Array Induction Imager (AIT)
– Rt Scanner Triaxial Induction (ZAIT)
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Induction Tool - Principles
Induction Tool – Conductivity

rather than resistivity
– uses a high frequency
electromanetic transmitter to
induce a current in a ground
loop of the formation
– Induces an electrical field
whose magnitude is
proportional to the formation
conductivity.
– Lithologies have inverse
relationship to resistivity
▪ Shales – low conductivity
▪ Water bearing sands – high
conductivity
Induction Tool - Principles
Geometrical Factor
– In a simple model of measurement
in a homogenous formation, the
response of the tool is the sum of
all the conductivity loops in the
formation coaxial with the sonde.
– Each signal is proportional to the
conductivity and a Geometrical
Factor (Gi) which depends on the
loop position with respect to the
transmitter and receiver positions.
– The sum of all the geometrical
factors is equal to 1.
– To minimize shoulder bed effects
the tool is focused using multiple
15
coils.
Induction Tool – Depth of Investigation
Induction Tool - Measurement & Correction
– Induction Log sees the borehole
environment as:
CIL = Cm + Cmc +Cxo + Ct
▪ Best results when mud is highly
resistive – freshwater mud is good,
oil based mud is best
▪ Poorer readings in salt water muds
– Skin Effects – caused by ground loops
creating their own fields and interfering
Cm – Mud Conductivity with the signal being measured
Cmc – Mud Cake Conductivity resulting in reduction of measured
Cxo – Invaded Zone Conductivity conductivity
Ct – True Formation Conductivity ▪ X-signal correction
– Borehole effects corrections
▪ Hole diameter
▪ Bed Effects
▪ Mud Properties
Rt from Induction
Step Profile
Array Induction Tools (AIT*)
❑AIT-B was the first, commercial

array induction tool.
❑Advanced system with multi-
frequency operation
❑Through wiring to allow it to
be run with other tools below
it.
❑AIT-H is a smaller version. It
has Rm sensor to aid in
borehole corrections
❑SAIT is a slimhole, array
induction tool designed to run
in holes less than 6 inches in
diameter.
Array Induction Principles
❑The array approach is to combine multiple

transmitter-receiver arrays to produce a set of
measurements (28) at several depths of
investigation.
❑AIT measurements are based upon a forward

model that relates resistivity measurements to the
characteristics of the borehole environment.
❑The model makes these assumptions:
➢The borehole is very long (infinite).
➢The borehole is smooth and circular.
➢The tool is centered in the borehole

Array Induction Principles
❑In reality the borehole is not round and smooth, infinitely long, nor
is the tool centered in the borehole therefore the actual data must
be corrected.
❑To ensure that you are optimizing the borehole correction
process, you must be sure that you are operating within the
modeled borehole environment.
❑To achieve this, there can be a maximum of two unknown
formation variables:
➢Conductivity of the mud (Cm)- Rm sensor in AIT
➢Radius of the borehole (r) - Caliper
➢The distance (standoff) between the tool and the
borehole wall (x) – Center tool or put a known standoff on
the tool
➢ The conductivity of the formation (Cf) - Always unknown

AIT Depth of Investigation
Integrated Radial Response ❑Median Depths of

Functions for the 5 AIT Curves radial investigation
are constant through
a wide range of
conductivity
❑50% of the log
response comes from
radii less than the
median depth and
Means 50% of 50% from deeper in
readings coming the formation.
from a depth of 90” ❑Response for the 3
different vertical
resolutions are the
same.

AIT Features & Benefits
❑Large depth of investigation (90 in.) will see beyond any

invasion.
❑1, 2 and 4 foot vertical resolutions
❑The vertical resolution of 1 ft virtually eliminates any
shoulder bed effect.
❑Little borehole effect. The borehole corrections have been
modeled through the envelope stated.
❑The skin effect is measured and compensated for by
measuring the X-signal.
❑Radically consistent volumes of investigation. (10 in., 20
in., 30 in., 60 in., and 90 in.)
❑Real time quality monitoring

Obtaining Rt and Rxo in OBM
Rt
❑Set of AIT logs in
OBM
❑RT and Rxo are
Rxo
derived from the 28
conductivity
measurements
❑Model used the more
realistic four-
parameter model
(transition zone)

Array Induction Log Range of Applications
Tool operating range

1000 Possible large errors all AIT logs
Possible large errors on shallow AIT logs
Rt (ohm.m)
100
Recommended
AIT AIT
10 operating Range and/or
HRLA
HRLA
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Rt/Rm
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved (Low Rm or High Rt)
Tri-Axial Resistivity Induction Logging Tool
Rt Scanner
▪ Applications
– Determination of true resistivity, Rt
– Determination of water saturation, Sw
– Low-resistivity pay
– Laminated formations
– Structural analysis
– Thin-bed analysis
– Invasion profiling
JPT, August 2010
– Reservoir delineation
Induction Tool – Application & Limitations
Application
– Obtains True Formation Resistivity (Rt = 1/Ct)
– Ideal in freshwater or oil-based mud environments
– Ideal for low resistivity formations and when Rxo = Rt.
Limitations
– Poor results in salt saturated muds
– Cannot be used in high resistivity formations
– Poor in thin bed resolution
– Poor when Rxo < Rt
– Influenced by highly dipping beds or boreholes
Resistivity Logs
Resistivity Logs
Lateral Logs – Deep Resistivity

(works best in salt muds)
Resistivity Logs
The Laterolog-Family of Deep Resistivity tools:

– Laterolog 3, Laterolog 7, ….
– Dual Laterolog (DLT-MSFL)
– Azimuthal Laterolog (ARI)
– High Resolution Azimuthal Resistivity Imager (HALS)
– High-Resolution Laterolog Array Tool (HRLA)
Old Resistivity Tools
– The voltage measured at M is

proportional to the formation
resistivity
– The spacing between the current
source A and the voltage
measured at M determines the
depth of investigation and hence
the resistivity being read.
– This electrode configuration is
the Normal tool
▪ Long Normal = Deep resistivity
▪ Short Normal = Shallow
resistivity
Micro Inverse (MI) & Micro Normal (MN)
❑ MI reads mainly in the mudcake
MN
❑ MN reads in the mud cake plus
MI invaded zone
❑ In permeable zones we will see
Reservoir separations (red-shading)
❑ In non-permeable zones (e.g.
Shales) we will not have any
separations- curves overlay
❑ The absolute values of MI and MN
are not important.
Shale
Dual Laterolog Tool Focusing
The Deep & Shallow Laterolog schematic diagram

HALS (High Resolution Azimuthal Laterolog)
HALS
HALS Overview
High resolution Azimuthal
Laterolog Sonde
A2
Monolithic sonde with

central imaging array
Length: 16’
Weight: 210 lb s A1*
A1
3 operating modes
4 computed focusing modes M2 A0 e xt
A0*
M1 A0 i nt
A azi
A0’ int
M1’ A0*’
- LLD, LLS (12”) M2’ A0’ ext
- High resolution (8”) LLD, LLS

- Deep and Shallow Images
- Electrical Standoff A1’
- Rm
- Dip with diameter measurement A1*’
A2’

Azimuthal Resistivity Imager (ARI)
Same as Dual Laterolog, but
with the Upper A2 electrode
segmented into 12 sections
Provides:
▪ Standard DLL
measurements
▪ 12 Deep Azimuthal
measurements
▪ 12 Shallow Azimuthal
measurements
▪ Shallow high resolution
measurement (sum of
above)
▪ Automatic borehole /
standoff correction using
very shallow measurement
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor (A2 return)
HRLA Hardware Overview
General:
Tool Diameter 3 5/8in
Electronics Length 24 ft.
Cartridge Weight 179 kg (394 lbs)
Environmental:
Temperature Range -25...150degC (300F)
Maximum pressure 15000psi
Minimum borehole size 5in
Max build-rate 54 deg/100ft (8.5in hole)
Sonde Platform Express shock and vibration resistance
Measurement:
Integrated
Knuckle- Resistivity Range (Rm=1) Rm...100,000 Ohmm
Joint Resistivity Range (Rm =0.02) Rm...20,000 Ohmm
(8in borehole)
Radius of Investigation: 25in
(median response at contrast Rxo/Rt = 10/1)
Lower Electrode
Quantitative Vertical Resolution 12in
(uninvaded formation and 8in borehole)
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor
HRLA (High Resolution Laterolog Array) Principles
Multiple depth of investigation and increased resolution

▪ Increased vertical resolution
▪ Clearer indication of invasion
▪ No need for deep mode & bridle
Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 Mode-4 Mode-5
▪ No Groningen, no TLC stif bridle
Inversion with improved formation models & reduced shoulder effect
▪ Account for coupling of radial
and vertical response
▪ More accurate computation of Rt
Lateral Log – Depth of Investigation
– Plot is the pseudo-

geometrical factor vs
diameter of invasion
– Relative depth of
investigation is defined as
invasion diameter for
which the invaded zone
contributes to 50% of the
signal (J=0.5)
– Using the chart the relative
depth of investigation can
be calculated.
– e.g. it is 35’’ for the LLS
Lateral Log – Measurement & Correction
– Lateral Log sees the borehole environment as:
RLL = Rm + Rmc +Rxo + Rt
▪ Best results when mud is salt saturated = Rm
is low
▪ Poorer readings in fresh water muds
▪ Measurement cannot be taken in oil based
muds
▪ Rmc depends on Rmf measurements
– Lateral Logs need a series of borehole

corrections:
Rm – Resistivity of mud ▪ Borehole size
Rmc – Resistivity of mud cake ▪ Effects of Mud Resistivity
Rxo – Resistivity of flushed or ▪ Bed Correction - Squeeze/Anti Squeeze
invaded zone ▪ String effects for low resistivity formations
Rt – Resistivity of the formation ▪ TLC effects – for drill pipe conveyed Laterlogs
Lateral Log – Applications and Limitations
Applications
– Obtain True Formation Resistivity (Rt) after correction for borehole effects
– Standard resistivity reading in high resistivity environments
– Used in medium to high salinity muds
– Good results in high contrast Rt/Rm
– Reasonable vertical resolution (approx 20”)
– Indicate hydrocarbons
Limitations
– Cannot be used in oil based mud systems
– Only of use in freshwater mud systems in high resistivity formations
– Needs to be corrected for hole size, string effects, and TLC
– Groningen effect

2021 CHPT 12 Resist Logs 1101

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2021 CHPT 12 Resist Logs 1101

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chpt 11- Introduction to Petrophysics –

Basic Log Analysis

Resistivity Logs – Invasion, Induction & Laterlog

GW Gunter, Eduardo Viro & M. Watfa

1. Where does electrical current flow ?

2 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

4 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

5 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

6 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

1. Volumen of filtrate entering the formation

2. Velocity for the Invasion Process

9 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

10 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

1/Rh = Vsd/Rsd + Vsh/Rsh

Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor

Induction Logs – Deep Resistivity

The Induction-Family of Deep Resistivity tools:

Induction Tool – Conductivity

16 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

❑AIT-B was the first, commercial

❑The array approach is to combine multiple

❑AIT measurements are based upon a forward

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor

Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor

Integrated Radial Response ❑Median Depths of

Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor

❑Large depth of investigation (90 in.) will see beyond any

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Contribution by Dr. Mohammed Watfa, NExT instructor

Tool operating range

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Lateral Logs – Deep Resistivity

The Laterolog-Family of Deep Resistivity tools:

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

– The voltage measured at M is

❑ MI reads mainly in the mudcake

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Monolithic sonde with

- High resolution (8”) LLD, LLS

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Multiple depth of investigation and increased resolution

– Plot is the pseudo-

– Lateral Logs need a series of borehole

You might also like