CONTEMPORARY WORLD

INTRODUCTION

__________1.
COVERAGE

•UNIT I: Introduction to Globalization

•Unit II: Structures of Globalization
•Unit III: World of Regions
•Unit IV: World of Ideas
•Unit V: Global Population and Mobility
•Unit VI: Sustainable World
•Unit VII: Global Citizenship
1. How close is the world to
me?

2. How is our world

connected?
“Your shirt is made in Thailand and
your shoes were made in China. The
android device you are holding comes
from Japan. You can travel to Moscow
and have a Big Mac there and you can
watch American films in a cozy and
serene resort in the Maldives. These
are indeed exciting times”
GLOBALIZATION
• The process in which people, ideas and goods spread
throughout the world, spurring more interaction and
integration between the world’s cultures, governments
and economies
• Process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations, a
process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.
• Growing worldwide connectivity
• Farther, faster, cheaper and deeper
GLOBALIZATION
• Multi-dimensional process involving economic,
political, technological, cultural, religious and
ecological dimensions.
• It suggests a dynamic process of change that results in
either positive or negative development.
• It leads to the creation of something new;
• it involves the multiplication of social connections and
various activities that transgress traditional and
political, economic, cultural and geographical lines
SILK ROAD
• People are engaged in buying and selling from other
places in far-away lands like the famed Silk Road across
Central Asia that connected China and Europe during
the Middle Age for thousands of years and they also
invested in enterprises in other countries for centuries.
• The Silk Road is the longest and historically most
important land trade route in the world. The trade
began thousands of years ago because merchants
discovered that the transportation of goods was
profitable and that silk was one of the main trade items.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
•1. The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500
BCE)
•In this earliest phase of globalization,
contacts among hunters and gatherers –who
were spread around the world – were
geographically limited. In this period due to
absence of advanced forms of technology,
globalization was severely limited.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
•1. The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500
BCE)
•In this earliest phase of globalization,
contacts among hunters and gatherers –who
were spread around the world – were
geographically limited. In this period due to
absence of advanced forms of technology,
globalization was severely limited.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
• 2. The Pre-modern Period/Ancient (3500 BCE-
1500 CE)
• In this period the invention of writing and the
wheel were great social and technological
boosts that moved globalization to a new level.
The invention of wheel in addition to roads
made the transportation of people and goods
more efficient. On the other hand, writing
facilitated the spread of ideas and inventions.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
• 3. The Early Modern Period (1500-1750)
• It is the period between the Enlightenment and the
Renaissance. In this period, European
Enlightenment project tried to achieve a universal
form of morality and law. This with the emergence
of European metropolitan centers and unlimited
material accumulation which led to the capitalist
world system helped to strengthen globalization.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
•4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)
•Innovations in transportation and
communication technology, population
explosion, and increase in migration led to
more cultural exchanges and transformation
in traditional social patterns. Process of
industrialization also accelerated.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION

•5. The Contemporary Period (from 1970

to present)
•The creation, expansion, and
acceleration of worldwide
interdependencies occurred in a
dramatic way and it was a kind of leap
in the history of globalization.
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF THE TERM
GLOBALIZATION
•4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)
•Innovations in transportation and
communication technology, population
explosion, and increase in migration led to
more cultural exchanges and transformation
in traditional social patterns. Process of
industrialization also accelerated.
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF THE TERM
GLOBALIZATION
•4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)
•Innovations in transportation and
communication technology, population
explosion, and increase in migration led to
more cultural exchanges and transformation
in traditional social patterns. Process of
industrialization also accelerated.
Other important concepts related to
Globalization
• Glocalization. This term is used to describe a
product or service that is developed and
distributed globally but is also adjusted to
accommodate the user or consumer in a local
market.
• Liberalization. This refers to the removal of
barriers and restrictions imposed by national
governments to create an open and borderless
world economy.
Other important concepts related to
Globalization
• Internationalization. This refers to activities by entities
such as corporations, states, international organizations,
private organizations and even individuals with
reference to national boarders and national
governments.
• Universalization. Denotes a process of spreading various
objects, practices and experiences to the different parts
of the world. If Western modernity spreads and destroys
local cultures, this variant of universalization is called
Westernization, Americanization or Mcdonaldization..
Characteristics of Globalization
• Glocalization. This term is used to describe a
product or service that is developed and
distributed globally but is also adjusted to
accommodate the user or consumer in a local
market.
• Liberalization. This refers to the removal of
barriers and restrictions imposed by national
governments to create an open and borderless
world economy.
Indicators of Globalization
• Glocalization. This term is used to describe a
product or service that is developed and
distributed globally but is also adjusted to
accommodate the user or consumer in a local
market.
• Liberalization. This refers to the removal of
barriers and restrictions imposed by national
governments to create an open and borderless
world economy.
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION
• 1. Economic Dimension
• This refers to the extensive development of
economic relations across the globe as a result
of technology and the enormous flow of capital
that has stimulated trade in both sources and
goods.
• The result of these powerful forces resulted in
the wide gap between the rich and the poor
countries.
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION
• 2. Political Dimension
• This refers to an enlargement and strengthening
of political interrelations across the globe
• Global cities like New York, London, Tokyo, and
Singapore are closely connected with one
another than they are to various cities in their
own countries.
• European Union, United Nations, NATO, The
World Trade Organization
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION
• 3. Cultural Dimension
• This refers to the increase in the amount of cultural
flows across the globe. Cultural interconnections are
at the foundations of contemporary globalization
• Cultural diversity often results hybridization- a
constructive interaction process between global and
local characteristics which is often visible in food,
music, dance, film, fashion, and language. As a result
only few can have self-contained and authentic culture
• Media played major role: Print, Broadcast & Digital
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION

•4. Religious Dimension

•Through globalization, major religions
reached different countries. There are
religious teachings that affect
globalization. 10 Commandments, 5
Pillars of Islam,
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION
• 10 Commandments
• 5 Pillars of Islam: Shahada (testimony), Salat (prayer five times
a day), Zakat (alms/tax paid to help others), Sawm (fasting
during the time of Ramadan), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca at
least once in a lifetime)
• 8-Fold Path: Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right
Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness &
Right Concentration/4 Noble Truths: Life is suffering, The
cause of suffering is craving, The end of suffering comes with
an end to craving, There is a path which leads one away from
craving and suffering
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION
• 5. Ideological Dimensions
• Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs,
norms and values among a group of people. It is
often used to legitimize certain political interests or
to defend dominant power structures. Ideology
connects human actions with some generalized
claims. Globalization is a social process of
intensifying global interdependence while
globalism is an ideology that gives the concept of
neo-liberal values and meanings to globalization.
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION
• Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of Globalism
• 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
global integration of markets.
• 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
• 3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
• 4. Globalization benefits everyone.
• 5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy
in the world.
6 DIMENSIONs OF GLOBALIZATION

•6. Ecological Dimension

•It has something to do with the use of
our resources with the less developed
countries as the main source of raw
materials. Sustainable development
must also be taken into consideration.
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION

•More Job Employment

•Due to foreign investors many
companies could rise to a certain
country which helps create more
jobs.
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Infrastructure Development
•With globalization many countries especially
from the developing and 3rd world countries
could apply a loan to other countries to
develop their infrastructure. Just like how
China is projecting power in some African
countries.
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION

• Affordable & Quality Products

•Globalization helps countries provide
their people with the most affordable
prices on variety of products without
questioning quality
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Promotes Unity/Peace and Order
•With many countries working together to
engage in trade and investments there would
be no time for another conflict because
everyone is interdependent because they
now rely for other countries resources.
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
•Increase in GDP
•In the economy of a country, their GDP or
Gross Domestic Product increases because of
Globalization, due to high demand and
competition among products and services,
the circulation of goods and commodities
between businesses would increase.
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Recognition of Culture and Tourism
• Interactions between the nation and the global
access of communication and information allow
people to share their culture and cultivate it
among others. People began acknowledging other
cultures and even liking it. This also increases
tourism among countries, people wants to
explore a certain place or experience cultures.
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
•Emergence of Technology
•Innovations and technologies truly make our
life easier. It decreases timespent by
individuals in a single activity. It also offers
high-quality education. The occurrence of
technologies and quick-spread of information
makes teaching better and high quality.
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION

•Labor Exploitation
•Globalization enables firms to expand
employment and economic prospects in
underdeveloped countries, where labor
costs are frequently lower. However,
these countries' overall economic
growth may be modest or stagnant.
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION

• Globalization Increases the risk/spread of Diseases

• In our modern world many people can travel easily and
visit countries they want to visit. Some experts think that
globalization is also leading to the incursion of
communicable diseases. Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are
being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the
globe. This also increases the risk of spreading of
diseases/viruses since it’s not just humans who are being
shipped but animals that can potentially carry deadly
viruses just like COVID-19.
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION

•Tax Exploitation
•Large multi-national corporations
have the ability to exploit tax havens
in other countries to avoid paying
taxes.
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
•Devastation of Environment/ Climate Change
•Industries are continuously using natural
resources to provide products and services,
with activities such as mining, drilling, and
others that only cause to degradation of the
environment.
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Cut-throat competition
• It also increases competition among nations, especially
established nations like China and USA. These two nations
have been dealing with their imports and exports from
other countries. This also opens to tight competition,
between foreign and domestic markets; domestic markets
are visibly smaller and much affected within these. It is a
huge loss for them to compete among big markets. While
the large and established economies are moving forward,
small economies are being left behind, due to lower foreign
investment and zero opportunities.
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
•Human gets replaced by robots
•The emergence of technology and
modernization of everything replaces even
human beings. Inventions make people lose
their job. They were replaced by machines
and robots to obtain higher productivity and
lessen human mistakes.