CA.

Nitin Goel

Educator: CA Inter Accounts

& Advanced Accounts

3 years experience with ITC Ltd.

> 7 Years teaching experience
All India Rankholder
(CPT-9, Inter- 7, Final-9)
Gold Medalist

Use Code: CANITIN

to get 10% Discount
 AS -2: VALUATION OF INVENTORIES
Meaning of These are the assets:
Inventories → Held for sale in the ordinary course of business (Finished goods/Stock in trade)
→ In the process of production for such sale (Work –in-Progress)
→ In the form of material or supplies to be consumed in the production process or
in the rendering of services (raw material, stores and spares*, etc.)
* Inventories do not include spare parts, servicing equipment & standby equipment
which meet the definition of property, plant and equipment as per AS 10. Such items
are accounted for in accordance with AS 10.

Common (a) Raw materials and components (b) Work-in progress (c) Finished goods
Classification of (d) Stock-in- trade (in respect of goods acquired for trading) (e) Stores and spares
Inventories (f) Loose tools (g) Others (specify nature).

Measurement Inventories should be valued at lower of cost and net realizable value.
(PARA 5)
Cost of Inventories

Cost of Purchase Conversion cost Other cost incurred in bringing

the inventory to their present
location and condition
A. COST OF PURCHASE
Basic Purchase Price XX
Add Duties and Taxes (non refundable) XX
Add Freight inwards XX
Add Other expenditure directly attributable to the acquisition XX
Less Trade discount and rebates (XX)
Cost of Purchase XX

B. COST OF CONVERSION

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 COST OF CONVERSION (NOT SEPARATELY IDENTIFIABLE) IN CASE OF PRODUCTION
PROCESS RESULTING IN MORE THAN ONE PRODUCT BEING PRODUCED SIMULTANEOUSLY

CASE 1: JOINT PRODUCT:

When the cost of conversion of each product are not separately identifiable, they are allocated between
the products on a rational and consistent basis.

Basis of Allocation of Conversion Cost

At the stage in Production process At the completion of Production
On the relative sales value of WIP 1 and WIP 2 On the relative sales value of FG 1 and FG 2

CASE 2: MAIN PRODUCT AND BY PRODUCT:

➢ Most by products as well as scrap or waste materials, by their nature are immaterial.
➢ In such a case, they are measured at NRV and such value is deducted from the cost of main product.

C. OTHER COST
Other costs are included in cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the
inventories to their present location and condition.
Example: Cost of designing products for specific customers.

EXCLUSIONS FROM THE COST OF INVENTORIES

❖ Abnormal amount of wasted materials, labour or other production cost (Abnormal loss)
❖ Storage cost unless those are necessary in the production process prior to a further production stage.
❖ Administrative overheads that do not contribute to bringing the inventories to their present location
and condition
❖ Selling and distribution cost
❖ Interest and other borrowing costs are usually considered as not relating to bringing the inventories to
their present location and condition and are therefore usually not included in cost of inventory.
COST FORMULAS
For items that are not ordinarily interchangeable For other items

Specific identification of cost method: FIFO: Inventory which were purchased or

Specific costs are attributed to identified items produced first are sold or consumed first
of inventory or
Weighted Average method: Weighted average
of cost of similar items
TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF COST
(May Be Used For Convenience if Results Approximate Actual Cost)
Standard Cost method Retail method
Takes into account normal levels of • Often used in the retail trade for measuring
consumption of materials and supplies, labour, inventories of large numbers of rapidly
efficiency and capacity utilization changing items that have similar margins
• Inventory is determined by reducing from
sales value of inventory the appropriate GP %

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 NET REALISABLE VALUE (NRV)
Estimated Selling Price XX
Less: Estimated selling expenses (XX)
Less: Estimated cost of completion (XX)
NRV XX
❖ NRV is to be seen on each and every balance sheet date.
❖ Inventories should be usually written down to NRV on an item by item basis (individual basis) and
not on global basis.
❖ In case of firm/committed contract of sale, NRV shall be calculated at the contract price.

Example
X Ltd deals in 2 products A & B neither similar nor interchangeable. At the end of year, the Historical
Cost and NRV of items of closing stock are given below. Determine the value of closing stock.
Items Historical Cost (in Lakhs) Net Realizable Value (in Lakhs)
A 30 45
B 40 33

Example
Closing Stock: 3,000 units. Cost per Unit 40. Selling Price per Unit 45.
There is firm contract for 1,000 units @ 37 per unit.

VALUATION OF MATERIALS AND OTHER SUPPLIES (PARA 24)

If finished product in which such raw material is to Other cases

be used is expected to be sold at or above cost price [SP FG < CPFG]
[SP FG ≥ CPFG]
Value Raw Material at Cost Price. Value Raw Material at
Lower of Cost price or Replacement price
[CP or RP ]
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS:
❖ Accounting policies
❖ Cost formula used
❖ Total carrying amount of inventories & its classification

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Question 1 RTP Nov 2019 / ICAI Study Material (Similar)
Hello Limited purchased goods at the cost of ₹ 20 lakhs in October. Till the end of financial year, 75% of
the stocks were sold. The company wants to disclose closing stock at ₹ 5 lakhs. The expected sale value
is ₹ 5.5 lakhs and a commission at 10% on sale is payable to the agent. What is the correct value of
closing stock?

Question 2 RTP May 2019 / ICAI Study Material

On 31st March 2021 a business firm finds that cost of a partly finished unit on that date is ₹ 530. The unit
can be finished in 2021-22 by an additional expenditure of ₹ 310. The finished unit can be sold for ₹ 750
subject to payment of 4% brokerage on selling price.
The firm seeks your advice regarding the amount at which the unfinished unit should be valued as at 31st
March, 2021 for preparation of final accounts. Assume that partly finished goods cannot be sold in semi
finished form and its NRV is zero without processing it further.

Question 3 RTP May 2021

The inventory of Rich Ltd. as on 31st March, 2022 comprises of Product – A: 200 units and Product – B:
800 units.
Details of cost for these products are:
Product – A: Material cost, wages cost and overhead cost of each unit are ₹ 40, ₹ 30 and ₹ 20
respectively, Each unit is sold at ₹ 110, selling expenses amounts to 10% of selling costs.
Product – B: Material cost and wages cost of each unit are ₹ 45 and ₹ 35 respectively and normal selling
rate is ₹ 150 each, however due to defect in the manufacturing process 800 units of Product-B were
expected to be sold at ₹ 70.
You are requested to value closing inventory according to AS 2 after considering the above.

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Question 4
ABC Pvt. Limited ordered 10,000 kg. of certain material at ₹ 100 per kg. The purchase price includes
GST ₹ 10 per kg., in respect of which full credit is admissible. Freight, Loading and Unloading incurred
amounted to ₹ 40,800. Normal Transit Loss is 2%. Enterprise, actually received 9760 kg. & consumed
9500 kg. Determine cost of inventory and allocation of material cost as per AS–2.

Question 5 Inter May 2019 (5 Marks)

Wooden Plywood Limited has a normal wastage of 5% in the production process. During the year 2021-
22, the Company used 16,000 MT of Raw material costing ₹ 190 per MT. At the end of the year, 950
MT of wastage was in stock. The accountant wants to know how this wastage is to be treated in the
books. You are required to:
(1) Calculate the amount of abnormal loss.
(2) Explain the treatment of normal loss and abnormal loss. [In the context of AS-2 (Revised)]

Solution
As per AS 2 (Revised) ‘Valuation of Inventories’, abnormal amounts of wasted materials, labour and
other production costs are excluded from cost of inventories and such costs are recognised as expenses in
the period in which they are incurred. The normal loss will be included in determining the cost of
inventories (finished goods) at the year end.
Amount of Abnormal Loss:
Material used 16,000 MT @ ₹ 190 = ₹ 30,40,000
Normal Loss (5% of 16,000 MT) 800 MT (included in calculation of cost of inventories)
Net quantity of material 15,200 MT

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Abnormal Loss in quantity (950 - 800) 150 MT
Abnormal Loss ₹ 30,000 [150 units @ ₹ 200 (₹ 30,40,000/15,200)]
Amount of ₹ 30,000 (Abnormal loss) will be charged to the Profit and Loss statement.

Question 6
Calculate the value of raw materials and closing stock based on the following information:

Raw material X
Closing balance 500 units
₹ per unit
Cost price including GST 200
GST (Credit is receivable on the GST paid) 10
Freight inward 20
Unloading charges 10
Replacement cost 150
Finished goods Y
Closing Balance 1200 units
₹ per unit
Material consumed 220
Direct labour 60
Direct overhead 40
Total Fixed overhead for the year was ₹ 2,00,000 on normal capacity of 20,000 units.
Calculate the value of the closing stock, when
(i) Net Realizable Value of the Finished Goods Y is ₹ 400.
(ii) Net Realizable Value of the Finished Goods Y is ₹ 300.

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Question 7 Inter Jan 2021 (5 Marks)
Mr. Jatin gives the following information relating to the items forming part of the inventory as on
31.03.2021. His enterprise produces product P using Raw Material X.
(i) 900 units of Raw Material X (purchases @ ₹ 100 per unit). Replacement cost of Raw Material X as
on 31.03.2021 is ₹ 80 per unit
(ii) 400 units of partly finished goods in the process of producing P. Cost incurred till date is ₹ 245 per
unit. These units can be finished next year by incurring additional cost of ₹ 50 per unit.
(iii) 800 units of Finished goods P and total cost incurred is ₹ 295 per unit.
Expected selling price of product P is ₹ 280 per unit, subject to a payment of 5% brokerage on selling
price.
Determine how each item of inventory will be valued as on 31.03.2021. Also calculate the value of total
Inventory as on 31.03.2021.

Solution
As per AS 2 (Revised) “Valuation of Inventories”, materials and other supplies held for use in the
production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be
incorporated are expected to be sold at cost or above cost. However, when there has been a decline in the
price of materials and it is estimated that the cost of the finished products will exceed net realizable
value, the materials are written down to net realizable value.
In such circumstances, the replacement cost of the materials may be the best available measure of their
net realizable value. In the given case, selling price of product P is ₹ 266 and total cost per unit for
production is ₹ 295.
Hence the valuation will be done as under:
(i) 900 units of raw material X will be written down to replacement cost as market value of finished
product is less than its cost, hence valued at ₹ 80 per unit.
(ii) 400 units of partly finished goods will be valued at 216 per unit i.e., lower of cost (₹ 245) or Net
realizable value ₹ 216 (Estimated selling price ₹ 266 per unit less additional cost of ₹ 50).
(iii) 800 units of finished product P will be valued at NRV of ₹ 266 per unit since it is lower than cost ₹
295.
Particulars Units Cost (₹) NRV/ Value = units x cost
Replacement or NRV whichever is
cost ₹ less (₹)
Raw material X 900 100 80 72,000
Partly finished goods 400 245 216 86,400
Finished goods P 800 295 266 2,12,800
Value of Inventory 3,71,200

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Question 8 RTP May 2020
Calculate the closing inventory considering the following data:
Particulars Kg ₹
Opening Inventory Finished Goods 1,000 25,000
Raw Materials 1,100 11,000
Purchases 10,000 1,00,000
Labour 76,500
Fixed Overheads 75,000
Sales 10,000 2,80,000
Closing Inventory Raw Materials 900
Finished Goods 1,200
The expected production for the year was 15,000 kg of the finished product. Due to fall in market
demand the sales price for the finished goods was ₹ 20 per kg and the replacement cost for the raw
material was ₹ 9.50 per kg on the closing day.

Solution
Calculation of cost of closing inventory
Particulars ₹
Purchase costs (10,200*10) 1,02,000
Direct Labour 76,500
Fixed Overheads (75,000/15,000*10,200) 51,000
Cost of Production 2,29,500
Cost of closing inventory per unit (2,29,500/10,200) 22.50
Net realizable value per unit 20.00
Since net realizable value is less than cost, closing inventory will be valued at ₹ 20.
As NRV of the finished goods is less than its cost, relevant raw materials will be valued at replacement
cost ₹ 9.50.
Therefore value of closing inventory
Finished Goods: 1,200*20 = 24,000
Raw Materials: 900*9.50 = 8,550
32,550

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 Practice Questions
Question 1 RTP Nov 2018 /RTP Nov 2020 (Similar)
A Limited is engaged in manufacturing of Chemical Y for which Raw Material X is required. The
company provides you following information for the year ended 31st March, 2022.
₹ per unit
Raw material X
Cost price 380
Unloading charges 20
Freight inward 40
Replacement cost 300
Chemical Y
Material consumed 440
Direct labour 120
Variable overhead 80
Additional Information:
(i) Total fixed overhead for the year was ₹ 4,00,000 on normal capacity of 20,000 units.
(ii) Closing balance of Raw Material X was 1,000 units and Chemical Y was 2,400 units.
You are required to calculate the total value of closing stock of Raw Material X and Chemical Y
according to AS 2, when
(a) Net realizable value of Chemical Y is ₹ 800 per unit
(b) Net realizable value of Chemical Y is ₹ 600 per unit

Solution
(a) When Net Realizable Value of the Chemical Y is ₹ 800 per unit
NRV is greater than the cost of Finished Goods Y i.e. ₹ 660 (Refer W.N.)
Hence, Raw Material and Finished Goods are to be valued at cost.
Value of Closing Stock:
Qty. Rate Amount
Raw Material X 1,000 440 4,40,000
Finished Goods Y 2,400 660 15,84,000
Total Value of Closing Stock 20,24,000

(b) When Net Realizable Value of the Chemical Y is ₹ 600 per unit
NRV is less than the cost of Finished Goods Y i.e. ₹ 660.
Hence, Raw Material is to be valued at replacement cost and Finished Goods are to be valued at
NRV since NRV is less than the cost.
Value of Closing Stock:
Qty. Rate Amount
Raw Material X 1,000 300 3,00,000
Finished Goods Y 2,400 600 14,40,000
Total Value of Closing Stock 17,40,000

Working Note:
Statement showing cost calculation of Raw material X and Chemical Y
Raw material X ₹ per unit
Cost price 380
Add: Unloading charges 20
Add: Freight inward 40
Cost 440
Chemical Y ₹ per unit
Material consumed 440
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 Direct labour 120
Variable overhead 80
Fixed overheads 20
(4,00,000/20,000)
Cost 660

Question 2 Inter Nov 2019 (5 Marks)

Mr. Rakshit gives the following information relating to items forming part of inventory as on 31st March,
2022. His factory produces product X using raw material A.
a) 800 units of raw material A (purchased @ ₹140 per unit). Replacement cost of raw material A as on
31st March, 2022 is ₹190 per unit.
b) 650 units of partly finished goods in the process of producing X and cost incurred till date ₹310 per
unit. These units can be finished next year by incurring additional cost of ₹50 per unit.
c) 1,800 units of finished product X and total cost incurred ₹360 per unit.
Expected selling price of product X is ₹350 per unit.
In the context of AS-2, determine how each item of inventory will be valued as on 31st March, 2022.
Also, calculate the value of total inventory as on 31st March, 2022.

Solution
As per AS 2 (Revised) “Valuation of Inventories”, materials and other supplies held for use in the
production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be
incorporated are expected to be sold at cost or above cost. However, when there has been a decline in the
price of materials and it is estimated that the cost of the finished products will exceed net realizable
value, the materials are written down to net realizable value. In such circumstances, the replacement cost
of the materials may be the best available measure of their net realizable value. In the given case, selling
price of product X is ₹350 and total cost per unit for production is ₹360.
Hence the valuation will be done as under:
a) 800 units of raw material will be valued at cost 140.
b) 650 units of partly finished goods will be valued at 300 per unit* i.e. lower of cost (₹310) or Net
realizable value ₹300 (Estimated selling price ₹ 350 per unit less additional cost of ₹50).
c) 1,800 units of finished product X will be valued at NRV of ₹350 per unit since it is lower than cost
₹360 of product X.
Valuation of Total Inventory as on 31.03.2022:
Particulars Units Cost (₹) NRV/ Value = units x ₹
Replacement cost or NRV
cost ₹ whichever is less
(₹)
Raw material A 800 140 190 1,12,000 (800 x 140)
Partly finished goods 650 310 300 1,95,000 (650 x 300)
Finished goods X 1800 360 350 6,30,000 (1,800 x 350)
Value of Inventory 9,37,000

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