CLASS 8C

SUBJECT: COMPUTER

TOPIC: -

1. Any one type of Topology

One type of topology commonly used in computer networks is the "star topology." In a star topology, all
devices in the network are connected to a central device called a "hub" or "switch." Each device has its own
dedicated connection to the central hub, and communication between devices in the network is facilitated
through this central hub. In a star topology, if one device wants to communicate with another device, it sends
the data to the central hub, which then forwards the data to the intended recipient. This centralized structure
makes it easy to add or remove devices from the network without affecting the other devices. Additionally, if
one device fails, it does not disrupt the entire network since each device has its own connection to the hub.
The star topology is commonly used in Ethernet local area networks (LANs) because it provides a high level of
reliability and scalability. However, one potential drawback of the star topology is that the central hub
becomes a single point of failure. If the hub fails, the entire network may become inaccessible. To mitigate this
risk, redundant or backup hubs can be employed to ensure network availability in case of hub failure.

2. How MODEM worked as Network Device.

A modem, short for modulator-demodulator, is a network device that enables communication between a
computer or network and an internet service provider (ISP) over a transmission medium, such as
telephone lines or cable lines. It converts digital signals from a computer or network into analog signals
that can be transmitted over the transmission medium, and vice versa.

Here's a high-level overview of how a modem works:

1. Modulation: When data is sent from a computer or network, the modem modulates the digital signals
into analog signals. This modulation process involves altering the characteristics of the analog signal
(such as amplitude, frequency, or phase) to represent the digital information being transmitted.
Different modulation techniques can be used, such as amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency
modulation (FM), depending on the t
2. ransmission medium and the modem's capabilities.
2. Transmission: The modulated analog signals are transmitted over the transmission medium, such as
telephone lines or cable lines. The transmission medium carries the signals to the ISP's network
infrastructure.

3. Demodulation: On the receiving end, another modem receives the analog signals from the transmission
medium. The modem then demodulates the analog signals, converting them back into digital signals that
can be understood by the receiving computer or network. This demodulation process reverses the
modulation applied during transmission.

4. Data Exchange: The demodulated digital signals are then passed to the receiving computer or network,
allowing data to be exchanged between the two endpoints.

It's important to note that modems can support different types of transmission technologies, such as dial-
up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), cable, or fibre optics. Each technology has its own characteristics and
transmission speeds, with advancements in technology leading to faster and more efficient data
transmission rates.

Overall, modems play a crucial role in connecting computers and networks to the internet by facilitating
the translation between digital signals used by computers and the analog signals required for transmission
over the physical medium.

DRAWING TOOL- NO DRAWING TOOL USED