MC 2
BIOCHEMISTRY 1
BIOCHEMISTRY
- Study of chemical substances
found in living organisms and
the chemical interactions of
these substances with each
other.
- Area of chemistry that
describes and studies life in
terms of molecular level
processes.
2 types of Biochemical substances:
1. Bioinorganic substance –
substances mostly that do not
contain carbon.
- Water (about 70%)
- Inorganic Salts (about 5%)
2. Bioorganic substance – - Discovered bacteria in 1674
substance that contains carbon.
- Proteins (about 15%)
- - “Father of Microbiology”
- Lipids (about 8%)
- Carbohydrates (about 2%)
- Nucleic Acid (about 2%)
Biochemistry can be divided into 3
principal areas;
1. The structures of the chemical
components of living matter.
2. The reactions (metabolism)
occurring in living matter.
3. Molecular genetics
Life on earth is built around compounds
that contain element such as:
 Carbon
 Nitrogen
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
Complex sequence of these elements
bond together, forming the building
blocks of life – cell.
Cell is the universal functional unit of all
forms of life.
“Is a small, membrane-enclosed unit
filled with a concentrated aqueous
solution of chemicals and endowed with
the extraordinary ability to create copies
of itself by growing and then dividing into
two” -Prof. Ehtasham Ali
Robert Hooke
- Naturalist, Philosopher, and
Inventor (July 18, 1635 – March
3, 1703)
- Published his book
“Micrographia”, which contains
his drawings of sections of cork
as seen through one of the first
microscope (1665)
- He was the 1st person to use the
term “cell”
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
- 1632-1723
- Perfects the simple microscope
and observes cell and
microorganisms (1673).
and four years later, discovered
protozoa.
- 1st to examined pond water
under microscope –
“animalcules” (1673).
- 1st to describe various forms of
bacteria
Samples: water with pepper,
scrapings of his teeth
- he also observed blood cells
from fish, birds, frogs, dogs,
and humans.
Theodore Schwann
- zoologist in Hamburg, Germany
- studied animal cells in detail
under the microscope.
Matthias Schleiden
- German botanist who viewed
plants under a microscope.
- Discovered that plant parts are
made up of cells.
FORMULATION OF CELL THEORY
1. The cell is the unit of structure,
physiology and organization in
living things.
2. The cell retains a dual existence
as a distinct entity and a building
block in the construction of
organisms.
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3. Cells form by free-cell formation, PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC
similar to the formation of crystals CELLS
(spontaneous generation).

Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow

- Father of Modern Pathology,
“Pope of Medicine”
(The first two tenets are correct, but
the third is clearly wrong)
- Omnis cellula e cellula – all
cells only arise from pre-
existing cells.

Prokaryotic cells
- Bacteria, eubacteria,
o Matthias Jacob Schleiden – archaebacteria
concluded that all plants are - Were here first for billion of
made up of cell (1838) years
o Theodore Schwann – - Were the only form of life on
concluded that all animals are Earth.
made up of cell (1839) - All prokaryotic organisms are
o Rudolf Virchow – concluded unicellular
that all cells came from pre- - 0.5 – 10 nm in diameter
existing cells (1885).

Eukaryotic cells
Cell Theory - Protists, fungi, plants, animals
- All living things are made up of - Appeared on earth long after
cells prokaryotic cells but they are
- Cells are the basic units of much more advanced.
structure and function in an - They can be unicellular or
organism. multicellular.
- New cell are produced from - Hereditary material is found
pre-existing cells. inside the nucleus
- Membrane bound organelles
- 10-100 nm in diameter.
Modern Cell Theory contains 4
statements, in addition to the original cell
theory:
 The cell contains hereditary
information (DNA) which is
passed on from cell to cell during
cell division.
 All cells are basically the same in
chemical composition and
metabolic activities.
 All basic chemical and
physiological functions are carried
out inside the cell. (movement,
digestions, etc.)
 Cell activity depends on the
activities of sub-cellular structures
within the cell (organelles,
nucleus, plasma membrane).
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
ORGANELLES AND THEIR - “little organs” that are
FUNCTIONS suspended in the cytoplasm of
the cell
 Cell (plasma) membrane
- Regulates passage of materials
between cell and environment
- Acquiring energy
- Aid in protections and support
of cell
- Reproduction
Components of the plasma
membrane: - Adaptation
- proteins
- Maintaining homeostasis
- lipid bilayer (hydrophilic head,
hydrophobic tail)
Power Stations
- Carbohydrates
1. Mitochondria
- changes chemical energy
 Cell Wall stored in food into compounds
that can be used by the cell.
- Structure that surrounds cell
membrane for protection and - Has 2 membranes
- Cristae – is the internal
support in plants, algae, fungi,
and some bacteria compartments formed by inner
membrane
- Not living because of the
presence of cellulose - Generates own chromosome
- Site of cell respiration
- Very porous
- Adenosine Triphosphate –
molecule that stores chemical
energy in mitochondria
2. Chloroplast
- Converts sunlight into chemical
energy in plants and algae
- 3 membranes
- Contains chlorophyll – green
pigment
- Site of photosynthesis
 Nucleus
- Controls cell activities and
Protein Factories
contains DNA
3. Ribosomes
Parts of the Nucleus: - Which proteins are made
- Nucleolus – synthesizes - Smallest organelles
ribosomes and rRNA - Assembled in the nucleolus
- Nuclear envelope – separates - Composed of RNA and proteins
its content from the cytoplasm - Some are attached to
- Nuclear pore – allow the membranes while others free in
passage of small water-soluble cytoplasm
Free in cytoplasm: make
proteins for use in cell.
 Cytoplasm Attached to RER: make
- Area between nucleus and cell proteins for export out of cell.
membrane
- Removes waste material
- Helps in cell respiration “Manufacturers and Shippers”
- Convert glucose to energy 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- complex network that
transports material throughout
the inside of the cell [2 types:
smooth (storage of special
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enzymes and chemicals) and Intermediate Filament
rough (involve in synthesis of Actin Filament
protein) ]
- the general function is to
produce proteins for the cell to Cell Division
function.
5. Golgi Apparatus 10. Centrioles
- Modifies, packages, and - Play role in cell division
distributes molecules made at (Prophase, Metaphase,
one location of the cell and Anaphase, Telophase)
used at another. - Found in animal and fungi cells
- Made of hollow, tubular
structures arranged in bundles
- Composed of protein.
Cleanup Crews
6. Lysosomes
- Contains chemicals and INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
enzymes necessary for AND ENZYMOLOGY
digesting certain materials in
the cell Immunology
- not found in plant cells  Immunology – deals with
- removes junk response of an organism to
- can fuse with vacuoles to digest antigenic challenges
food or worn - Covers the study of all aspects
- can digest mitochondria of the immune system.
 Immunity – state of protection
from infectious diseases.
Storage Tanks  Immune system – defense system
7. Vacuole ; restore, repair, replace,
- Stores materials such as water, regenerate
salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates
- Plants have large central The Innate Immune System
vacuole for water
1. Basophils (blood) and Mast Cells
- Unicellular animals can use
(tissue)
contractile vacuoles for
- Do not attack other cell
movement
- Create environment to release.
- Produces hydrolytic enzymes
chemicals that will kill the cell.
8. Plastids
- Plant cell organelle involved in Examples
storage of food and pigments
- Can take many forms like  Histamine
chloroplast  Heparin
 Prostaglandins
 Pyrogen
 Chemotactic Factors
Framework
2. Eosinophils
9. Cytoskeleton - Attack parasites
- Framework of the cell - Release chemicals (cytotoxic
- Composed of filaments and chemicals)
fibers that support the cell 3. Neutrophils
structure and drive cell - Enters tissue through
movement: diapedesis
Microtubules (hollow tubes - Defend against pathogens by
made up of proteins) – support, phagocytosis
move organelles through cell, - Exocytosis of residues from cell
role in cell division by forming for recycling.
centrioles.
Microfilaments (solid filaments
of protein) – movement and 4. Macrophages
support. - Functions by phagocytosis
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- Derived from monocyte
- Defend against pathogens
- Degrade unwanted substance
- Antigen presentation
- “name tag”
- Memory T-cells
5. Natural Killer Cell (NKC)
- Attack other cell by scanning
- Tumor cells and viruses
Enzymes – highly specific (made up of
proteins) , maintain their specific shape
to function
Emil Fischer – lock and key theory
 Any alteration in the primary,
secondary, tertiary, or quaternary
forms of enzymes is detrimental.

Importance of Enzymes
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY
 Every aspect of cellular life
o Plague of Athens – Thucydides in  Cell shape and motility
430 BC  Metabolism
 Transaction
 Hormone release
1. Inoculation – getting crust from  Muscle Contraction
small pox (Chinese)
 Protein Synthesis
- French and Indian war –
incision
2. Variolation – injecting materials
from crust/fluid from small pox Classification of Enzymes
blisters Enzymes can be classified
- Not safe through Enzyme Commission.
3. Vaccination – developed by
Edward Jenner in 1796. 1. EC 1. Oxidoreductases
2. EC 2. Transferases
1840 – free vaccination 3. EC 3. Hydrolases
- Vaccines were 4. EC 4. Lyases
attenuated/weakened virus. 5. EC 5. Isomerases
6. EC 6. Ligases
Louis Pasteur – rabies and
fermentation Examples of Enzymes
1. Lipases
2. Amylase
Types of Immunity 3. Maltase
4. Trypsin
- Innate Immunity
5. Lactase
- Adaptive Immunity
6. Acetylcholenesterases
- Passive Immunity
7. Helicase
8. DNA polymerase
Enzymology
- Deals with a specific group of  Activation energy – energy
proteins called enzymes needed for a whole chemical
- Enzymes are so specific process to be completed.
- Almost all enzymes are  Enzyme – the catalyst, speeds up
proteins, they are a catalyst that chemical reaction by lowering
speeds up a chemical reaction. down the activation energy.
- Coenzymes – non protein  Active site
molecule
- Apoenzyme – responsible for
the enzyme’s substrate Factors affecting Enzymes Activity
specificity.
- Substrate – large molecules 1. Temperature
- Co factor/ coenzyme – fill in 2. PH
3. Enzyme Concentration
4. Substrate concentration