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Vucetic, Mladen

PORE PRESSURE BUILDUP AND LIQUEFACTION AT LEVEL SANDY SITES

DURING EARTHQUAKES

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Ph.D. 1986

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University
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International
 PORE PRESSURE BUILDUP AND LIQUEFACTION AT LEVEL
SANDY SITES DURING EARTHQUAKES

by

Mladen V u cetic

A T h e s is S ubm itted to t h e G r a d u a te

F acu lty of R e n s s e la e r P o lytechnic I n s tit u te

in P artial Fulfillm ent of t h e

R eq u irem en ts f o r t h e D eg ree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Major S u b je c t: Civil E n g in e e rin g

A p p r o v e d b y th e
Exam ining Committee:

R icardo D o b ry , T h e s is A d v iso r

Rot iber

A postolos P ap ag eo rg io u , Member

Thomas F. Ziitfnie, Member

R e n s s e la e r P o ly te c h n ic I n s tit u te
T r o y , New Y ork

May 1986
To my W i f e
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................vi

LIST OF F I G U R E S ........................................................................ ix

N O T A T I O N ................................................................................................................. xxxiv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ x l i i

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... x l i v

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N ..........................................................................................................1

1.1 G e n e r a l .................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Definition of t h e P r o b l e m ................................................................. 11

1.3 Case H i s t o r i e s ............................................................................................ 20

1 .3 .1 H eb er Road Site ( H R S ) ......................................................... 20

1 .3 .2 Wildlife S ite ( W S ) ...................................................................... 21
1 .3 .3 Owi Island Site ( O W I ) ............................................................. 21

1 .4 O rgan iza tio n of t h e T e x t ...................................................................... 22

2. UNDRAINED BEHAVIOR OF SATURATED S A N D S .......................... 23

2.1 G e n e r a l ......................................................................................................... 23

2 .2 Loading and B o u n d a ry C onditions in V ario us U n d rain ed

Cyclic T e s t s ................................................................................................ 29

2 .3 D o b ry ’s Pore P r e s s u r e Model............................................................. 41
 2 .4 T e s t in g P r o c e d u r e s ......................................................................... 48

2 .4 .1 G e n e r a l ...................................................................................... 48
2 . 4 . 2 Simple S h e a r T e s t ................................................................ 49
2 . 4 . 3 T riax ial T e s t ............................................................................. 53

2 .5 E x perim ental R esu lts an d Pore P r e s s u r e Modelling . . . . 59

2 .5 .1 T e s tin g Program D escrip tio n and O b je c tiv e s . . . . 59

2 . 5 . 2 C hannel Fill T e s t R e s u l t s ............................................... 62
2 . 5 . 3 Wildlife T e s t R e s u l t s ........................................................... 80
2 .5 .3 . 1 G e n e r a l ........................................................................ 80
2 . 5 . 3 . 2 Cyclic DSS S tra in -C o n tro lle d T e s t R esu lts . . 80
2 . 5 . 3 . 3 Cyclic T riaxial S tra in -C o n tr o lle d T e s t R e s u lts. 94
2 . 5 . 3 . 4 Monotonic T riax ial T e s t R e s u l t s .........................115
2 . 5 . 3 . 5 Cyclic S tr e s s - C o n tr o ll e d T e s t R e s u l t s ........... 118
2 . 5 . 3 . 6 T e s t s P erform ed by R . S . L add (1984) . . . . 120

2 .6 D i s c u s s i o n ................................................................................................. 124

3. ANALYTICAL SEISMIC SOIL RESPONSE M O D E L .......................128

3.1 G e n e r a l ......................................................................................................128

3 .2 T h eo re tic al Basis an d "DESRAMOD" C o m p u ter P ro g ra m . . 131

3 .2 .1 G e n e r a l .........................................................................................131
3 . 2 . 2 N onlinear Dynamic A nalysis of H o rizo n ta lly L ayered
Soil P r o f ile .................................................................................... 132
3 . 2 . 3 S t r e s s - S t r a i n B ehavior and D eg rad atio n Model . . . 133
3 . 2 . 4 Material D am p in g ....................................................................... 138
3 . 2 . 5 Pore P r e s s u r e M o d e l.............................................................. 140
3 . 2 . 6 Pore P r e s s u r e Dissipation a n d R e d is trib u tio n Model 144
3 . 2 . 7 E n e rg y T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a r y .........................................147

3 .3 S u m m a r y ......................................................................................................148

4. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SOIL R E S P O N S E .................................... 154

4.1 G e n e r a l ......................................................................................................154

4 .2 I n p u t A cceleration Time H i s t o r y ................................................. 172

4 .3 Soil Profile C o n fig u ratio n and S tiffn e s s D is trib u tio n . . . 184

iii
 4 .4 E n e rg y T ra n s m ittin g v e r s u s Rigid Base B o n d a r y ....................... 193

4 .5 Pore P r e s s u r e B uildup in S a tu r a t e d Sand L ay e rs . . . . 196

4 .5 .1 G e n e r a l ................................................................................................. 196
4 . 5 . 2 O n e Directional v e r s u s Two D irectional Seismic
S h a k i n g ................................................................................................. 197
4 . 5 . 3 P o re P r e s s u r e D issipation a n d P erm ea b ility .......................202

4 .6 Specimen D ensity a n d Sample D i s t u r b a n c e ....................................226

4.7 V iscous D a m p in g ............................................................................................ 237

5. CASE HISTORIES .................................................................................................246

5.1 G e n e r a l ..............................................................................................................246

5.2 H eber Road S ite C ase S tu d y ( H R S ) ................................................. 248

5 .2 .1 I n tr o d u c tio n , O b jectiv es and G eneral A p proach . . 248

5 . 2 .2 T h e O c to b e r 15, 1979 Imperial Valley E a r th q u a k e . 252
5 . 2 .3 Field O b s e r v a tio n s , M easurem ents a n d T e s tin g . . . 258
5 . 2 .4 D iscu ssion of L a b o ra to ry T e s t R e s u l t s ................................263
5 . 2 .5 A nalytical Soil Profile and I n p u t P a ra m e te rs . . . . 267
5 . 2 .6 A n aly sis and D i s c u s s i o n .............................................................. 275

5.3 Wildlife Case S tu d y ( W S ) .......................................................................321

5 .3 .1 In tr o d u c tio n a n d O b j e c t i v e s ..................................................... 321

5 . 3 .2 T h e A pril 26, 1981 W estmoreland E a r t h q u a k e . . . 323
5 . 3 .3 Field E x p lo ra tio n , M easurem ents and T e s t in g . . . . 326
5 . 3 .4 D iscu ssion of L a b o ra to ry T e s t R e s u l t s ............................... 330
5 . 3 .5 A nalytical Soil Profile a n d I n p u t P a ra m e te rs . . . . 332
5 . 3 .5 . 1 A nalytical Soil P r o f i l e ..........................................................332
5 . 3 . 5 . 2 A cceleration I n p u t .............................................................. 335
5 . 3 .6 A n aly sis and D i s c u s s i o n ..............................................................338

5.4 Owi Islan d S ite Case S t u d y .................................................................. 375

5 .4 .1 In tr o d u c tio n a n d O b j e c t i v e s ..................................................... 375

5 . 4 .2 T h e S e p te m b e r 25, 1980 M id-Chiba E a r t h q u a k e and
P o re P r e s s u r e R e c o r d s .................................................................. 377
5 . 4 .3 Field E xp loratio n and M e a s u r e m e n t s ....................................380
5 . 4 .4 L a b o r a to r y T e s tin g a n d DESRAMOD I n p u t Data . . 382
5 . 4 .5 A nalytical Soil Profile, A nalysis and D iscussion . . 386
5 . 4 . 6 Recommendation fo r F u r t h e r In v e s tig a tio n and

iv
 T e s t i n g .................................................................................................400

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 428

6 .1 C o n c l u s i o n s .....................................................................................................428

6 . 2 Recommendations f o r F u r t h e r W o rk ..................................................... 433

7. REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................435

A p pendix A- T e s tin g and M easurem ent System S p ecificatio n s . . 446

A p pendix B- Individual T e s t R e s u l t s ................................................................453

A p pen dix C- Summary of U se r's Manual f o r DESRAMOD . . . . 511

A p pen dix D- H y ste re tic E q u iv a le n t Damping Ratio, Xh, f o r Soils

C h a r a c te riz e d b y a H yperbolic B ackbone C u r v e .................................543

A p pendix E - V iscous Damping C o effic ien t, c, in a Damped S ingle

D eg ree o f Freedom System S u b jec ted to a Harmonic Sinusoidal
F orcing F unction .................................................................................................550

A p pen dix F- R esults of P aram etric S t u d y .......................................................558

A p pendix G- Wildlife Site C ase S t u d y Analytical R esu lts . . . . 583

v
 LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

T ab le 2 .1 .1 Summary and O b jectiv es of T e s tin g P ro g ram (WSA:

Wildlife S an d A; WSB: Wildlife S a n d B ) ............................................ 28

T ab le 2 .5 .1 Summary of HRS C han nel Fill C yclic T riax ial

S tra in -C o n tro lle d T e s t R e s u lts .............................................................. 66

T ab le 2 . 5 .2 Summary of Wildlife Cyclic DSS S tr a i n - C o n tr o ll e d Test

R e s u l t s ..................................................................... 85

T ab le 2 . 5 .3 Summary of Wildlife C yclic T riax ial S tr a in - C o n tr o lle d

T e s t R esu lts ...........................................................................................................101

T ab le 2 . 5 . 4 Summary of Wildlife Monotonic T riax ial T e s t s . . . . 117

T ab le 2 . 5 . 5 Summary of Wildlife C yclic T riax ial S t r e s s - C o n tr o ll e d

T e s t R esu lts C o n d u cted a t R P I ................................................................... 119

T ab le 2 . 5 . 6 Summary of T e s ts on Wildlife S a n d s P erform ed b y R .S .

Ladd ( 1 9 8 4 ) ............................................................................................................ 122

T ab le 4 .1 .1 Summary of DESRAMOD A n a ly se s P r e s e n te d in Fig.

4 .1 .1 161

T ab le 4 .2 .1 Summary of DESRAMOD D e g ra d in g A n aly ses o f Point

B ar Soil P r o f i l e .......................................................................................................176

T ab le 4 . 2 . 2 Summary of t h e DESRAMOD D e g ra d in g A n aly ses of

C hannel Fill Soil P r o f i l e ..................................................................................... 177

T ab le 4 . 2 . 3 Summary of DESRAMOD-2 N o n d eg rad in g A n aly ses of

P oint B ar Soil P r o f i l e ......................................................................................... 178

T ab le 4 .2 .4 Summary of th e DESRA-2 N o n d e g ra d in g A n aly ses of

 C hannel Fill Soil Profile 179

T a b le 4 .3 .1 Peak G ro u n d S u rf a c e A cceleratio n, a f o r D iffe re n t

Point B ar Soil Profile Base C o n fig u ra tio n s ,pa Calexico 225°
A cceleration I n p u t with a = 0 .6 g ......................................................189
max

T a b le 4 .4 .1 Peak G ro u n d S u rf a c e A ccelerations a t Point Bar Soil

Profile O b tain ed b y N o n d e g ra d in g DESRA-2 A nalysis . . . . 194

T a b le 4 .7 .1 E ffect of V iscous D amping, X , V ariatio n on Peak

G ro u n d S urface A c celeratio n , a , as C alculated by
N o n d e g ra d in g DESRAMOD A nalyses pa. .............................. 240

T a b le 5 .2 .1 Summary of t h e E a r th q u a k e R ecords S u r r o u n d in g t h e
H eb er Road Site (Rojhan e t al. 1982 and
Porcella e t al. 1982) 279

T a b le 5 . 2 . 2 Summary of t h e El C e n tr o A r r a y R e c o r d s ........................... 280

T a b le 5 . 2 . 3 I n -S itu S h e a r Wave V elocities M easured a t t h e H eber

Road Site by S y k o ra and Stokoe II (1982) an d th e
C o r r e s p o n d in g Maximum S h e a r Moduli by A ssum ing t h e Total
Unit Weight of Soil = 125 ( p c f ) ..........................................................281

T a b le 5 . 2 . 4 Normalized S h e a r Moduli a n d Damping Ratios f o r t h e

Point B ar a n d C hannel Fill Sand D eposits as Used in t h e
C om puter A n a ly s e s .............................................................................................282

T a b le 5 . 2 . 5 Normalized S h e a r Moduli a n d Damping Ratios fo r t h e

Artificial Fill, o t h e r S a n d , S ilt and Clay D eposits as Used in
th e C o m p u ter A n alyses .................................................................................... 283

T a b le 5 . 2 . 6 Summary of S elected V alues of V iscous Damping, X

fo r HRS C a se S tu d y ......................................................................................v 284

T a b le 5 . 2 . 7 CF Soil Profile I n p u t Data ..........................................................285

T a b le 5 . 2 . 8 PB Soil Profile Input Data ............................................................ 286

Tab le 5 . 2 . 9 Summary o f HRS C ase S t u d y DESRAMOD A n a ly se s 287

T ab le 5 .3 .1 Summary of N o n d e g ra d in g A nalyses of th e
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e Wildlife S ite Soil Profile (a _ _ v vs a
C o rre la tio n ; see Fig. 5 . 3 .7 ) p 347

T ab le 5 . 3 .2 Summary of Maximum S tr a in s an d Normalized P ore

P r e s s u r e s in t h e WS Soil Profile E xcited by P a ra c h u te
A ccelerogram ......................................................................................................... 348

T able 5 . 3 . 3 Summary of Maximum S tr a in s an d Normalized P o re

P ressures in th e WS Soil Profile Excited by Salton
A ccelerogram ......................................................................................................... 349

T able 5 . 3 . 4 Summary of Maximum S tra in s and Normalized P o re

P ressures in t h e WS Soil Profile E xcited b y Brawley
A ccelerogram ......................................................................................................... 350

T ab le 5 . 3 . 5 Summary of WS Peak G ro u n d S u r f a c e Acceleration a n d

Maximum Pore P r e s s u r e R e s p o n s e .............................................................351

T ab le 5 .4 .1 Summary of OWI DESRAMOD A n a l y s i s ................................... 401

T ab le 5 . 4 .2 Comparison of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 5 C om puter

R e s u l t s ...................................................................................................................... 402
 LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Fig. 1.1.1 C ro ss Section and In s tru m e n ta tio n a t Wildlife S ite . . 10

Fig. 1.2.1 Summary of S tr a in - C o n tro lle d R e s u lts on Seven D iff e re n t

S ands T ested in th e T riaxial Device at S ev eral D iff e re n t
Confining P r e s s u r e s ....................................................................................... 19

F ig. 2 .2 .1 Loading C o n d itio n s in t h e NGI Cyclic DSS T est and

Definition o f T e st P a r a m e t e r s .................................................................. 38

F ig . 2 .2 .2 Loading C onditions in C yclic T ria x ia l T e s t and D efinition

of T e s t P aram e ters ....................................................................................... 39

Fig. 2 . 2 .3 S tress P a th s and S ta te o f S t r e s s e s in S tatic T riax ial

and NGI DSS T e s ts on Normally C onsolidated C l a y .................... 40

F ig. 2 .3 .1 P ro c e d u re t o D eterm ine p and

g(1L..) from U n d ra in e d
cy
Cyclic S tr a in -C o n tro lle d P o re P r e s s u r e M easu rem ents . . . . 47

F ig. 2 .4 .1 NGI Simple S h e a r D e v i c e ................................................................ 57

ix
F ig .2 . 4 .2 T riax ial Frame with G eneral L ayout of C ontrolling and
R ecordin g U n i t s ................................................................................................ 58

Fig. 2 .5 .1 V ariation of P o re P r e s s u r e B uild up with e, for

e =0.032% 68
cy

Fig. 2 .5 .2 V ariation of Pore P r e s s u r e B u ildup with e, for

e =0.067% 69
cy

Fig. 2 .5 .3 V ariation of Pore P ressure B uildup w ith e, for for

e =0.333% 70
cy

Fig. 2 . 5 .4 1 /u * v e r s u s 1 /n f o r e = 0 . 8 2 .............................................. 71
c

Fig. 2 . 5 .5 1 /u * v e r s u s 1 /n f o r e = 0 . 7 4 .............................................. 72
c

Fig,. 2 . 5 .6 1 /u * v e r s u s 1 /n f o r e = 0 . 6 8 .............................................. 73
c

Fig. 2 .5 .7 D o b ry 's Model fo r O ne D irectional Loading of HRS CF

Sand f o r e = 0 . 8 2 ................................................................................................ 74

x
Fig. 2 . 5 . 8 D o b ry 's Model f o r One D irectional Loading of HRS CF Sand
fo r e=0.74 75

Fig. 2 . 5 .9 D o b ry ’s Model f o r One D irectional Loading of HRS CF

Sand f o r e = 0 . 6 8 ........................................................................................ 76

Fig. 2 .5 .1 0 D o b ry 's Model f o r Two D irectional Loading of HRS CF

Sand f o r e = 0 . 8 2 ........................................................................................ 77

Fig. 2.5.11 D o b ry 's Model f o r Two D irectional Loading of HRS CF

Sand f o r e = 0 . 7 4 ........................................................................................ 78

Fig. 2 .5 .1 2 D o b ry 's Model f o r Two D irectional Loading of HRS CF

Sand f o r e = 0 . 6 8 ......................................................................................... 79

Fig. 2 .5 .1 3 G rain Size D istrib u tio n C u r v e s o f WSA a n d WSB Sand

M ixtures ............................................................................................................. 81

F ig. 2 .5 .1 4 Comparison of CyDSS R e s u lts on Intact and

R ec o n stitu te d S pecim en, Wildlife S ite S and WSA Z =0.10% 86
cy

F ig. 2 .5 .1 5 Comparison of CyDSS R e s u lts on Intact and

 R e c o n s titu te d Specim en, Wildlife S ite S an d WSA y =1.00% 87
cy

F ig. 2 .5 .1 6 Comparison of CyDSS R esu lts on In tac t and

R e c o n s titu te d Specim en, Wildlife Site S an d WSB 3 ^ = 0 .10 % 88

F ig. 2 .5 .1 7 Com parison of CyDSS R esu lts on In tac t and

R e c o n s titu te d Specim en, Wildlife Site S an d WSB Z =1.00% 89
cy

F ig. 2 .5 .1 8 Com parison of AllCyDSS R e s u lts for Both WSA and

WSB S a n d s , Z =0.10% ( I n ta c t a n d R e c o n s t i t u t e d ) ...................... 90
cy

F ig. 2 .5 .1 9 Com parison of AllCyDSS R e s u lts for Both WSA and

WSB S a n d s , Z =1.00% ( I n ta c t a n d R e c o n s t i t u t e d ) ...................... 91
cy

F ig. 2 .5 .2 0 1 /u * v ersus 1 /n f o r All Wildlife CYDSS T e s ts

c
( I n ta c t a n d R e c o n s titu te d ) ...................................................................... 92

F ig . 2.5 .2 1 D o b ry 's Model f o r One D irectional Loading o f WS S an d s

Based on C yclic DSS T e s t R e s u lts ..................................................... 93

F ig . 2 . 5 . 2 2 R e p eatab ility o f C y c lic T riaxial T e s t in g T e c h n iq u e . . 102

x ii
F ig . 2 .5 .2 3 C om parison of C y T R e s u lts on In ta c t a n d R eco n stitu ted
S pecim en s, Wildlife S ite , Sand WSA, eCy = 0 . 6 8 % ............................... 103

Fig. 2 .5 .2 4 Comparison of C yT R esu lts on In ta c t an d R eco n stitu ted

S pecim ens, Wildlife S ite , Sand WSB, s = 0 . 6 8 % ................................104
cy

F ig . 2 .5 .2 5 Residual Pore P ressu re B u ild u p , u*, with Number of

C y c le s, n , O b tain ed in T riax ial T e s t s on Both Wildlife S and s
c
( R e c o n s t i t u t e d ) ......................................................................................................105

F ig. 2 .5 .2 6 Pore P r e s s u r e Data f o r S and WSB Plotted in th e Form

of D o b ry 's Model b y Using *Cy=1-5 eCy R elationship . . . . 106

F ig . 2 .5 .2 7 Pore P r e s s u r e Data f o r S and WSB Plotted in th e Form

of D o b ry 's Model b y U sing yCy =^ ECy R e l a t i o n s h i p ........................... 107

F ig . 2 .5 .2 8 D ev iato r V ertical Load v e r s u s Pore Water P r e s s u r e (see

T a b le 2 . 5 . 3 ) fo r T e s t 11, Wildlife S ite , Sand WSB, e =0.68 108
cy

F ig. 2 .5 .2 9 1/u* versus 1/n

f o r S tr a in -C o n tr o lle d Triaxial
c
T e s t s on Wildlife S a n d s C o n d u c te d a t Z =1.5 e < 1% . . . 109
cy cy

F ig . 2 .5 .3 0 D ob ry's Pore P ressu re Model for One Directional

x iii
 Loading o f WS S and s Based on C yclic Triaxial T e s t R esu lts 110

Fig. 2 .5 .3 1 D o b ry 's Pore P ressure Model for Two D irectional

Loading of WS S a n d s ........................................................................................ 111

F ig. 2 .5 .3 2 l<2 v e r s u s Cyclic S h e a r S train fo r Wildlife S ands . . 112

Fig. 2 .5 .3 3 G/G versus 7 R elationsh ip s f o r Wildlife S a n d s 113

max cy

Fig. 2 .5 .3 4 Damping Ratio v e r s u s 7 f o r Wildlife S an d s . . . . 114

cy

Fig. 2 .5 .3 5 Cyclic S tr e s s Ratio, SR, v ersus N um ber of S tr e s s

Cycles f o r Wildlife S and s N eeded to P ro d u ce 5% V ertical
S t r a i n ........................................................................................................................... 123

Fig. 3 .2 .1 Schem atic R e p re s e n ta tio n of th e Lumped-Mass

Mu Iti-D e g re e -o f-F re e d o m System Employed in th e
DESRA-2/DESRAMOD A n a l y s i s .......................................................................150

Fig. 3 . 2 . 2 H yp erbolic S t r e s s - S t r a i n R elationship fo r Initial Loading

C u r v e ........................................................................................................................... 151

xi v
Fig. 3 .2 .3 H yperb olic S tre ss-S tra in Loop at Time t a fte r Some
D e g ra d a tio n , C o n s tr u c t e d Following t h e Masing C rite rio n . . 152

Fig. 3 . 2 . 4 R eb o u n d C h a r a c te r is t ic s of T h r e e D iffe re n t S a n d s . . 153

Fig. 4 .1 .1 Com parison of Effective V ertical S tr e s s D ecrease w ith

Time Due to P ore P r e s s u r e B uildup O b tain ed b y DESRAMOD in
t h e HRS CF S a t u r a t e d S and D eposit f o r Two D iffe re n t
I n p u ts ....................................................................................................................... 162

Fig. 4 . 1 . 2 Location of H eb er Road Site an d S u r r o u n d in g R ecord in g

S t a t i o n s .................................................................................................................. 163

Fig. 4 . 1 . 3 H e b e r Road S ite Soil Profile .................................. 164

Fig. 4 . 1 . 4 P oint B ar A nalytical Soil Profile with Rigid B ase a t 100

f t Depth ............................................................................................................. 165

Fig. 4 .1 .5 Point Bar A nalytical Soil Profile with E lastic Base

(E n e rg y T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a ry ) a t 200 f t D e p t h ............................166

Fig. 4 .1 .6 C han nel Fill A nalytical Soil Profile with Rigid Base a t
100 f t D ep th ..................................................................................................... 167

xv
Fig. 4 . 1 .7 C hann el Fill A nalytical Soil Profile with Elastic Base
( E n e r g y T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a ry ) a t 200 f t D e p t h ........................... 168

Fig. 4 . 1 . 8 Calexico H orizontal A ccelerogram s, 1979 169

Fig. 4 . 1 .9 Holtville H orizontal A ccelerogram s, 1979 170

Fig. 4 .1 .1 0 Meloland O v e rc ro s s in g ( G ro u n d ) Horizontal

A ccelero g ram s, 1979 ....................................................................................... 171

Fig. 4 .2 .1 C o rrela tio n Between Maximum In p u t A cceleration a

3 max
and Peak G ro u n d S u rfa c e A cceleration a O btained by
pa
DESRAMOD D eg ra d in g A n a l y s e s ...................................................................180

Fig. 4 . 2 .2 C o rrela tio n Between C alcu lated Peak G ro u n d S u rfa c e

A cceleration a and Maximum Seismic S h e a r S tra in V in t h e
pa pa
PB S and D eposit as O b tained b y DESRAMOD D eg ra d in g
A n aly ses ...................................................................................................................181

Fig. 4 . 2 .3 C o rrela tio n Between C alculated Peak G ro u n d S u rfa c e

A cceleration a
and Maximum Seismic S h e a r S tra in Z , in
ps pd
t h e CF Sand Deposit as O btain ed b y DESRAMOD D eg rad in g
A n aly ses ........................................................ 182
F ig . 4 .2 .4 C o rrelation Between Maximum Input A cceleration a„
max
an d Peak G rou nd S urface A cceleration a „ o b ta in e d b y
pa
DESRA-2 N o n d e g ra d in g A nalysis .............................................................. 183

Fig. 4 .3 .1 G raphical P re s e n ta tio n of G an d t V ariatio n with

mo mo
D epth fo r Case 2; PB Soil Profile .......................................................... 190

F ig . 4 .3 .2 G raphical P r e s e n ta tio n of G an d t V ariation with

mo mo
D epth fo r Case 10; PB Soil P r o f i l e .......................................................... 191

F ig . 4 .3 .3 V ariation of Maximum S tr a i n s ,
pd , with D ep th f o r
X
D ifferen t Point B a r Soil Profile C o n fig u ra tio n s ; Calexico 225°
A ccelerogram Inrp u t with a max =0.6 g ......................................................192

F ig . 4 .4 .1 C orrelation Between Base In p u t A cceleration a and

max
Peak G ro u n d S u r fa c e A cceleration a O b ta in e d by
pa
N o n d e g ra d in g A n aly ses of t h e Point Bar Soil Profile . . . . 195

F ig. 4 .5 .1 G raphical P r e s e n ta tio n

and t of G V ariation with
mo mo
D epth fo r Channel Fill Soil Profile ..........................................................206

F ig . 4 .5 .2 P ore Water P ressure B u ild up in CF S and O b ta in e d in

T riaxial a n d D irect Simple S h e a r Cyclic S tr a in - C o n tr o lle d T e s ts
C ond ucted b y Ladd (1982) 207

xvii
F ig . 4 . 5 . 3 Two Directional D ob ry's Model f o r CF S and 208

F ig. 4 .5 .4 B eh av io r of CF L ayer 7 w ith Application of P ore

P r e s s u r e Model f o r One D irectional Loading (No D issip atio n ;
R e d is trib u tio n Allowed; Calexico A cceleration I n p u t,

w 0 -6^ ...................................................................................................................209

F ig. 4 .5 .5 B eh av io r of CF L ay er 7 with Application of P ore

P ressure Model A c co u n tin g fo r Two D irectional Loading (No
D issipation ; R e d is trib u tio n Allowed; Calexico A cceleration
I n p u t, a_ =0.6g) 210
rria x

F ig. 4 .5 .6 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a t e d

Sand D eposit for One Directional Seismic Loading (No
D issip ation , R e d is trib u tio n Allowed, Calexico Input
A ccelerogram with a = 0 . 6 g ) ....................................................................... 211
max

F ig. 4 .5 .7 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a t e d

D eposit for Two D irectional Loading (No D issip atio n ,
R e d is trib u tio n Allowed, Calexico A cceleration I n p u t,

Fig. 4 .5 .8 P re d ic te d D ev iato ric S tr a in A mplitudes f o r N iigata 1964

E a r th q u a k e a t 20 F eet D epth Using A cceleratio n R ecords in
One a n d Two D irections ..................... 213
Fig. 4 . 5 .9 Pore P r e s s u r e D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu ra te d
-6
D eposit H aving a P erm eability k=3.9x10 f t / s e c a n d with
D issipation at th e T op B o u n d a ry (Two D irectional Loading,
Calexico A cceleration In p u t, a =0.6g) 214
F T la X

-6
Fig. 4 .5 .1 0 R esp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 with k=3.9x10 ft/se c and
D issipation at th e Top B o u n d a ry (Two D irectional Loading,
Calexico A cceleration I n p u t, a =0.6g) 215
max

Fig. 4 .5.11 Pore P r e s s u r e D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu ra te d

_5
D eposit H aving a Perm eability k=3.9x10 f t / s e c an d with
D issipation at th e T op B o u n d a ry (Two D irectional Loading,
Calexico A cceleration in p u t , a =0.6g) 216
ma x

Fig. 4 .5 .1 2 R esp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 with k=3.9x10 ft/se c an d

D issipation at th e Top B o u n d a ry (Two D irectional Loading,
Calexico A cceleration I n p u t, a =0.6g) 217
ma x

Fig. 4 .5 .1 3
Pore P r e s s u r e D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu ra te d
-4
D eposit H aving a Perm eability k=3.9x10 f t / s e c an d with
D issipation at th e Top B o u n d a ry (Two D irectional Loading,
Calexico A cceleration I n p u t, a = 0.6g) 218
ma x

-4
Fig. 4 .5 .1 4 R esp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 with k=3.9x10 ft/se c and
D issipation at th e Top B o u n d a ry (T w o D irectional Loading,
Calexico A cceleration I n p u t, a = 0 .6 g ) ........................................ 219
ma x

x v ix
F ig. 4 . 5 .1 5 Pore P r e s s u r e D evelopm ent C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a te d
-6
D eposit H aving P erm eability k=3.9x10 f t / s e c w ith D issipation
a t both T op & Bottom B o u n d a r i e s .............................................................. 220

Fig. 4 . 5 .1 6 R e sp o n se of CF L ayer 7 with k=3.9x10 ® f t / s e c and

D issipation a t Both T o p & Bottom B o u n d a r i e s .................................... 221

Fig. 4 .5 .1 7 Pore P r e s s u r e Development C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a t e d

_5
D eposit Having a P erm eability k=3.9x10 ft/se c with
D issipation at both T op & Bottom B o u n d a r i e s .................................... 222

Fig. 4 . 5 .1 8 R es p o n s e of CF Layer 7 with k=3.9x10 ft/se c an d

D issipation at Both T o p & Bottom B o u n d a r i e s .................................... 223

F ig. 4 . 5 .1 9P o re P r e s s u r e D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a te d

-4
D eposit H aving a P erm eability k=3.9x10 f t / s e c and with
D issip ation a t both T o p & Bottom B o u n d a r i e s ....................................224

F ig. 4 . 5 .2 0 P ore P r e s s u r e Developm ent C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a te d

-4
Deposit H aving P erm eability k=3.9x10 f t / s e c with D issipation
a t b o th T o p & Bottom B o u n d a r i e s .............................................................. 225

F ig. 4 .6 .1 P o re P ressure Development C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a te d

S and D eposit U sing Pore P r e s s u r e Model O b tain ed f o r

xx
 e=0.82........ ................................................................................................................ 231

Fig. 4 .6 .2 R esp onse of CF L ay e r 7 Using Pore P ressure Model

O b tain ed f o r e=0.82 ........................................................................................ 232

Fig. 4 .6 .3 Pore P r e s s u r e Development C alculated in CF S a tu ra te d

S and D eposit Using Pore P r e s s u r e Model O b tain ed f o r
e=0.74 ............................................................................................................... 233

Fig. 4 .6 .4 R esp o n se of CF L ayer 7 Using Pore P r e s s u r e Model

O b tain ed f o r e=0.74 ........................................................................................ 234

Fig. 4 .6 .5 Pore P ressu re D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a te d

D eposit Using Pore P r e s s u r e Model O b tain ed f o r e=0.68 . . . 235

Fig. 4 .6 .6 R esp o n se of CF L ayer 7 Using Pore P r e s s u r e Model

O btained f o r e=0.68 ....................................................................................... 236

Fig. 4 .7 .1 R esp o n se of CF Layer 7 Using E q u iv a le n t Viscous

Damping Xv =1% 241

Fig. 4 .7 .2 Pore P r e s su r e Developm ent C alculated in CF Saturated

xxi
 D ep osit U sing E q uivalent V isc o u s Damping Xv =1% 242

Fig. 4 .7 .3 R esp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 Using E q uiv alen t V iscous

Damping Xv =0.5% 243

Fig. 4 .7 .4 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a te d

D eposit u s in g E q u iv alen t Viscous Damping Xv =0.5% 244

Fig. 4 . 7 . 5 V ariation of C alculated Peak G ro u n d S u r fa c e A cceleration

with C h a n g in g Viscous Damping In p u t .................................................245

Fig. 5 .2 .1 Location of H eb er Road and C lose-in Strong-M otion

S tatio n s t h a t w e re in O peratio n D u rin g th e 1979 E a r th q u a k e 288

Fig. 5 . 2 .2 A tte n u a tio n of Horizontal Peak G ro u n d S u rfa c e

A ccelerations a v e r s u s D istance from F a u l t .................................... 289
ps

Fig. 5 . 2 .3 S u rfa c e Liquefaction Effects at H eber Road Site

R ecorded b y Youd and W ieczarek, 1982............................................... 290

Fig. 5 . 2 . 4 Old Delta near H oltville, C alif............................................................ 291

x x ii
Fig. 5 .2 .5 Composite Profiles o f th e Two S tu d ie d S ites includ in g
V g M e a s u r e m e n t s ................................... 292

Fig. 5 . 2 .6 Summary of V ariation of Normalized S h e a r Modulus with

Cyclic S h ear S train in F irst Cycle for t h e PB and CF Sand
Given b y Ladd (1982) 293

Fig. 5 .2 .7 Summary of V ariatio n of Damping Ratio with Cyclic

Shear S train D eterm ined f o r Second C ycle fo r th e PB Sand
Given b y Ladd (1982) and Kuo a n d Stokoe (1982) 294

Fig. 5 . 2 .8 Summary of V ariatio n of Damping Ratio with Cyclic

Shear S train D eterm ined f o r Second C ycle fo r t h e CF Sand
Given b y Ladd (1982) and Kuo an d Stokoe (1982) 295

Fig. 5 . 2 .9 Pore W ater P r e s s u r e B uildup in t h e PB Sand O b tain ed

in T riax ial a n d D ire c t Simple Shear C yclic S tra in -C o n tro lle d
T e s t s C o n d u c te d by Ladd ( 1 9 8 2 ) ......................................................... 296

Fig. 5 .2 .1 0 Grain Size D is trib u tio n C u rv e s of t h e H e b e r Road Site

S a n d s ........................................................................................................................... 297

Fig. 5 .2.1 1 Fitting o f H yperbolic S t r e s s - S t r a i n R elationship in to th e

Point B a r Experim ental Data ...................................................................... 298

xxiii
F ig. 5 .2 .1 2 F ittin g of H y p erb o lic S t r e s s - S t r a i n R elation sh ip into th e
C han nel Fill Experim ental Data ...................................................................299

Fig. 5 .2 .1 3 V erification f o r t h e Point B ar Data F ittin g .......................300

Fig. 5 .2 .1 4 V erification f o r t h e C han nel Fill Data F ittin g . . . . 301

F ig. 5 .2 .1 5 V ariation of Normalized Shear Modulus with Shear

S tra in for A rtificial Fill a n d Soils O th e r th a n PB a n d CF as
U sed in t h e P r e s e n t S t u d y ........................................................................... 302

F ig. 5 .2 .1 6 Damping Ratios f o r A rtificial Fill an d Soils O th e r th a n

PB and CF as Used in t h e P r e s e n t S tu d y ........................................ 303

F ig. 5 .2 .1 7 F ittin g of H y p erb o lic S t r e s s - S t r a i n R elatio nship into th e

D ata S elected fo r Soils O t h e r th a n t h e Liquefiable S an d s . . 304

Fig. 5 . 2 .1 8 V erification for Data F ittin g f o r Soils O th e r th a n th e

Liquefiable S a n d s ................................................................................................. 305

Fig. 5 .2 .1 9 Comparison Between E x p erim en tally O b tain ed Damping

a n d T h eo re tic al H y s te r e tic D a m p i n g ..........................................................306

x x iv
Fig. 5 .2 .2 0 D o b ry 's Model fo r PB S and with ta k in g into A ccount
Two Horizontal Components of S h a k in g .................................................307

Fig. 5.2 .21 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent in CF D eposit Excited at

Rigid Base b y Calexico A ccelerogram (a _ _ =0.6g) 308
ilia X

Fig. 5 .2 .2 2 R e sp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 E x cited at Rigid Base b y

Calexico A ccelerogram A ccelerogram ( a max=0 -6 g ) ........................... 309

Fig. 5 .2 .2 3 P ore P ressure Developm ent in CF D eposit E xcited at

Elastic B ase b y Calexico A ccelerogram ( a max=0 - 6 g ) .......................310

Fig. 5 .2 .2 4 R esp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 E xcited at Elastic Base by

Calexico A ccelerogram ( a _ = 0.6g) 311
max

Fig. 5 .2 .2 5 Pore P ressu re Developm ent in CF D eposit E xcited at

Elastic B ase b y Meloland A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g ) .......................312
max

Fig. 5 .2 .2 6 R e sp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 E xcited a t E lastic Base by

Meloland A ccelerogram ( a _ = 0.6 g) 313
max

Fig. 5 .2 .2 7 Pore P ressu re D evelopm ent in PB D eposit E xcited at

xxv
 Rigid Base b y Calexico A ccelerogram ( a _ , =0.6g) 314
ma x

Fig. 5 .2 .2 8 PB L ay e r 7 Excited at Rigid Base by Calexico

A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g ) ............................................................................... 315
max

Fig. 5 .2 .2 9 P ore Pressure Development in PB D eposit E xcited at

Elastic B ase b y Calexico A ccelerogram (a_ _ = 0 . 6 g ) .......................316
ma x

Fig. 5 .2 .3 0 PB L ay e r 7 Excited at Elastic Base by Calexico

A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g ) ............................................................................... 317
max

Fig. 5.2.31 Pore P ressure Development in PB D eposit Excited at

Elastic Base b y Meloland A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g ) .......................318
ma x

Fig. 5 .2 .3 2 R esp o n se of PB L ayer 7 E xcited a t E lastic Base b y

Meloland A ccelerogram (a _ _ =0.6g) 319
ma x

Fig. 5 .2 .3 3 P ropo sed B o u n d a ry C urves for Site Id entificatio n of

L iq u e fa c tio n -In d u c e d Damage .......................................................................320

Fig. 5 .3 .1 Location of Wildlife Site an d S trong-M otion S tatio n s t h a t

w ere in O p eratio n D u rin g t h e 1981 W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e 352

xxvi
Fig. 5 . 3 . 2 Strong-M otion R ecords u s e d in Computer A n a ly s e s . . 353

Fig. 5 . 3 .3 V ariation in a ps with E p icentral D istance f o r t h e 1981

W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e ............................................................................... 354

Fig. 5 . 3 . 4 A v e ra g e d Sedim ent P ro p e rtie s a t Wildlife S i t e .......................355

Fig. 5 . 3 . 5 Location a n d C ro ss Section a t Wildlife. (a ) Shows th e

Location of th e S ite Within th e Flood Plain of th e Almao
R iv e r. (b) Shows a G eneral C ro ss Section a c r o s s t h e Flood
Plain ........................................................................................................................... 356

Fig. 5 . 3 . 6 Composite Wildlife Site Profile In clud ing Vg

M e a s u r e m e n t s ..........................................................................................................357

Fig. 5 . 3 .7 Wildlife S ite Analytical Soil Profile ............................................ 358

Fig. 5 .3 .8 Com parison of D iffe re n t Shear Wave V elocity

D is trib u tio n s R e p r e s e n ta tiv e of S tiff Sites Located in Imperial
V a l l e y ........................................................................................................................... 359

Fig. 5 . 3 .9 C o rrela tio n Between Peak G ro u n d Surface an d Base

In p u t A cceleration a t R e p r e s e n ta tiv e Wildlife S ite D u rin g 1981

xx v ii
 W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e 360

Fig. 5 .3 .1 0 P ore P ressure R esp o n se Estimated in WS Liquefiable

D eposit D u rin g 1981 W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e s ( f o r all I n p u ts
a = 0 .5 g ) 361
max

Fig. 5 .3 .1 1 P re d ic te d R ange of Pore P ressure B uildup a t WS fo r

R ange of a ^ w from 0 .2 to 0 . 8 g ..............................................................362
max

Fig. 5 .3 .1 2 D evelopm ent of Pore P ressu res w ithin th e WS Soil

Profile E xcited at Rigid Base by Brawley Accelerogram

(W ° - 59 » .................................................................................................................. 363

Fig. 5 .3 .1 3 A cceleration Time H isto rie s; f o r P a r a c h u te Record with

a max=0 -2 9 .............................................................................................................. 364

Fig. 5 .3 .1 4 A cceleration Time H isto rie s; f o r P a r a c h u te Record with

amax=0,5 9 365

Fig. 5 .3 .1 5 A cceleration Time H isto ries; f o r P a r a c h u te Record with

a max=0' 8 9 .............................................................................................................. 366

x x v iii
Fig. 5 .3 .1 6 A cceleration Time H isto rie s; for Salton Record with

a max=0' 2 9 367

Fig. 5 .3 .1 7 A cceleration Time H isto rie s; fo r Salton Record with

a =0.5 g ..............................................................................................................368
max a

Fig. 5 .3 .1 8 A cceleration Time H isto rie s; for Salton Record with

a max= 0 ' 8 9 .................................................................................................................. 369

Fig. 5 .3 .1 9 A cceleration Time H is to rie s; fo r Brawley Record with

a max= 0' 2 9 370

Fig. 5 .3 .2 0 A cceleration Time H is to rie s; for Braw ley Record with

a max=0 -5 9 371

Fig. 5 .3.2 1 A cceleration Time H is to rie s ; for Brawley Record with

a max=0 -8 9 372

Fig. 5 .3 .2 2 A ccelerations M easured in Niigata on T op of a S ite

Which Liquefied d u r i n g t h e 1964 Niigata E a r th q u a k e . . . . 373

x x ix
Fig. 5 .3 .2 3 A tte n u atio n C urve of 1979 Imperial Valley E a r th q u a k e
D eveloped fo r t h e G eneral A rea of Wildlife S i t e ............................... 374

Fig. 5 .4 .1 S u rfa c e A cceleratio ns and Pore Water P ressures

R eco rd ed d u r in g t h e S e p t. 1980 E a r th q u a k e ....................................403

Fig. 5 . 4 .2 G eneral Location of th e R eco rd ing Station.................................404

Fig. 5 . 4 . 3 R ecorded Data with E n larged Time S c a l e ............................... 405

Fig. 5 . 4 . 4 T r a je c to r y of t h e R ecorded A cceleratio n s in Plain

View ........................................................................................................................... 406

Fig. 5 . 4 . 5 Comparison of S ev eral D iffe re n t In -P lan T ra je c to rie s of

A cceleratio n s ..........................................................................................................407

Fig. 5 .4 .6 Owi Island Soil Profile Developed by Is h ih a ra et al.

(1981) 408

Fig. 5 .4 .7 Summary of V
and G _ V alu es D eterm ined f o r Owi
s max
Island Soil by D iffe re n t A u th o rs .............................................................. 409

xxx
 F ig. 5 .4 .8 Laboratory and DESRAMOD T heoretical V alu es of
G/G a t Owi Island 6 m a n d 14 m S an d s ....................................410
max

Fig. 5 . 4 .9 L ab o ra to ry an d DESRAMOD T h eo retical V alues of

Damping a t Owi Island 6 ma n d 14 mS an d s .......................................411

Fig. 5 .4 .1 0 F itting of H yp erbolic R elation sh ip fo r Owi Island

S a n d s ........................................................................................................................... 412

Fig. 5 .4.1 1 D o b ry 's Model f o r One D irectional Loading of 6m OWI

Sand Based on th e T riax ial I n ta c t Specimen T e s t s ........................ 413

Fig. 5 .4 .1 2 D o b ry 's Model f o r One D irectional Loading of 14 m OWI

S and Based on t h e T riax ial I n ta c t Specimen T e s t s ........................ 414

Fig. 5 .4 .1 3 V erification of D o b ry 's Model f o r 14 m OWI Sand;

T riaxial R e c o n s titu te d Specimen R e s u l t s ....................................................415

Fig. 5 .4 .1 4 V erification of D o b ry 's Model fo r 14 m OWI S an d ;

CyDSS T e s t R esu lts................................................................................................416

Fig. 5 .4 .1 5 D o b ry 's Model f o r Two D irectional Loading of 6 m OWI

S and ........................................................................................................................... 417

xxxi
Fig. 5 . 4 . 1 6 D ob ry's Model fo r Two Directional Loading o f 14 m OWI
Sand ................................................................................................................................418

Fig. 5 .4 .1 7 Owi Island A nalytical Soil Profile ............................................ 419

Fig. 5 .4 .1 8 R esu lts of OWI Case 1 DESRAMOD R e sp o n se ( la y e r 8

clay) ......................................................................................................................420

Fig. 5 .4 .1 9 R esu lts of OWI Case 2 DESRAMOD R esp o n se ( la y e r 8

silt) ........................................................................................................................... 421

Fig. 5 .4 .2 0 R esu lts of OWI Case 3 DESRAMOD R esp o n se . . . . 422

Fig. 5 .4.2 1 R esu lts of OWI Case 4 DESRAMOD R esp o n se . . . . 423

Fig. 5 .4 .2 2 R esu lts of OWI C ase 5 DESRAMOD R esp o n se . . . . 424

Fig. 5 .4 .2 3 R e s u lts of OWI C ase 6 DESRAMOD R esp o n se . . . . 425

Fig. 5 .4 .2 4 R e s u lts of OWI C ase 7 DESRAMOD R esp o n se . . . . 426

xxxn
 5 .4 .2 5 V ariation of OWI Island Soil Profile DESRAMOD
R esp o n se with V a ry in g S lightly S tiffn e ss and Pore P ressure
Model I n p u t V a l u e s ............................................................................................427

xxxi i i
 NOTATION

ABBREVIATIONS

CDMG California Division of Mines an d Geology

CF Channel Fill Location a t HRS

CPT Cone P en etra tio n T e s t

HRS H eber Road Liquefaction Site

L Levee Location a t HRS

OWI Owi Island Site

PB Point B ar Location a t HRS

RPI Civil E n g in eerin g D e p a rtm e n t,

R e n s s e la e r P olytechnic I n s tit u te , T r o y , NY

SPT S ta n d a rd P en etratio n T e s t

USGS U .S . D epartm ent of I n te r io r , Geological S urvey,

Menlo P a rk , California

UT D epartm ent of Civil E n g in e e rin g , U n iv ersity of

T ex as a t A u stin , A u s tin , TX

WCC Woodward C lyde C o n s u lta n ts , Wayne, NJ

WS Wildlife Site

WSA Wildlife S ite Sand A ( u p p e r la y er)

WSB Wildlife S ite Sand B (low er la y er)

xxxi v
SYMBOLS

amax maximum acc elera tio n of an in p u t acc ele ra tio n -tim e

h is to r y re c o rd u sed in c o m p u te r a n a ly sis

a horizontal p eak g r o u n d s u r f a c e acceleratio n o b ta in e d

b y co m p u ter a n a ly sis

a horizontal p e a k g ro u n d s u r f a c e acceleratio n of a
p tim e-acceleratio n h is to r y re c o rd e d at specific
seism ograph station

c v isco u s dam ping co efficient

Cj v isco u s dam ping coefficient of i- t h la y e r of

an alytical soil profile

cr c o rre c tio n f a c t o r u s e d in c y c l i c - s t r e s s a p p ro a c h
a n a ly sis to account for d if f e r e n c e betw een
la b o ra to ry and field s t r e s s - s t r a i n cond ition s

d jn d ia m ete r of tria x ia l specim en b e fo re consolidation

Dr r e la tiv e d e n s ity of s a n d

D50 mean g ra in d ia m ete r size of s an d

e void ratio

e_ initial void ra tio of sa n d

o

E u n d r a in e d , e ffe c tiv e unlo ad in g b u lk (vo lu m etric)

m odulus of t h e soil sk eleto n

g acceleratio n of g r a v i t y

G s e c a n t s h e a r m odulus

xxxv
G. s e c a n t s h e a r modulus o f i-th layer o f analytical soil
p ro file

G maximum initial ta n g e n t s h e a r m odulus m e a su re d in

max s itu o r in la b o ra to ry

G an alytical maximum initial ta n g e n t shear m odulus

mo
p r io r to a n y soil d e g r a ta tio n

G . an alytical maximum t a n g e n t s h e a r m odulus a t time t

a f t e r c e r ta in d e g ra d a tio n

h e ig h t of specim en a f t e r consolidation

h. h e ig h t of i- th horizontal soil la y e r of analytical soil

profile

h. h e ig h t of specim en b e fo re consolidation
in

perm e ab ility coefficient

k. n o n - lin e a r s p r in g s tif f n e s s co efficien t of i-th la y e r

of anlaytical soil p rofile kj=f(Yj)

K t / G _ ratio
mo mo

K£ e ffe c tiv e consolidation s t r e s s ratio ° i c/ ° 3c

K coefficient of e a r th p r e s s u r e a t r e s t a. / a
o he vc

\<2 p a r a m e te r in re b o u n d m odulus eq uatio n

«2 s h e a r m odulus p a r a m e te r s u g g e s te d b y Seed

m mass

xxxvi
mass o f i-th layer o f analytical soil profile

n u m b e r of SPT blows

n u m b e r of cycles in la b o ra to r y t e s t

cyclic fo rc in g fu n c tio n

p la stic ity index

am plitude of cyclic fo rc in g fu n ctio n

initial mean e ffe c tiv e p rin cip al s t r e s s

cone p e n e tra tio n r e s is ta n c e

frictio n ratio

cyclic tria x ia l s t r e s s ratio in cyclic s tr e s s - c o n tr o lle d

t e s t ; SR = 0 ^ / 2 0 ^

time

n a tu ra l perio d of whole soil pro file

p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e

re s id u a l p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e b u ild u p

resid u al cyclic pore w a te r pressure b u ild u p

normalized with o (r e s id u a l cyclic p o re w a te r
p r e s s u r e ratio)

volume of specim en a f t e r consolidation

xxxvi i
Vjn initial volume of specimen

Vg in situ s h e a r w ave velocity

x ho rizontal cyclic disp lacem en t

x. ho rizontal cyclic d isplacem en t of i-th la y e r of

an alytical soil profile

w@ liquid limit

w n a tu ra l w a te r c o n te n t
11

xQ am plitude of harm onic horizontal cyclic disp la cem e n ts

GREEK

dam ping co efficien t asso ciated with mass m

dam ping co efficien t asso c ia te d with s tiff n e s s

c o efficien t k

horizontal s h e a r s tr a in

7' ho rizontal shear s tr a in in tr a n s l a t e d c o o rd in a te

sy stem

7 horizontal cyclic s h e a r s tr a in am plitude

cy

Jfj d r y u n it w eig h t

7. s h e a r strain o f i-th layer of analytical soil profile

xxxvi i i
maximum p e a k ho rizontal s h e a r s tr a i n in specific
sa n d la y e r as o b ta in e d b y co m p u ter an aly sis

specific g r a v i t y

t h r e s h o l d s h e a r s tr a in

p ra c tic a l th r e s h o l d s h e a r s tra in

total u n it w eig h t

a re a in s id e s t r e s s - s t r a i n h y s te r e s is loop

cyclic axial s tr a in am plitude

an aly tic ally d eterm in e d a rea in side stre ss-stra in

h y s t e r e s i s loop

a re a in s id e fo rc e -d is p la c e m e n t h y s t e r e s is loop

r e b o u n d vo lum etric s tr a in

e q u iv a le n t dam ping ratio m e asu re d in la b o ra to ry

an aly tical e q u iv a le n t h y s te r e t ic dam ping ratio

minimum e q u iv a le n t dam ping ratio m e asu re d in

la b o ra to r y

an aly tical e q u iv a le n t v isco us dam ping ratio

p h a s e a n g le of cyclic fo rc in g fu nction

mass d e n s i t y of material

xx x ix
 iso tro p ic e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s in tria x ia l an d resonant
column t e s t ( ° c =0i c =03c )

cyclic d e v ia to ric v e rtic a l stre ss in tria x ia l cyclic

s t r e s s - c o n tr o ll e d t e s t

h o rizontal e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s

to tal v ertical s t r e s s

e ffe c tiv e v ertical s t r e s s

consolidation v e rtic a l e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s in triax ial t e s t

consolidation lateral e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s in tria x ia l t e s t

e ffe c tiv e frictio n an g le

ho rizo ntal s h e a r stre ss in DSS te st or o d /2 in

tria x ia l t e s t

horizontal shear stre ss in t r a n s l a te d c o o rd in a te

system

h o rizontal cyclic s h e a r s t r e s s am plitude

h o rizontal cyclic s h e a r stre ss am plitude normalized

w ith r e s p e c t to o
vc

h o rizo ntal s h e a r stre ss in i- t h la y e r of analtycial

soil profile

an aly tical maximum s h e a r stre ss th a t could be

ap p lied w ith o u t f a ilu r e

an aly tical maximum initial h o rizo n tal s h e a r s t r e s s

t h a t could b e ap p lied w ith o u t f a ilu re p r io r to a n y
soil d e g ra d a tio n

analytical maximum horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s th a t

could b e ap plied w ith o u t fa ilu re a f t e r c e rta in
d e g ra d a tio n

maximum p e a k horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s in specific

sa n d la y e r as o b ta in ed b y co m p u ter an aly sis

n a tu ra l f r e q u e n c y of whole soil profile

c irc u la r f r e q u e n c y of cyclic fo rc in g fu n c tio n P

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to e x p r e s s my d e e p e s t an d s in c e r e g r a t i t u d e to my

a d v is o r P rofessor R icardo D obry for his v alu ab le support and

g u id a n c e th ro u g h o u t th e c o u r s e of th i s s t u d y , an d f o r e v e r y t h in g I

h a v e le a rn e d from him. Special t h a n k s a r e d u e to P ro fe s s o r Thomas

F. Zimmie w ho e n a b le d me to come to stu d y at RPI and who

c o n tin u o u s ly h elped an d a d v is e d me. P r o fe s s o rs Apostolos

Pap ageorgio u and R o b e rt G. L aF leur of my do cto ral committee also

p ro v id e d many useful s u g g e s tio n s d u r in g t h e c o u r s e of t h e s tu d y .

Financial s u p p o r t f o r th i s p r o je c t was p r o v id e d b y t h e U nited

S ta te s Geological S urvey (USGS) th ro u g h C o n tr a c t Number

14-08-0001-21272.

T h e r e s e a r c h d e s c r ib e d in th is th e s is is p a r t of a join t p ro jec t

on liquefaction of s a n d s in t h e Imperial V alley, C alifornia c a r r ie d o ut

by several o r g a n iz a tio n s : U nited S ta te s Geological S urvey, Menlo

Park, C alifo rn ia; U n iv e rs ity of Texas at A u stin , (U T ); and th e

W oodw ard-C lyde C o n s u lta n ts (WCC), Wayne, New Jersey. The

inform atio n, h elp a n d s u g g e s tio n s p ro v id e d d ir e c tly and in d ire c tly by

P ro f e s s o r Leslie T . Youd from USGS and Brigham Y oung U n iv e rs ity ,

P ro f e s s o r K enneth H. S tokoe II, from UT an d R ichard S. Ladd from

WCC a re d e e p ly a p p r e c ia te d . Also, I wish to th a n k P ro fe s s o r Kenji

Is h ih a ra from th e U n iv e rs ity of T ok yo f o r p r o v id in g information on

th e Owi Island c a s e h is to r y .

Special t h a n k s go to Mrs. B e tty Alix of t h e Civil E n g in eerin g

D ep a rtm e n t of RPI f o r h e r help a n d a s s is ta n c e with t h e p re p a r a tio n of

xl i i
t h e final m a n u s c rip t of t h e t h e s i s .

Finally, I e x te n d my d e e p e s t g r a t i t u d e to my m o th er f o r her

support and especially to my wife S vetlana for her p a tie n c e ,

u n d e r s ta n d i n g and e n c o u rg e m e n t, a n d I d e d ic a te th is th e s is to h e r .

xliii
 ABSTRACT

A new m ethod is d e v elo p ed for th e evaluation of seismic p o re

pressure b u ild u p an d liq uefaction in level, h o rizo n tally la y e re d ,

sa tu ra te d sandy soil s ite s . The method is implemented with a

c o m p u te r p ro g ra m named DESRAMOD, which combines D o b ry 's p o re

p r e s s u r e model b a s e d on cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d t e s t s , with co m p u ter

code DESRA-2, o rig in ally d e v elo p ed b y Lee an d Finn f o r t h e seismic

r e s p o n s e of a h o rizontally la y e re d soil p ro file to b a s e e x c ita tio n . The

DESRAMOD a n a ly sis of a m u ltid e g re e of freedom one dimensional

lumped p a r a m e te r soil s y ste m , in c o rp o ra te s all main a s p e c t s known to

g o v e r n t h e seismic r e s p o n s e an d a s s o c ia te d p o re p r e s s u r e develop m ent

in sands. They are: i) n o n lin e a r stre ss-stra in b e h a v io r; ii) p o re

pressure b u ild u p c o n tro lled by th e am plitu de and number of cyclic

stra in s, which a r e in t u r n re la te d to t h e g r o u n d acc ele ra tio n s and to

t h e soil s h e a r w ave velocities; iii) i r r e g u l a r seismic in p u t a c c e le ra tio n s

and c o r r e s p o n d in g irre g u la r soil stre ss-stra in response; iv)

d e g r a d a tio n of soil s tif f n e s s and stre n g th caused by th e p o re

pressure in c re a s e ; and v) p o re pressure d is s ip a tio n and

r e d is t r i b u ti o n . The d ev elo p m en t of th e model in cluded e x te n s i v e

la b o ra to r y cyclic t e s t i n g , a p a ra m e tric stu d y u sin g DESRAMOD, a n d

d e ta ile d in v e s tig a tio n s of t h r e e d i f f e r e n t ca s e h is to rie s .

V erification of t h e model is accom plished by application to t h e

following t h r e e c a s e h is to r ie s : t h e H eb er Road S ite a n d Wildlife S ite

liquefaction o c c u r r e n c e s in t h e Imperial V alley, C alifo rn ia, d u r i n g t h e

xliv
 1979 Imperial Valley an d 1981 W estmoreland earthquakes re s p e c tiv e ly ;

and th e p o re p r e s s u r e d ev elo p m en t re c o r d e d w ithin th e Owi Island

soil p ro file located in T o ky o B ay , J a p a n , d u rin g th e 1980 Mid-Chiba

E a r th q u a k e . All t h r e e c a s e h is to r ie s a r e well d o c u m e n te d , in c lu d in g :

i) r e c o r d in g s of g r o u n d s u r f a c e a c c elera tio n s a t t h e s ite o r a t n e a r b y

s ite s p lu s field o b s e r v a tio n s of sa n d boils and o th e r surface

liquefaction m a n ifestatio n s (H e b e r Road an d Wildlife s ite s ) or seismic

p o re pressure m e asu re m en ts in sand d e p o s its w ithin t h e ex c ite d soil

p ro file (Owi Island S ite ) ; ii) a d etaile d soil p ro file e x p lo ra tio n a n d in

s itu seismic s h e a r w ave v elocity d e te rm in a tio n s ; iii) cyclic tria x ia l as

well as d i r e c t simple s h e a r s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d t e s t s on bo th in ta c t and

r e c o n s ti tu te d sa n d specim ens from th e s ite ; and iv) la b o ra to ry

m e asu re m en ts of p e rm e ab ility .

As a p a r t of t h e Wildlife S ite ca se stu d y , an e x te n s iv e s ta tic

an d cyclic la b o ra to ry in v e stig a tio n was c o n d u c te d on sa n d specim ens

from th e s ite to d e te rm in e th e cyclic p r o p e r ti e s n eed ed for th e

DESRAMOD a n a ly s is , as well as to s t u d y th e in flu e n c e of a n u m b e r of

te s t i n g p a r a m e te rs on th e sa n d b e h a v io r d u r in g cyclic

s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te sts. These p a r a m e te r s in c lu d e specim en d e n s it y ,

sample d istu rb a n ce, specim en fab ric , and ty p e of te s t i n g te c h n iq u e

an d loading b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n s . The stu d y in c lu d e d cyclic triax ial

a n d cyclic NGI D irect Simple S h e a r t e s t s , with b o th cyclic s tr a in and

s t r e s s - c o n tr o ll e d te sts c o n d u c te d on in ta c t an d re c o n s titu te d

sp ecim en s, and it a d d r e s s e d in detail t h e cap a b ilitie s a n d limitations

of D o b ry 's p o re p ressu re model. Also, as in th i s s ite th e U .S .

Geologic S u rv e y has re c e n tly placed several piezo m eters and

xlv
a c c e le ro m e te rs , DESRAMOD was used to p ro v id e p re d ic tio n s of g r o u n d

surface a c c e le ra tio n s an d pore p ressures which may be m easu red

d u rin g fu tu re earth q u ak es.

T h e r e s u lt s of t h e s e t h r e e ca se h is to r y a n a ly s e s reveal t h a t t h e

seismic r e s p o n s e of a s a t u r a t e d sandy soil p ro file is g o v e rn e d in a

complex m anner by th e develo pm ent of seismic strain s an d th e

r e s u ltin g p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p (which is in t u r n re s p o n s ib le f o r soil

s tif fn e s s d e g r a d a tio n ) an d by th e sim ultaneous re d is trib u tio n an d

d is s ip a tio n of p o re p r e s s u r e s . C alculated seismic response and p o re

pressures are also shown to be very s e n s tit iv e to th e selec ted

geom etric co n fig u ra tio n and s tif f n e s s d is tr ib u tio n of t h e pro file with

d ep th . The stu d y c learly rev eals t h a t , f o r a s u c c e s s f u l d e s c rip tio n

an d u n d e r s ta n d i n g of th e seismic p o re pressure b u ild u p and

liquefaction phenom enon, all these a s p e c ts need to. be analyzed

t o g e t h e r as d o n e in DESRAMOD.

xl vi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

T h e o bjective of th is s t u d y is th e develop m en t an d v erification

of a method f o r p red ic tio n a n d evaluation of p o re p r e s s u r e b u ildup

and liquefaction occurrence at level s a n d y s ite s d u r in g earth qu ak es.

A method such as th i s shou ld s a tisfy th e following re q u ire m e n ts: 1) it

sh o u ld employ sta te -o f-th e -a rt know ledge on liq u efactio n ; 2) it m ust

in c o rp o ra te some well reco gn ized mechanisms g o v e r n in g th e seismic

r e s p o n s e of soil p rofiles at level s ite s , as well as t h e b e h a v io r of

s a tu r a t e d s a n d s s u b je c te d to seismic loading; 3) th e in p u t d a ta m ust

hav e a c le a r ph y sical m eaning; 4) t h e method sh o u ld u s e experim ental

and analytical tools an d te c h n iq u e s g e n e ra lly available in geotechnical

e n g in e e rin g p r a c tic e ; 5) it sho u ld b e rea so n a b ly economical and easy

to u s e ; a n d fin ally , 6) it m u st h av e been v e rifie d with sev eral well

docum en ted case h is to r ie s .

In o th e r w o rd s , th e method should b e simple to use a n d yet

s o p h is tic a te d en o u g h to include all s ig n ific a n t material p r o p e r ti e s and

phenom ena which are known to g o v e rn th e seismic p o re p ressure

b u ild u p a t level s ite s .

In t h e m ethod dev elop ed here, an a tte m p t is made to s a tisfy

th e s e r e q u ire m e n ts.

1
 2

T h is was d o n e in t h r e e main s t e p s :

(a) a cyclic t e s t in g p ro g ram w as u n d e r ta k e n in o r d e r to

s tu d y t h e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in s a n d s s u b je c te d

to cyclic loading. Based on t h e s e and o th e r te st

re su lts, a sta te -o f-th e -a rt p o re p r e s s u r e model was

selec ted to be employed in th e a n a ly s e s . T he

t e s t in g p ro g ra m was also aimed a t com paring re s u lts

betw een d if f e r e n t t e s t i n g te c h n iq u e s ;

(b ) an e x is tin g c o m p u ter code fo r calcu la tin g th e seismic

re s p o n s e of a level g r o u n d soil profile was selected

a n d modified to in c o rp o r a te th e p o re p r e s s u r e model

d ev eloped in (a) ab o v e, and th e b e h a v io r of th e

modified p ro g ram was s tu d ie d by means of a

p a ra m e tric s t u d y ; an d

(c) th ree r e p r e s e n t a tiv e and well docum ented case

h is to rie s w ere a n a ly z e d with th e new method.

Liquefaction is a very complex phenom enon which has become

one of th e most ch allen g in g geotech nical earth q u ak e e n g in e e rin g

p roblem s. Its com plexity a r is e s from in te ra c tio n of se v e ra l a s p e c ts

which a r e p o orly u n d e rs to o d . The seism ic loads a re ra p id , cyclic,

th ree d irec tio n a l loads, high ly i r r e g u l a r a n d d ifficu lt to p r e d ic t. In

a d d itio n , t h e soil is a two p h a s e m aterial, which d u r in g cyclic loading

u n d e rg o e s tra n s fo rm a tio n from an initially solid s t a t e to a final almost

liquid state. To m e asu re th e p r o p e r ti e s of su c h material r e q u ir e s

 3

special an d advanced t e c h n iq u e s . A lthough th e in te ra c tio n of sand

sk eleto n and w a te r a t v e r y small cyclic deform ations a n d loads can be

ap p ro x im ately modeled w ith o u t much d iffic u lty , a t la r g e r d e fo rm a tio n s ,

h o w ev er, su ch modeling becomes q u ite com plicated because th e p o re

w a te r p r e s s u r e can s u b s ta n tia lly in c re a s e an d c h a n g e th e s tiff n e s s of

th e soil m ass. In t h e fie ld , t h e s e seismically g e n e r a te d p o r e w a te r

p ressu res are sim u ltan e o u sly red istrib u tin g an d d is s ip a tin g in all

d ir e c tio n s , and th is process can s ig n ific a n tly change again th e

s tif f n e s s of th e same soil m ass, as well as th e s tif f n e s s of th e

a d ja c e n t d e p o s its . Finally, t h e r e a r e v e r y few well d o cum ented c a s e

h is to rie s available fo r v e rificatio n of th e e x is tin g a n a ly s e s . To t h e

a u t h o r 's know ledge th e re is none in which both th e seismic loads

( a c c e le ra tio n s ) and p o re p ressu res have been m e asu re d d u r in g a

s t r o n g e a r t h q u a k e a t d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s in a soil p ro file.

For c o n v en ien ce, t h e b asic mechanisms of liq u efactio n , t h e form s

of fa ilu re s it can cause, an d a b rie f d iscu ssio n on th e

s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t know ledge in th is field a r e d is c u s s e d below.

When an earth q u ak e occurs, th e r e s u ltin g seismic w aves

p r o p a g a t e u p w ard s t h r o u g h t h e g r o u n d . As a r e s u lt of th i s v e rtic a l

o r almost v ertical s h e a r w ave p r o p a g a tio n , soil d e p o s its a r e s u b je c te d

to cyclic s h e a r s tr a i n in g which in s a n d s c a u s e s sliding of g r a in s a n d

a c o r r e s p o n d in g te n d e n c y to w a r d s c lo se r p a c k in g , i.e ., d e n s ific a tio n .

If th e san d d e p o s it is sa tu ra te d with w a te r which cannot d ra in

immediately, p a r t of t h e g r a v i t y loading a c tin g on t h e s a n d s k eleto n

 4

is tran sferee ! to th e p o re w a te r, which c o n s e q u e n tly ris e s its

pressure. Such p o re w a te r pressure in c re a s e and c o r r e s p o n d in g

d e c r e a s e of e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s e s accum u late, an d t h e e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s may

e v e n tu a lly becomes zero if t h e p o re pressure becomes equal to th e

total overburden stre ss. When t h a t happens we say t h a t t h e sa n d

has re a c h e d th e s ta t e of initial liqu efactio n, or "o = 0 con d itio n ".

T h e most common su rficial m anifestation of p o re p r e s s u r e in c re a s e and

initial liquefaction at level s ite s is th e occurrence of sa n d boils.

S and boils u sually in dicate t h a t seismic s tr a in in g has p r o d u c e d a a =

0 condition o r condition v e r y close to it in a sa n d d e p o s it within t h e

r
soil p ro file, c a u sin g th e p r e s s u r i z e d p o r e w a te r to make a chann el

th r o u g h t h e o v e rla y in g d e p o s its and to e scap e to t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e .

In doing so, w a te r c a r r ie s along sa n d an d c r e a te s on th e g ro u n d

s u r f a c e a small vo lcano -lik e f e a t u r e which we call a s an d boil.

S itu a tio n s w h e re t h e seism ically-in duced p o re pressure b u ild u p

in san d d e p o s its has c a u s e d c a ta s tr o p h ic dam age a r e th o s e in which

th e re have been potential f a ilu r e planes e x is tin g in th e soil mass

p r i o r to t h e e a r t h q u a k e . Such fa ilu re planes a r e p r e s e n t in sloping

ground, earth dam s, dykes, soil fo u n d atio n s b e n e a th b u ild in g s ,

b r id g e p ie rs or re ta in in g w alls. In th ese cases, if th e sa n d is

c o n tr a c tiv e a n d th e p o re p r e s s u r e has risen en o u g h to d e c r e a s e t h e

e x is tin g soil s h e a r s t r e n g t h below t h e level of s h e a r s t r e s s e s initially

ac tin g on t h e potential f a ilu re s u r f a c e , f a ilu r e o c c u r s . T his t y p e of

liquefaction fa ilu re is asso c ia te d with v e r y la rg e d isp lacem ents a n d is

 5

called a liquefaction flow f a ilu re . In o t h e r t y p e s of fa ilu re , called

deform ation f a ilu r e s , limited d isp lacem ents or settlem en ts occur.

A lthou gh almost e v e r y sin g le flow f a ilu r e case represen ts a d ram a tic

ev en t, o ften with c a ta s tr o p h ic c o n s e q u e n c e s , it is estim ated t h a t , in

g e n e r a l, more dam age d u r in g e a r t h q u a k e s is c a u s e d b y liquefaction of

level or ju st s lig h tly inclined ground (NRC, 1985). T h is in cludes

d e s tr u c tio n of ro ad w ay s, ra ilr o a d s , p ip e lin e s , s e ttle m e n t of small

dykes with consequent flooding of la rg e areas, dam ages to sin g le

family homes in resid en tial a r e a s , e tc .

S tu d y of t h e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p and liquefaction o c c u r r e n c e

a t level s ite s is im p o rtan t not only b e c a u s e it can help us u n d e r s ta n d

b e t t e r how t h e ab ov e listed dam ages o c c u r , an d in t u r n how t h e y can

b e p r e v e n t e d o r m itig a ted . Such s t u d y can also p ro v id e a fram ew ork

for a b e tte r u n d e r s ta n d i n g of v ario u s a s p e c ts of deform ation an d

liquefaction flow f a ilu re s . Liquefaction a t level g r o u n d is actu ally t h e

le ast complex form of t h e liquefaction phenom enon, b u t its mechanisms

of p o r e p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n a n d d is s ip a tio n , as well as t h e asso ciated

m aterial s o f te n in g , are also an essen tial part of more complex flow

a n d deform ation liquefaction f a ilu r e s .

M oreover, some liquefaction ex p erts b e liev e th a t due to

d is s ip a tio n and r e d is trib u tio n of seismic p o re pressures, liquefaction

at level s ite s a d ja c e n t to e a r t h s t r u c t u r e s o r b u ild in g s has in many

c ases been re s p o n s ib le f o r t h e o b s e r v e d f a ilu r e of t h e s e stru c tu re s.

T h e y b a s e t h e i r opinion on t h e f a c t t h a t in some c a s e s t h e s t r u c t u r e s
 6

failed a f t e r t h e e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g had c e a se d .

The need for advanced stu d y of liquefaction at level g ro u n d

s ite s is also e v id e n t from th e fact th a t th e US Geological S u rv e y

(USGS) has re c e n tly in stalled p iezom eters fo r p o re p ressure

m e a su re m e n ts, as well as acc e le ro m e te rs, in a t least two such s ite s in

California: th e Wildlife s ite in t h e Imperial Valley and a s ite in th e

Parkfield section of t h e San A n d re s F ault. One of t h e s e in s tru m e n te d

s ite s (Wildlife) did liquefy d u r in g past earth q u ak es ( b e fo re th e

placem ent of th e i n s t r u m e n ts ) , and both sites are e x p e c te d to be

sh a k e n d u r in g fu tu re earth q u ak es a n tic ip a te d sometime in th e next

5-10 y e a r s . When th is happens, t h e s e s ite s a r e e x p e c te d to e x h ib it

high p o re p ressures, or th e y may ev en liq u efy , th u s p ro v id in g

v alu ab le re c o rd s of a c c elera tio n s an d p o re pressures. T o d ay , th e

n u m b e r of in s tr u m e n te d s ite s is grow ing an d p re d ic tio n s of soil p rofile

re s p o n s e an d p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p d u r in g th e f u t u r e seismic e v e n ts

at these locations are e a g e r ly aw aited. One of th e two s ite s

m entioned above, r e c e n tly in s tru m e n te d by USGS, th e Wildlife

liquefaction s ite in t h e Imperial V alley, California (Youd an d B e n n e tt,

1983), is also one of t h e case h is to rie s s tu d ie d in th is t h e s i s . The

profile a n d in s tru m e n ta tio n installed a t t h e site a r e illu s tr a te d in Fig.

1. 1 . 1.

It m u st b e po in ted o u t , t h a t t h e r e a r e a t le a st two s ite s w h e re

seismic p o re pressures have a lre a d y been m e asu re d d u r in g small

earth q uak es and an aly zed by s e v e ra l au th o rs. In th e first case,

 7

e ig h t re c o r d s of seismic p o re p ressures and th e ir c o rre s p o n d in g

surface a c c elera tio n s w e re g a t h e r e d a t C onvict Lake from a f te r s h o c k s

of t h e 25 to 27 May 1980 Mammooth Lake e a r t h q u a k e , California (H arp

et a l., 1984). In th e seco n d case, th e seismically in duced p o re

p r e s s u r e s w ithin th e soil p ro file w e r e m e asu re d a t Owi Island in t h e

Tokyo Bay, J a p a n , d u r in g t h e 1980 Mid-Chiba e a r t h q u a k e (Is h ih a ra e t

a l., 1981). In both c a s e s t h e m easured p o re w a te r pressures w ere

small. T his was especially t r u e in t h e C onvict Lake sed im en ts, w h e re

th e seismic s tr a i n s w e re smaller or at th e th resho ld s tr a in level,

below which th e residual (p e rm a n e n t) p o re p r e s s u r e s do n o t d ev elo p ,

and, th u s, th e p o re p r e s s u r e s g e n e r a te d w ere "elastic" and d id not

accum ulate. C o n s e q u e n tly , th e residu al p o re p r e s s u r e afte r th e

s h a k in g was always z e ro . In t h e Owi Island case, how ever, t h e

seismic s tr a i n s w ere n ot so small. T hey w ere ab o v e th r e s h o ld and

t h e resid u al p o re p r e s s u r e s in t h e o r d e r of 0.1 o , w here a =

r vc' VC

e ffe c tiv e o v e r b u r d e n stre ss, w e re m easu red a t two elevations within

th e profile. T his u n iq u e ca s e h is to r y a lre a d y analyzed by s e v e ra l

au th o rs is rean a ly zed h e r e in C h a p t e r 5 u sin g t h e m ethod developed

in th is s t u d y .

Liquefaction has b een o b s e r v e d in many la rg e e a r t h q u a k e s d a te d

as f a r b ack as t h e r e c o r d s a r e availab le. H owever, th e specialized

a n d sy ste m a tic s t u d y of liquefaction as a s e p a r a t e phenom enon d id not

really s t a r t in t h e U .S . until a f t e r t h e d is a s tr o u s 1964 e a r th q u a k e s in

N iigata, Japan, an d A n c h o ra g e , A laska. In b o th earth qu ak es

 8

liquefaction caused ex ten sive dam age. Since t h e n , in th e two la st

decades, s ig n ific a n t r e s e a r c h h as been don e in o r d e r to u n d erstan d

th e phenom enon. V ario u s exp erim ental an d analytical methods for

simulation of liquefaction h av e been d ev elo p ed an d are still bein g

im p rov ed . These research e f f o r ts h av e encom passed fiv e d if f e r e n t

areas: i) field o b s e r v a tio n s of liquefaction d u r in g and a fte r

earth q u ak es, ii) field t e s t i n g to d eterm in e c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of liq uefiable

d e p o s its an d th e ir dynam ic p ro p erties, iii) la b o ra to r y t e s t in g to

sim ulate and u n d e r s ta n d th e p o re pressure b u ild u p an d liquefaction

o c c u r r e n c e in san d sp ecim en s, iv) model t e s t i n g includ ing c e n t r if u g e

te sts to simulate p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n an d d is s ip a tio n as well as

th e re s p o n s e of more complex c o n f ig u ra tio n s of e a r t h and fo u n d atio n

stru c tu re s, an d v) analytical s tu d ie s dev elo p ed in order to g iv e

eng in eers a tool fo r evalu atio n of th e phenom eno n. A lthough an

im p ressiv e progress has been made in all th ese dom ains, th e

phenom enon is not y e t fu lly u n d e rs to o d an d m any q u e s tio n s remain

unansw ered. M oreover, th e re is still co n tro v ersy r e g a r d in g c e rta in

a s p e c ts of t h e phenom enon among d if f e r e n t r e s e a r c h e r s .

The research in th e la s t tw e n ty years has re s u lte d in an

enorm ous li te r a t u r e in which t h e problem is a p p r o a c h e d from d if f e r e n t

a n g le s . A r e c e n t c o m p re h e n s iv e summary has b een p r e s e n te d in t h e

state-o f-th e-art rep o rt "L iquefaction of Soils D u ring E a r th q u a k e s "

p u b lis h e d by th e Committee on E a r th q u a k e E n g in e e rin g , US National

R esearc h Council, W ashing ton , D .C . 1985, (NRC, 1985). This u n iq u e

 9

d o cu m en t was jointly w ritte n b y some of t h e most p ro m in en t e x p e r t s

on liquefaction from th e US, Canada, G re a t B ritain a n d J a p a n , who

t r i e d to p u t t h e i r p o in ts of view into a common p r o s p e c tiv e . Since

th is d ocum ent is th e m ost recent and p r o b a b ly th e best available

sta te-o f-th e-art rep o rt on liq u efactio n , it is u sed in th e p resent

s t u d y as a major r e f e r e n c e , in c lu d in g th e term ino lo gy s u g g e s te d in it.

The o th e r re la te d reference, produced as a part of th is

research, is t h e r e p o r t on th e H eber Road S ite (HRS) liquefaction

case h is to r y asso c ia te d with t h e 1979 Imperial V alley earth q u ak e

(V u cetic an d D o b ry , 1986). In th is HRS rep o rt, th e method fo r

liquefactio n evaluation of level g r o u n d s ite s , which is completed and

fu rth e r v e rifie d h e r e in , was p relim in ary d eveloped in a somewhat

sim p ler form a n d ap p lied to t h e HRS. The re su lts, e x p e rie n c e and

d ir e c tio n s fo r f u r t h e r im provem ents of t h e app lied m e th o d , o b ta in e d in

th a t p relim in ary w o rk , are e x te n s iv e ly used th r o u g h o u t t h e p resent

stu d y . Also, th e HRS c a s e h is to r y is an aly zed h e re a g a in , a n d it

r e p r e s e n t s th e t h i r d ca se h is to r y in cluded in th i s t h e s i s .
 10

In stru m e n t h ouse
5M2 OR CrT 3
d e p th 10 Rf 0 q° 100
>
1
2

3
4 s ilty
5
6 cased hole
7
8
9 s ilty
10
U
12 V P6
13 cone p en e tratio n
14 r e s is ta n c e kg/cm2
f r ic tio n r a t i o Z
piezom eter
stro n g motion
seismometer
OR o sc illo g ra p h ic
recorder
w ater ta b le

Fig. 1.1 .1 C ro s s Section an d In s tru m e n ta tio n a t Wildlife Site (B e n n e tt

et al., 1984)
 11

1.2 Definition of t h e Problem

T h e b asic re q u ire m e n ts which m ust be sa tisfie d b y a method

aimed at analytical simulation of th e seismic re s p o n s e of s a tu r a t e d

sandy soil p ro file s, h av e a lre a d y b een listed in t h e p re v io u s sectio n.

This section an aly zes in more detail t h e s e re q u ire m e n ts as well as th e

method p ro p o s e d h e re .

T h e application of an y su ch method would r e q u ir e th e following

basic s te p s :

(a ) d efinition of t h e geom etric c o n fig u ra tio n of t h e level

g round soil profile and selection of a p p r o p r ia te

mathematical model f o r a n a ly sis ,

(b) definition of t h e seismic loading in p u t, and

(c) definition of dynam ic material soil p r o p e r tie s and

th e ir d ir e c t an d realistic r e p re s e n ta tio n in th e

model, in clu ding p o re pressure g e n e ra tio n ,

r e d is tr ib u tio n an d d is s ip a tio n .

With r e g a r d to t h e geom etric co n fig u ra tio n of t h e soil p ro file, it

has to be recog nized first th a t th e level grounds s u s c e p tib le to

liquefaction a r e g e n e r a lly located in r i v e r v a lle y s. T h e sedim ents in

s u ch valleys are mostly h o rizon tally la y e re d . For exam ple, th e

Wildlife s ite p re se n te d in Fig. 1.1.1 has almost perfect horizontal

la y e rin g with each la y e r b ein g u su a lly more or less homogeneous.

C o n s e q u e n tly , a 2-D or 1-D dynam ic model may su ffice fo r th e

 12

sim ulation o f su c h soil p r o file c o n fig u r a tio n .

On t h e o th e r hand, th e selection of an in p u t seismic loading

which resem bles t h e real i r r e g u l a r e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g , r e p r e s e n t s one

of t h e most d iffic u lt problem s in a n y kind of seismic re s p o n s e s t u d y .

T here are s e v e ra l reasons for th is d if fic u lty . F ir s t, th e

c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of s tr o n g g r o u n d motions f o r a n y given e a r t h q u a k e a r e

d if f e r e n t, ev en f o r e a r t h q u a k e s o c c u r rin g in t h e same a r e a . S eco nd,

seismic g r o u n d motion is g e n e r a te d by sim ultaneous p ro p ag atio n of

d if f e r e n t ty p es of w aves including shear, longitudinal (P -w aves),

Rayleigh an d Love w aves, and is th e r e f o r e th r e e - d ir e c tio n a l an d

hig hly irreg u lar. On th e o th e r hand, ty pical earth q u ak e records

available to d a t e a r e incom plete. T h ey a r e limited to tim e-acceleration

h is to rie s re c o r d e d a t t h e g ro u n d s u rfa c e and do not usually p ro v id e

information a b o u t t h e acc ele ra tio n s within t h e soil m ass. F u rth e rm o re ,

th e se time h is to rie s h av e usually been re c o r d e d on to p of

non liqu efiable soil d e p o s its r a t h e r th a n on to p of liquefiable s ite s of

in t e r e s t . Due to th ese complications and u n c e r t a in t ie s , g reat care

sho uld be ta k e n when se le c tin g th e a p p r o p r ia te in p u t acc elerog ram ,

in clu ding maximum u s e of re c o rd e d information and u se of a s e t of

accelerog ram m a g n itu d e s a n d s h a p e s r a t h e r th a n only one in p u t.

With regard to th e d efin itio n , selection an d r e p re s e n ta tio n of

material p r o p e r t i e s , each soil la y e r should be c h a r a c te r iz e d b y a set

of dynam ic p r o p e r ti e s an d p a r a m e te r s . T h is in c lu d es no nlin ear s t r e s s

s tr a in b e h a v io r , dynam ic s tiff n e s s and s t r e n g t h an d t h e i r d e g ra d a tio n

 13

d u r in g cyclic loading, h y s te r e t ic a n d v is c o u s dam p in g , a s e t of ru les

for th e soil stre ss-stra in b e h a v io r under irreg u lar cyclic loading, a

model f o r t h e p o re p r e s s u r e develo pm ent in s a t u r a t e d sands as well

as in o t h e r la y e r s , and a model f o r p o r e p r e s s u r e re d is trib u tio n an d

d is s ip a tio n .

T here are s e v e ra l d if f e r e n t dynam ic m ethods available f o r t h e

one-dim ensional seismic r e s p o n s e a n a ly sis of level ground. Some of

th ese m ethods are listed an d d e s c r ib e d in th e NRC r e p o r t (NRC,

1985) an d will b e sum m arized h e re .

The most complete model seems to be t h e DESRA-2 co m p u ter

program (NRC, 1985), w ritte n by Lee an d Finn (1978). T h is

p ro g ram couples th e seismic re s p o n s e with sim ultaneously develo ping

p o re p r e s s u r e . In th is n o n lin ear model th e co n tin u o u s soil pro file is

d is c r e tiz e d u s in g th e mu Iti-d e g r e e - o f - f re e d o m lumped p a r a m e te r

sy stem . T h e a n a ly sis follows th e details of t h e cyclic s t r e s s - s t r a i n

material b e h a v io r , in c lu d in g p o re pressure g e n e ra tio n an d a sso ciated

soil d e g r a d a tio n , as well as p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e re d is trib u tio n an d

d is s ip a tio n . Also, an e n e r g y tr a n s m ittin g b o u n d a r y is included a t t h e

bottom of th e soil p ro file to a c c o u n t f o r radiation dam ping into t h e

profile base. The in p u t motion is p r e s c r ib e d in th e form of

tim e-acceleratio n h is to r y a p p lie d at th e pro file b a s e .

A n o th e r m ethod which acco u n ts for th e in teractio n betw een

dynam ic stre ss-stra in response and p o re pressure b u ildup is th e

MASH-APPOLO c o m p u ter program (M artin, 1975; Martin and S eed ,

 14

1979). T h is m ethod couples two p ro g ra m s , MASH and APOLLO.

MASH first com putes th e dynam ic stress-tim e h is to rie s at v a rio u s

p o in ts , and th e n APOLLO is u sed to com pute th e c o r r e s p o n d in g time

h is to rie s of p o re p ressures. N ext, th e se com p uted pore pressures

are en tered b ack into MASH and new dynam ic s tr e s s - t i m e h is to rie s

com puted. T h is ite ra tiv e procedure is co n tin u e d until equ ilibrium

betw een t h e dynam ic s t r e s s e s an d p o re p r e s s u r e s is ach ie v e d .

The most w idely u sed a n a ly s is , h o w ev er, has been th e

q u a s i- n o n lin e a r (also called e q u iv a le n t lin ear) total stre ss a n a ly sis

SHAKE (S ch nabel et a l . , 1972). The n o n lin e a r b e h a v io r of soil is

acc o u n te d for by a d ju s tin g modulus and d am p in g , ite r a tiv e ly , until

th e re is a c o n s is te n c y betw een th e se p a r a m e te rs an d th e com puted

shear stra in s. In th i s p ro g ra m th e re is no p rov ision f o r e x p lic it

account of c o n tin u o u s soil d e g ra d a tio n due to pore pressure

g e n e r a tio n . It is an ap p ro x im ate m ethod, u sin g lin ear a n a ly sis to

a p p ro x im ate t h e n o n lin e a r b e h a v io r of soil. The dynam ic response

calculation is based on t h e solution of t h e wave eq u ation which is

solved in th e frequency domain by means of F o u rie r tr a n s f o r m

te c h n iq u e .

The la st m ethod summarized here is th e CHARSOIL c o m p u te r

pro g ram (Liou et a l., 1977). The model uses th e method of

c h a r a c te r i s t ic s to solve th e dynam ic eq uatio n of motion. A

R am berg-O sgood model for n o n lin ear b e h a v io r is used, an d th e

b u ild u p of p o re p ressure is d ete rm in e d from an assum ed relation

 15

b etw een sh e a r m odulus and c o n str a in e d m odulus.

The above sum m ary d e s c rip tio n of some p o p u la r m ethods

indicates t h a t DESRA-2 is one of t h e most com plete, as it in clu des

flexible rock b a s e , n o n lin ear soil b e h a v io r , p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e r a tio n ,

d issip atio n an d r e d is t r i b u ti o n , soil s t r e n g t h and s tif f n e s s d e g r a d a tio n ,

an d co n tin u o u s coup lin g betw een t h e p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n an d t h e

s tiff n e s s changes. T h is s o p h is tic a te d com p uter p ro g ra m also

p o s s e s s e s many of th e re q u ire m e n ts d is c u s s e d e a r lie r , a n d th e r e f o r e it

is selec ted in th is stu d y as th e method to be modified by

in c o rp o ra tio n of an im proved p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n model.

T here is a num ber of m ethods an d models to p r e d ic t pore

pressure g e n e r a tio n and liquefaction due to earth q u ak e s h a k in g .

Field t e s t s , su c h as t h e S ta n d a r d P en e tra tio n T est, th e S tatic Cone

T e s t and th e s ite s h e a r w ave velocity m easu rem en ts h a v e been u s e d

for th at purpose. L a b o ra to ry cyclic te sts utilized include mainly

s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d and s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te sts of d if f e r e n t ty p e (NRC,

1985). H ow ever, research has' c le a rly shown th a t p o re p r e s s u r e

develo pm ent is c o n tro lle d b y t h e cyclic s h e a r s t r a i n s r a t h e r th a n by

th e cyclic shear stre sse s. One consequence is th a t, while

s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d r e s u lt s are ex tre m ely s e n s itiv e to sa n d f a b r ic an d

sample d i s t u r b a n c e , s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d r e s u lt s a r e not an d a r e t h e r e f o r e

much more c o n s is te n t. T h is is illu s tr a te d b y Fig. 1 . 2 .1 . Based on

t h e s e f in d i n g s , a s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d ap p ro a c h has b een p ro p o s e d and

strain -b a se d pore pressure models h a v e been d e v elo p ed a t RPI an d

 16

o t h e r r e s e a r c h o rg a n iz a tio n (D o b ry e t a l . , 1982, 1986, Martin e t a l . ,

1975, Finn e t a l . , 1977).

T h e p o re p r e s s u r e model developed b y Martin e t al. (1975), and

b a s e d on d r a in e d t e s t r e s u l t s , is u sed in co m p u ter p ro g ram DESRA-2.

O ne of th e major o b je ctiv e s of th e p r e s e n t s tu d y is to in c o rp o r a te in

DESRA-2 ano th er pore pressure model based e n tire ly on cyclic

s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d u n d r a in e d r e s u l t s , and f u r t h e r , to v e r if y th is newly

o b ta in e d dynam ic model b y perfo rm ing p a ra m e tric soil r e s p o n s e s tu d ie s

and com parisons with ca s e h is to r ie s . The p o re pressure model

s elec ted is t h a t d e v e lo p e d by D obry e t al. (1986). The DESRA-2

p ro g ra m modified b y in c o rp o ra tio n of th is D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e model

is named DESRAMOD.

It is believ ed th a t D o b ry 's p o re pressure model c o n s ti tu te s a

s ig n ific a n t im provem ent in th e sta te -o f-th e -a rt, including th e

in tro d u c tio n of t h e c o n c e p t of a th r e s h o ld strain , 7^, which is th e

key to a realistic simulation of p o re pressures at rela tiv e ly small

seismic stra in s. O ne ad ditional f e a t u r e of D o b ry 's model, which is

im p o rta n t fo r c lo se r evaluation of t h e in situ seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s ,

is t h e cap a b ility of t h e model to ap p ro x im ately a c c o u n t fo r th e e ffe c t

of two d irec tio n a l seismic s h a k in g .

B ecause of its key role in t h e modeling of t h e dynam ic re s p o n s e

of satu rated sand, an im p o rta n t o b je ctiv e of th is s tu d y was th e

v erificatio n a n d exam ination of some a s p e c ts of D o b ry 's model, as well

as t h e d e term in a tio n of t h e model p a ra m e te rs f o r th e s a n d s from th e

 17

Wildlife s ite . An e x te n s iv e cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d la b o ra to ry te s tin g

p ro g ra m , in c lu d in g bo th tria x ia l an d simple s h e a r t e s t s on in ta c t and

r e c o n s titu te d s a n d specim ens from t h e Wildlife, as well as th e H eber

Road s ite , was c o n d u c te d f o r t h a t p u r p o s e .

T herefore, th e major modification of th e DESRA-2 was th e

replacem en t of th e origin al p o re pressure s u b r o u tin e by a new

s u b r o u tin e b a s e d on D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e model. This means t h a t

th e mathematical r e p r e s e n t a tio n s of dynam ic soil p ro file, no nlinear

stre ss-stra in r e la tio n s h ip , ru les fo r stre ss-stra in b e h a v io r under

ir r e g u l a r cyclic loading, t h e s tiff n e s s d e g r a d a tio n , and pore p re ssu re

d issip atio n in DESRAMOD a r e th e same as in t h e original DESRA-2

p ro g ra m . T h e specific modifications includ ed in DESRAMOD a r e listed

in t h e DESRAMOD manual (V u cetic, 1986), p ro d u c e d in th is s tu d y as

a s e p a r a t e d o cum ent.

Detailed d e s c r ip t io n s of DESRA-2 and DESRAMOD a r e given in

C h ap ter 3. H ow ever, it is im p o rtan t to d is c u s s b rie fly h e re th e

relation betw een p o re p r e s s u r e s a n d t h e t h r e e com ponents of g ro u n d

a c c e le ra tio n , a n d t h e way DESRAMOD models th is relation .

As usual in ID re s p o n s e program , DESRRA-2 and DESRAMOD

c o n s id e r only ho rizontal motions a sso ciated with p r o p a g a tin g shear

waves. T h is is a re a s o n a b le as s u m p tio n , as t h e sh ear w aves, afte r

p r o p a g a tin g in th e deeper ro c k , p r o p a g a te u p w a rd s in a directio n

close to t h e v e r ti c a l . It is also known t h a t , in fully sa tu rated soil

d e p o s its t h e m a g n itu d e of t h e cyclic s h e a r s tr a i n s a s s o c ia te d with t h e

 18

d e v ia to ric o c ta h e d ra l stresses, caused mainly by shear w aves,

d e te rm in e th e b u ild u p of residual pore pressure. The iso trop ic

com ponent of th e stre ss te n s o r g e n e r a te d by v e r tic a lly p r o p a g a tin g

P -w a v es, does n ot produce p e rm a n e n t p o re p ressure b u ild u p in

sa tu rated sand, s in ce th e se stre sse s are e n tire ly ta k en by th e

rela tiv e ly incom p ressible p o re w a te r. T h e s e isotropic cyclic stre sse s

g e n e r a te only elastic p o re p r e s s u r e f lu c tu a tio n s which a re in p h a s e

with th e s t r e s s e s and which are completely re c o v e ra b le and d is a p p e a r

when th e e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g c e a se s. T h e r e f o re , both DESRA-2 and

DESRAMOD legitimately ap p ro x im ate t h e motions by one of th e two

horizontal com ponents of th e acceleratio n time h is to r y , scaled as

desired , a n d in p u t a t t h e b a s e of th e soil profile.

In t h e field, of course, t h e seismic s h e a r s t r a i n s in horizontal

pla n es within th e soil a r e tw o -d ire c tio n a l, r a t h e r th a n o n e - d ire c tio n a l,

an d th is affe c ts both th e p ore p ressu re b u ild u p and th e a sso ciated

s tiff n e s s d e g r a d a tio n . T h e re f o re , it is d e s ir a b le t o include t h e e ffe c t

of th e o th e r h orizontal com ponent into th e present one-dim ensional

model. T h is p o ssib ility is in c o rp o ra te d into D o b ry 's p o re pressure

model an d h ence th e 1-D p rog ram DESRAMOD could be made to

ap p ro x im ately simulate th is tw o -d irec tio n a l e ffe c t.

 19

o
¥3
II Strain-Controlled Cyclic Triaxial Tests
n * 10 cycles
O 0.8 rc f 1*5 €gy
H

UJ 0 6
a:
=>
CO
CO 0.4
LU
a:
CL
LU 0.2
8Q.
0
10 ' I0‘2 10"'
SHEAR STRAIN, Ycyi Percent

Fig. 1 .2 .1 Summary of S tr a in - C o n tr o lle d R esu lts on Seven D iffe re n t

S an d s T e s te d in th e T riaxial Device at S everal D ifferen t C onfining

P r e s s u r e s ( D o b ry , 1985, in c lu d e d in NRC, 1985)
 20

1.3 Case H istories

In order to v e r if y t h e a c c u ra c y and p ra c tic a l a p p licab ility of

th e model d evelop ed h e r e , t h e p ro gram DESRAMOD is ap p lied to t h r e e

ca se h is to rie s . Each of them c o r r e s p o n d s to a rep resen tativ e but

d if f e r e n t s itu a tio n with respect to th e in te n s ity of th e earth q u ak e

s h a k in g , c o n fig u ra tio n of t h e liquefiable s an d d e p o s i t ^ w ithin th e soil

p ro file, an d availability of p o re pressure re c o r d s or surficial

o b s e rv a tio n s of liquefaction in t h e field. A b r i e f d e s c r ip tio n of each

c a s e and its p a r ti c u la r rele v a n c e to t h e verificatio n of DESRAMOD

model is given below.

1.3.1 H eb er Road S ite (HRS)

T he H eber Road Site (HRS) located in Imperial V alley, CA,

liquefied d u r i n g th e 1979 Imperial Valley E a r th q u a k e (m a g n itu d e M =

6 .6 ). T h e site is located within 2 km of t h e f a u lt an d it is composed

of tw o ad jacen t san d d e p o s it s , a loose Chanel Fill d e p o s it (C F) a n d a

denser Point B a r (PB ) d e p o s it. Sand boils and lateral s p r e a d in g

dev eloped d u r i n g th e e a r t h q u a k e a t th e CF d e p o s it, while a t th e PB

location no su rficial m an ifestation of liquefaction was observed.

H owever, s tu d ie s of th is liquefaction o ccurrence p erfo rm e d to d ate

in d icate th a t at th e PB location th e satu rated sand d e p o s it most

p ro b a b ly also b u ilt u p s u b s ta n tia l p o re w a te r pressures. What is

im p o rtan t in th is case stu d y a n a ly s is , is to d e s c r ib e th e pore

p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n in t h e s e two a d ja c e n t s ite s , which w ere o bv io usly

 21

s u b je c te d to identical base earth q u ak e lo adin g, an d to explain th e

d if f e r e n c e s in p o re pressure b u ild u p an d s u rficia l m anifestation s

observed.

1 . 3 .2 Wildlife S ite (WS)

T h e Wildlife Site (WS) is also located in Imperial V alley, CA,

an d liquefied d u r in g t h e 1981 W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e (m ag n itu d e M

= 5 .6 ). The s ite is located 9 .5 km from th e e p ic e n te r. The

s a t u r a t e d s a n d d e p o s it which liquefied is composed of two la y e r s , an

u p p e r looser a n d a lower d e n s e r la y e r. T h e s t u d y of th is WS ca se

h is to ry is aimed a t c h e c k in g if t h e DESRAMOD an aly sis p r e d ic ts t h e

observed liquefaction in 1981. Also, th is p a r ti c u la r s ite was

in s tr u m e n te d a fte r 1981 with se v e ra l piezo m eters a n d acc e le ro m e te rs.

T h e r e f o re , in th i s case stu d y , p re d ic tio n s of th e p o re p ressure

dev elopm en t and acceleratio n h is to rie s in f u t u r e seismic e v e n t s , which

may o c c u r a t t h e s ite , w ere also made u s in g DESRAMOD.

1 . 3 .3 Owi Island Site (OWI)

Owi Island site (OWI), located at a man made island in t h e

Tokyo B ay, J a p a n , was s h a k e n in 1980 b y t h e M id-Chiba E a rth q u a k e

(m ag n itu d e M =6.1). The s ite is located at about 10 km from th e

e p i c e n te r . T his case s tu d y is p a r tic u la r ly in t e r e s tin g b e c a u se two

s a t u r a t e d sa n d la y e r s , located a t d e p th s of 6 an d 14 m e te r s , w e re

in s tr u m e n te d with piezom eters an d m e asu re d re s id u a l p o re pressures

d u r in g t h e e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g . T h e s e two p o r e p r e s s u r e r e c o r d s , as

well as th e two asso ciated ground s u rf a c e horizontal accelero g ram s

 22

o b ta in e d a t th e same location r e p r e s e n t a u n iq u e piece of inform ation,

av ailab le to th e geotechn ical community f o r t h e f i r s t time. T h is ca s e

stu d y c o n s titu te o bv iou sly an o p p o r tu n i ty to d ir e c tly examine th e

c ap a b ility of DESRAMOD to simulate closely th e p o re pressure

d evelop m en t within a soil profile sh a k e n b y an actual e a r t h q u a k e .

1 .4 O rg an iza tio n of t h e T e x t

The present research c o n s is ts of th re e d if f e r e n t and rela ted

in v e s tig a tio n s : la b o ra to ry te stin g , developm ent of th e an alytical

co m p u ter model, and case h is to r y s tu d ie s .

C h a p t e r 2 p r e s e n ts t h e la b o ra to ry t e s t re s u lts an d d is c u s s e s t h e

p o re p r e s s u r e analytical modeling. C h a p te r 3 d e s c r ib e s th e analytical

model used fo r th e response calculations and th e co m p uter p ro g ra m

DESRAMOD, while C h a p te r 4 in c lu d es th e r e s u lt of a p aram etric s tu d y

a t a specific s ite p erfo rm e d with DESRAMOD. C h a p te r 5 d is c u s s e s

t h e app lication of th e method p ro p o s e d h e r e and of DESRAMOD to t h e

th ree ca se h is to rie s listed in Section 1 .3 . C h a p te r 6 p r e s e n ts th e

conclu sion s an d recom m endations of t h e s t u d y .

 CHAPTER 2

UNDRAINED LABORATORY BEHAVIOR OF

SATURATED SANDS

2.1 G eneral

T h is ch ap ter p re se n ts th e r e s u lts of an e x te n s iv e la b o ra to ry

in v e stig a tio n of cyclic p r o p e r ti e s of s a t u r a t e d s a n d s perfo rm ed by t h e

au th o r at th e 1933 E a r th q u a k e E n g in e e rin g an d Cyclic Loading

L ab o ra to ry of RPI. T h e t e s t i n g p ro g ra m co n d u c te d herein co n siste d

of 33 cyclic t e s t s an d 4 s ta tic t e s t s on s a n d specim ens sampled from

th e Wildlife an d H eber Road s ite s . Seven additional u n p u b lis h e d

cyclic te sts on Wildlife specim ens p erfo rm e d at W oodw ard-Clyde

C o n s u lta n ts (WCC) u n d e r th e d irec tio n of Mr. R .S . Ladd, a r e also

r e p o r te d (L a d d , 1984). T able 2 .1 .1 p ro v id e s additional information on

th e s e te s t in g p ro g ra m s c o n d u c te d at RPI a n d WCC.

The r e s u lt s of th ese te sts, in co njunction with o th e r te sts

r e p o r te d e ls e w h e r e , a r e u sed in C h a p te r 5 to model t h e pore p r e s s u r e

b u ild u p a n d o t h e r c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of t h e soils fo r t h e case h isto rie s

an alyzed w ith DESRAMOD.

O th e r s u b je c ts c o v e re d in th is c h a p t e r a r e a critical d iscu ssio n

of t h e cyclic tria x ia l (C y T ) a n d NGI d i r e c t simple s h e a r (NGI CyDSS)

t e s t in g t e c h n iq u e s used in th i s w o rk (S ection 2 .2 ), and a b rie f

summary of D o b ry 's p o r e p r e s s u r e b u ild u p model u s e d in DESRAMOD

(Section 2 . 3 ) .

23
 24

The te sts p r e s e n te d w e re p erfo rm e d on th re e sands sampled

from two liquefaction s ite s . These a re t h e C hannel Fill san d (CF)

from t h e H eb er Road S ite (H R S ), and two s a n d s from t h e Wildlife

liquefiable d e p o s its , t h e sa n d from t h e u p p e r looser la y e r (called h e re

WSA s a n d ) and th e sa n d from th e lower d e n s e r la y e r (named WSB

sand). All CF s a n d te sts w e r e on r e c o n s titu te d triax ial specim ens,

while t h e two Wildlife s a n d s w ere t e s t e d on r e c o n s titu te d as well as

in ta c t specim ens u sin g both triax ial an d simple shear t e s t in g

te c h n iq u e s .

T here are sev eral basic sa n d cyclic p r o p e r ti e s th a t can be

e v a lu a te d b y means of t h e u n d ra in e d cyclic t e s t i n g :

th r e s h o ld stra in , : th e s h e a r s tr a in below which t h e r e a r e

no p e rm a n e n t c h a n g e s of sa n d s t r u c t u r e (no slid in g a t t h e

sand g r a in s c o n ta c ts ) and c o n s e q u e n tly no residual p o re

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p ,

d e c r e a s e of th e initial s e c a n t s h e a r m o dulus, G ( s tif f n e s s a t

th e b e g in n in g of cyclic lo a d in g ), with in c re a s in g cyclic

shear strain , 1 ,
cy
in c re a s e of material soil d am p in g , expressed by th e

e q u iv a le n t dam ping ratio , X, with in c re a s in g cyclic shear

strain , T ,

v a ria tio n of th e p e rm a n e n t, re s id u a l p o re w a te r pressure,

u , with n u m b e r of cy cles of s t r a i n , n , fo r d if f e r e n t levels

r c
of 2f , and
cy'
 25

d e g r a d a tio n of s tif f n e s s and cyclic s t r e n g t h d u r in g cyclic

loading c au sed b y th e re s id u a l p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p .

Besides t h e s e b a s ic cyclic p r o p e r ti e s , which a r e need ed as in p u t to

t h e DESRAMOD a n a l y s i s , cyclic la b o ra to ry te s t in g can also b e u s e d to

estim ate t h e maximum tangent shear m odulus G of sa n d at v e r y

max
small strain s below t h e th r e s h o l d . In ad d itio n , te st s e r ie s can be

program m ed to e v a l u a te th e m ag n itu d e an d sig nifican ce of v a r ia tio n s of

th e above m entioned cyclic p r o p e r ti e s fo r d if f e r e n t san d d e n s itie s ,

f a b r ic s , loading b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n s , e tc .

T h e cyclic p ro p e r tie s and e f f e c ts which w e re d ete rm in e d and

e v a lu a te d in th is s t u d y f o r d if f e r e n t s a n d s u sin g t h e C yT and NGI

CyDSS t e s t in g m e th o d s, in b o th s tr a in and stress-co n tro l, a re

illu s tr a te d in T a b le 2 .1 .1 . Most cyclic tests listed in th e ta b le

(th irty ou t of fo rty ) w e re s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d . This refle cts th e

current tre n d in cyclic la b o ra to r y t e s t in g to u se a c o n s is te n t s tra in

ap p ro a c h fo r e x p la in in g and modeling t h e cyclic b e h a v io r of s a tu r a t e d

sand. As a l r e a d y m entioned, D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e model to be used

in DESRAMOD is b a s e d on th i s t y p e of cyclic t e s t . H ow ever, as p a r t

of th e te stin g pro gram , te n cyclic s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d te sts w ere also

p erfo rm e d a n d a r e d is c u s s e d la te r in t h i s c h a p t e r .

C h a r ts have b een p u b lish e d in th e li te r a t u r e fo r th e

rela tio n sh ip s of G v e r s u s t (commonly e x p r e s s e d in normalized form

as G/G versus If ), and X v ersus 3f (see Seed a n d I d r is s ,

max cy cy
1970, Seed et a l., 1984). A chart of th e residual p o re pressure
 26

develo pm ent a fte r 10 cycles for d if f e r e n t levels of 2f , has also

cy
r e c e n tly been p u b lish e d (see Fig. 1 .2 .1 ). T h e r e f o re , as th ese

relations are d eveloped inC h a p te r 5 fo r th e t h r e e case h isto rie s

b a s e d on specific t e s t r e s u lt s o b ta in e d on t h e s a n d s from t h e s ite s ,

th e y will b e com pared with th e av ailab le p u b lish e d c h a r t s .

Both th e H eb er Road and Wildlife s a n d s w ere also e x te n s iv e ly

te s t e d a t t h e Civil E n g in e e rin g D epartm ent a t t h e U n iv e rs ity of T ex a s

at A u tsin (U T ), u n d e r t h e directio n o f Prof. K .H . S tokoe ( s e e Kuo

and S toko e, 1982, T urner and S tok oe, 1982, and Haag, 1985). In

p a r ti c u la r , v alu es of . GAS versus If , as well as X v e r s u s

max max cy
TCy re la tio n s h ip s w ere in v e s tig a te d by means of t h e re s o n a n t column

te st. In add ition to th a t UT p ro v id e d s ta t ic t e s t r e s u lt s on s a n d s

from both site s as well as field d e term in a tio n s of G All t h e s e

max
r e s u lts a r e com pared to t h e r e s u lt s ob tained in t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y a n d

used in C h a p t e r 5.

E v e ry s e r ie s of cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te sts listed in T ab le

2 .1 .1 was c o n d u c te d with a specific p u rp o s e as follows. T h e t e s t s on

Wildlife sands are used to develop D o b ry 's model f o r t h e s e sands.

The CyT te sts on CF s a n d w ere co n d u c te d at t h r e e d if f e r e n t void

ratios in order to e v a lu a te t h e s e n s itiv ity of D o b ry 's model with

re s p e c t to d e n s it y v a r ia tio n . T h e CyT and NGI CyDSS t e s t s on t h e

two Wildlife sands w ere c o n d u cted on in ta c t and r e c o n s titu te d

specim ens in order to exam ine th e e ffe c t of s an d fa b ric /s a m p le

d is tu r b a n c e on D o b ry 's model. T h e e ffe c t of t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e was

 27

e v a lu a te d by com paring t h e pore p r e s s u r e models o b ta in e d from th e

C yT and NGI CyOSS te sts c o n d u c te d on th e same Wildlife sands.

Finally, th e e ffe c t of t e s t i n g a t d if f e r e n t la b o ra to rie s is e v a lu a te d by

com parison b etw een t h e t e s t r e s u lt s o b ta in ed a t RPI an d WCC. The

r e s u lt s of all t h e s e t e s t in g s e r ie s a r e analyzed a n d d is c u s s e d in detail

in Section 2 . 5 , while t h e t e s t i n g procedures a r e o u tlin e d in Section

2 .4 .

In addition to t h e r e s u lt s o b ta in e d in th is w o rk an d d is c u s s e d

in th e present ch ap ter, an d of t h e UT r e s u lts a lre a d y m entioned,

o t h e r r e le v a n t la b o ra to r y w ork u sed h e r e and in C h a p t e r 5 includes:

th e cyclic te sts on HRS sands a t WCC by R .S . Ladd (1982); th e

c o r r e s p o n d in g pore pressure models of HRS sands dev elo p ed e a r lie r

(V ucetic and D o b ry , 1986); a n d t h e cyclic t e s t s on Owi Island s a n d s

c o n d u c te d a t WCC b y R .S . Ladd (1983).

 28

T ab le 2 . 1 . 1 Summary and O b jectiv es of T e s tin g Program (WSA:

Wildlife Sand A; WSB: Wildlife Sand B)

Type o f CyT Test NGICyDSS Number o f

Test Test T ests

Type o f
CF WA MB WA MB
Sand

Number o f c y c l i c
s t r a in - c o n t r o ll e d 8 6 7(1*) 4 4 29(1*)
tests

Number o f c y c l i c
s tr e ss-c o n tr o lled 1(4*) 3(2*) 4(6*)
test

Number o f monotonic
tria x ia l te s ts - 2 2 - - 4

CYCLIC PROPERTY EVALUATION 37(7*)

( T o t a l)

Yt yes yes y es no no

G v s . Ycy no yes y es yes yes

A v s . Y(;y no yes y es yes yes

ur v s . nc yes yes yes yes yes

E ffe c t o f specimen no yes yes yes yes

fa b ric

E ffe c t o f specimen yes no no no no

d e n s it y

(*)
' 'Number o f t e s t s performed by Woodward-Clyde Consultants.
 29

2 .2 Loading and B o u n d ary C onditions in V arious U n d rain ed Cyclic

T ests

The p r e s e n t te s t in g p ro g ra m , as a lre a d y stated , in cluded two

t y p e s of t e s t s : cyclic an d s ta t ic tria x ia l t e s t s , a n d cyclic NGI D irect

Simple S h e a r t e s t s . Each of t h e s e two t e s t s has d if f e r e n t loading

a n d b o u n d a r y co n d itio n s, and y e t both of them h a v e been f r e q u e n t ly

used by e n g in e e rs to d e s c r ib e th e same phenom enon: th e po re

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in a s an d element a t a level s a n d y site s u b je c te d to

v e rtic a lly p r o p a g a tin g seismic s h e a r w av es. The limitations of t h e s e

two t e s t s , t h e i r d if f e r e n c e s , t h e way to com pare t h e i r r e s u lts and to

p ro v id e a unified in t e r p r e ta tio n , and a com parison with o th e r t y p e s of

cyclic t e s t s a r e d is c u s s e d in th is s e ctio n .

Most geotechnical problem s involving th e r e s p o n s e of a soil to

an earth q u ak e or, in a case of o ff s h o re stru c tu re s, storm w ave

loading is a th re e -d im e n sio n a l problem , an d t h u s t h e soil is s u b je c te d

to a th r e e - d ir e c t io n a l loading. In a d d itio n , and d e p e n d in g on th e

g iv e n boundary c o n d itio n s , th e p o re w a te r d is s ip a tio n d u r in g and

following cyclic loading may o r may not be s ig n ific a n t. However, at

th e present time, a th re e -d ire c x io n a l, or even a tw o-directio nal

la b o ra to ry te s t in g of soils is a v e r y u n iq u e ach iev em en t. Pyke e t al.

(1975) te sted sa n d in th e th r e e - d ir e c tio n a l mode an d Is h ih a ra and

Yamazaki (1980) an d Is h ih a ra an d N agase (1985) in t h e tw o-d irectio nal

mode. T herefore, most p ractical d e sig n m ethods utilize unid irectio nal
 30

cyclic t e s t r e s u lt s in conjunction w ith c o r re c tio n s to a c c o u n t f o r th e

e f f e c t of t h e loading in t h e two o t h e r d ir e c tio n s . A n o th e r f r e q u e n t

simplification fo r seismic loading has b een th e short te rm loading

as s u m p tio n , i.e ., no p o re p r e s s u r e d is s ip a tio n , which has e n a b le d th e

utilization of u n d ra in e d cyclic t e s t in g as a c o n s e rv a tiv e but realistic

approx im ation to reality .

When a soil d e p o s it is shaken by an e a r t h q u a k e , th e seismic

w aves t h a t a r r i v e a t its b a se have com ponents of motion in both th e

v e rtic a l and th e two horizontal d ir e c tio n s . H ow ever, as a lre a d y

implied in In tr o d u c tio n , it can be a ssu m e d t h a t t h e horizontal motions

d u e to v e rtic a lly p ro p a g a tin g shear w aves are p o te n tially th e most

d am ag in g , and to n eg lect th e e ffe c t of t h e v ertical ex citatio n in th e

dynam ic response a n a ly se s (Seed et a l., 1975). These cyclic

horizon tal motions in t u r n g e n e r a te cyclic s h e a r s t r e s s e s a n d s tr a i n s

which a c t p re d o m in en tly on horizontal p la n e s. Hence only t h e motions

and loading in two horizontal d ire c tio n s play a key role, and th e

problem is reduced to a simulation of t h e e ffe c t of two d irection al

horizontal loading u sin g a one d irectional t e s t . As e x p lain ed in th e

next s e c tio n , th e p o re p r e s s u r e model by D obry et al. (1986) has

th i s ca p a b ility an d can be u s e d to a p p ro x im ate t h e in fluence of th e

second com ponent on p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p .

As f a r as p o re pressure d is s ip a tio n is c o n c e r n e d , it m u st be

em ph asized t h a t an e a r t h q u a k e is a rap id e v e n t (from a few secon ds

to 2-3 m in u te s ) , an d th e r e f o r e th e seismic s h e a r s t r e s s e s a n d s tr a i n s
 31

a r e in most c a s e s app lied to s a n d s an d f in e r - g r a i n e d soils w ithin t h e

satu rated d e p o s it close to an u n d r a in e d co n d itio n . Hence th e

u n d r a in e d assu m p tio n u sed in cyclic te stin g is in many cases

a d e q u a te . H ow ever, if th e sand la y e r is v e r y perm e ab le, like for

example clean sand, an d if one o r both b o u n d a r ie s allow f o r f r e e

d r a in a g e , t h e assum ption is n o t a p p r o p r ia te a n y more. In th i s case

th e field p o re pressures may be sig n ifican tly smaller th a n th a t

c o rre s p o n d in g to t h e u n d r a in e d case. Even if th e s an d d e p o s it is

su rrounded by impermeable b o u n d a r ie s , p o re pressure re d is tr ib u tio n

can still ta k e place w ithin t h e d e p o s it. Such r e d is trib u tio n is more

p ro n o u n c e d as th e perm eab ility of th e sand in c re a s e s . Also, th is

varia tio n of p o r e p r e s s u r e s c a u s e s a s tif fn e s s r e d is trib u tio n along t h e

h e ig h t of th e d e p o s it, th u s a ffe c tin g t h e dynam ic re s p o n s e of th e

san d d e p o s it a n d of th e whole p ro file.

T h ere fo re , and following th e usual p r a c tic e , u n d ra in e d

conditions a r e assum ed h e r e f o r th e modeling of soil p r o p e r t i e s , an d

u n d r a in e d cyclic t e s t s are deemed a d e q u a te f o r t h a t purpose. T he

p a ra m e te rs to model in situ p o re pressure d issip atio n (p erm e ab ility

an d c o m p re ssib ility ) are o b ta in ed from a p p r o p r ia te d r a in e d te st

r e s u lt s .

Even afte r in tro d u c in g th e simplification th a t u n d r a in e d one

d irectio nal cy clic loading is v a lid , it is still n e c e s s a r y to d e m o n s tra te

th a t th e b e h a v io r of t h e soil in t h e la b o ra to ry is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of

t h a t in t h e fie ld . T h is m u st c o v e r tw o a s p e c t s . T h e f i r s t r e f e r s tc
 32

t h e f a b r ic of th e soil specim en com pared to t h e f a b r ic of th e soil in

th e field; th is is in p ractical te rm s solved by r u n n in g

s tr a i n -c o n tr o ll e d t e s t s . T h e second a s p e c t r e f e r s to th e loading and

b o u n d a r y con ditio ns in th e t e s t , an d th e c o r r e s p o n d in g d is tr ib u tio n of

s t r e s s e s an d s tr a i n s w ithin t h e specim en.

T h e r e f o re , in order to solve a p ra c tic a l problem , or p erform

research involving th e u n d r a in e d cyclic loading of s a n d , one has to

d e c id e which u n id ire c tio n a l, u n d ra in e d te stin g te c h n iq u e c u rren tly

av ailable is t h e most a p p r o p r ia te f o r realistic simulation of given field

c o n d itio n s . The boundary cond itions of bo th C yT and DSS te sts

used h e r e a r e illu s tr a te d in F ig s. 2 .2 .1 an d 2 . 2 . 2 re s p e c tiv e ly . It

m ust be em phasized th a t d u r in g co nsolidatio n, th e simple shear

specim en is also s u b je c te d to a tria x ia l loading con d itio n , b u t w ith no

la teral s tr a i n in g (K q co n so lid atio n ), an d th a t th e cyclic loading

ap p lied in th is t e s t u n d r a in e d a f t e r con so lid ation , r e p r e s e n t s a d ir e c t

simulation of co nd ition s in t h e horizontal soil d e p o s it d u r in g v e rtic a l

p ro p a g a tio n of th e seismic s h e a r w av es.

As a consequence of th ese d if f e r e n t b o u n d a r y an d loading

co n d itio n s betw een th e CyT an d DSS t e s t s , th e c o rr e s p o n d in g total

an d e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s p a t h s a r e also d if f e r e n t. T h e s e q u ite rem arkable

d if f e r e n c e is illu s tr a te d in Fig. 2 . 2 .3 for th e similar ca s e of

u n d ra in e d s ta t ic t e s t s on cla y . T h e total s t r e s s path (TSP) in t h e

s ta t ic triax ial t e s t is a s t r a i g h t line with t h e maximum s h e a r s t r e s s e s

always ac tin g in t h e 45° p la n e. On th e c o n t r a r y , it can be read ily

 33

noticed in Fig. 2 .2 .3 (b ), th a t in th e NGI u n d r a in e d simple s h e a r

s ta tic t e s t t h e to tal s t r e s s p a th b e n d s to t h e r i g h t a n d t h e pla n e of

th e maximum s h e a r s t r e s s e s is co n tin u o u s ly r o ta tin g , s t a r t i n g a t 45°

a f t e r t h e e n d o f Kq con solidation, a n d g e ttin g less and less oblique

d u r in g th e c o u r s e of s h e a r in g . The c u r v a t u r e of t h e total simple

s h e a r s t r e s s p a th is a c o n s e q u e n c e of th e a b s e n c e of lateral (rad ia l)

stra in s, which causes co n tin u o u s c h a n g in g of th e to tal horizontal

v e r s u s total v ertical s t r e s s ratio , a . / a .

h v
It is e v id e n t t h a t fo r th e simulation of in s itu pure shear

loading th e simple s h e a r t e s t te c h n iq u e is more a p p r o p r ia te .

While t h e r e is in f a c t only o n e s ta n d a r d t y p e of tria x ia l te s tin g

te c h n iq u e , th e re have b een s e v e ra l d if f e r e n t simple shear devices

used fo r u n d r a in e d , c o n s ta n t volume t e s t in g of soils. Among them

are th e NGI simple s h e a r d ev ice (B je rru m and L an d v a , 1966) fo r

te s tin g of circ u lar sp ecim en s, th e C am bridge d ev ice (R osco e, 1953)

f o r te s tin g of r e c t a n g u l a r specim ens, a n d a hollow c y l in d e r d ev ice of

th e ty p e d e s ig n e d by Is h ih a ra an d Y asud a (1975) if it is used th e

way Is h ih a ra et al. (1977) u sed it.

All t h e s e d e v ic e s h a v e one common f e a t u r e a b s o lu te ly n e c e s s a r y

for proper simulation of th e in s itu pure shear loading in a level

s ite : t h e specim en is laterally (ra d ia lly ) co n fin e d , i . e . , t h e horizontal

(rad ia l) normal d e fo rm a tio n s a r e n ot allowed o r a r e g r e a t l y re stric te d .

In th e NGI d ev ic e t h e radial s t r a i n s a r e n o t a b s o lu te ly eliminated b u t

th e y a re restric ted t o a la rg e e x t e n t b y confining t h e specim en in side

 34

a w ir e - r e in fo r c e d r u b b e r m em brane. In t h e C am bridge d e v ic e , lateral

s tr a i n s a r e eliminated b y con fining t h e specimen inside rigid specimen

walls. In t h e hollow c y lin d e r to rs io n a l t e s t u s e d b y Ish ih ara e t al.

(1977), a modified triax ial cell is com pletely filled with w a te r so t h a t

d u r in g t h e to rsion al p a r t of t h e te st, w hile t h e specimen h e ig h t is

k e p t c o n s ta n t , th e cell w a te r sim ulates t h e rigid walls p r e v e n tin g t h e

dev elopm en t of radial d efo rm a tio n s. T h e o re tic a lly , th e te c h n iq u e by

Ish ih ara e t al. produces th e most a p p r o p r ia te u n d ra in e d p u r e s h e a r

loading c o n d itio n s , and hen ce sim ulates b e s t t h e uniform pure shear

stress-strain d is tr i b u tio n . In t h e NGI an d C am brid ge d e v ic e s , th e

s t r e s s (a n d s tr a i n ) d is tr ib u tio n within t h e specimen is not completely

uniform b e c a u s e of th e lack of com plem entary s h e a r s t r e s s e s on t h e

v ertical specim en b o u n d a r ie s . T h is problem does not e x is t in

I s h ih a ra 's triax ial d ev ice. H owever, in th e tw o DSS t e s t s th e

d is tr ib u tio n is a c c e p ta b ly uniform , if a p p r o p r ia te specimen size an d

t e s t in g te c h n iq u e a r e utilized (V ucetic an d L acasse, 1982 an d V ucetic,

1984). U n f o r tu n a te ly , I s h ih a r a 's te c h n iq u e is v e r y s o p h is tic a te d and

not really available on t h e m a rk e t, a n d most p ro b a b ly c a n n o t be u sed

f o r t e s t i n g of in ta c t specim ens. H owever, it seems t h a t in t h e f u t u r e

more realistic exp erim ental pure sh ear sim ulations may b e b e tte r

accom plished b y f u r t h e r d evelopm ent a n d u s e of th is te c h n iq u e .

T h erefo re, at th e p r e s e n t time th e choice of t h e most

a p p r o p r i a t e d ev ice is q u ite limited if t h e o b je ctiv e is to t e s t sa n d

cyclically under pure shear loading co n d itio n s. T here are two

 35

d e v ic e s available f o r t e s t in g of in ta c t sp ecim en s, th e NGI d ev ice and

t h e C am bridge simple s h e a r d e v ic e and t h e NGI d e v ic e , is th e more

p o p u la r of t h e tw o b e c a u se of its more un ifo rm , sim pler, and b e tte r

e s ta b lis h e d trim m ing, co nso lidatio n, an d t e s t in g p r o c e d u r e s . Although

th e C am bridge DSS device has a more uniform stre ss and s tr a in

d is tr ib u tio n (B udhu, 1985), it has a t e s t in g te c h n iq u e which is

a p p r e c ia b ly more complex. T h e r e f o re t h e C am b rid g e d evice has been

u s e d prim arily in re s e a r c h .

In Section 2 .5 , th e exp erim ental r e s u lt s o b ta in ed on Wildlife

s a n d s b y u sin g both tria x ia l and NGI DSS te c h n iq u e s a r e p r e s e n t e d ,

com pared an d an aly zed in o r d e r to o btain a unified p ic tu r e of p o re

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p . Following th e above d is c u s s io n , th e simple s h e a r

r e s u lt s a r e u sed as r e f e r e n c e , while t h e triax ial r e s u lts a re c o n v e rte d

into th e form of simple s h e a r loading con ditio ns as d e s c rib e d below.

In methods based on triax ial cyclic t e s t s , it h as been common

p r a c tic e to a p p ro x im ate th e horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s e s in th e field with

th e shear stre sse s actin g in 45° plan e within th e san d specim ens

( S e e d , 1979):

°d

w h e re is t h e am plitude of th e cyclic v e rtic a l d e v ia to ric s t r e s s . In

th is in t e r p r e ta tio n , t h e o v e r b u r d e n s t r e s s in th e field is simulated by

 36

th e normal stre ss a c tin g on th e 45° p la n e s. A similar simple

re la tio n s h ip valid for iso tro p ic and c r o s s - a n is o tr o p ic specim ens with

any lin e a r o r n o n lin e a r stre ss-stra in b e h a v io r , h a s been used to

ap p ro x im a te th e cyclic s tr a i n s in th e field by t h e maximum shear

s tr a i n s a c tin g also in 45° plane:

Z = 1.5 e . ( 2 .2 . 2 )
cy cy

P re v o s t (1977) has developed a model f o r u n d ra in e d cyclic loading of

cla y , assu m in g it to be a n o n lin ear e la s tic - p la s tic material complying

with th e increm ental th e o ry of p la s tic ity , and he o b ta in e d th e

re la tio n :

Z = /3 e = 1.73 e ( 2 .2 . 3 )
cy cy cy

In Eqs. ( 2 .2 . 2 ) and (2 .2 .3 ), t is t h e am plitude of th e v e rtic a l

cy
cy clic axial s tr a i n in triax ial t e s t while Z is t h e " e q u iv alen t" cyclic
cy
s h e a r s tr a i n in d i r e c t simple s h e a r co n d itio n s . Equations ( 2 .2 .2 ) and

( 2 .2 .3 ) a r e v e r y similar and th e y d if fe r only b y 1 .7 3 /1 .5 = 1 .1 5 , o r

15%. T h is d if f e r e n c e is negligible c o n s id e rin g t h a t all p a ra m e te r s of

in t e r e s t change rela tiv e ly slowly as Z in c re a s e s o r decreases. It

sho uld be m entioned th a t th e validity of Eq. ( 2 .2 .3 ) has been

 37

r e c e n tly ex p erim en tally v e rifie d fo r an o ffs h o re clay b y V u cetic and

D obry (1986a). E ith e r of t h e s e two eq u atio n s could b e u s e d fo r th e

in te r p r e ta tio n of th e p o re pressure b u ild u p in cyclic triax ial

s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d te sts, and in th is stu d y Eq. ( 2 .2 .2 ) is a r b i t r a r i l y

ch o sen .
 38

VERTICAL CONSOLIDATION LOAD

CYCLIC FORCE, F

LATERAL LOAD
GENERATED
SPECIMEN BY MEMBRANE
CONFINEMENT

d = cyclic horizontal disp lacem en t a m plitude

V

Fc = cyclic horizontal s h e a r fo r c e am plitude

H = c o n s t a n t h e ig h t of th e specimen d u r i n g s h e a r in g

A - are a of t h e specimen

*cy= d c/H = CYC*'C h orizontal s h e a r s tr a in am plitude

TCy = (2Fc ) / (2A) = average cyclic horizontal shear stress

a m plitude

Fig. 2 .2 .1 Loading C onditions in th e NGI C y c lic DSS T est and

Definition of T e s t P aram eters

 39

d fn = diameter o f specimen a f t e r c o n s o lid a tio n

Hfn = h eigh t o f specimen a f t e r c o n s o lid a tio n

o i c = c o n s o lid a tio n v e r t i c a l t o t a l s t r e s s
o3c = c o n so lid a tio n h o rizon ta l to ta l s t r e s s
ur = residual pore pressure
5C
e Cv = rr— = c y c l i c a x ia l s t r a in amplitude
J "1n
cjjj = c y c l i c v e r t i c a l d e v la t o r lc s t r e s s

Fig. 2 .2 .2 Loading C o nditio ns in Cyclic T riaxial T e s t an d Definition

of T e s t P aram e ters
 40

I S P a KI«cliv* S t r m Path
TSP "Total Strat* Path
m
t
m p-i/a
t q .q > 1 /2 (ffr «j)

S Oft
X

1ST

'30
p, f , Norm al S tr a tia t
(a ) Shematic Triaxial S tr e s s Paths an d S tate of Sti

In itia l - m s IcPa
Condition* i ^ ic — ®'*4hP*
a ' Ka - 0.64
m
« 10ft

tfl
o
o
Oft
x
%
r

p, p , N orm al S tr a u t i
(b ) NGIKo DSS T e s t S tr e s s Paths and S tate of S tr e s s e s in

t h e Middle of th e Specimen a t T=6% (D erived from T e s t Results

R epo rted by Dobry e t al. 1981)

Fig. 2 . 2 . 3 S tr e s s P ath s and S ta te of S t r e s s e s in S tatic T riaxial and

NGI DSS T e s ts on Normally C o nsolidated Clay (V ucetic, 1984)

 41

2 .3 D o b ry 's Pore P r e s s u r e Model

T h e major p a ra m e te r in a n y e ffe c tiv e stre ss a n a ly sis of s a n d ,

be it s ta t ic or cyclic, is th e v a ria tio n in t h e resid u al p o re w a te r

pressure. T his p o re p r e s s u r e v a ria tio n in s a n d s c a u se s ch a n g e s of

e ff e c tiv e s t r e s s e s and asso ciated v a ria tio n of sa n d s tif f n e s s .

With r e s p e c t to th e mode o f cyclic loading, two t y p e s of t e s t s

h a v e b een commonly perfo rm ed in o r d e r to a c c ess t h e p o re p r e s s u r e

b u ild u p in s a n d s . S tr e s s - c o n tr o lle d te sts with uniform am plitude of

cyclic axial o r shear stre ss, o . or t , and s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d t e s t s

a cy
h a v in g a uniform am plitude of cyclic axial o r shear stra in , z ^ or

*cy'
It has been re c e n tly recog nized by D obry e t al. (1982), th a t

t h e seismic cyclic s h e a r s tr a in is a more fund am ental p a ra m e te r which

governs th e p o re w a te r pressure b u ild u p d u r in g cyclic seismic

load ing. As o pp osed to cyclic s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d te sts, D obry e t al.

p re se n te d ev idence th a t th e p o re pressure b u ild u p in th e

s tr a i n - c o n tr o ll e d t e s t is mainly a fu n ctio n of san d void ra tio , e , and

level of cyclic s tr a in am plitude, t , with s tr a in am p litud e playing a

cy
k ey role. In cyclic s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d t e s t s , on t h e o th e r h a n d , p o re

pressure b u ild u p is, b esid es void ratio , s tr o n g ly a ffe c te d by sand

f a b r ic , sample d is tu r b a n c e , a g in g , and Kq . All f a c to r s which w ere

fo u n d to d e c re a s e th e cyclic stre n g th of sands also decrease th e

shear modulus of sands, G. T h is e v id e n c e is c o n s is te n t with th e

 42

o b s e r v e d f a c t th a t t h e ir ratio, sh ear strain

Z = —, ( 2 .3 .1 )
G

is less a ffected b y t h e s e same f a c to rs .

Dobry developed a simple p o re p r e s s u r e model b a s e d d ir e c tly on

t h e re s u lts of an u n d r a in e d cyclic s tr a in -c o n tro lle d t e s t se rie s (D obry

e t al. 1986). The model can be applied to cyclic tria x ia l as well as

cyclic simple shear re su lts, and in th is stu d y it is u sed in both

ty p e s of t e s t s .

T h e p h y sical meaning of th e model can be c o m p re h en d ed from

its form

u du
/ ------------- = nc g ( y ) ( 2 .3 .2 )
n — o oy
u E (u )
w h e re r

1fCy =cyclic s h e a r s tr a in am plitude in s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d t e s t ,

n = n u m b e r of c y cles,
c
g ( * Cy ) = fu n c tio n which r e p r e s e n t s t h e te n d e n c y of volum etric

s tr a i n in a sin g le u n d ra in e d cycle of Z if t h e t e s t
' cy
had been d r a in e d ,

u = accum ulated resid u al p o re p r e s s u r e

du = d iffe re n tia l resid u al p o re p r e s s u r e , an d

 43

Ep = u n d ra in e d , effective unloading modulus of the sand

s k eleto n (u n d r a in e d re b o u n d m odulus; for triax ial

te sts, E = B = bulk m odulus, while f o r DSS t e s t s , E

r r
= D = c o n s tr a in e d m odu lu s).

D u rin g an u n d r a in e d cyclic s tra in -c o n tro lle d t e s t 3fcy is c o n s ta n t

an d h en ce 9 ( * Cy ) / <-e. th e te n d e n c y of volum etric s tr a in in each

sin g le cy cle of t h e s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d t e s t is also c o n s ta n t . T h is means

th a t th e change in th e sand skeleton stru c tu re caused by p re v io u s

u n d r a in e d cy clin g does not a ffe c t th e te n d e n c y for vo lum etric

s tr a i n in g in a subsequent cy cle. T h erefo re, th e e x p r e s s io n n •

c

g(2f ) r e p r e s e n t s a cum ulative fictitio us v olum etric s tr a i n t h a t would

cy
accum ulate a f t e r nc cycles of If , p ro v id e d t h a t th e specim en did not

c h a n g e in volume d u r in g c y c lin g , which is t h e case in t h e u n d r a in e d

loading c o n d itio n . T h is fictitio u s cum ulative volum etric s tr a in is, on

u
th e o th e r h a n d , equal to J d u /E r (u ), which is also a fictitio u s
o
v o lu m etric s tr a i n which would accum ulate d u r in g s ta t ic unloading of

c o n s ta n t volume specim en by d e c re a s in g th e e ffe c tiv e normal

o c te h e d r a l s t r e s s by th e am ount u.
u _
S ince I d u / E r (u) is a fu n ctio n of u, Eq. ( 2 .3 . 2 ) can be
o
f u r t h e r d e v e lo p e d into t h e form

f(u *) = nc g(Jfc y ) , (2 .3 .3 )
 44

w h e re u* is th e accum ulated o r e x c e s s resid u al p o r e w a te r p r e s s u r e

normalized to th e initial v ertical e ffe c tiv e consolidation stre ss. T he

model is g e n e ra lly used in p r a c tic e to p r e d ic t u*, given V an d n ,

cy c
a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e in v e rte d fu n ctio n of f ( u * ) is more co n v en ien t:

u* = f 1 [n cg ( * c y ) ] . ( 2 .3 .4 )

T h e g e n e ra l form of t h e fu n ctio n f ^ used in th e present stu d y is

t h e following:

p n g(3f )
K c a cy
u* = ------------------ . ( 2 .3 .5 )
’• v ' V

T h e c o n s ta n t p a n d fu n ctio n 9 ( * Cy ) can b e d eterm in e d b y fittin g th e

cyclic u n d r a in e d t e s t r e s u lt s .

As a first a p p ro x im atio n , q u it e o ften a very good o n e, th e

v a lu e of p a n d t h e 9 ( * Cy ) fu n c tio n can b e d e te rm in e d a s s u g g e s te d

in Fig. 2 .3 .1 , and th e n a tr ia l a n d e r r o r p r o c e d u r e can b e u s e d to

im prove t h e f i t to t h e ex p erim en tal d a ta p o in ts. In th is s t u d y , a f te r

e s tim atin g p an d g O L w) , a final f it was o b ta in ed by means of an

cy
in te r a c tiv e c o m p u te r g r a p h ic s ro u tin e specially w ritte n fo r this

purpose. The r e s u lts of t h i s and p re v io u s s tu d ie s (D o b ry e t a l .,

 45

1986, V u cetic and D o b ry , 1986) show t h a t p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in a

majority o f s a n d s can b e d e s c r ib e d b y th e following p a r t i c u l a r form of

th e model:

p»n •F»(Jf - r . ) s
K c cy t p
u* = --------------------------- ( 2 .3 .6 )
1+n »F»(y -If. ) s
c cy tp

w h e re

9 (V = F* ( V yt p ) S - (2'3 7 )

This means th a t th e re la tio n s h ip betw een u*, ? and n can be

cy c
d e s c rib e d for one d ire c tio n a l loading b y f o u r p a r a m e te r s : p, F, y^

and s. 3^ is here th e p ra c tic a l t h r e s h o l d strain , i.e ., th e s tr a i n

below which for all p ra c tic a l purposes th e re s id u a l p o re pressure

b u ild u p can b e ta k e n as z e ro . It sh ould be m entio ned t h a t y^ is

u su ally som ew hat l a r g e r th a n t h e actual th r e s h o l d s t r a i n y^, which is

in most c a s e s a b o u t equal to 10~^%. p, F and s a r e e x p erim en tally

ob tained c o n s ta n ts .

The ap p ro x im ate c o r r e c tio n for th e effect of th e second

direction of s h a k in g on th e pore pressure b u ild u p is ta k e n into

accou nt t h e following w ay. P y k e e t al. (1975) c o n c lu d e d , b a s e d on

bid irectio n al la rg e scale s h a k in g ta b le t e s t s on M onterey sand, th a t

s e ttle m e n t of dry sands s u b je c te d to tw o earth q u ak e com ponents

a c tin g sim u ltaneo usly is ap p ro x im ate ly tw ice as big as when only one

co m ponent is applied to t h e s a n d . Given t h e f a c t t h a t t h e fu nction

g(2f ) rep resen ts a te n d e n c y for v olum etric stra in , or settle m e n t,

cy
g(Jfc y ) m ultiplied b y a f a c to r of 2 is in clu ded in t h e p o re p r e s s u r e

model to acc o u n t f o r t h e e ffe c t of t h e seco nd com ponent. T herefore,

th e approx im ate normalized p o re pressure b u ild u p u* d u r in g

m ultidirectional s h a k in g is e x p r e s s e d a s:
 47

U*

T
P (a)
1

(b)

r r,2 r.3 r

Fig. 2 .3 .1 P ro c e d u r e to D eterm ine p and g (y ) from U n d rain ed

cy
C yclic S tr a in -C o n tr o lle d Pore P r e s s u r e M easurem ents
 48

2 .4 T e s tin g P ro c e d u re s

2 .4 .1 G eneral

T h is section d is c u s s e s t h e sig n ifican ce of t h e te s t i n g p r o c e d u r e

an d d e s c r ib e s t h e e x p erim en tal te c h n iq u e s u s e d in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y .

In g eo tech n ic al e n g in e e r in g p r a c tic e , many d e sig n m ethods rely

on la b o ra to ry te st resu lts. On th e o th e r hand, o b ta in in g good

q u a lity la b o ra to r y d a ta , an d p a r tic u la r ly r e s u lt s of cyclic te s t in g ,

r e q u ir e s a s o p h is tic a te d o p e ra tio n . Also, th e q u a lity of t h e cyclic

t e s t i n g d e p e n d s to a g r e a t e x t e n t on both t h e r e s e a r c h e r 's e x p e r ie n c e

an d t h e av ailable e q u ip m e n t. Such situ a tio n in t h e cyclic soil te s tin g

domain h as a r is e n mainly from th e f a c t, th a t in th e la st tw e n ty

years, more im portance h as been placed upon d evelopm ent of new

d ynam ic an aly tical m e th o d s, which has o u tp a c e d th e developm ent of

c o r r e s p o n d in g te c h n iq u e s in t h e la b o ra to r y .

T h e v e r y g r e a t a d v a n c e s made on t h e analytical f r o n t w ere no

d o u b t fu eled b y t h e p rolific d evelo pm ent of t h e F inite Element Method

of a n a ly s is , aid ed in t u r n by t h e phenom enal g ro w th of t h e co m p u ter,

which took place d u rin g th e same period when more realistic and

s o p h is tic a te d m ethods for a n aly zin g th e seismic re s p o n s e of soil

d e p o s its was b ein g s o u g h t. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p r o g r e s s made

with la b o ra to r y t e s t in g of soils, while s ig n if ic a n t, has been much

slow er. T h is is d u e to t h e com plex, p a in s ta k in g and time consum ing

p ro c e s s e s a s s o c ia te d with e x p erim en tal research. An additional

 49

d iffic u lty has been also t h e economic inertia a sso ciated with ch a n g in g

e s ta b lis h e d te s t i n g te c h n iq u e s an d eq u ipm ent, and beca u se th e

num erous f a c to rs which influence soil b eh av io r make it inev itable t h a t

t h e r e would b e co nflictin g f in d in g s , confusion an d c o n tro v e r s y .

In C h a p te r 4, for exam ple, when a p a ra m e tric s tu d y is

p erfo rm e d with t h e DESRAMOD analytical te c h n iq u e , it is shown t h a t

sometimes small v a ria tio n s of p a ra m e te rs o b ta in ed in th e la b o ra to ry can

s ig n ific a n tly c h a n g e th e seismic re s p o n s e of a soil profile. . In o r d e r

to ob tain reliable soil p r o p e r ti e s , it is th erefo re in d isp e n sa b le to

c a re fu lly develop a te s t in g pro ced u re in which t h e effe c ts t h a t may

influen ce th e r e s u lt s a r e sy stem atically exam ined, elim inated, re d u c e d

o r a cc o u n ted fo r.

Such two p r o c e d u r e s w ere developed as a p a r t of th is s tu d y

an d th e y a r e d is c u s s e d in detail in t h e following Sections 2 . 4 .2 and

2 .4 .3 . T h e asso c ia te d te s t in g a n d m easurem ent sy stem specifications

a r e p ro v id e d in A pp en dix A.

2 . 4 .2 Simple S h e a r T e s t

The simple shear t e s t in g te c h n iq u e applied in th is s tu d y is

e s s e n tia lly t h e same c o n s ta n t volume simple s h e a r p r o c e d u r e originally

d evelop ed by B jerrum a n d Landva (1966). T h is original method has

been c o n s ta n tly im provin g, so t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r e u sed in th is s tu d y

included all n e c e s s a r y c o rre c tio n s fo r membrane an d system compliance

as c u r r e n t l y recommended by NGI. T h e NGI DSS Device is shown in

Fig. 2 . 4 . 1 .
 50

Two ty p es of sand specim ens w ere t e s t e d , in ta c t an d

r e c o n s ti tu te d , an d for each ty p e a d if f e r e n t way of b uild in g t h e

specimen was u s e d .

The in ta c t specim en is o b ta in e d by trimming t h e san d sample

a f t e r e x tr u s io n from t h e t u b e , c u ttin g off, an d care fu l placem ent into

th e trimming fram e . A fte r e x tru s io n of th e sampling tu b e in th e

field , th e w a te r from t h e tu b e s had b een d r a in e d so t h a t cap illa ry

fo rc e s could produce en ough a ttra c tio n betw een th e silty s an d

p a rtic le s to minimize sample d i s tu r b a n c e d u r in g t r a n s p o r ta tio n an d

trim m ing. In th i s w o rk , such wet specim ens could b e trimmed almost

t h e same as clay.

T h e specim ens w ere trimmed from t h e 76.2 mm (3 in) dia m ete r

samples to t h e i r ty p ical cy lind rical s h a p e of 4 7 .5 mm in dia m ete r an d

about 18 mm in h e ig h t p r io r to con solidation . A f te r trim m ing, th e

specimen was m ounted w ithin a w ir e - r e in f o r c e d rubber m em brane,

which almost com pletely r e s t r i c t s t h e radial deform ations a t an y s ta g e

of t h e t e s t while allowing v ertical d eform atio ns d u r in g consolidation as

well as re la tiv e la teral deform ations betw een th e horizontal sectio n s

d u r in g s h e a r in g .

T h e r e c o n s ti tu te d specim ens w ere f a b r ic a te d b y mixing t h e w et

sa n d ex tru d e d from all t u b e s co n tain in g t h e same ty p e of sa n d an d

b y b u ild in g t h e specim en in com pacted s a n d la y e r s . T h e r e f o re , th e se

composite sam ples did not contain any o v e n - d r ie d soil. A f te r

th o r o u g h ly mixing t h e soil, its w a te r c o n t e n t was a d ju s te d to a v alu e

 51

( a b o u t 8%) which would facilitate a most uniform compaction.

T h e moist tam ping u nd ercom paction p r o c e d u r e d e s c r ib e d b y R .S .

Ladd (1978) f o r tria x ia l te s t in g was used to prepare th e NGI DSS

r e c o n s titu te d specim ens. All specim ens w e re com pacted in th ree

la y e rs with an undercom p action of 2%.( F ir s t, on t h e trimming fram e

th e m em brane h o ld e r with fixed m em brane was lowered down and

placed so t h a t t h e m em brane was b r o u g h t to its final level s itt in g on

t h e specimen bottom ca p , which was p r e v io u s ly fix ed to th e p e d e s ta l.

T h e m em brane was th e n s t r e t c h e d a g a i n s t t h e h o ld e r b y u sin g vacuum

and th e first la y e r of s an d was placed in sid e it. The la y e r was

com pacted by tam p in g it e v e n ly ; and th e sand s u r f a c e was s c r a tc h e d

to e n s u r e a good c o n ta c t with th e n e x t la y e r. T h r e e la y ers of s an d

w ere b u ilt in th is w ay, a n d finally , t h e specim en to p cap was placed

on th e specimen by p u s h in g it down to th e p r e s c r ib e d specimen

h e ig h t. T he vacuum was th e n re le a s e d , a n d t h e m em brane was folded

over th e bottom a n d to p cap s and fix ed with two rubber O - r in g s .

T h e specimen was th e n t r a n s f e r r e d t o g e t h e r with t h e trimming fram e

to t h e NGI d e v ic e , and m ounted in it.

To preserve th e overall stre ss-stra in uniform ity of th e

specim en, th e w ir e - r e in f o r c e d rubber m em brane sho u ld be chosen

a c c o rd in g to NGI recom m endations, in which case th e radial s tr a i n s

d u rin g consolidation do not ex ceed about 0.6%, and a re usually

c o n s id e ra b ly sm aller (V ucetic, 1984). For t h e same re a s o n , f o r la r g e r

maximum v e rtic a l consolidation stresses, a , and la rg e r specimen

VC
 52

d ia m e te rs, a stiffer m em brane m u st be used. A so ft membrane

combined with a la rg e a will r e s u lt in u n p e rm is sib le radial s t r a i n s .

VC
Also, it is v e r y im p ortant to u se only t h e m em branes molded e x a c tly

to th e p r e s c r ib e d d iam eter of th e specimen (V u c e tic and Lacasse,

1981), especially f o r in ta c t specim ens. On t h e o th e r hand, a stiff

mem brane combined with a re la tiv e ly s o ft specim en may r e s u lt in an

a p p re c ia b le error d u r in g th e te st d a ta re d u c tio n , in s p ite of th e

n e c e s s a r y m em brane s tif f n e s s co rrectio n cu sto m arily p e rfo rm e d .

A fte r m ounting into th e a p p a r a t u s , th e specimen was

consolidated in sev eral small loading in crem ents to t h e d e s ire d v ertical

effe c tiv e consolidation stre ss, a A fte r t h e la st increm en t, th e

Vc
specimen was s a t u r a t e d , by first p e rc o la tin g CO 2 a n d th e n flu s h in g

w a te r t h r o u g h it. T he app lied w a te r g r a d ie n t d u r i n g percolation was

ex trem ely small in order to prevent w ashing o u t of very fine

p a r tic le s .

A fte r flu s h in g , w a te r was c o n n ec ted to an open b u r e t t e with its

level ap p ro x im ate ly se t to t h e horizontal level of t h e specim en, and

th e specimen was left f o r an h o u r to com plete t h e consolidation.

A f te r consolidation was com pleted, th e specim ens w ere s h e a r e d

cyclically in t h e s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d mode, with a w ave s h a p e v e r y close

to t h e sinusoidal an d u s in g a f r e q u e n c y of 0.1 Hz. T h e sinusoidal

cyclic s tr a i n was co n tro lled via a closed loop s e r v o h y d r a u lic system

a tta c h e d to t h e NGI DSS d ev ice.

 53

In o r d e r to k eep t h e volume of t h e specim en c o n s ta n t d u r in g

s h e a r in g , usually t h e h e ig h t of t h e specimen is k e p t c o n s ta n t (while

th e re in f o r c e d m em brane re stric ts th e radial d e fo rm a tio n s ). In t h e

present procedure, ho w ever, th e volume of th e specim en was kept

c o n s ta n t d ir e c tly by keep in g t h e level of w a te r in th e b u re tte

c o n s ta n t . It was confirm ed e a r lie r t h a t k eeping t h e volume c o n s ta n t

is p r a c tic a lly e q u iv a le n t to k eepin g th e specim en h e ig h t c o n s ta n t

'( V u c e ti c , 1984). In o r d e r to maintain th e co n stan t volume (h e ig h t)

d u rin g sh earin g , t h e total v e rtic a l s t r e s s on t h e specim en had to be

c o n tin u o u s ly changed. T h is c h a n g e in v ertical stre ss is ta k e n as

b ein g eq u al to th e p o re w a te r pressure change, which is th e

fu n d am e n tal analogy of th e NGI c o n s ta n t volume simple shear te st

c o n c e p t.

D u rin g cyclic s h e a r in g all p a ra m e te rs w ere re c o rd e d

autom atically with an o scillo g rap h ic FO-CRT ( f ib e r - o p t ic cath od -ray

tu b e ) s trip chart reco rd er and an X-Y recorder. The s tr i p chart

d a ta w e re preferred in evaluatio n of p o re pressure developm ent

p e rfo rm e d la te r on b e c a u se of th e p ra c tic a lly in fin ite sp eed of

re c o r d in g b y t h e FO-CRT r e c o r d e r .

2 .4 .3 T riax ial T e s t

The triax ial t e s t in g te c h n iq u e applied in th i s stu d y was t h e

same tria x ia l te c h n iq u e cu sto m arily u sed f o r s ta tic a n d dynam ic te s t in g

of s a n d a lr e a d y d e s c r ib e d b y D yvik e t al. (1984) and Ladd (1982).

T h e tr ia x ia l fram e with th e layo ut of th e whole te stin g system is

 54

shown in Fig. 2 . 4 . 2 .

Two ty p e s of sa n d specim ens w ere te s t e d in t h e triax ial d ev ice

too , in ta c t an d r e c o n s ti tu te d , an d for each ty p e of specim en a

d if f e r e n t method of b u ild in g in t h e specimen was u sed .

T h e in ta c t specim ens w ere o b ta in e d b y e x t r u d i n g th e w et san d

sample o u t of t h e v e rtic a l t u b e , a n d b y j u s t c u ttin g it to t h e d e s ire d

h e ig h t b y means of a sharp edge. The specimen diam eter was not

re d u c e d by trimming an d it remained th e same as it was afte r

e x t ru s i o n . The specimen was th e n c are fu lly slid onto th e fine

g ra in e d p o ro u s sto n e fix ed into t h e special p la te . T h e to p po ro u s

sto n e was th e n p u t on th e specimen an d a m em brane placed a r o u n d it

by means of a m em brane stre tc h e r. T h e vacuum was th e n released

so t h a t th e m em brane became s lig h tly p r e s s e d a g a in s t th e specimen

an d also grasp ed b o th p o ro u s s to n e s . S u p p o r te d by th e membrane

and th e po ro u s s to n e s , th e specimen was th e n removed from th e

e x tru s io n fram e an d placed o n to th e triax ial cell p e d e s ta l. T he

triax ial cap was f i r s t m ounted o n , and t h e to p specimen cap was th e n

lowered onto th e p o ro u s s to n e a lre a d y placed on th e specim en.

Finally, t h e cell was closed b y p u tt in g on t h e cell sleeve.

T h e triax ial cell was th e n filled with d e a ire d w a te r to prevent

m igration of a ir th r o u g h t h e specimen m em brane. T h e specimen was

flu s h e d with CC^, filled with d e a ire d distille d w a te r and

b a c k - p r e s s u r e d o v e r n ig h t to 60 psi in t h e case of in ta c t specimen an d

50 psi in th e case of re c o n s titu te d sp ecim en s, with an effe c tiv e

 55

a ll- a ro u n d confining pressure of 2 .5 p s i. The next day, th e

specimen was con so lid ated to t h e d e s ir e d e ffe c tiv e co nfining stre ss,

o . Volume a n d h e ig h t c h a n g e s w ere c o n tin u o u s ly re c o r d e d d u r in g

c

co n s o lid a tio n .

A fte r con so lidation , t h e triax ial cell was sealed and locked and

tra n sfe rre d to th e te s tin g fram e. H ere it was fix ed to th e fram e

b a s e and a tta c h e d to t h e a c t u a to r , t h e volume c h a n g e b u r e t t e and th e

p o re p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r .

T h e p o re p r e s s u r e re s p o n s e (B f a c to r ) was th e n d eterm in e d to

c h e c k f o r a d e q u a te system s a tu r a tio n . T h is was do ne by in c re a sin g

t h e cell p r e s s u r e by 4 psi and m e asuring t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e in c re a se

in t h e specim en. T h e m easu red value of B was ty p ically a b o u t 98%,

an d it was always g r e a t e r th a n 95%, w h at is c o n s id e re d as a limit fo r

an a d e q u a te s a tu r a tio n .

The d ra in a g e v alv es were th e n c lo sed , t h e connection between

t h e po re p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r a n d th e specimen was o p e n e d , and th e

t e s t was s t a r t e d .

T h e r e c o n s titu te d triax ial sand specim ens te sted w ere all solid

c y lin d e rs 2 .0 inches in d ia m ete r and 4 .0 inch es in h e ig h t. They

w e re p r e p a r e d b y th e same wet ta m p in g te c h n iq u e d e s c r ib e d by Ladd

(1978).

T his te c h n iq u e has b een most f r e q u e n t l y used in t h e past by

u s in g u ndercom paction in six la y ers with 6% w a te r c o n te n t. In th e

p resen t te stin g , in o r d e r to a s s u r e a h ig h e r degree of uniform ity

 56

w ithin each specimen as well as betw een d if f e r e n t sp ecim en s, th e

specim ens w e re com pacted in 8 la y e rs . Also, given th e high s ilt

c o n te n t of t h e s a n d s t e s t e d , t h e w a te r c o n te n t of t h e sa n d m ix tu re

was set somewhat h ig h e r v a r y in g betw een 8% and 12%. The

und ercom p action u sed was 2%.

T h e cyclic s tra in an d s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d t e s t s w ere c o n d u c te d in

t h e sinusoidal mode with a f r e q u e n c y of 0 .2 Hz. T h e sin uso id al mode

was co n tro lled with th e same MTS s e r v o h y d r a u lic closed loop system

u s e d f o r th e DSS cyclic t e s t i n g , a n d t h e r e s u lts w e re re c o r d e d with

t h e same s t r i p c h a r t and X-Y r e c o r d e r s .

In co n clu sio n , it should be em phasized th at th e NGI CyDSS

te s t in g te c h n iq u e is not only more a d e q u a te with r e s p e c t to r e q u ir e d

p u r e s h e a r loading con dition s, b u t it is also sim pler an d much less

e x p e n s iv e th a n t h e CyT t e s t in g te c h n iq u e . NGI CyDSS t e s t i n g does

n o t involve 100% s a tu r a tio n and m e asu re m en t of th e B p a ra m e te r which

is a very common s o u rc e of problem s in triax ial t e s t i n g . T h e NGI

CyDSS t e s t on sa n d t h u s lasts only a couple of h o u rs com pared to

t h e CyT t e s t w hich, b ec a u se of t h e need f o r a full s a tu r a t io n , lasts

m ore th a n a d a y .
 57

Fig. 2 . 4 . 1 NGI Simple S h ear D ev ice

 58

Fig. 2 . 4 .2 T riaxial Frame with G eneral Layout of C ontrolling and

R ecordin g U nits
 59

2 .5 Experim ental R esu lts an d Pore P r e s s u r e Modeling

2 .5 .1 T e s tin g Program D escrip tion a n d O bjectives

T h e te s t in g p ro g ra m co n d u c te d by t h e a u t h o r and p r e s e n te d in

th is stu d y includ ed 8 cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d simple s h e a r t e s t s , 21

cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d triax ial t e s t s , 4 monotonic triax ial t e s t s a n d 4

s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d cyclic triax ial t e s t s . A lto g e th e r 33 cyclic t e s t s and

4 s ta tic t e s t s w ere p erfo rm e d to c h a r a c te r iz e cyclically and sta tic a lly

th re e d if f e r e n t s a n d s sampled at HRS a n d WS. Information on th e

location and d e p t h s of th e soil sam ples a r e given la te r in C h a p te r 5.

Detailed r e s u lts of e v e r y individual t e s t a r e g iv en in A ppendix

B. At th e end of A ppendix B th e re s u lts of cyclic triax ial te sts

p erfo rm e d as p a r t of th is s t u d y by R .S . Ladd (1984) on WS s a n d s

are also p re se n te d . These te sts by Ladd, include six

s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d a n d on e s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d t e s t .

In th is ch ap ter, all th e s e r e s u lts are a n a ly z e d , including th e

r e s u lts by R .S . L add, with resp ect to th e sig n ific a n t p a ra m e te rs

a ffe c tin g th e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p , an d D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e model

is dev eloped f o r all s a n d s te s t e d .

The RPI t e s t in g p ro g ram is d iv id ed into fiv e u n d ra in e d te st

s e r ie s usin g triax ial and d ir e c t simple s h e a r te c h n iq u e s , with each

s e rie s p ro v id in g a specific t y p e of inform ation. T h e o b je ctiv e s of

each of t h e s e five s e r ie s a r e as follows:

 60

(1) Cyclic T riax ial S tra in - C o n tro lle d T e s t S eries on HRS Channel Fill

(C F) S an d ( s e e T ab le 2 . 5 . 1 ) :

• to e v a lu a te th e e ffe c t of v a r y in g th e void ratio on t h e p o re

pressure b u ild u p and sand s tif f n e s s , as well as on th e

asso c ia te d dynam ic re s p o n s e of a soil p ro file, and

• to p ro v id e D o b ry ’s p o re p ressure model f o r th e CF sand

and to com pare it with th e model for t h e same s an d

p re v io u s ly develo ped by R .S . Ladd (1982).

(2) Cyclic DSS S tra in -C o n tro lle d T e s t S eries on Two WS S ands (see

T able 2 . 5 . 2 ) :

• to p ro v id e D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e model f o r WSA and WSB

s a n d s , b ased on DSS t e s t s ,

• to com pare th e DSS cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d t e s t re s u lts on

in ta c t specim ens with th e c o rr e s p o n d in g r e s u lts on

r e c o n s titu te d specim en s,

• to examine w h at is t h e minimum n e c e s s a r y num ber of t e s t s

n eeded to d ev elo p D o b ry 's model, and

• to e v a lu a te t h e s tif fn e s s and dam ping c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of th e

WS s a n d s .

(3) Cyclic T riax ial S tr a in - C o n tr o lle d Test S e rie s on Two WS S ands

( s e e T a b le 2 . 5 . 3 ) :

• to e v a lu a te t h e t e s t r e p e a ta b ility ,

• to p ro v id e D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e models f o r WSA and WSB

s a n d s b a s e d on tria x ia l t e s t s ,
 61

• to examine w h at kind of in te r p r e ta tio n of triaxial r e s u lts

a n d of D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e model p a ra m e te rs can p ro v id e

a good a g re e m e n t with t h e cyclic simple s h e a r r e s u lts on

th e same s a n d ,

• to com pare cyclic triax ial s tr a in -c o n tro lle d r e s u lt s on in tact

specim ens with t h e r e s u lt s on r e c o n s titu te d specim ens,

• to examine th e limitations of th e cyclic triaxial te s tin g

te c h n iq u e with r e s p e c t to th e developm ent of D obry's model,

and

• to e v a lu a te th e s tiff n e s s and damping c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of WS

sands.

(4) F ast an d Slow Monotonic T ests on Two WS S an d s (see Table

2 .5 .4 ):

• to e x p lo re t h e po ssib ility of c h a r a c te r iz in g sa n d b eh av io r on

th e b a sis of monotonic t e s t r e s u lt s , and

• to compare th e b e h a v io r of sa n d under slow and fast

monotonic loading.

(5) Cyclic T riax ial S tre s s -C o n tr o lle d S eries (s e e T ab le 2 . 5 . 5 ) :

• to e v a lu a te th e c o n s is te n c y a n d u s e fu ln e s s of th is ty p e of

cyclic t e s t .

The te sts by R .S . Ladd are summarized at t h e end of th is

section ( s e e T ab le 2 . 5 .6 ) and th e y are u sed to complement t h e RPI

re s u lts on WS s a n d s .
 62

2 .5 .2 Channel Fill T e s t R esu lts

Sand from two HRS d e p o s its , CF an d PB sand, h ad been

e x te n s iv e ly te s t e d e a r lie r by R .S . Ladd (1982) and Kuo an d Stokoe

(1982), and th e r e le v a n t r e s u lt s by these a u th o rs are an aly zed in

C h a p t e r 5 in conjunction with th e develo pm ent of t h e c o rr e s p o n d in g

D o b r y 's p o r e p r e s s u r e models f o r both s a n d s .

As d is c u s s e d b y V u cetic a n d D obry (1986), a care fu l an alysis

a n d com parison of all th e d a ta available on t h e s e two s a n d s revealed

th a t, most p ro b a b ly , th e loose CF sa n d d e n s if ie d a n d t h e d e n s e PB

s a n d loosened d u e to d i s tu r b a n c e d u r in g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n an d hand lin g

of t h e sampling tu b e s. It was th erefo re d ecid ed t o p erfo rm a new

cyclic t e s t s e rie s on r e c o n s titu te d specim ens of t h e CF sa n d in o r d e r

to d e te rm in e q u a n tita tiv e ly how s e n s itiv e is D o b r y 's pore p ressure

model to v a r ia tio n s in th e void ratio of t h e specim en. At th e same

tim e, th ese new r e s u lt s on CF s a n d can b e co m p ared to t h e similar

r e s u lt s o b ta in ed a t t h e WCC la b o ra to ry by R .S . Ladd.

A lto g e th e r 8 cyclic tria x ia l s tr a in -c o n tr o l led tests w ere

p e rfo rm e d on re c o n s titu te d CF s a n d sp ecim en s, all w ith an isotropic

consolidation pressure, a = 2 k s f. T he r e s u lt s a r e sum m arized in

c
T ab le 2 .5 .1 . T hree d if f e r e n t void ratio s w ere exam ined, e 2 0.82

(te sts 1 to 3 ) , e 2 0 .7 4 ( t e s t s 4 to 6) and e 2 0.6 8 ( t e s t s 7 a n d 8).

T h e void ra tio e 2 0 .8 2 c o r r e s p o n d s ro u g h ly to a medium d e n s e s ta t e ,

e 2 0 .7 4 t o a d e n s e s ta t e and 2 0 .6 8 to a v e r y d e n s e s ta t e of th e

sand.
 63

The p o re pressure b u ild u p , u* = u /o , versus num b er of

r C

c y c le s , n , in t e s t s h a v in g th e same cyclic axial s tr a in am plitu de,

0
eCy , an d d if f e r e n t void ratio , e, is illu s tr a te d in Figs. 2 .5 .1 to

2 .5 .3 . (In th ese fig u res ec^ has b een u s e d ; th e c o r re s p o n d in g

e q u iv a le n t cyclic shear s tr a i n a m p litu d es, Y , o b ta in e d u sin g Eq.

cy
(2 .2 .2 ), h av e b een in c lu d e d in column 14 of T ab le 2 . 5 . 1 ) . In t h e

same f i g u r e s , th e cyclic d e g r a d a tio n , i . e . , d e c r e a s e of th e normalized

—
cyclic s h e a r stre ss t = x /a with n u m b e r of c y c le s , n , is also
1 cy cy c 7 c
p r e s e n te d . In F ig s. 2 . 5 . 2 and 2 . 5 . 3 , t h e e x p e c te d in c re a s e in p o re

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p with in c re a s in g void ra tio is e v id e n t. In Fig. 2 .5 .1

ho w ev er, for a small e = 0.032%, th e e ffe c t was very small; if

cy
a n y t h in g , th e reversed tre n d is o b s e r v e d . This e f f e c t of d e n s ity on

p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p is c o n s is te n t with similar cyclic triax ial r e s u lts

on M onterey s a n d , in c lu d in g t h e p red ic tio n of a v e r y small influence

a t small s tr a i n s show ed b y Fig. 2 .5 .1 (D o b ry e t al . , 1982). Figs.

2 . 5 .2 an d 2 . 5 .3 c le a rly show th e a n tic ip a te d la rg e r s tif f n e s s an d

slow er s tif f n e s s d e g ra d a tio n of specim ens having a sm aller void ratio.

For all th ree void ratios D o b ry 's p o re pressure model is

d evelop ed a c c o rd in g to th e p r o c e d u r e ex p la in e d in Section 2 .3 . The

c o r r e s p o n d in g 1 /u * v e r s u s 1 /n re la tio n s h ip s a r e p r e s e n te d in Figs.
c
2 .5 .4 to 2 . 5 . 6 . In t h e s e t e s t s , th e 1 /u * v s 1 /n re la tio n sh ip s are
C

p ra c tic a lly stra ig h t lin es, t h u s p ro v id in g a very good first

a pp ro xim ations f o r t h e p a n d F p a r a m e te r s of Eq. 2 .3 .6 . A fte r some

s lig h t m odifications by means of th e in te r a c tiv e c o m p u ter g r a p h ic s

 64

p ro g ra m p r e v io u s ly m e n tio n ed , t h e models f o r on e directional loading

a r e d eterm in e d as follows:

1.03«n «3.2«(y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,4

c cy
u* = -------------------------------------------- ; e = 0 .8 2 , ( 2 .5 .1 )
1+n • 3 . 2 , (3f - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,4
c cy

1.005*n c *3.0«(* - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1 ‘42

u* = ; e = 0 .7 4 , ( 2 .5 . 2 )
1 +n «3.0*(y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,42
c cy

1.015*nc *2.5 »(yc y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,60

u* = ; e = 0 .6 8 . ( 2 .5 .3 )
1+n *2.5*(y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,60
c cy

T h e s e e q u a tio n s a r e p lo tte d in Figs. 2 . 5 .7 to 2 . 5 . 9 , re s p e c tiv e ly as

c u r v e s of u* v e r s u s % for n = 1 , 2 , 5 ,10 a n d 30 cycles. T h e d a ta

cy c
p o in ts in t h e s e f i g u r e s c o r r e s p o n d to t h e m e a su re d valu es of u*.

Finally, D o b ry 's models to ap p ro x im ate two directional loading

for th e th re e te sted v alu es of e a r e illu s tr a te d in Figs. 2 .5 .1 0 to

2 .5 .1 2 . T h e c o r r e s p o n d in g re la tio n s h ip s w ere o b ta in ed by m ultiplying

t h e fu n c tio n s g(2f ) = F*(I , -,t +^ ) S in E qs. ( 2 .5 . 1 ) to ( 2 .5 . 3 ) by

cy cy t p
t h e f a c to r 2 .0 ( s e e Eq. 2 . 3 . 8 in Section 2 . 3 ) , and a r e as follows:
 65

1 .03*n * 2 .0 * 3 . 2*(y„. - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1 . 4
cy_
; e = 0 .8 2 , ( 2 .5 .4 )
1.4
1+n * 2 .0 * 3 .2 * (r -0.022)
c cy

1.005‘ nc «2 .0 * 3 .0 « (y c y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,42
u* = ; e = 0 .7 4 , ( 2 .5 . 5 )
1+n #2 .0 » 3 .0 » (y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,42
c cy

1.015*nc * 2 .0« 2.5 «(y c y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1 6

u* = ----------------------------------------------- ; e = 0 .6 8 . ( 2 .5 .6 )
T n *2.0 *2 .5« (y -0 .0 2 2 ) 1 6
c cy
 66

.2
x
.2
*u
I-

3
(A
0) d)
c C£
c
(0 (A
-C 0)
O
TJ
(/) 0)
i 42-»

* 3
>
I- u
+J
« </)
ID E
(/)

m
CN

«
.Q
<0
 67

In C h a p t e r 4, a p aram etric s t u d y is p erform ed with DESRAMOD

usin g th ese th re e models, in order to stu d y th e e f fe c t of sample

d istu rb a n ce/san d d e n sificatio n on th e calculated seismic soil r e s p o n s e

and p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in th e field.

As m entioned e a r l ie r , R .S . Ladd (1982) also t e s t e d e x te n s iv e ly

th e CF sa n d with an a v e r a g e void ratio of 0 .6 7 . T h e D o b ry 's model

fo r tw o -d irec tio n a l loading b ased on h is d a ta (cyclic triax ial a n d DSS

t e s t s on both r e c o n s ti tu te d and in ta c t specim ens) is shown la te r in

Fig. 4 . 5 .3 and d e s c r ib e d by Eq. 4 .5 .3 . This sh ou ld be com pared

with t h e model dev elo p ed in t h e present s tu d y for e = 0 .6 8 . A

comparison betw een Figs. 2 .5 .1 2 an d 4 .5 .3 shows th a t th e se two

models a r e not id e n tica l. T h e model d ev eloped in th i s s tu d y yields

sm aller p o re p r e s s u r e s g iv e n t h e same 7 and n . T h is d iff e r e n c e

Cy C

is, com parable to t h e d iffe re n c e b etw een th e models fo r e = 0 .8 2 an d

e = 0.68 fo u n d in th is s tu d y (com pare Fig. 2 .5 .1 0 , 2 .5 .1 2 an d

4 .5 .3 ). T h e e ffe c t of th is d iffe re n c e b etw een models o b ta in ed a t t h e

two la b o ra to rie s on th e seismic response is f u r t h e r exam ined in t h e

p aram etric s tu d y d is c u s s e d in C h a p te r 4 .
 68
i ----------1- 1
1.50
0.50

r e=0.82
B-B--- --- S—:----
T u ----------------- T— n ----------- j—---------------B
—a-!— ------ ® — 1----------- ---------------B
-0.50

— ----------------- L
* - 6 = 0 .7 4
-1.50

.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

1.01^
050

o
o
o
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

HEBER ROAD, CF SAND, TRIAX., S CY =0.032%

C o m p ariso n of Tests 1 an d 4

Fig. 2 .5 .1 V ariation of Pore P ressu re Buildup with e, fo r e =

cy
0.032%
 69

m
e = 0.6 8
Ter 9
= 0 .8 ?

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o __

o e=0.82
m e=0.74
o
e = 0 .6 8

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

HEBER ROAD, CF SAND, TRIAX., £ cy=0.067%

C om parison of T ests 2, 5 and 7

Fig. 2 .5 .2 V ariation of Pore P ressure B uildup w ith e, for e

0.067%
 o
in

o
m
o e=0.68
cy g
0 e = 0 . 8 2 a n d 0.74
1

o
in
T
oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

■o e = 0 . 8 2

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

HEBER ROAD, CF SAND, TRIAX., £ cy=0.333%

C o m p ariso n of T ests 3, 6 an d 8

Fig. 2 .5 .3 Variation of Pore P ressu re B u ildup with e, for e

0.333%
 50.00
45.00

HRS, CF SAND, MEDIUK DENSE

40.00

e =0.82
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00

0.333%
0.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

1/nt

Fig. 2 . 5 . 4 1 /u * v e r s u s 1 /n f o r e = 0.8 2
c
 72

oo

o HRS, CF SANII, DENSE

e = 0.7<

m
K-)

ro

• O
=iri

CM

0.333 %

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

1/n,

Fig. 2 . 5 . 5 1 /u * v e r s u s 1/n fo r e = 0.7 4

c
 73

50.00
45.00

HRS. CF SANK, VERY DENSE

40.00

e =0.68
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00

.333 V.
0.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

1 /rr

Fig. 2 . 5 . 6 1/u * v e r s u s 1/n f o r e = 0.68

c
 74

755

CO

*
u

1.03»nc*3.2*(rcy-0.022)1.4

1*n •3.2»(T -0.022)

btI0~1 1 1x10

CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. 7 c y *

HEBER ROAD SITE, CF SAN D. MEDIUM

C YC LIC TRIAXIAL TEST

PREPARATION: RECO N STITUTED

Fig. 2 . 5 .7 D o b ry 's Model f o r O ne D irectional Loading of HRS CF S and

f o r e = 0 .8 2
 75
1.00
0.80

30 i
0.60
0.40

1.42
0.20

1.005«n»3.0»(T -0.022)

1.42
1*n *3.0«(r -0.022)
0.00

1x10

CYCL I C S H E A R S T R A I N , V c y %

HEBER RO AD SITE, CF SAN D, DENSE

C Y C LIC TR IA X IA L T E S T

PREPARA TIO N : RECO N STITUTED

Fig. 2 . 5 . 8 D ob ry's Model f o r O ne Directional Loading o f HRS CF Sand

fo r e = 0 . 7 4
 1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20 76

1.60
1.015»n c »2.5»(Icy ■-0.022)

V n c»2.5»(rcy-0.022)
0.00

CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y *

HEBER ROAD SITE, CF S A N D , VER Y DENSE

C YC LIC TRIAXIAL TEST

PREPARATION: RECO N STITUTED

Fig. 2 . 5 .9 D o b ry 's Model f o r O ne D irectional Loading of HRS CF S and

f o r e = 0 .6 8
 77

1.03'n C *2.0*3.2*(I c y -0.022)

1*n »2.0*3.2*(I -0.022)

C cy

1x10"' 1 uto
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 Cy *

HEBER ROAD SITE, CF SAN D, MEDIUM

C YC LIC TRIA XIA L TEST

MODEL fo r T W O -D IR E C T IO N A L SHAKING

Fig. 2 .5 .1 0 D o b ry ’s Model fo r Two Directional Loading of HRS CF

Sand for e = 0 .8 2
 78

*
u

1.42
1,005»n c •2.0*3.0«(I cy -0.022)
=i u= 1.42
Vn c »2.0*3.0»(f cy -0.022)

IxKT1 I
Y C L I C SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y %C
CYCLIC

HEBER ROAD SITE, CF SAN D, DENSE

CYCLIC TRIAXIAL TEST

M ODEL f o r T W O -D IR E C T IO N A L SHAKING

Fig. 2 .5 .1 1 D ob ry's Model f o r Two Directional Loading of HRS CF

Sand f o r e = 0 .7 4
 79’

30

lO

*
U

CM
1.015»n •2.0»2.5«(l -0.022)
C cy

1*n »2.0 * 2 .5» (J -0.022)

C cy

Ix10"1 ! „ !x 10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 cy*

HEBER ROAD SITE, CF SA N D , VERY DENSE

C Y C L IC TRIAXIAL TE S T

MODEL fo r T W O -D IR E C T IO N A L SHAKING

Fig. 2 .5 .1 2 D o b ry 's Model fo r Two D irectional Loading of HRS CF

Sand fo r e = 0 .6 8
 80

2 .5 .3 Wildlife T e s t R esu lts

2 .5 .3 .1 G eneral

Four t e s t s e r ie s w ere co n d u c te d a t RPI in o r d e r to th o r o u g h ly

d e s c r ib e t h e b e h a v io r of t h e two Wildlife S ite s a n d s , WSA and WSB.

T he r e s u lts of th e se s e rie s are d e s c r ib e d in detail in th e four

following s e c tio n s . Sieve a n a ly se s w ere also perform ed on m ix tu res of

both sands and th e g ra in d is tr ib u tio n c u r v e s a r e p r e s e n te d in Fig.

2 .5 .1 3 . T h e r e s u lt s a r e c o n s is te n t with th e r e s u lts b y Haag (1985),

who also fo u n d th a t sand WSA c o n tain s more fin es th a n s a n d WSB,

and with th e r e s u lt s b y B e n n e tt e t al. (1984), who r e p o r te d tjja t a t

th e Wildlife Site th e fin es c o n te n t of th e liquefiable san d d e p o s it

d e c r e a s e s with d e p th .

2 . 5 . 3 . 2 Cyclic DSS St rain -C o n tro l led T e s t R esults

T h e DSS cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d t e s t r e s u lts a r e summarized in

T ab le 2 . 5 . 2 . A lto g e th e r e ig h t t e s t s w ere p e rfo rm e d , f o u r on in ta c t

specim ens ( t e s t s 1 , 2 ,5 and 6) a n d f o u r on r e c o n s titu te d ( t e s t s 3 , 4 , 7

and 8 ) . T e s ts /w e re con solidated a t o , = 3.1 Ksf an d w ere ru n a t

vc
two levels of cyclic s tr a in am p litude, Y = 0.1% an d 1.0%. F our

te sts with 1TCy = 0.1% ( t e s t s 1 ,3 ,5 , an d 7) w ere c a r r ie d o u t in two

c o n s e c u tiv e s ta g e s ; a f t e r t h e f i r s t s ta g e with 30 cycles of - 0.1%,

th e specimen was reco n so lid ate d and th e t e s t was co n tin u e d with a

cyclic am plitude V = 1.0%. T h e second s ta g e s a r e d e n o te d in T ab le

cy
2 . 5 .2 and A pp end ix B with th e n u m b ers 1a, 3a, 5a an d 7a.
 81

Gravel Sand
Coarse to Fine Silt Clay
medium -
U.S. standard sie>re sizes
* 2 8 S! I 11
2 i i >j
i
100

i
80

1
Percent finer

60

40
t A Kind

1 Kind
20

tn «
.
o CM X
s § s<->0
; o b § 8
© oo o
Grain diameter, mm

Fig. 2 .5 .1 3 Grain Size D istribution Curves of WSA and WSB Sand

M ixtures
 82

In Figs. 2 .5 .1 4 to 2 .5 .1 7 th e r e s u lts o b ta in ed on in ta c t an d

re c o n s titu te d specim ens a r e com pared. T h e com parisons show t h a t in

all four cases, except m aybe te sts 5 an d 7, th e residu al p o re

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p , u*, is not c o n s id e ra b ly in flu en ced b y s a n d f a b r ic ,

while t h e cyclic s h e a r s t r e s s , tc ^ , is n oticeab ly a ffe c te d . As s ta t e d

in Section 2 . 3 , similar ev id en ce was a lre a d y p r e s e n te d by D o bry e t

al. (1982) fo r triax ial s tr a in -c o n tro lle d te sts. Thus, one more

a rg u m e n t is a d d e d to t h e body of ev id en ce showing t h a t cyclic s h e a r

s tr a in is p a r a m e te r g o v e r n in g p o re pressure b u ild u p , and th a t

s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te s t in g a n d analytical modeling b a s e d on it r e p r e s e n t

t h e a p p r o p r ia te t r e n d in soil dynam ics dev elop m ent.

If all r e s u lt s fo r both s a n d s t e s t e d a r e lumped t o g e t h e r f o r a

given Jf , as shown in Figs. 2 .5 .1 8 a n d 2 .5 .1 9 , it can be noticed

cy
t h a t on e sin g le D o b ry 's model shou ld b e a b le to s a tis fa c to rily d e s c r ib e

th e p o re pressure b u ild u p in bo th sands. It sho u ld be reco g n ized

again in Fig. 2 .5 .1 9 how wide is t h e r a n g e of cyclic shear stresses

f o r t h e two s a n d s an d two t y p e s of specimen f a b r ic , com pared with

t h e n arro w r a n g e o b ta in e d f o r t h e p o re p r e s s u r e s .

The 1 /u * v e r s u s t h e 1/n plot, need ed f o r t h e develop m ent of

C
t h e D o b ry 's model of t h e s e DSS t e s t s on WS s a n d s , is p r e s e n te d in

Fig. 2 .5 .2 0 . If Test 7 is d isreg ard e d , th e re la tio n s h ip is q u ite

c o n s is te n t. T h e d is c r e p a n c y fo r la rg e v alu es of 1 /u * and 1/n may

c

a t f i r s t g la n c e look almost u n a c c e p ta b le . B u t it sh ou ld be noted t h a t

la rg e 1 /u * an d 1/n mean v e r y small p o re p r e s s u r e a t th e b e g in n in g

C
 83

of t h e t e s t , i.e ., a t t h a t s ta g e of t h e t e s t when it is more d ifficu lt

to m e asu re u p a c c u r a te ly . Based on Fig. 2 .5 .2 0 , an d a f t e r f u r t h e r

modification b y means of t h e in te ra c tiv e co m pu ter g r a p h ic s p ro g ra m ,

t h e t e s t d a ta was s u c c e s s fu lly fitte d b y t h e following D o b ry 's model:

1.04*n «2.6»(y - 0 .0 2 ) 1,7

c cy
u* = -------------------------------------------- , ( 2 .5 .7 )
1*n «2.6* (y - 0 .0 2 ) 1,7
c cy

a n d t h e com parison with th e m e asu re d p o re p r e s s u r e s is illu s tr a te d in

Fig. 2 .5 .2 1 f o r n£ = 1 ,2 ,5 ,1 0 an d 30 cycles.

The seco n d s ta g e s of t e s t s 1, 3, 5 an d 7 w ere p erfo rm e d to

exam ine t h e p o ssib ility of ob ta in in g th e p o re pressure v a ria tio n fo r

two d if f e r e n t v alu es of 2f in o ne te st, th e r e b y minimizing th e

cy
n u m b er of te sts necessary to develop t h e model. If th e p o re

p r e s s u r e develo pm ents f o r Zc ^ = 1.0%, o b ta in ed in t h e second s ta g e s

an d p r e s e n t e d in A p pen dix B, are com pared to th e c o r r e s p o n d in g

pore pressure in te sts 2, 4, 6 a n d 8, cycled also a t Z = 1.0%

cy
(com parison betw een t e s t s la a n d 2, 3a an d 4, 5a and 6, a n d 7a and

8 ) , it can be noticed th a t th e d if fe r e n c e is not v e r y s ig n ific a n t.

T h is in d icate s t h a t with one t e s t , t h e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p f o r two

d iffere n t levels of Z c an b e o b ta in e d , p ro v id e d th a t in th e f i r s t
cy
s ta g e Z is small e n o u g h , most p ro b a b ly no t b ig g e r th a n a b o u t 0.1%.
 84

Such appealin g fin d in g in d icate s th a t D o b ry 's model can be ro u g h ly

d ev elo p ed with only two t e s t s . For exam ple, a f i r s t t e s t perfo rm ed

in two s ta g e s , 1 = 0.1% and 1.0%, and a second t e s t a t If = 0.3%,

Cy O

p ro v id e d t h a t t h e p ractical th r e s h o ld s t r a i n , Y^p is d eterm in e d e a r l ie r

o r assu m ed . [Yt p is usually s lig h tly g r e a t e r th a n th e real th r e s h o ld

Y^, which is in v a ria b ly close to 0.01% (D ob ry et al., 1985)].

H owever, th e above mentioned idea of r e d u c in g th e num ber of t e s t s

r e q u ir e s f u r t h e r in vestigatio n b e fo re b ein g a c c e p te d .

T h e soil s tif f n e s s an d dam ping m e asu re d in t h e s e simple s h e a r

te sts are p r e s e n te d in th e following s ectio n , to g e th er with th e

c o rr e s p o n d in g tria x ia l r e s u lts .
 85

t« ■
m «
e* 00
© , •
•« * o w rl £ X
* X
ii u e O'
• <•* w — *b o>
« * a x O' § , O'
jB U 4/ W— e* *
>- d J d
a » \X b *-> ©
t> 1/J «/>

w • <^> N
•1 41 O' © « © o X e
w s in 1*5 1*1
B
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M x o u
41 U C oe o O'
» .« U <b bK o © o o
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IB 41 Vi *“» n» r*. fb £ lb f** fb
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41
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C OK 1/5
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to o
C/5 in 1/5 1/5 <
—
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X O' o • a Q • a o o o S ^ 1/5
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S' a x O' IN IN m
4 (I —' X* X i i
vi o oo O'

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a o < < i ■3 X i
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 86

RECONST. ( TEST 3 )

T"cy o

INTACT (1)

6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o
in
d
RECONST. ( 3 )
NTACT ( 1 )
o
o
d
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYER A, DSS, 7 cy= 0 .1 0 *

C o m p ariso n of Tests 1 and 3

Fig. 2 .5 .1 4 Comparison of CyDSS R esults on In ta c t an d R e c o n s titu te d

S pecim en , Wildlife Site Sand WSA Z = 0.10%

cy
 87

o
to
o

o INTACT. ( T E S T 2 )
o

o
0
1 RECONST. ( A )
o
to
0
1
oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
a

11
U* o

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYER A, DSS, 7 cy=1.00%

C o m p ariso n of T ests 2 and 4

Fig. 2 .5 .1 5 Comparison of CyDSS R esu lts on In ta c t a n d R ec o n s titu te d

S pecim en, Wildlife Site Sand WSA V = 1.00%

cy
 88

NTACT(TEST 5)

T cy o

RECONST. ( 7 )
o

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NTACT ( 5 )

R EC0NST. ( 7 )
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYER B, DSS, 7 cy=0.10%

C o m p ariso n of T ests 5 and 7

Fig. 2 .5 .1 6 Comparison of CyDSS R esu lts on In ta c t a n d R eco n stitu ted

Specim en, Wildlife Site Sand WSB V = 0.10%

cy
 39

RECONST. (TEST 8)

cy o

NTACT ( 6)

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o __
HNT AC T (6)
R E C 0N S T .(8)
om
o

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYER B, DSS, 7 cy=1.00%

C o m p ariso n of T ests 6 an d 8

Fig. 2 .5 .1 7 Comparison of CyDSS R esults on I n ta c t an d R e c o n stitu te d

S pecim en, Wildlife Site Sand WSB Z = 1.00%

cy
 90

o
to
o

cy o

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 13.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o __

o
* u~>
U TEST 5

o
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES. n c

WILDLIFE, LAYERS A an d B, DSS, 7 cy=0.10%

Com parison of Tests 1, 3, 5 and 7

Fig. 2 .5 .1 8 Comparison of All CyDSS R esu lts f o r Both WSA an d WSB

S an d s, 1fcy= 0.10% (I n ta c t a n d R e c o n s titu te d )

 91

cy o

o 0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

■TEST 4

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF CYCLES. n c

WILDLIFE, LAYERS A an d B, DSS, J cy- 1.00 %

C o m p arison of Tests 2, 4, 6 and 8

Fig. 2 .5 .1 9 Comparison of All CyDSS R esu lts f o r Both WSA and WSB

S an ds, lfcy = 1.00% ( I n ta c t a n d R e c o n s titu te d )

 92

WILD ERS A aid B, OS5 CYCLIC

oo
CM

in

&8 )

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

1/n.

Fig. 2 .5 .2 0 1 /u * v e r s u s 1 /n f o r All Wildlife CYDSS T e s ts (I n ta c t a n d

c
R e c o n s titu te d )
 1 .0 0
0.80
0.60
0 .4 0
0.20 93

1.04«n « 2 .6 » ( r -0 .0 2 )
c cy

1*n •2 .6 , ( I -0.02)
c cy
0 00

ixtcr2 Ix I0_ ' IxlO1

CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7cy%

W IL D L IF E SITE, LAYER A a n d B

C YC LIC DSS TEST

PREPARATION: INTACT and RECONST.

Fig. 2 .5 .2 1 D o b ry 's Model f o r One D irectional Loading of WS S a n d s

Based on Cyclic DSS T e s t R esu lts

 94

2 . 5 . 3 . 3 C yclic Triaxial S train -C on trolled T e s t R esults

The s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d cyclic tria x ia l t e s t s on Wildlife s a n d s a r e

sum m arized in T ab le 2 . 5 . 3 . A lto g e th e r 13 t e s t s w ere c a rr ie d o u t, 6

on WSA s a n d and 7 on WSB s a n d . T h e cyclic axial s tra in am plitude,

e , v a rie d betw een 0.02% a n d 1.35% fo r both sands. All of th e

cy
t e s t s w e re p erfo rm ed on r e c o n s ti tu te d specim ens, e x c e p t f o r on e t e s t

p e r la y e r con solidated on an in ta c t specimen ( te s t s 6 a n d 13). In all

t e s t s an isotro pic consolidation s t r e s s , a - 2 k sf, was u sed .

0
In th is te st s e r ie s , th e r e p e a ta b ility of te s t in g was first

ex am ined. Fig. 2 .5 .2 2 shows t h e r e s u lt s of two similar t e s t s on two

identical specim en s. These r e s u lts p rac tic a lly plot on top of each

o th e r, confirm ing t h e high re p e a ta b ility of t h e s e cyclic triaxial t e s t s .

T a k in g into a c c o u n t t h a t t h e triax ial t e s t in g te c h n iq u e is co n s id e ra b ly

more complex th a n th e DSS te c h n iq u e , as e x p lain ed in S ections 2 .2

an d 2 .4 , it seems reaso n ab le to assum e t h a t th e DSS t e s t s w e re also

of high q u a lity . T h e c o n s is te n c y of all DSS r e s u lts e x c e p t t e s t 7,

s u p p o r t th is assu m p tio n .

The e ffe c t of sa n d f a b r i c , i.e ., th e d if f e r e n c e between r e s u lts

o b ta in e d on r e c o n s titu te d and in ta c t specim ens is also examined fo r

th e tria x ia l loading co n d itio n s . The r e s u lts are p r e s e n te d in Fig.

2 .5 .2 3 fo r th e WSA s a n d an d in Fig. 2 .5 .2 4 f o r t h e WSB s a n d . As

e x p e c te d , th e com parisons show again th a t, like in t h e case of t h e

DSS t e s t s d is c u s s e d e a r l ie r , th e resid u al p o re p ressures in cyclic

tria x ia l s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d te sts a r e also p rac tic a lly u n affected by th e

 95

change of sa n d fa b r ic , while on t h e co n trary , soil s tiffn e s s is

s ig n ific a n tly a f fe c te d . T h is is especially noticeable in Fig. 2 .5 .2 4 .

A care fu l an aly sis and com parison of individual cyclic triaxial

t e s t r e s u lt s f o r both s a n d s reveals t h a t th e rela tio n sh ip betw een z Cy t

nc, and th e resid u al p o re pressure b u ild u p , u*, is again almost

identical f o r t h e two Wildlife s a n d s . T h e com parison f o r r e c o n s titu te d

specim ens is illu s tr a te d in Fig. 2 .5 .2 5 . Up to e = 0.20% t h e r e is

cy
p ra c tic a lly no d if fe r e n c e in p o re p r e s s u r e betw een two s a n d s .

An a tte m p t was made first to d evelop D o b ry 's model f o r th e

tr ia x ia l te sts on th e WSB sand. The d ata are p lo tted in th e

c o r r e s p o n d in g form at in Figs. 2 .5 .2 6 and 2 .5 .2 7 . In Fig. 2 .5 .2 6 ,

= 1 .5 e was used, while in Fig. 2 .5 .2 7 , 2f = V3 e , as

cy cy * cy cy
s u g g e s te d by P re v o s t (1977). A com parison betw een th e se two

f i g u r e s co n firm s, t h a t th e d iffe re n c e betw een t h e s e two rela tio n sh ip s

is minor an d of no c o n s e q u e n c e as f a r as t h e dev elopm en t of D o b ry 's

model is c o n c e r n e d , a n d t h a t e i t h e r of th e two can be u sed f o r th is

purpose. T h e same con clusion, not illu s tra te d h e r e , was d e r iv e d f o r

WSA s a n d . T h is s e r v e d as a b a s is f o r th e decision of u sin g 1 =

3 cy
1-5 in t h e f u r t h e r a n aly se s of t h e s e and o th e r s a n d s ,
cy
It can b e noticed t h a t t h e a tte m p t to develop D o b ry 's model on

th e b a sis of t h e WSB in Fig. 2 .5 .2 6 was not completely s u c c e s s fu l.

T h e r e s u lt s f o r Jf = 1.00% a n d 2.00% could not b e p r o p e r ly fitte d

cy
by a sin gle u* = f ( y ,n ) re la tio n s h ip of th e form g iv e n b y Eq.
cy c
2 .3 .6 . A detailed examination of th e s tr ip chart and X -V test
 96

re c o rd s d isclo sed t h a t in t h e s e t e s t s with V = 1.00% a n d 2%, th e

cy
effectiv e s t r e s s p ath of both WSA a n d WSB s a n d s reac h ed t h e fa ilu re

envelope in t h e v e r y f i r s t cycle a n d th e n followed it u p w a rd s until

th e stre ss rev ersed . A plot of d e v ia to r v ertical load v e r s u s p o re

w a te r p r e s s u r e actu ally re c o rd e d f o r t e s t No. 11 on WSB s a n d and

u sin g y = 1.0% ( s e e T ab le 2 .5 .3 ) is p r e s e n te d in Fig. 2 . 5 .2 8 ; th is

cy
plot is ro u g h ly similar to an effectiv e stre ss p ath plot of t h e p-q

ty p e. In Fig. 2 . 5 .2 8 t h e two c o n s e c u tiv e points in th e f i r s t cycle

w h e re th e " s t r e s s p a th " re a c h e s and leaves t h e env elo p e, a r e d e n o te d

by P and Q. C o n s e q u e n tly , a f te r ap p ro a c h in g th e env elo p e, b ey o n d

point P, while th e s tre s s p ath moved betw een p o in ts P and Q, th e

p o re p ressure was d e c r e a s in g in ste ad of in c re asin g and th e shear

s tr a in v e r s u s time re la tio n s h ip re c o rd e d on th e strip chart did not

have any more t h e sin usoid al p a t te r n c h a r a c te r i s t ic of all o t h e r t e s t s

with ?f sm aller th a n 1%.

cy
This kind of initial loading b e h a v io r d u r in g t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r of

th e f i r s t cycle is s u p p o s e d to be e q u iv a le n t to t h e b e h a v io r under

th e f a s t monotonic load in g. And in d e e d , as it will b e shown la te r in

Section 2 . 5 . 3 . 4 , it is in p e r f e c t a g re e m e n t with t h e r e s u lts o b ta in ed

on Wildlife specim ens s u b je c te d to both fast and slow monotonic

loading. T his b e h a v io r is e v id e n tly d ila tiv e an d ty pical for sands

hav in g rela tiv e ly la rg e d e n s itie s , su ch as is th e case of t h e s e Wildlife

sand specim ens t e s t e d . It is e v id e n t from t h e above d is c u s s io n , th at

t h e tria x ia l r e s u lts fo r y b eyo nd a s tr a i n of a b o u t 1.00% a r e not

 97

a p p r o p r ia te f o r th e developm ent of D o b ry 's model. In DSS te s t i n g ,

on t h e o th e r hand, b e c a u se of t h e d if f e r e n t loading an d boundary

co n d itio n s , th is is not t h e c a s e , a n d t h e model is still applicable a t

th o s e la rg e s t r a i n s , as illu s tr a te d b e fo re in Fig. 2 .5 .2 1 .

D o b ry 's model is t h e r e f o r e developed h e re b ased on t h e r e s u lts

of t h e cyclic tria x ia l t e s t s with Y £ 0.3% (e £ 0.2%). Based on th e

cy cy
e v id e n c e p r e s e n te d in Fig. 2 .6 .2 5 , a u n iq u e model was f itte d to both

WSA an d WSB s a n d s , and t h e re la tio n sh ip 1 /u * v e r s u s 1/n fo r th e

c
six t e s t s which s a tis f y th is condition is p r e s e n te d in Fig. 2 .5 .2 9 , and

th e model is f itte d in Fig. 2 .5 .3 0 .

The eq uation of t h e model p lo tted in Fig. 2 .5 .3 0 f o r triax ial

te sts is identical to Eq. 2 .5 .7 , which was o b ta in ed p re v io u s ly b ased

on DSS r e s u lts on t h e same WSA an d WSB s a n d s and was p r e s e n te d

in Fig. 2 .5 .2 1 . T herefore, t h e s e re s u lts clearly show t h a t a u n iq u e

p o re p ressure model is valid for both Wildlife s a n d s , app licab le to

both cyclic triax ial and DSS s tra in -c o n tr o lle d tests and to both

r e c o n s titu te d and in ta c t specim en s. This is a very im portant

co n clu sio n , s u p p o r tiv e of t h e s tr a in ap p ro a c h a n d c o n s is te n t with th e

t h e o r y of p la stic ity form ulation s u g g e s te d b y P re v o s t. It reveals t h a t

no empirical f a c to r is n e c e s s a r y to go from p o re p r e s s u r e s m easured

in cyclic tria x ia l t e s t to th o s e o b ta in ed in DSS t e s t s , p ro v id ed t h a t

s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te sts are used in both cases. Finally, fo r two

directio n al loading, th e c o r r e s p o n d in g model is p r e s e n te d in Fig.

2 .5 .3 1 a n d is d e s c r ib e d b y t h e following re la tio n sh ip :
 98

1.04«n » 2 .0 * 2 .6 (7 - 0 .0 2 ) 1 .7
u* = ------------?---------------- cy--------------
(2 .5 .8 )
1+n «2.0*(7 - 0 . 0 2 ) 1 ' 7
c c

valid fo r Wildlife s a n d s WSA a n d WSB a n d o b tain ed from both cyclic

tria x ia l a n d DSS t e s t s .

The s tif f n e s s c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of Wildlife s a n d s a r e g iv e n h e r e in

th e cu s to m a ry form of a G /G _ v e r s u s 7re la tio n s h ip f o r t h e f i r s t

max cy
loading c y c le . It m ust be p o in te d out th a t th e maximum shear

m odulus, G , u su ally d e term in e d at very small strain s below th e

md x
th r e s h o l d , was not m easu red in th e la b o ra to ry in th is stu d y . G

v alu es w ere o n ly m e asu re d fo r sp ecific levels of 7 .

cy
The G/G v e r s u s 7 re la tio n s h ip will be t h u s c o n s tr u c t e d
max cy
u sin g t h e fo rm at s u g g e s te d by t h e Seed a n d I d r is s 's (1970) eq u a tio n :

G = 1000 K2 ( o3 ) 1/2 ( 2 .5 .9 )

w h e re Og = e f f e c tiv e confining p r e s s u r e (G and are 'n p sf)/ and

th e in flu en ces of void ra tio an d s tr a i n am plitude a r e bo th re fle c te d in

th e v alu e of K j.

T h e Kj v e r s u s 7Cy plot o b ta in e d from G m e asu re d in t h e f i r s t

cycle in t h e Wildlife s a n d s is g iv e n in Fig. 2 .5 .3 2 . For simple s h e a r

 99

r e s u l t s , Og in Eq. 2 . 5 . 9 was rep la ced b y 1 /3 (o v c *-2o^c ) assum ing

= 0 .5 o , while in t h e tria x ia l t e s t s , o , = a . As p r e s e n t e d inth e

VC G

fig u re, th e 1^, in t h e l<2 v e r s u s J rela tio n sh ip f o r th e triax ial

t e s t s could be e x tra p o la te d f o r v e r y small s tr a i n s to a valu e (K0)

L max
= 30. T h is value of (K -) , alth o u g h low, is r e a s o n a b le f o r a loose
Z MiG X

to medium dense s a n d (S eed and I d r is s , 1970). H owever, th is

e x tra p o la tio n was not po ssib le f o r th e DSS te sts, for which th e

minimum If was j u s t 1.0%. F ig u re 2 .5 .3 2 shows t h a t K- a n d G a re

cy ^ 2
s ig n ific a n tly smaller for DSS th a n for triax ial te sts. This is

c o n s is te n t with r e s u lts re p o r te d by R .S . Ladd (p e rso n a l

com m unication). T he reaso n s fo r th is d if fe re n c e are poorly

u n d e r s to o d an d r e q u ir e f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h .

F inally, G /G m„„ = K0/ ( K 0 ) „ versus 2f o b ta in e d from Fig.

max i. L max cy ^
2 .5 .3 2 assu m in g (K9) = 30, is p lo tted t o g e t h e r w ith t h e triax ial
z max

d a ta p o in ts in Fig. 2 .5 .3 3 . For com parison, th e ex p erim en tal bands

for th e se same WS sands o b ta in e d at UT by Haag (1985) u sin g

reso n an t column tests, as well as th e b an d for g ra n u la r soils

p ro p o s e d by Seed and Id ris s (1970) are also p lo tte d int h e same

fig u re. It can be noticed th a t th e re is agood a g re e m e n t betw een

th e RPI and UT Wildlife r e s u l t s , as well a f a ir a g re e m e n t with and

Seed a n d I d r is s ' b a n d .

The dam ping m e asu re d f o r t h e tw o Wildlife sands is e x p r e s s e d

h e r e in te rm s of t h e e q u iv a le n t dam ping ratio, X:

 100

Aw
X= — (2 .5 . 1 0 )
2ir x
cy cy

w h e re Aw is t h e a rea in sid e th e h y steresis cyclic loop m e asu re d in

t h e seco n d cy cle of loading. T he loops w ere recorded by th e X-Y

recorder for selected simple shear and tria x ia l te sts, and th e

e q u iv a le n t dam ping ratio v alu es determ in e d for th e se te sts an d fo r

both sands are p lo tted t o g e th e r in Fig. 2 .5 .3 4 . T h e ex perim ental

band f o r Wildlife s a n d s o b ta in e d by Haag (1985) and th e band fo r

g r a n u l a r soils given b y Seed an d Id riss (1970) a r e also re p ro d u c e d in

t h e f ig u r e .
 101

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 102
osi
oso
oso-
OSL-

6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

OOl
oso

o
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYER B, TRIAX., £ ,* 0 .6 8 0 *

C o m p ariso n of Tests 10 an d 11

Fig. 2 . 5 . 2 2 R epeatability o f C yclic Triaxial T e s t in g T e c h n iq u e

 103

ID

R E C O N S T .(T E S T A )
in

NTACT ( 6 )

in

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 1 8 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

RECONST. ( 4 )
NTACT (6)
* in
U

0.00 6.00 12.00 1 8 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYER A, TRIAX., £ ,* 0 .6 8 0 *

C o m p arison of Tesfs 4 a n d 6

Fig. 2 .5 .2 3 Comparison of C yT R e s u lts on I n ta c t and R e c o n s titu te d

S p ecim en s, Wildlife S ite , Sand WSA, e = 0.68%

cy
 091
104

r R E C O N S T . ( T E S T S 108.11)
090
090-

INTACT (13)
091-

6.00 12.00 1 8 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
OO'l

INTACT (13)

RECONST. (108.11)
090
00 0

0 .0 0 6 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 1 8 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYER B. TRIAX., £ < * 0 .6 8 0 *

C om p ariso n of T ests 10, 11 an d 13

Fig. 2 . 5 .2 4 Comparison of C y T R esu lts on In ta c t a n d R eco n stitu ted

Specim ens, Wildlife S ite , Sand WSB, = 0.68%

 105

i.OO 6 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 1 8 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
OO'l
OSO

0.067 %
000

0.02C|r.
.0 0 6 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 1 8 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

WILDLIFE, LAYERS A an d B, TRIAX,.

C o m p ariso n of T ests 1 to 5 and 7 to 12

Fig. 2 .5 .2 5 Residual P o re P ressure B u ild u p , u*, w ith N um ber of

C y c le s , nc , O b ta in e d in T riax ial T ests on Both Wildlife Sands

( R e c o n s titu te d )
 106
1 .0 0

l
<>
0.80

f it
;!
<>
0.60

i
I
0 .40

ii

)( C3
0.20

<>
I
()
I3
0.00

}
3 II II < *
1*10-2 taK )-* 1 1*10*
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y %

W IL D L IF E SITE, LAYER B

C YC. TRIAX. T E S T , 7 = 1.5 e cy

R E C O N S T IT U T E D , T e s t s 7 to 1 2

Fig. 2 .5 .2 6 Pore P r e s s u r e Data f o r S an d WSB P lotted in t h e Form of

D o b ry 's Model b y U sing 3fCy = 1 . 5 ecy R elationship

 1 .0 0
107

8
0

9I
0.80

❖
0.60

A 0
0.40

X CD
0.20

❖
A
o
□
0.00

ft
1 ! !IS * ( IS i ; 4 7 8*
1x10-2 ix»-1 1 I*®'
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y %

W IL D L IF E SITE, LAYER B

C Y C . TRIAX. T E S T , 7 = 1 .7 3 £ cy

R EC O N STITU TED , T e s ts 7 to 1 2

Fig. 2 .5 .2 7 Pore P r e s s u r e Data f o r Sand WSB Plotted in t h e Form of

D o b ry 's Model b y Using Jf^ = ^ z Cy R elationship

 108

0)
V
IA

d)
s
IA
s
V O

0.
L.
0)
+■>
IQ
CO
C/1
DEVIATOR

0L). 5
o
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c
IA IQ
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(A
L.
0)
>
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IQ
O

IQ
O
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H
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00 CO
CN
in
in
CN
CN
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.Q
IQ
iZ
 109

oo

WILD id b, cy: lic trwx.

o
CM

O
m

o
o
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1/n.

Fig. 2 .5 .2 9 1 /u * v e r s u s 1 /n fo r S tra in -C o n tro lle d T riax ial T e s t s on

c
Wildlife S a n d s C o n d u c te d a t Zc ^ = 1 .5 eCy < 1%
 110

to

CN
1.04»nc»2.6»(rcy-0.02)

1»n *2.6»(I -0.02)

c cy

txlO* IxlO- 1 I IxlO1

CY C L I C S H E A R S T R A I N , T c y %

W ILD LIFE SITE, LAYER A a n d B

C YC LIC TRIAXIAL TEST

PREPARATION: RECONSTITUTED

F ig. 2 .5 .3 0 D ob ry's Pore P r e s s u r e Model for One Directional Loading

o f WS Sands B ased on C yclic Triaxial T e s t R esults

 CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 cy %

W IL D L IF E SITE, L A YER S A a n d B

C Y C L IC DSS a n d TRIAXIAL TEST

M O DEL f o r T W O -D IR E C T IO N A L SHAKING

2.5.31 D o b r y 's P o re P r e s s u r e Model fo r Two Directional Loading

of WS S an ds
 112

FITTING OF THE STIFFNESS

DRTR BY USING K2 COEFFICIENT
(SEED RND IDRISS, 1970)
O DS5 TESTS
■ WSR SFINDjT D I A Y
□ W5B SANDJ1 A*
(1 CYCLE VALUES)
o
LP

O
O

LJ o

CD

C J CM

r \i
o
o

CD
CD

1 0 -'
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN (X)

Fig. 2 . 5 . 3 2 l<2 v e r s u s C y c lic S h ear Strain for Wildlife S and s

 113

G/ GMRX VS C Y C L I C SHERR S T R R I N
SEED RND IDRISS (1 970)
• W I L D L I F E ‘ SAND R
O WILDLIFE SRND B
^zzafczzHRRG ET RL. ( 1 9 8 5 )
(K2)m. x=30
■ THEORETICAL CURVE
o

co
o
0.6
G / GMAX
0.4
0.2
0.0

1 0 '3 1 0 '2 10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN (7.)

Fig. 2 . 5 . 3 3 G/Gmax v e r s u s I R elation sh ip s for Wildlife Sands

 114

E Q U I V A L E N T DAMPI NG R R T I O
VE RSUS C Y C L I C SHERR S T R A I N
SEED AND IDRISS ( 1 9 7 0 )
O DSS TESTS
□ T R IA X IA L TESTS
2ZZZZZ HAAG ET AL. (1985)
THEORETICAL HYSTERETIC DAMPING
25.0
(*/.)
20.0
RAT.
15.0
DAMP.
10.0
EQUIVALENT
5.0
0.0

1 0 '3 - 1 0 '2 10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN (7.)

Fig. 2 . 5 . 3 4 Damping Ratio v e r s u s Y for Wildlife Sands

 115

2 . 5 . 3 . 4 Monotonic Triaxial T e s t R esu lts

One slow a n d one f a s t monotonic CIU triaxial t e s t was perfo rm ed

on in ta c t sp ecim ens on each of th e tw o Wildlife s a n d s , WSA an d WSB,

all w ith a =2.0 k s f. The r e s u lt s of th e se fo u r te sts a re

c
summarized in T ab le 2 . 5 . 4 while t h e i r normalized s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e s ,

t* = t/o versus e, p o r e p r e s s u r e c u r v e s , u* v e r s u s e , and s t r e s s

c
p a th s a r e p r e s e n t e d in A pp en dix B.

All four specim ens ex h ib ite d in th e b eg in n in g c o n tra c tiv e

b e h a v io r. T h e n , th e b e h a v io r of s a n d WSA a f te r e = 0.36% a n d 0.29%

in t e s t s 1 and 2 r e s p e c tiv e ly , and san d WSB a f t e r e = 0.24% and

0.17% in t e s t s 3 a n d 4 re s p e c tiv e ly , became d ilativ e. In g e n e r a l, th e

b e h a v io r of all specim ens can be d e s c r ib e d as ty p ically d ilativ e,

e x c e p t fo r specim en 2, which a f te r ap p ro x im ate ly e = 4.0% developed

an elbow in its effe c tiv e stre ss p ath . T h e b e h a v io r of specim en 2

can b e c h a r a c te r iz e d as p a rtia lly c o n tr a c tiv e .

T h e d if f e r e n c e betw een slow a n d f a s t monotonic t e s t s is e v id e n t

in t h e looser s a n d WSA. However, th e b e h a v io r of t h e s e t e s t s (1

an d 2) is p ra c tic a lly identical all th e way u p to approx im ately e = 3%.

T h e r e f o re , it can be co n clu d ed th a t th e variation of s tr a in r a te ,

which v a rie d ro u g h ly b y f o u r o r d e r s of m ag n itu d e in both s a n d s (e

= 0.00084%/sec in slow monotonic and e = 5.3%/sec in th e fast

cy
monotonic t e s t ) , does n ot noticeable a ffe c t th e b e h av io r of Wildlife

Sands.
 116

Also, in all f o u r t e s t s t h e fric tio n an g le 0 was fo und to be $ =

37 °, p ra c tic a lly t h e same f o r both s a n d s .

T h e o n ly p ro n o u n c e d d iff e r e n c e betw een t h e monotonic t e s t s is

t h a t betw een t h e b e h a v io r of looser s a n d WSA a n d d e n s e r s a n d WSB.

As e x p e c te d , dilation took place e a r l ie r in d e n s e r s a n d WSB, th a n in

looser sa n d WSA, an d g e n e r a te d h ig h e r s h e a r stre sse s at th e same

s tr a i n .

A sim ilar te s t in g p ro g ram was also c a r r i e d o u t at UT on two

Wildlife s a n d s by Haag (1985). In all resp ects, h e r r e s u lts a re in

a g re e m e n t w ith th o s e j u s t d e s c r ib e d .
117
 118

2 . 5 . 3 . 5 Cyclic S tr e s s - C o n tr o lle d T e s t R esults

Cyclic triax ial s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d t e s t r e s u lts w ere also co n d u c te d

in th is s t u d y on WSA a n d WSB s a n d s , with oc = 0 .5 , 1.0 and 2 .0

k s f. T h e r e s u l t s a r e summarized in T ab le 2 . 5 . 5 . All f o u r specim ens

te s t e d , one WSA sa n d specim en a n d 3 WSB sp ecim en s, w e re in ta c t

specim ens.

These te sts are in t e r p r e t e d in t h e following se c tio n , to g e th e r

with th e tria x ia l cyclic s tr e s s - c o n t r o l l e d te sts c o n d u c te d at WCC

la b o ra to ry .
 119

Test Results Conducted at RPI

 120

2 .5 .3 .6 T e s t s Perform ed b y R .S . Ladd (1984)

In addition to th e cyclic te s t in g p ro g ra m on Wildlife sands

co n d u c te d a t RPI, R .S . Ladd (1984) also p erfo rm e d a s e rie s of cyclic

triax ial t e s t s on Wildlife s a n d s . T h e summary of t h e s e t e s t s is given

in T able 2 . 5 . 6 . It can be seen t h a t 6 o u t of t h e s e 7 t e s t s w ere

co n d u c te d in t h e cyclic s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d mode with oc = 1 .0 a n d 2 .0

k sf, including 2 t e s t s on WSB s an d an d 4 on WSA s a n d .

T his means th a t a l to g e th e r 10 cyclic triax ial s tr e s s - c o n tr o lle d

t e s t s w ere p erform ed a t WCC an d RPI la b o ra to r ie s , 5 te sts on WSA

and 5 t e s t s on WSB s a n d , u s in g a = 0 .5 , 1.0 a n d 2 . 0 ksf.

c
T h e r e s u lts of all t h e s e 10 t e s t s a r e p r e s e n te d in Fig. 2 .5 .3 5

in t h e form of a relation betw een cyclic s t r e s s ratio SR = a ^ / 2 a c and

num ber of s t r e s s c y cles, n , f o r a fa ilu re c r it e r ia of e = 5%. This

c cy
d esig n rela tio n sh ip has been cu stom arily d e r iv e d from th e triax ial

cyclic s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d te st s e r ie s , an d employed to assess th e

liquefaction po tential fo r specific site (S e e d , 1979). T h e fa ilu re

c r ite r ia is u sually selec ted as e i th e r th e o = 0 condition (initial

liquefaction) o r as t h e develop m ent of a cyclic axial s t r a i n , e = 5%

cy
or 10%. In Fig. 2 .5 .3 5 th e e =5% d a ta p o in ts fo r th e 10 t e s t s
cy
co n d u c te d a r e p lo tte d .

T h e d a ta p o in ts p lo tte d do not show a n y p a r t i c u l a r t r e n d . Such

in c o n sisten cy a n d s c a t t e r of s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d r e s u lts is not s u r p r is in g

ta k in g into a c c o u n t all of t h e v a rio u s p a ra m e te rs a ffectin g th e cyclic

s tif f n e s s and s t r e n g t h of th e s a n d (s e e d isc u ssio n in Section 1 .2 ).

 121

In addition to t h e t e s t s listed in T ab le 2 . 5 . 6 , R .S . Ladd also

p erfo rm ed o ne p erm eab ility t e s t on th e lower la y e r WSB s a n d . The

-3 -3
p erm eab ility ra n g e d from k = 2.2x10 to 2 .6 x 1 0 cm /sec f o r an

iso tro p ic co nfin in g p r e s s u r e v a r y in g betw een 2 . 0 a n d 0 .5 k sf.

 122

T ab le 2 . 5 . 6 Summary of T e s ts on Wildlife S an ds Perform ed b y R .S .

Ladd (1984)

Iso tr o p ic C yclic
Sample Sample Test Consolidation S tress
No. Layer No. Depth Type S tress Ratio

(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

- - - - - -
5c
- - - ft - Ksf -

S tress-
1 A 2A 10.1 1.0 0.2 5
C ontrol.
II
1 A 2A 10.6 1.0 0.30
II
3 A 8A 10.1 2 .0 0.25
II
4 A 8A 10.5 1.0 0.30
II
5 B 8B 21.8 1.0 0.2 5
II
6 B 8B 24.5 1.0 0.325

S train -
7 B 2B 26.3 2 .0 -
C cn trol.
 123

WILDLIFE S IT E
CYCLIC STRESS-CONTR. TESTS
SIGI [K S H 0 .5 1 .0 2 .0
/*

HSR SRND O □ A
USB SRND • ■ A
RFIT 10,7 5R

**
1 1 ■
FFI
r 1■
A ■■ ft
STRESS

uj Jk
©
CYCLIC
_i

io° to1 io:

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

Fig. 2 .5 .3 5 Cyclic S tr e s s Ratio, SR, versus N umber of S tr e s s

C ycles f o r Wildlife S and s N eeded to P ro d u ce 5% V ertical

S tra in
 124

2 .6 D is c u s sio n

The te st r e s u lt s p r e s e n te d in th i s c h a p t e r yield a n u m b e r of

im p o rta n t co n clu sio n s c o n c e rn in g t h e exp erim ental evalu ation of seismic

p o re p r e s s u r e s in s a tu r a t e d sands, as well as some inform ation on

s tif f n e s s , dam ping and s tr a in r a te e f f e c ts . T h e main fin d in g s of th is

c h a p t e r a r e d is c u s s e d below.

T h e cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d te s t i n g is no d o u b t a v e r y good tool

fo r q u an titativ e and q u a lita tiv e evaluation of p o re pressure

develo pm ent in sa tu rated sands s u b je c te d to cyclic loading. It was

confirm ed th a t if s a n d is te s t e d in th e s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d mode, as

op p o sed to t h e s t r e s s - c o n tr o ll e d mode, a very c o n s is te n t p i c t u r e of

p o re p ressure g e n e ra tio n is o b ta in e d . In th is ch ap ter, b oth th e

cyclic tr ia x ia l an d cyclic simple s h e a r r e s u lts c learly illu s tr a te d th is

co n clu sio n . If s u ch experim en tal f in d i n g s , a lre a d y p r e s e n te d e a r l ie r ,

and th o r o u g h ly v e rifie d h erein a r e p u t in a b r o a d e r p r o s p e c ti v e , th e y

confirm t h a t , as s u g g e s te d by D obry e t al. (1982), t h e cyclic s h e a r

s tr a i n is t h e p a r a m e te r which g o v e r n s t h e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in

u n d r a in e d sa tu ra te d sands. The im p o rta n t p ractical consequence of

th is is th a t th e resid u al p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p f o r a g iv e n shear

s tr a in a n d n u m b e r of cycles is re la tiv e ly in s e n s itiv e to sa n d s tif f n e s s ,

s t r e n g t h , c o n fin in g p r e s s u r e , a n d sam ple d is tr u b a n c e .

For exam ple, two Wildlife sands w ere te s t e d in in ta c t an d

r e c o n s titu te d state u sin g tria x ia l a n d simple s h e a r t e s t in g te c h n iq u e .

 125

For e i th e r one of t h e two te s t in g te c h n iq u e s t h e same p o re p r e s s u r e

model was easily d ev elo p ed u sin g eith er in ta c t o r r e c o n s titu te d te st

d a ta . In o th e r w o rd s, th e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p with nu m b er of

cy cles was p ra c tic a lly identical for two specimen f a b r ic s given th e

same level of cyclic shear strain , TS , and void ratio, e. T his

cy
clearly v erifies th e conclusion t h a t D o b ry 's model can b e s u c c e s s fu lly

develo ped based on t h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d on r e c o n s titu te d specim ens.

The p o ssib ility of u sin g r e c o n s titu te d in s te a d of in ta c t specim ens

g r e a t ly simplifies t h e whole p r o c e d u r e fo r ob ta in in g and u sin g D obry's

model.

The r e s u lt s on th e Wildlife sands also show th a t fo r th e

developm ent of D o b ry 's model th e undercom paction method of R .S .

Ladd (1978), if p r o p e r ly a p p lie d , is a good method for building

r e c o n s titu te d sp ecim ens. In th is procedure, how ever, care m ust be

ta k e n to d e te rm in e p r o p e r ly th e p e r c e n ta g e of u n d ercom p actio n, and

th e w a te r c o n te n t of t h e sand m ix tu re . Also, in o r d e r to en sure

good u n ifo rm ity , th e specimen sh ould b e b u ilt in by u sin g a maximum

p o ssib le n u m b e r of la y e r s . One fin d in g p r e s e n te d in th is chap ter,

which is q u ite im p o rtan t from a p rac tic a l point of view, is th a t

r e c o n s titu te d simple shear specim ens can also be s u c c e s s fu lly

produced. F u r th e r m o re , th e pore pressure r e s u lts o b ta in e d with

th e se specim ens a re in a good a g re e m e n t with th e c o r r e s p o n d in g

in ta c t simple s h e a r specim en s.
 126

It m u st b e em p hasized , as p o in ted o u t in Section 2 .4 .3 , th a t

t h e simple s h e a r te s tin g p r o c e d u r e used in th is s tu d y is much simpler

an d more economical th a n th e triax ial p r o c e d u r e . H owever, although

t h e NGI simple s h e a r p r o c e d u r e is t h e r e f o r e g e n e r a lly more a t tr a c t iv e

th an th e tria x ia l proced u re, t h e q u e stio n of which p r o c e d u r e should

be recommended f o r t h e dev elopm en t of D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e model

still rem ains. It was initially con cluded t h a t t h e NGI DSS p ro c e d u re

u s e d in th i s s tu d y sho u ld be u s e d in ste ad of t h e more e x p e n s iv e and

complex tr ia x ia l te s t i n g . T here a r e s e v e ra l o t h e r s t r o n g reaso n s to

support th e use of th e NGI DSS procedure. F ir s t, th e loading

boundary con ditio ns in th is te st resem ble more d ir e c tly th e field

co n d itio n s. S econd, th e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p a t la rg e cyclic s h e a r

s tr a i n s (b e y o n d Z = 0.3%) can be c o n s is te n tly determ ined and

modeled. And th ird , r e c o n s titu te d specim ens can . also be te s te d

s u c c e s s f u lly . On th e o th e r hand, th e loading c o n d itio n s in th e

tria x ia l t e s t do not s t r i c t l y c o r re s p o n d to th e seismic field conditions

c h a r a c te r i s t ic of v e rtic a lly p r o p a g a tin g shear w aves in level s ite s .

T h e triax ial procedure is f a r more complex and th e p o re p r e s s u r e s

cannot be realistically modeled b ey ond cyclic shear s tr a i n s of

ap p ro x im a te ly 3 x10 ’ H . A d is a d v a n ta g e of th e NGI DSS t e s t on th e

o th e r han d is t h a t t h e p o re pressures at very small shear s tr a in s

a r o u n d t h e th r e s h o ld (If * 1x10"^%) c a n n o t b e e x a c tly d eterm in e d ,

cy
as th e NGI simple s h e a r te s t in g device has too much compliance for

reliable m e asu re m en ts of su c h small s t r a i n s . T h is, of c o u r s e , implies

 127

th a t with th e NGI DSS d e v ic e th e th r e s h o l d s tr a in cannot be

d e te rm in e d e ith e r.

How ever, th i s d is c u s s in on t h e s e re la tiv e m erits of t h e DSS and

tria x ia l te c h iq u e s tu rn e d out not to be so im p o rtan t in p ractical

te rm s , o n ce th e a u t h o r v e rifie d t h a t t h e tria x ia l p o re p r e s s u r e re s u lts

could be easily tra n s fo rm e d into th o s e th a t would b e m e a su re d in

simple s h e a r t e s t s , d e s p ite th e d if f e r e n t loading co nditio ns in t h e two

te sts. E ith e r Eq. 2 . 2 .2 o r t h e similar Eq. 2 . 2 .3 b ased on T h e o r y of

P la stic ity , can b e employed f o r th is tr a n s fo r m a tio n . Both e q u a tio n s ,

from a p ractical point of view yield th e same p o re p r e s s u r e model.

T herefore, and as shown c le a rly by th e Wildlife san d re su lts, th e

same p o re p r e s s u r e model can b e o b tained from DSS an d triax ial t e s t s

on in ta c t an d r e c o n s titu te d sp ecim en s, an d th is model can be used

with co n fid ence f o r field co n d itio n s.

R e g a rd in g th e e ff e c t of specimen d e n s it y on D o b ry 's pore

p r e s s u r e model, exam ined on t h e HRS CF s a n d , it is fo u n d t h a t th is

e ff e c t in d eed e x is ts b u t is rela tiv e ly small, and is com parable to th e

e f fe c t of te s tin g t h e same sa n d in two d if f e r e n t la b o ra to rie s . Also,

f o r th e two Wildlife s a n d s , WSA and WSB s a n d , which h av e d if f e r e n t

void r a tio s , a u n iq u e p o re pressure model could be s u c c e s s fu lly

d ev elo p ed .
 CHAPTER 3

ANALYTICAL SEISMIC SOIL RESPONSE MODEL

3.1 G eneral

The analytical model for simulation of seismic p o re pressure

b u ild u p and liquefaction a t level s a n d y sites d e s c r ib e d in th i s s tu d y

is d e v elo p ed in its final form as a co m p u ter p ro g ra m . T h is co m p u ter

p ro g ra m is named here DESRAMOD (DESRA MODified) and is a

modified v e rs io n of th e DESRA-2 c o m p u te r p ro g ram o riginally w ritten

by Lee a n d Finn (1978). As s ta t e d e a r lie r , t h e major modification of

DESRA-2 made by th e a u t h o r inclu ded t h e replacem ent of th e original

s u b r o u tin e for pore p re s s u re b u ild u p by th e new s u b r o u tin e which

calcu ja tes seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s a c c o rd in g to D o b ry 's p o re pressure

model. T h is modification can also approx im ately accoun t for th e

tw o -d ire c tio n a lity of th e ground s h a k in g if th e c o rr e s p o n d in g two

directio n al D o b ry 's p o re pressure model (Eq. 2 . 3 .8 ) is used. In

order to assure th e necessary in te ra c tio n betw een th e new p o re

p r e s s u r e s u b r o u tin e an d t h e o riginal main DESRA-2 p ro g ram , as well

as with o th e r DESRA-2 su b ro u tin e s, th e main p ro g ra m had to be

modified a c c o rd in g ly . In addition to th e se , sev eral o th e r smaller

c h a n g e s of DESRA-2 w ere im plem ented, a n d t h e y a r e all d e s c rib e d in

detail in A ppendix C a n d in th e DESRAMOD manual (V ucetic, 1986).

T h e p ro g ra m s DESRA-2/DESRAMOD calculate t h e r e s p o n s e of a

ho rizon tally la y ered soil p rofile s u b je c te d to a b a s e in p u t horizontal

e a r t h q u a k e motion re p r e s e n t e d b y an acceleratio n time h is to r y . The

128
 129

analytical m ethod employed in both p ro g ra m s is based on a s e t of

c o n s titu tiv e laws which acc o u n t f o r both th e n o n lin e a r and d e g r a d in g

cyclic b e h a v io r of soils. T h e p ro g ra m s are sp ecifically in te n d e d to

sim ulate t h e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p and d is s ip a tio n , and th e asso c ia te d

s o ften in g a n d d e g r a d a tio n of fully s a tu r a t e d sa n d d e p o s its , includ in g

th e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e i r liqu efaction. They are fu rth e r in te n d e d to

show w h at e ffe c ts t h e cyclic d e g ra d a tio n of t h e s e dep o sits may h av e

on t h e overall p erfo rm a n ce of t h e soil p ro file com posed of d if f e r e n t

soils, su ch as c la y , s a t u r a t e d s a n d , and d r y sa n d la y e rs .

Specifically, th e DESRAMOD and DESRA-2 co m p u ter codes

com pute t h e d is tr i b u tio n s of a c c e le ra tio n s , v e lo c itie s , shear stre sse s,

and s h e a r s tr a i n s in t h e horizontal soil la y ers of a soil profile sh a k e n

at its b a s e one d irec tio n a lly by an earthquake. If t h e soil profile

in cludes s a t u r a t e d s a n d la y e r s , th e p ro g ram s have th e cap a b ility to

com pute th e pore pressure b u ild u p , pore p ressu re d issip atio n an d

p o re pressure r e d is trib u tio n in each of t h e s e la y e r s . In a d d itio n ,

th e b a s e ro ck in p u t b o u n d a r y can b e selec ted to b e p e r f e c tly rigid o r

an e n e r g y tra n s m ittin g boundary. In o th e r w ords, a simulation of

th e elastic in p u t base boundary can also be implemented by th e

p ro g ra m s .

In s p ite of th e fact th a t m any p a rts of DESRA-2 an d

DESRAMOD p rogram a r e identical, th e in c o rp o ra tio n of D o b ry 's p o re

pressure model rep resen ts, in th e a u t h o r 's o pinio n, a s ig n ific a n t

c h a n g e a n d im provem ent of t h e original m ethod.

 130

The p o re p ressu re r o u tin e in th e orig inal DESRA-2 p ro g ram

u ses th e pore p ressure model by Finn et al, (1977), fo r one

d irec tio n a l cyclic loading. T h is model is based on th e relation

betw een volum etric s tr a i n s in a d r a in e d simple shear te st an d th e

c o r r e s p o n d in g p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p t h a t would h a v e d evelop ed if th e

t e s t was c o n d u c te d u n d r a in e d . T h e p a ra m e te rs of th is model can b e

o b ta in e d from a s e r ie s of d r a in e d (d ry sand) cyclic an d s ta tic simple

sh ear te sts.

In th e DESRAMOD a n a ly s is on th e o th e r hand, th e p o re

p r e s s u r e model by D obry e t al. (1986) is b a s e d d ir e c tly on th e p o re

pressure m e asu re m en ts in th e cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d u n d r a in e d

( c o n s ta n t volume) te sts. T h is method utilizes d ir e c tly th e

m e asurem en ts a n d t h e in t e r p r e ta tio n of cyclic p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n

in u n d r a in e d con dition . B esides th a t, D o b ry 's model can also

a p p ro x im ate ly account for th e additional p o re p ressu re b u ild u p

g e n e r a te d by th e p r e s e n c e of t h e second h o rizon tal seismic loading

com ponent a n d inclu des t h e c o n c e p t of th r e s h o l d shear stra in , very

im p o rta n t f o r t h e ca se of low cyclic s tra in am p litu d es applied to t h e

soil.

The d etaile d d e s c rip tio n of DESRAMOD, in c lu d in g p ro g ram

lis tin g , d e s c rip tio n of in p u t a n d o u t p u t and p lo ttin g cap a b ilitie s, as

well as a sam ple prob lem , is g iv e n in its manual (V u cetic, 1986),

which was w r itte n as a part of th i s stu d y . For c o n v e n ie n c e , a

sum m ary of th i s manual is in c lu d ed in A ppendix C.

 131

In t h e following sectio n s of th i s c h a p t e r , t h e a ssu m p tio n s made

in DESRAMOD, as well as its cap a b ilitie s an d limitations a r e p r e s e n te d

an d d is c u s s e d .

3 .2 T h eo re tic al Basis and "DESRAMOD" C om pu ter Program

3 .2 .1 G eneral

T h e DESRAMOD th e o re tic a l b a sis is composed of five models:

(a) model f o r th e dynam ic r e p r e s e n ta tio n of a

horizon tally la y e re d soil profile s h a k e n a t its b a s e ,

(b) model of soil s t r e s s - s t r a i n b e h a v io r u n d e r r e p e a te d ,

cyclic loading an d a sso ciated s tif f n e s s d e g r a d a tio n ,

(c) model of p o re w a te r w a te r p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in t h e

s a t u r a t e d s a n d la y e rs of t h e soil pro file,

(d) model for th e p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e d issip atio n an d

r e d is tr ib u tio n in t h e s a tu r a t e d s a n d la y e r s , a n d

(e) model for energy tran sm issio n at th e soil profile

base rock in te r f a c e , sim ulating th e e la sticity of t h e

base.

All t h e s e m odels, with ex ce p tio n of t h e p o re p r e s s u r e in ( c ) ,

a r e th o s e o rig in ally u sed by Lee and Finn in DESRA-2, an d are

d e s c r ib e d in its manual (Lee a n d F in n, 1978) as well as in t h e p a p e r

by Finn e t al. (1977). H ow ever, in o r d e r to fully u n d e r s ta n d t h e

DESRAMOD a n a ly s e s p erfo rm e d in C h a p te r s 4 an d 5, t h e s e models a r e

d e s c rib e d an d d is c u s s e d h e r e , em phasizing t h e a s p e c t s of th e m ethod

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p e r t i n e n t to its ap p licatio n s p r e s e n te d la te r on.

3 .2 .2 N onlinear Dynamic A nalysis of H orizontally L ay ered Soil

Profile

In DESRA-2 a n d DESRAMOD, t h e soil p ro file is r e p r e s e n t e d by

a lumped mass m u ltid e g re e of freedom sy stem in which a half of th e

mass of each two la y e rs is lumped a t t h e i r b o u n d a r y . Such sy stem

is g ra p h ic a lly p o r tr a y e d in Fig. 3 .2 .1 . Its dynam ic equilibrium

eq u atio n (eq u atio n of motion) in m atrix form is:

[M] ( x ) ♦ [C] {x} * [K] ( x ) = -[M ]u g ( t) ( 3 .2 . 1 )

w h e re

[M] = diagonal mass m atrix

[C] = v isco u s dam p ing m atrix

[K] = n o n -lin e a r s tif fn e s s m atrix

ug = time acc elera tio n h is to r y in p u t a t t h e base of t h e soil

pro file.

The specific models for simulation of t h e h y s te r e t ic n o n lin ear

soil s tif f n e s s a n d its cyclic d e g r a d a tio n , a n d t h e v is c o u s , as well as

h y s te r e t ic dam p in g , a r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e tw o following sectio n s.

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3 .2 .3 S t r e s s - S t r a i n B ehavior and D egrad atio n Model

A n o n lin e a r stre ss-stra in b e h a v io r of th e soil material is

assu m ed in DESRA-2 an d DESRAMOD.

Eq. 3 .2 .1 is solved in crem entally fo r a time in c re m en t At

in d u c in g increm ental disp la cem e n ts Ax. For s u c h time in c re m e n t, t h e

s h e a r s tr a in in c re m en t A2T. of t h e i-th la y e r is a p p ro x im ate d w ith:

Ax.-Ax. -
i i-l
A*. = ---------------, ( 3 .2 .2 )
1 h.
i

w h e re AXj a n d A X j a r e th e ho rizo ntal d isplacem ent increm en ts of t h e

i-th and ( i - l ) - t h m asses re s p e c tiv e ly , and hjis t h e h e ig h t of th e

i-th la y e r. T h e s tif f n e s s co efficien t kj of th e i-th la y e r is th e n

Gi‘ V 1 4' i At .
k. = -------- = -------------- = ( 3 .2 . 3 )
hi h i 4 ,i h i“ i

w h e re it is implied t h a t k. is a no nlinear fu n c tio n of th e s h e a r s tr a in

?j, i.e ., kj is a n o n lin e a r s p r i n g co efficient. G. = G.(7.) in Eq.

3 .2 .3 is t h e t a n g e n t s h e a r m odulus of t h e soil c o r r e s p o n d in g to t h e

c u r r e n t s tr a in If..

In DESRA-2, t h e h y p e rb o lic s t r e s s - s t r a i n re la tio n sh ip form u lated

by K o n d n er and Zelasko (1963) is u sed to d e s c r ib e t h e n o n lin e a r

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s p r in g in t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r of th e f i r s t cycle. This is illu s tr a te d in

Fig. 3 . 2 . 2 and by t h e e x p r e s s io n :

GZ.
mo i
Ti (yi} = --------------------- ' <3 -2 -4 )
mo mo i

w h ere

Tj = shear stress in t h e i-th la y e r g e n e r a te d byth e in p u t

b a s e e a r t h q u a k e excitation loading,

Jf. = s h e a r s tr a in of t h e i-th la y e r,

G mo = maximum initial tan g en t shear m odulus of th e i-th

la y e r, and

t = maximum initial s h e a r stre ss th a t could be applied to

mo
t h e i- th la y e r w ith o u t fa ilu re .

T o d e s c r ib e t h e un lo ading and reloading b r a n c h e s of t h e cyclic

loops in t h e s u b s e q u e n t c y c le s , t h e Masing c rite rio n is used (M asing,

1926). Masing c r ite r io n s tip u la te s t h a t , in a c a s e of a n o n d e g ra d in g

stress-strain b e h a v io r , t h e reloading b ra n c h of th e stre ss-stra in

h y s te r e s is loop is t h e same initial h y p erb o lic c u r v e , called now th e

backbone curve and e x te n d e d to b o th t h e p o s itiv e and n eg ativ e

dom ains, with both s t r e s s an d s tr a in scales ex p a n d e d b y a f a c to r of

tw o, a n d with t h e o rig in t r a n s l a t e d to th e position of t h e tip of th e

loop. T h e un load in g b r a n c h of th e loop h a s t h e same s h a p e as t h e

reloading curve but r o ta te d by 180 degrees. The h y p erb o lic

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in te r p r e ta tio n of th e initial loading b ac k b o n e curve is illu s tr a te d in

Fig. 3 .2 .2 and th e h y s te r e s is loop o b ta in e d by th e ap plication of

Masing c r ite r io n in F ig. 3 . 2 . 3 .

One c o n s e q u e n c e of th e Masing c r ite rio n s tip u la tio n is t h a t a f t e r

th e stress r e v e r s a l, at t h e t i p of t h e loop t h e ta n g e n t m odulus is

equal to t h e initial t a n g e n t modulus G as illu s tra te d in Fig. 3 . 2 . 3 .

mo
T his more or less a g re e s w ith ex p e rim e n ta l evidence for a wide

v a r ie ty of soils.

T h e r e f o re d u r in g fu rth e r re lo a d in g and un lo a d in g , th e

n o n d e g r a d in g stre ss-stra in r e la tio n s h ip a c c o rd in g to th e Masing

criterio n can b e w ritte n f o r time t a s :

t +t G (*♦* ) G (JftJr )
c* = — /0♦ m° CV ). 0 .2 .5 )
2 2 " 2 t mo
mn

w h e re

t = shear stre ss in t h e la y e r c o r r e s p o n d in g to t h e t i p of
cy
t h e h y s t e r e s i s loop; o r s h e a r s t r e s s am plitu de, and

IT = s h e a r s tr a in in t h e la y e r c o r r e s p o n d in g to t h e tip of
cy
t h e h y s t e r e s i s loop; o r s h e a r s tr a i n am plitude.

It m u st b e em phasized t h a t , d u r i n g cy clic loading of s a tu r a t e d

sand, th e soil is so ften s d u e t o th e po re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p and t h e r e

 136

is soil s tif f n e s s d e g r a d a tio n . H ence, with tim e, G_ and

mo mo
monotonically d e c r e a s e , a n d a t time t become re d u c e d v alu es Gm^ an d

T h erefo re, a d e g r a d in g backbone cu rv e an d lo a d in g /u n lo a d in g

b r a n c h e s can b e d efin e d b y r e p la c in g , in Eq. 3 .2 .4 and 3 .2 .5 , G_

mo
b y Gm^ b y and xm t. T h e c o r r e s p o n d in g e x p r e s s io n s a re :

Gmt *
tU ) = ------------------------ , ( 3 .2 .6 )
1+(Gm A n t > l y l

and

cy mt cy mt cy
- / - {1±------------------) . ( 3 .2 . 7 )
2 t mt

H ow ever, in th e DESRA-2 a n a ly sis Z an d t are u p d a te d

cy cy
o n ly at reversal p o in ts , and are kept c o n s ta n t until th e next

rev ersal, th e re b y n e g le c tin g th e gradual d e g ra d a tio n betw een two

s u c c e s s iv e r e v e r s a l s . Such app roxim ation is deemed a c c e p ta b le if t h e

soil is s u b je c te d to a s e r ie s of small o r m oderate c y c le s , sin ce in

s u c h c a s e , t h e c h a n g e in d e g r a d a tio n betw een r e v e r s a l s is small. If

th e soil p ro file is s u d d e n ly s u b je c te d to o n e la r g e seismic cycle th is

ap proxim atio n m ight not b e a d e q u a te a n y more. However, as shown

la t e r in C h a p t e r 5, t h e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p ev en in th is ca se can

b e still ap p ro x im a te ly e v a lu a te d b y DESRAMOD.
 137

T h e cyclic d e g ra d a tio n in DESRA-2 is acco u n ted f o r b y u p d a tin g

th e G . and t . v a lu e s a fte r every r e v e rs a l a c c o rd in g to th e

accu m ulated resid u al pore pressure, ur, and th e procedure is

d e s c r ib e d below. L ay e rs o th e r th a n s a tu r a t e d san d use th e

n o n d e g ra d in g option of t h e DESRA/DESRAMOD a n a ly s is , i.e ., G ^ =

Gmo an d t ^ = TmQ a r e k e p t c o n s ta n t th r o u g h o u t t h e a n a ly s is . In

t h e d e g r a d in g c a s e , th e stre s s -stra in loops a r e c o n s tr u c t e d by u sin g

th e u p d a te d G . an d t . v alu es in co njunction with th e Masing

c r it e r io n . A fte r e v e r y s t r e s s r e v e r s a l , t h e resid u al p o re p r e s s u r e u r

is calcu la ted and G . an d t . are d efin e d u sin g th e following

re la tio n s h ip s :

Gmt ( 3 .2 .8 )
mt = Gmn
mo i ^ v-c u rr ) / avcl V 2 f an d

( 3 .2 .9 )

w h e re o is t h e initial e f fe c tiv e v ertical o v e r b u r d e n s t r e s s ,

vc
T h e above re la tio n s h ip s betw een G . and t . a n d p o re p r e s s u r e

b u ild u p , u p, o rig in ally in c o rp o r a te d into t h e DESRA-2 co m p uter code,

a r e also a d o p te d in DESRAMOD.
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3 .2 .4 Material Damping

DESRA-2 c o m p u te r p ro gram autom atically g e n e r a te s h y s te r e t ic

dam ping c o r re s p o n d in g t o th e a rea of t h e h y s t e r e s i s loops d ev elo p ed .

The e q u iv a le n t dam ping ratio d ete rm in e d from th e h y s te r e s is loop

shown in Fig. 3 . 2 . 3 is g iv e n by t h e eq u a tio n :

cy
[*c y -K Hn (1 ♦ )] - 1}, ( 3 .2 .1 0 )
K

w h e re K = t ./G .. T h e complete d e riv a tio n a n d d iscu ssio n of th is

e q u atio n is p r e s e n te d in A p pendix D.

T h e com parison betw een th e ex p erim en tally o b ta in ed e q u iv a le n t

dam ping ra tio , X, and X^, given by Eq. 3 . 2 .1 0 shows u su ally a

c o n s id e ra b le d if fe r e n c e , especially a t small cyclic shear stra in s. To

account for th is d if f e r e n c e , both DESRA-2/DESRAMOD have th e

p o ssib ility of in c o rp o r a tin g an additional v isco u s dam ping coefficien t c

in t h e dynam ic a n a ly s is . T h e viscous dam ping is p r e s c r ib e d in th e

p ro g ra m b y f a c to rs a a n d 3 co n ta in e d in t h e v isco u s dam ping m atrix :

[C] = o[M] ♦ B[K]. (3 .2 .1 1 )

T h e t r u e e q u iv a le n t dam ping ratio , X, e x p erim en tally o b ta in e d ,

can b e d iv id ed into an h y s t e r e t i c a n d a v isco u s p a r t :

 139

X = Xh ♦ Xy . (3 .2 .1 2 )

If now, th e ex p erim en tally o b ta in e d d iffe re n c e betw een th e tru e

dam p in g , X, and h y steretic d am ping, X^, an d e x p r e s s e d ab ove as a

visco u s dam ping ratio , Xy, can be rela ted to th e v iscous dam ping

coefficien t c, t h e o b ta in e d d iffe r e n c e can be a c c o u n te d f o r .

In o r d e r to an aly tic a lly rela te Xy to c, it is assum ed h e r e t h a t

t h e portion of X which will be a t t r i b u t e d to Xy can b e rea so n a b ly well

ap p ro x im ate d by th e dam ping ratio o b ta in e d from a damped s in g le

d e g r e e of freedom sy ste m s u b je c te d to a sinusoidal fo rcin g fu n c tio n

d u rin g s te a d y s ta te response. The complete d e riv a tio n of th e

re la tio n s h ip Xy versus c is given in A p pendix E, in cludin g all

a ssu m p tio n s in tr o d u c e d . T h e following equation for viscous dam ping

coefficien t c. f o r a la y e r "i" is o b ta in e d :

X .T
vi n
Cj = --------- k r ( 3 .2 .1 3 )
IT

T n is t h e n a tu ra l p e rio d a t small s t r a i n s of t h e com plete soil p ro file,

an d can be a p p ro x im ate ly determ in ed by th e method p ro p o s e d by

D o bry e t al. (1976).

In th s co m p u ter model, th e visco u s dam ping co efficien t f o r la y e r

i, Cj, is specifically d e f in e d as (s e e Eq. 3 .2 .1 2 ) :

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(3 .2 .1 4 )

a n d if a is s e t to zero , th e coefficient Sj fo r la y e r "i" is from Eqs.

( 3 .2 .1 3 ) a n d ( 3 .2 .1 4 )

= (3 .2 .1 5 )
n

Now t h e co efficien ts 0., determ in e d b y Eq. (3 .2 .1 5 ) an d a = 0, can

b e d ir e c tly in p u t into t h e p ro g ram .

3 .2 .5 Pore P r e s s u r e Model

Since th e D o b ry 's p o re pressure model has a lre a d y been

d e s c r ib e d in detail in Section 2 .3 of C h a p te r 2, it will b e co v ere d

h e r e only to a limited e x t e n t . It sho uld be only pointed out h e re

th a t for many d if f e r e n t sands t h e following . form of t h e model has

b een fo u n d to d e s c r ib e experim ental d ata very well (D obry et a l.,

1986, V u cetic and D obry 1986:

u* = (3 .2 .1 6 )
 141

Eq. ( 3 .2 .1 5 ) is t h e equation in c o rp o r a te d into t h e p o re p r e s s u r e

s u b r o u tin e of DESRAMOD, an d is d if f e r e n t from a p o re pressure

model in DESRA-2. As e a r lie r s t a t e d , t h e p a ra m e te rs p , F a n d s can

b e d e te rm in e d d ir e c tly b y f ittin g t h e d a ta of th e cyclic t e s t s e r ie s .

is th e p ra c tic a l th r e s h o ld shear s tr a i n which can be e v a lu a te d

from t h e same t e s t s e r ie s . For one d irec tio n a l s h a k in g f=1.0 is used

and Eq. ( 3 .2 .1 6 ) becomes identical to Eq. (2 .3 .6 ), while for two

d irectio nal seismic s h a k in g f=2.0.

The pore p re s s u re model d e s c r ib e d by Eq. ( 3 .2 .1 6 ) has been

d ev elo ped based on cyclic s tr a i n -c o n tr o ll e d te sts with uniform cyclic

stra in , Zc ^ . The actual seismic strain s in t h e field a r e , of c o u r s e ,

h ig h ly irreg u lar, and to use D o b r y ’s model in DESRAMOD fo r

evaluation of pore pressure b u ild u p d u rin g s u ch irreg u lar loading,

se v e ra l a s s u m p tio n s a lre a d y in tr o d u c e d in DESRA-2 h av e also been

e x te n d e d to DESRAMOD.

T h e p o r e p r e s s u r e b u ild u p is calcu la ted inDESRAMOD f o r e v e r y

half s tr a in c y c le , based on th e v a lu e of th e new maximum shear

stra in , Z , a n d t h e c u r r e n t resid u al p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e r a te d u p to
cy
t h e initiation of t h e cy cle, (u ) . F irst, th e new Z is d e term in e d
I c cy
by increm en tal develo p m en t of cyclic s tr a i n s an d by m onitoring th e

o c c u r r e n c e of t h e s tr a i n r e v e r s a l . T h is p r o c e s s is d o n e w ith o u t p o re

pressure g e n e r a tio n , because in order to d eterm in e th e p o re

p r e s s u r e , t h e new Z m ust b e know n. A fte r Z is c a lc u la te d , th e

cy cy
e q u iv a le n t n u m b e r of c y c le s , n , of th i s new Z n eed ed to develop
c cy
 142

th e c u rre n t u = (u ) / a in an uniform s tr a i n series is d e te rm in e d

c r c vc
from Eq. ( 3 .2 . 1 6 ) :

nc = u * / [ f F - ( r c y - r t p ) s * ( p - u * ) ] . (3.2.17)

Once t h e c u r r e n t n a n d u , h a v e been d e te r m in e d , a new normalized

c c
re s id u a l p o re pressure un at th e end of t h e new half cycle, i.e .,

when Y is z e ro is d eterm in e d by in s e r tin g n + 0 . 5 in Eq. 3 .2 .1 6 :

c

p . f . ( n c *0.5)*F«(Yc y -Yt p ) S
u n = -------------------------------------- . (3.2.18)
1 - f . ( n c * 0 .5 ) .F .( Y c y -Yt p ) S

The resid u al p o re pressure b u ild u p f o r th is new half cy cle,

d e te rm in e d a t th e moment when t h e s tr a in reversal is e n c o u n te r e d as

ex p la in e d ab o v e, is th e n :

(A u ) 1 / 2 = (u * -u * ).o v c . ( 3 .2 .1 9 )

Finally, th is v alu e of ( A u ) ^ 2 ' s t *ien d i s t r i b u t e d p ro p o rtio n a lly to th e

s tr a i n in c re m e n ts, AY, s u b s e q u e n tly calcu la ted over th e un load in g

p o rtion of t h e new half cy cle, s t r e t c h i n g from t h e re v e rs a l p o in t to

 143

th e ze ro c r o s s in g . D uring each such c o n s e c u tiv e in crem en t AY t h e

in crem en t of p o re p r e s s u r e is:

Au = ( A u ) 1 / 2 » [AY/(Yc y -Yt p ) ] . ( 3 .2 .2 0 )

In th e abo ve e q u a tio n , it is also implied th a t below th e p ractical

th r e s h o ld s t r a i n , Jf^ , th e p o re p r e s s u r e does not d e v elo p .

The above proced u re, con tain ed in t h e newly develop ed p o re

pressure s u b r o u tin e in th e DESRAMOD co m p u ter p ro g ra m , is not

s tr ic tly e q u iv a le n t to t h e actual p o re p r e s s u r e develop m ent d u r i n g a

full half s tr a in cy cle. However, it is a close ap proxim ation . The

p r o c e d u r e is im plem ented b a s e d on t h e ex p erim en tal ev id en ce by Finn

e t al. (1977) show ing t h a t a major po rtio n of p o re pressure b u ild u p

in s a tu r a t e d u n d r a in e d s a n d s , as well as t h e volume d e c r e a s e in d r y

sands, is o c c u r s d u rin g th e unloading branch of th e s tr a in cycle

loop. T h e same was o b s e r v e d in th is s t u d y . T h e cyclic DSS s t r i p

c h a r t s show a c tu a lly t h a t in a sin g le half cy c le , d u r in g loading t h e

p o re p r e s s u r e s lig h tly d e c r e a s e d , while d u r in g s u b s e q u e n t un lo ading ,

it in c re a s e d at a h ig h e r r a te . The n e t e f f e c t was c o n s e q u e n tly a

p o re p r e s s u r e in c re a s e . T h e c o r r e s p o n d in g t r e n d s of volume d e c r e a s e

in d r y s a n d s s u b je c te d to d ra in e d cyclic s h e a r loading had also been

o b s e r v e d by Youd (1972).
 144

As it will b e shown soon, in many cases t h e i r r e g u l a r s tr a in

c y c le s , a fte r unloading while d e c r e a s in g in m a g n itu d e , reverse to

loading p rio r to c r o s s in g z e ro w ith o u t closing t h e full half cycle.

i
T h is reversal p o in t is d en o ted here as ZQ . In all su c h c ases th e

same p r o c e d u r e d e s c rib e d above is c a r r i e d on. As soon as th e new

stress reversal from loading to un loading is encou n tered , Z , n

cy c
ft
(E q . 3 . 2 . 1 7 ) , u n an d ( A u ) . ^ a r e calcu lated as if t h e full cycle has

been c lo sed . However, th e d if fe re n c e in th is ca s e is t h a t only th e

» »
p o rtion ( A u ) . ^ ° f ( A u ) . ^ ' p ro p o rtio n a l to ( yCy "* 0 ) :

(iu ) v 2 = <Au) , / 2 >c / U c y 'lo ) ( 3 -2 2 ,)

is inc re m en tally r e d is t r i b u te d along th e unloading from Jf to ZQ .

T h is approx im atio n is deemed a p p r o p r ia te b e c a u se r e v e r s a l s showed

to b e q u it e close to Z = 0 axis a n d t h u s , th e d iff e re n c e betw een Z

t
cy
an d ZQ is u su a lly v e r y small.

3 .2 .6 Pore P r e s s u r e D issipation and R e d istrib u tio n Model

If t h e s a t u r a t e d s a n d la y e r is allowed to d ra in d u r in g seismic

s h a k in g , sim ultaneous g e n e ra tio n and d issip atio n of p o re w a te r

p r e s s u r e will t a k e place. T h e r a t e of p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e in c re a s e

will b e in t u r n a ffected by t h e d is s ip a tio n and c o n s e q u e n tly t h e p o re

p r e s s u r e will b e less th a n f o r com pletely un s a n d . T h e d is tr ib u tio n

of t h e p o r e w a te r p r e s s u r e a t time t is o rig in ally g iv e n in DESRA-2

 145

b y t h e equation:

3u _ 3 k 3u 3u
— = E - (— • — ) ♦ (— ) (3 .2 .2 2 )
3t 3z Jf 3z 3t y

w h e re u = ur is th e ( r e s id u a l) p o re w a te r pressure, k th e

perm eab ility co efficient, t h e u n it w eight of w a te r , and E th e

Z
w 3u r
re b o u n d m odulus of soil sk eleto n . T h e term (---- ) r e p r e s e n t s th e
3t cy
in tern al g e n e ra tio n of p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e a n d t h e equation t h e r e f o r e

also applies when e x te r n a l d r a in a g e does n ot ta k e p la ce. In an

u n d r a in e d la y e r of sand, th e p o re w a te r pressures g e n e r a te d at

v a rio u s locations by an earth q u ak e will not be in in s ta n ta n e o u s

eq uilib riu m , an d t h u s a co n tin u o u s r e d is trib u tio n will be ta k in g place,

as shown b y Eq. ( 3 .2 .2 2 ) d u r in g and a f te r th e e a r t h q u a k e motions,

f o r any s itu a tio n in w h ic h 3 u /3 z * 0. In co n clu sio n , th e p o re w a te r

p r e s s u r e e s ta b lis time b y eq u ation ( 3 .2 .2 2 ) re fle c ts th e n e t e ffe c ts of

con tem p o ran eo u s g e n e r a tio n r e d is trib u tio n and d is s ip a tio n .

Equation (3 .2 .2 2 ) is solved num erically in t h e co m p uter p ro g ra m

in con junction with t h e e q u atio n of motion of t h e soil p ro file, in o r d e r

to u p d a te co n tin u ally th e v a lu e s of in crem entally g en era ted and

d is s ip a te d p o r e w a te r p r e s s u r e d u r i n g e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g .

T h e co efficien t of perm eability k in t h e abo ve eq u atio n can be

easily d ete rm in e d b y means of la b o ra to r y t e s t in g o r a p p ro x im ate d from

nu m erous ch arts and rela tio n s available in li t e r a t u r e . On t h e o t h e r

 146

hand, th e s ta t ic re b o u n d c o n s tr a in e d modulus of t h e soil s k e le to n ,

Ep, h as not been e x te n s iv e ly in v e s tig a te d and th e re are o n ly few

r e s u lts available. The r e s u lts collected in th is s t u d y a r e shown in

Fig. 3 . 2 . 4 .

T h is f ig u r e p r e s e n t s , t h e r e s u lts fo r t h r e e s a n d s h a v in g t h r e e

d if f e r e n t d e n s itie s and te s t e d s t a r t i n g from a v ertical e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s

ra n g in g from 1.0 to 4 . 0 k sf. The re b o u n d c u r v e s f o r t h e s e t h r e e

d if f e r e n t s a n d s reveal th a t Ep is prim arily d e p e n d e n t on t h e initial

vertical effe c tiv e stre ss. Martin e t al. (1975), who d e v elo p ed and

an aly zed th e re b o u n d c u r v e s f o r C rista l Silica Sand p r e s e n te d in Fig.

3 . 2 . 4 , s u g g e s te d f o r t h i s s an d t h e following rela tio n sh ip f o r Er :

io ) ' ' m
v
E_ =
r - „ m ( 3 .2 .2 3 )
mk2 (ovo ) n ‘ m

For C rista l Silica sa n d th e y o b ta in e d t h e experim en tal c o n s ta n t s k2 =

0.000025, m = 0.4 3 and n = 0 .6 2 . A fte r care fu l a n a ly sis of t h e d a ta

in Fig. 3 .2 .4 , it is conclu ded t h a t t h e o t h e r two s a n d s p r e s e n te d in

t h e f i g u r e a r e also d e s c r ib e d s a tis fa c to rily by th e same p a r a m e te r s .

T h e r e f o r e t h e re la tio n s h ip :
 147

( o r ) 1_0*43
E = ---------------------------------------- — ( 3 .2 .2 4 )
0 .4 3 * 0 .000025(oy o )0 •6 2 - 0 ' 43

w as also a d o p te d h e re for all case h is to ry a n aly se s p erfo rm e d in

C h ap ter 5, as well as for th e p a ra m e tric s tu d y p erfo rm e d in th e

following c h a p t e r .

3 .2 .7 E n e rg y T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a ry

The assum p tion of in fin ite r ig id ity at th e base of th e soil

d e p o s it, w h e re th e in p u t motion is p r e s c r i b e d , does n ot allow an y

energy of th e v ib r a t in g soil d e p o s it to ra d ia te back into th e

u n d e r ly in g medium. A simple m ethod f o r includ in g th e e ff e c t of th e

fin ite r ig id ity of t h e b a s e m aterial is s u g g e s te d b y J o y n e r a n d Chen

(1975), and th is m ethod is in c o rp o ra te d into t h e DESRA-2/DESRAMOD

p ro g ra m .

The m ethod basically e v a lu a te s th e shear stre ss being

tr a n s m itt e d across th e boundary betw een th e soil d e p o s it an d th e

u n d e r ly in g medium. T h is u n d e r ly i n g medium is assum ed to b e elastic

and th e p r o p a g a tin g shear w aves are pla n e w aves tr a v e llin g

v e r tic a lly .
 148

T h e complete d eriv a tio n of th i s model is g iv e n in th e DESRA-2

manual a n d will not be r e p e a te d h e r e .

3 .3 Summary

In th is c h a p t e r , as well as t h r o u g h o u t t h e t e x t u p to now, t h e

c h a r a c te r i s t ic s an d cap abilities of th e basic method and c o m p u te r

p ro g ram DESRAMOD have been d e s c r ib e d . The method in c lu d es

a d e q u a te r e p r e s e n ta tio n of t h e horizontally la y e re d soil profile by a

lum ped p a ra m e te r mu Iti-d e g r e e - o f -f r e e d o m s y s te m , n on linear soil

stress-strain cyclic b e h a v io r, s tiff n e s s an d cyclic s t r e n g t h d e g ra d a tio n

c a u s e d b y p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n in t h e s a t u r a t e d sa n d la y e r s , a

co n ce p tu ally simple p o re pressure model based d ir e c tly on a very

c o n s is te n t la b o ra to r y u n d r a in e d t e s t in g procedure, app rox im ate

a c c o u n tin g of th e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p c au sed by seismic s h a k in g in

th e second horizontal d ir e c tio n , c o n tin u o u s dissipation and

r e d is trib u tio n of p o r e pressures, h y s te r e t ic and v is c o u s dam ping of

t h e soil material a n d , fin ally , options fo r rigid o r e la stic soil b a s e .

All t h e s e c h a r a c te r i s t ic s sho u ld no d o u b t make t h e DESRAMOD

a n a ly sis c ap a b le of r e p r o d u c in g q u ite well t h e field seismic co n d itio n s.

The case h is to ry a n a ly se s will confirm th a t la te r . However, th e

m ethod still h as s e v e ra l limitations. For exam ple, DESRAMOD, as well

as DESRA-2, does not in c lu d e a n y cyclic d e g r a d a tio n model f o r cla y s.

A lso, t h e p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e d issip atio n is only in t h e two v e rtic a l

d ir e c tio n s , u p w a rd s and d o w n w ard s. F u rth e r, th e acc o u n t f o r t h e

 149

seco n d horizontal com ponent of earth q u ak e ex citatio n is only

a p p ro x im a te . And finally , th e po re p r e s s u r e in crem en t is g e n e r a te d

afte r th e end of e v e r y half cycle d u r in g t h e u nloading p a r t of th e

stress-strain loop a n d is only a f te rw a rd s d istrib u ted o ver th e whole

cy cle.

All th e se limitations m u st be c o n s id e re d when e v a lu a tin g th e

outcome of a p a r ti c u la r DESRAMOD a n a ly s is . The proper

determ in atio n of soil s tif f n e s s , s tiffn e s s of th e base and la y erin g of

th e whole pro file also p lays a sig n ific a n t role in th e realistic

simulation of th e field seismic co n d itio n s. These and some o th e r

c o n s id e ra tio n s will be t r e a t e d in more detail in t h e following s ectio n ,

which exam ines th e s e n s itiv ity of th e method to v a ria tio n s in th e

d if f e r e n t in p u t p a r a m e te rs .
 150

“X

, rr^
w “ 2
J^ ' C» m+m

r 0
k' n w n ,
r * c. rtw ru
r * k.
W //////M '//W /sS/a w / as//* 'AAAAAAYAAAAAA,
Q n (t)

i = su b scrip t fo r the la y e r number (DESRA-2 accept up to 20 la y e r s but

f o r convenience only 4 are presented herein)

xi = absolu te displacement o f the 1-th mass

m^ = mass o f the 1-th la y e r

ki = nonlinear spring s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t o f the 1-th la y e r ,

ki - f ( y \ )

hi = h eigh t o f the 1-th la y e r

Fig. 3 .2 .1 Schem atic R e p re s e n ta tio n of th e Lumped-Mass

Mu Iti-D e g re e -o f-F re e d o m S ystem Employed in th e

DESRA-2/DESRAMOD A nalysis
 151

’mo

JOB.

I n i t i a l Loading
Backbone Curve

mo

Fig. 3 .2 .2 H yperbolic S tress-S train Relationship fo r Initial Loading

C u rv e ( a f te r K ond ner an d Zelasko, 1963)

 152

Backbone Curve •mt

GwfV

'mt

U n lo a d in g Curve

Fig. 3 .2 .3 H yperbolic S tre ss-S tra in Loop at Time t afte r Some

D eg rad atio n , C o n s tr u c te d Following t h e Masing C riterion

 153

Or
STRESS, O' (K sf)

>

/
o a

Ottava S
D r =44 ; n d - V

*J
(Bathia.1 980)
// !/,

/
EFFECTIVE

/ /
4
r%
^ """ ' / 7/

7
Monter e y No.O—*
l^ //
VERTICAL

Dr= 30%
/) (D
V n fl h1il|li « 1QQH ^ - 7
RU
'T /A - Cr stal Silica
)r=45 %
(Ma r t i n etal., 1975)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

REBOUND VOLUMETRIC STRAIN,6r (%)

Fig. 3 . 2 . 4 Rebound C h a r a c te r is tic s of T h r e e D iffe r e n t Sands

 CHAPTER 4

PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SOIL RESPONSE

4.1 G eneral

T his c h a p t e r exam ines th e p e rfo rm a n c e a n d s e n s itiv ity of th e

seism ic soil response co m p u ter p ro g ram DESRAMOD with respect to

v a r ia tio n s of t h e d if f e r e n t in p u t d a ta .

T h e in p u t d a ta fo r DESRAMOD c o n s is ts basically of t h r e e t y p e s

of inform ation: i) g eom etry of soil p ro file, ii) horizontal acceleratio n

time h is to r y in p u t a t t h e b a s e of t h e p ro file, inclu din g selection of

e i t h e r rigid o r e la stic b a s e , a n d iii) dynam ic soil material p r o p e r t i e s .

In p r a c t ic e , n o t all of them , b u t only some of t h e s e data a r e

u s u a lly exp licitly o b ta in ed from la b o ra to ry a n d field m easurem en ts an d

te stin g . It sh ould be also em phasized, t h a t c e r ta in information a r e

e x tre m e ly d iffic u lt, and sometimes p ra c tic a lly im possible to p ro v id e .

F or exam ple, t h e p r o p e r ti e s of t h e v e r y d e e p soil d e p o s its sometimes

cannot be e x p lo re d by con ven tional geo techn ical te c h n iq u e s and th e

acc elera tio n time h is to ry a t t h e d e p th of th e in p u t b a s e rock is almost

n e v e r available. T h e d a ta which are commonly p ro v id e d c o n s is ts of

th e geotech nical profile d e s c r ib e d to a limited depth, some soil

p r o p e r ti e s f o r all la y ers a n d o t h e r p r o p e r ti e s f o r only some selected

la y e r s . T h e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e r e s t of th e in p u t d a ta d e p e n d s to a

g r e a t e x t e n t on t h e e x p e rie n c e of t h e u s e r to ap p ro x im a te them from

t h e limited inform ation available. T h is in c lu d es selection of th e most

re a lis tic soil p rofile c o n fig u ra tio n , which m u st n o t exceed 20 la y e r s ,

154
 155

a s s e s s m e n t of unknow n dynam ic soil p r o p e r ti e s , unknow n p erm eability

co efficients a n d p o r e p r e s s u r e d issip atio n b o u n d a r ie s , selection of t h e

in p u t acceleratio n time h is to r y e tc .

T h e p a ra m e tric stu d y p resen te d h e re is in te n d e d to show t h e

influen ce of v a ria tio n s in t h e s e d if f e r e n t in p u t d a ta on th e overall

analytical r e s p o n s e of t h e soil profile calcu lated b y DESRAMOD. Such

stu d y s h o u ld help p r o v id e g u id e lin es on how to use th e p ro g ram

a p p r o p r ia te ly an d e ffic ien tly .

The stu d y was p erfo rm e d utilizing as a s t a r t i n g p o in t t h e soil

p ro files an d material p r o p e r ti e s a lre a d y u sed e a r lie r in t h e p relim in ary

DESRAMOD ca s e h is to r y a n a ly sis of th e liquefaction fa ilu r e at th e

H eber Road S ite (HRS) and p r e s e n te d e lsew h ere by V u cetic and

D obry (1986). D uring th e course of th a t p re lim in a ry w o rk , th e

e ff e c t on th e DESRAMOD o u t p u t of a nu m b e r of p a ra m e te r s had

a lre a d y b een n o ticed .

As an exam ple from th a t rep o rt, Fig. 4 .1 .1 and asso ciated

T ab le 4 .1 .1 shows how two d if f e r e n t p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p s can be

calcu la ted by DESRAMOD, in th e same sa tu ra te d sand d e p o s it

s u b je c te d to t h e same in p u t maximum a c c e le ra tio n , a = 0 .6 g , but

m3 x
u s in g two d i f f e r e n t acceleratio n time h is to rie s a n d b a s e ro ck b o u n d a r y

co n d itio n s.

In o r d e r to fully a p p r e c ia te t h e meaning of th is f i g u r e , as well

as to u n d erstan d th o s e p arts of t h e p a ra m e tric stu d y in which t h e

r e s u lt s from t h e p relim in ary HRS report are u tiliz e d , some g en era l

 156

inform ation on t h e HRS case h is to r y s tu d y are first g iv en below.

The same g e n e ra l inform ation p r e s e n te d here will be also used in

C h a p t e r 5, w h e re th e HRS c a s e h is to r y is more con clusively an a ly z e d .

B efore p resen tin g th is information h o w ev er, th e sequence

followed betw een t h e p re lim in a ry HRS case s t u d y (V ucetic an d D o b ry ,

1986) and th e p a ra m e tric stu d y given in th i s ch ap ter, and case

h is to r y ev aluation d e s c r ib e d in C h a p te r 5, m ust be c le a rly u n d e rs to o d

to avoid a n y po ssib le co n fu sio n . In th e p relim in ary s t u d y r e p o r t all

inform ation available on th e HRS case h is to r y was g ath ered and

a n a ly z e d . In th e same rep o rt, simplified analytical soil p ro file s,

o b ta in e d f o r th e Point B ar (PB ) and Channel Fill (CF) sa n d d e p o s its ,

w e re e x te n s iv e ly a n a ly z e d u s in g DESRA-2/DESRAMOD n o n d e g ra d in g

a n a ly se s (no p o re pressure g e n e ra tio n ) an d DESRAMOD d e g r a d in g

a n a ly se s (pore pressures g e n e r a te d on t h e b a s is of D o b ry 's m odel),

but w ith o u t p o re pressure d is s ip a tio n . In th e case h is to r y stu d y

p r e s e n te d in C hapter 5, on th e o th e r hand, th e same field and

la b o ra to r y r e s u lt s are used, as well as most of th e same in p u t

inform ation d e r iv e d e a r l ie r from t h e s e r e s u lt s . However, in th is final

s t u d y of t h e HRS liquefaction fa ilu r e , th e PB an d CF soil profiles a re

re fin e d based on th e additional te sts on sand from th e s ite (see

Section 2 .5 .2 ), on th e e x p e r ie n c e g a in ed d u rin g th e c o u r s e of th e

p relim in ary w o rk , and on th e con clusion s r e g a r d in g DESRAMOD

re a c h e d in t h e p a ra m e tric s t u d y co n d u c te d in th i s c h a p t e r . Also, in

C h a p t e r 5 p o re p r e s s u r e r e d is trib u tio n a n d d issip atio n a r e ta k e n into

 157

a c c o u n t.

T h e d etaile d location of t h e H eber Road s ite is specified in Fig.

4 .1 .2 , t o g e t h e r with t h e position of t h e e a r t h q u a k e e p ic e n te r a n d of

th e Imperial Fault which ru p tu red d u r in g th e 1979 Imperial Valley

earth q u ak e. T h e g eotechnical profile of t h e s ite is illu s tra te d in Fig.

4 .1 .3 , in which two d i f f e r e n t a d ja c e n t sa n d d e p o s its , d e n s e Point Bar

(PB) and loose C hannel Fill (C F ) , can be read ily no ticed. Cone

r e s is ta n c e and SPT v alu es a r e also inclu ded in t h e f ig u r e . On th e

b asis of th i s p ro file, p lo tte d by Youd and Wieczorek (1982), two

an alytical soil pro files w e re c o n s tr u c t e d for each one of th e two

locations: one 100 f t soil p ro file with a p e r fe c tly rigid in p u t b a s e ,

and t h e o t h e r p rofile with an e n e r g y tr a n s m ittin g b a s e a t 200 f t and

with a shear w ave v elo city of th e base, Vg = 1275 ft/se c

c o r r e s p o n d in g to a s h e a r , m odulus G _ = 6400 k s f .
mo
T h e two PB p ro files s tu d ie d b y V ucetic an d D obry (1986) a r e

p r e s e n t e d in Figs. 4 . 1 . 4 a n d 4 . 1 . 5 , an d t h e two CF p rofiles in Figs.

4 . 1 . 6 an d 4 . 1 . 7 . T h e PB a n d CF liquefiable s a t u r a t e d sa n d d e p o s its

specifically in v e s tig a te d , c o v e r la y e rs 5 to 8. T h is same p a r t of th e

soil p ro file, r e p r e s e n t in g th e liquefiable CF s a t u r a t e d sa n d d e p o s it,

betw een 6 an d 15 f e e t d e p t h s , is r e p r o d u c e d in Fig. 4 . 1 . 1 . In Figs.

4 .1 .4 to 4 . 1 . 7 th e basic in p u t d ata n eeded f o r DESRA-2/DESRAMOD

a n a ly se s a r e also listed f o r all la y e r s . T h e s e d a t a , an d t h e way th e y

w ere selec ted a r e d e s c r ib e d in more detail in C h a p t e r 5 a n d will not

be f u r t h e r d is c u s s e d h e r e in . It sho u ld b e only rem em bered t h a t all

 158

t h e s e data lis t e d , p lu s t h e v isc o u s damping X = 2%, have g e n e r a lly

been k e p t u n c h a n g e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r e s e n t p a ra m e tric s t u d y , u n le ss

o th e rw is e s ta te d .

In t h e p relim in ary s t u d y , as well as in th e ca se h is to r y s t u d y

in C h a p te r 5, th re e sp ecific accelero g ram s re c o r d e d a t th e s ta tio n s

su rro u n d in g th e HRS w ere c o n s id e re d as th e DESRA-2/DESRAMOD

base loading in p u ts . These are namely th e Calexico 225° (SW),

Holtville 225° (SW) a n d Meloland North acc e le ro g ra m s. T h e s e a r e th e

ho rizontal com ponents which contain th e maximum p e a k g r o u n d s u r f a c e

a c c e le ra tio n , a^, recorded at each of t h e t h r e e s ta tio n s , a n d th e y

a r e p r e s e n te d in Figs. 4 .1 .8 ( a ) , 4 .1 .9 (a ) an d 4 .1 .1 0 ( a ) re s p e c tiv e ly ,

while th e locations of th e re c o rd in g s ta tio n s are indicated in Fig.

4 .1 .2 . It m ust be em phasized th a t, p rio r to th e ir u se as in p u t,

th e se accelero gram s w e re scaled up or down to th e d e s ir e d peak

acceleratio n a , which in Fig. 4 .1 .1 h a p p e n s to b e 0 .6 g .

ma x
In th e r e s u lts of t h e two DESRAMOD c o m p u ter runs in Fig.

4 . 1 . 1 , t h e v e rtic a l e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s , a = a - u , is p lo tted rath e r

v vc r
th a n t h e p o re p r e s s u r e u r> In t h e s e r u n s , p o re p r e s s u r e b u ilt up

d u r i n g s h a k in g b u t w ith no d issip atio n n o r r e d is trib u tio n allowed, and

th u s u r always in c re a s e s o r s ta y s c o n s ta n t with time (o^ d e c r e a s e s ) .

It m u st be m entioned th a t both p ro g ra m s DESRA-2 and DESRAMOD

c a n n o t han d le t h e u = a , i.e . o = 0 (initial liq u e fa c tio n ). Thus

r vc v
a limiting value of s lig h tly la r g e r th a n z e ro had to b e sp e c ifie d ,

a t which time liquefaction is said to h av e o c c u r r e d at t h a t p o in t; in

 159

Fig. 4 .1 .1 , th i s limit is o = 0 .0 5 o , c o r re s p o n d in g to u = 0 .9 5
v vc r
o
vc
D espite t h e identical dynam ic soil p r o p e r ti e s of t h e s a n d la y ers

examined and th e same in p u t a , th e d if f e r e n c e betw een t h e two

11 l o X

re s p o n s e s p r e s e n te d in Fig. 4 .1 .1 is e x t r a o r d i n a r y . Case (a) u sin g

t h e Holtville a cc elero g ram and a rigid base ro c k , shows liquefaction

only at la y e r 6, a n d som ew here b etw een 20 an d 25 seco n d s a re

n eeded f o r it to o c c u r . In case ( b ) , u sin g th e Calexico accelerogram

and an elastic b a s e ro c k , liquefaction occurs some time b e fo re 15

seco n d s of g ro u n d s h a k in g in la y ers 7 an d 8, while in la y e r 6 t h e

p o re p ressure b u ild u p is much slow er. In o r d e r to g e t a b e t t e r

in s ig h t into t h e m echanics of t h e p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n d e s c r ib e d

ab o v e, t h e maximum p o re p r e s s u r e s d ev elo p ed in d if f e r e n t la y ers in

t h e s e two co m puter r u n s , a r e listed in T a b le 4 .1 .1 t o g e t h e r with t h e

maximum seismic s h e a rstra in s, TS , c alcu la ted in t h e same la y e r s .

pa
T h is ta b le clearly d e m o n s tra te s th e intim ate relation betw een seismic
I
s tr a i n s and p o re pressures in th ese DESRAMOD a n a ly s e s . The

maximum normalized p o re p r e s s u r e s , in la y e r 6 f o r c a s e (a) an d in

la y e rs 7 a n d 8 f o r c a s e ( b ) , c o r re s p o n d to th e la r g e s t c o rr e s p o n d in g

maximum seismic s h e a r s t r a i n s calcu lated within t h e d e p o s it.

As it will be shown soon in th is c h a p e r , as well as la te r in t h e

ca se s tu d ie s , t h e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e tw o plots in Fig. 4 .1 .1 is

caused by th e jo in t c o n trib u tio n of s e v e ra l f a c to r s affectin g th e

DESRAMOD dynam ic response. Most of th e se f a c to r s are th e re fo re

 160

sy stem a tica lly an aly zed th r o u g h o u t th is ch ap ter. Section 4 .2

d is c u s s e s th e influence of th e in p u t acceleration time h is to r y . Section

4 .3 s tu d ie s t h e e ffe c t of t h e soil profile c o n fig u ra tio n . Section 4 .4

com pares re s p o n s e s u sin g a rigid and an energy tr a n s m ittin g

boundary. Section 4 .5 v e rifie s th e in fluen ce of two d irec tio n a l

sh a k in g a n d p o re p r e s s u r e r e d is trib u tio n and d is s ip a tio n . Section 4 .6

s tu d ie s t h e e ffe c t of specimen d e n s ity an d sample d i s t u r b a n c e , while

Section 4 .7 fo cu ses on t h e influ en ce of t h e a d d e d v isco u s d am p in g.

 161

T ab le 4 . 1 . 1 Summary o f DESRAMOD A n a ly s e s P r e sen te d in Fig. 4 . 1 . 1

Maximum
Max. Seismic Normalized
Strain Residual
Case Accelerogram Layer
v%
) Pore Pressure, ur*

5 0.034 0.31
6 0.724 0.95*
(a) H oltville
225° 7 0.489 0.70
8 0.656 0.47

5 0.023 0.0 4
6 0.053 0.61
(b) Calexico
7 0.659 0.95*
22 5°
8 1.248 0.95*

* _
ur = 0.9 5 av(. s i g n i f i e s i n i t i a l l i q u i f a c t i o n .
 162

Input: H o ltv ille A ccelerogram ,

amax “ 8> a t R i g id Base R°cR

LAYER 5
LIQUEFACTION

LAYER 6
iscec. Spssc.
a
a
a.4> “ I------- LAYER 7

12.5'
in

ISO'
200 400 800 1000 1200

E ffectiv e V ertical Stress 0- » ovc - u r ( p s f )

Input: Calexico Accelerogram

amax ’ 0.6 g, a t E la stic Base Rock

6 .0 ‘
LAYER 5
7.5'
SOtoss SEC.
LAYER 6

IOO'
8 SEC.
LAYER 7
LIQUEFACTION
12.5'

LAYER

15.0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
E ffective V ertical S tre ss, o ^VC " Sy (psf)

Fig. 4 .1 .1 Comparison of E ffectiv e V ertical S tr e s s D ecrease with

Time due to Pore P ressure B uildup O b tain ed by

DESRAMOD in t h e HRS CF S a tu r a t e d S and D eposit fo r

Two D iffe re n t I n p u ts (V ucetic an d D o b ry , 1986)

 163

UgHggj J a o /n ^ W g /j J

T14*

L'il.__
| R COUNTY

Q Heber Road S ite

IB Surround .ng Accelerograph
Stations considered in the present
£ study
Q Symbols rtiich do not pertain to
q the pres mt study

3 0 K ILO M BTCN S

Fig. 4 .1 .2 Location of H eb er Road Site and S u r r o u n d in g R ecording

S tations (USGS P rofessional P ap er 1254, 1982)

 164

M IU . HOLM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6

A R W I & A t.W lU (S/W D )

channel rn t*
IN MEIERS
DEPTH

C h a n n e l fill, s a n d

L a v a e a n d o v erb an k sa n d ;

P o in t> b a r s a n d

7 Standard penetration
A rtific ia l fill, s a n d resistance, in Mows
per foot
Other sand [ u l i t y ham m ar)

Clay and silt

Fig. 4 . 1 . 3 H eber Road Site Soil Profile (Youd and W ieczarek, 1982)
 165

DEPTH THICK­ NO. OF UNIT SHEAR MAXIMUM MAXIMUM

NESS LAYER WEIGHT WAVE SHEAR SHEAR
VELOCITY MODULUS STRESS
(^ o ) (V,) ( G m o x ) (T m o x )
ft. ft. pcf fps ksf psf
• 0.0 0.5 i
--------- T 7 T T - V ---------- r - 250.0 243.0 126.0
260.0 263.0 137.0
125.0
6 0 3.0 4 350.0 476.0 2 4 3 .0

7 5 1.5 5 640.0 1 5 9 1 . .0 1448.0

9 5 2.0 6 1 615.0 1469.0 1337.o
1.1 5 2.0 7 1 125.0 540.0 1133.0 1031.0
13 .5 2.0 1 510.0 1010.0 914.0

20.0 6.5 9 125.0 450.0 735.0 408.0

2 .0 3.0 10 125.0 530.0 1090.0 567.0

27.0 11
125.0 590.0 1352.0 703.0

50.0

50.0 12 125.0 760.0 2244.0 1167.0

100.0

BASE ROCK p = 4 .0 4 Ibm n o .o V ERY vr.RY

LARGE LARGE

F ig. 4 .1 .4 Point Bar Analytical Soil Profile with Rigid B ase at 100 ft

Depth
 166

DEPTH THICK­ NO. OF UNIT SHEAR MAXIMUM MAXIMUM

N E SS LAYER WEIGHT WAVE SHEAR SHEAR
VELOCITY MODULUS ST R E SS
( yfo) (V 8 ) (G m o x ) ( r m o x )

ft. ft. - pcf fp s k sf p sf

..... O' <5.3 i
250.0 243.0 126.0
i .u 1.5 125.0 260.0 263.0 137.0
6.0 3.0 4
350.0 476.0 248.0
500.0 971.0 505.0
7.5 1.5 5 640.0 1591.0 1448.0
9.! 2.0 6 615.0 1469.0 1337.0
ll'.T 2.0 7 125.0 540.0 1133.0 1031.0
li.! 2.0 8 510.0 1010.0 919.0
20. 6.5 9 125.0 450.0 785.0 408.0

23.0 3.0 10 125.0 530.0 1090.0 567.0

27.0
11
125... 590.0 1352.0 703.0

50.0

50.0 12
125.0 760.0 2244.0 1167.0

100.0

100.0 13
125.0 1090 4616.0 2400.0

200.0
////7 7 7 7 7 /7 7 7 7 7 7 7 > 130.0 1275.0 6567.0
BASE ROCK fi=4.04 Ibm
. 4 . 1 . 5 Point B ar A nalytical Soil Profile with Elastic Base ( E n e rg y

T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a ry ) a t 200 f t Depth

 167

DEPTH THICK­ NO. OF UNIT SHEAR MAXIMUM MAXIMUM

NESS LAYER WEIGHT WAVE SHEAR SHEAR
VELOCITY MODULUS STRESS
( yto) (V9) ( Gmax ) ( T»n«)
ft. ft. - pcf fps ksf psf
o .. 0.5 -------- 1 _ . _

3.0 1.5 3 200.0

408.0 650.0 338.0
^7 fin t n 125.0 425.0 700.0 364.0
7 5 1.5 5 426.0 710.0 370.0
430.0
10. 0 2.5 6 431.0 725.0 435.0
12.5 2.5 7 125.0 433.0 734.0 440.0
461.0
15.0 2.5 8 J
5.0 9 125.0 450.0 768.0 408.0
20.0
23 .0 3.0 10 125.0 575.0 1283.0 667.0

27.0 11 125.0 590.0 1352.0 703.0

50 .0

125.0 760.0 2244.0 1167.0

50.0 12

100.0
130.0 VERY VERY
BASE ROCK p =4.04 Ibrn LARGE LARGE

Fig. 4 . 1 . 6 C hannel Fill A nalytical Soil Profile with Rigid B ase at 100

f t Depth
 168

DEPTH THICK­ NO. OF UNIT SHEAR MAXIMUM MAXIMUM

NESS LAYER WEIGHT WAVE SHEAR SHEAR
VELOCITY MODULUS STRESS
( yto) (V.) ( Gmox) ( Tmox)
ft. ft. - pcf fps ksf psf
0.5 i
320 .0 400.0 208.0
3. 0 1.5 3 408 .0 650.0 338.0
4 125.0 425 .0 700.0 364.0
X
V 7 6 n 426 .0 710.0 370.0
7.5 1.5 5 429 .0 718.0 430.0
10.0 2.5 6 431 .0 725.0 435.0
12.5 2.5 7 125.0 433 .0 734.0 440.0
14.C 2.5 8 443 .0 763.0 461.0
.
5.0 9 125.0 450.0 786.0 408.0
20.0
23.0 3.0 10 125.0 575.0 1283.0 667.0

27.0 11 125.0 590.0 1352.0 703.0

50.0

50.0 12 125.0 760.0 2244.0 1167.0

100.0

100.0 13 125.0 1090.0 4616.0 2400.0

200.0
130.0 1275.0 6567.0
BASE ROCK p = 4 .0 4 Ibm

Fig. 4 .1 .7 C hannel Fill A nalytical Soil Profile with Elastic Base

( E n e r g y T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a ry ) a t 200 f t Depth

 169

HORIZONTAL 225

IS W) 20.00 25.00 30.00 35 00 40.00

T m L (S L C )

HORIZONTAL 315

'J.0Q *00 IS 90 20.00 25.00 30.0U 35.00 40 00

TTM L (S L C )

Fig. 4 . 1 . 8 Calexico Horizontal A ccele r o g r a m s, 1979

 170

HORIZONTAL 225

*(i 00 5 00 10 00 IS 00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

HORIZONTAL 315

■. UU 5 uO 10 00 IS 00 20 00 2S 00 30.00 35 (JO 40.00

r I ml (see)

Fig. 4 . 1 . 9 Holtville Horizontal A c celerogram s, 1979

 171

O' HORIZONTAL NORTH

8.00 16.00 24.00 32.00 48.00 56.00 64.00

TIME (SEC)

Of
H O R IZ O N T A L W EST
ACCELERATION

24.00 32.00 40.00 48.90 64 00

TIHE (SEC)

Fig. 4 . 1 . 1 0 Meloland O v e r c r o s s in g (G round) Horizontal A c celerogram s,

1979
 172

4 .2 I n p u t Acceleration Time H isto ry

Both th e s tif f e r PB and s o f te r CF soil profiles in Figs. 4 . 1 . 4 to

4 .1 .7 , are an aly zed h e r e , s u b je c te d to th re e d if f e r e n t in p u t

a c c e le ra tio n s re c o rd e d a t t h e s ta tio n s s u r r o u n d in g HRS a n d p r e s e n te d

in Figs. 4 .1 .8 (a ), 4 .1 .9 (a ) and 4 .1 .1 0 (a ), (Calexico 225°, Holtville

225°, a n d Meloland N a c c e le ro g ra m ).

The soil p ro files w ere an aly zed f i r s t b y u sin g DESRAMOD with

pore p ressu re g e n e ra tio n but w ith o u t allowing d is s ip a tio n . T hree

s e r ie s of DESRAMOD runs w ere p erform ed on each of th e se fo u r

pro files b y usin g as in p u t th e t h r e e acc elera tio n time h is to rie s

m entioned ab o v e. In each s e r i e s , t h e in p u t accelero g ram was scaled

up o r down to make its maximum p e a k acc elera tio n , a , equal to a

ma x

p r e d e te r m in e d value ra n g in g betw een a b o u t 0 .2 g a n d 1 .0 g.

T h e r e s u lts of t h e s e dynam ic an aly se s a r e sum m arized in T able

4 .2 .1 for th e PB soil profile a n d in T able 4 . 2 . 2 f o r t h e CF. Four

calcu la ted p a ra m e te rs which are believed to re fle c t sig n ifican tly th e

dynam ic soil p rofile response w ere e x t r a c te d from th e o u tp u t

inform ation and a re in clud ed in th e se ta b le s : p eak ground s u r fa c e

a c c e le ra tio n , a , maximum s h e a r s tr a i n , ? , maximum s h e a r s t r e s s ,

p3 pa

t , all f o r th e whole sa n d d e p o s it, and maximum p o r e p r e s s u r e s in

pa
th e d if f e r e n t sand la y e r s . C arefu l an aly sis of th e se d ata yielded

s e v e ra l im portant conclusions r e g a r d i n g t h e soil p ro file re s p o n s e .

 173

For d iff e r e n t acceleration in p u ts , g iv e n t h e same soil profile and

th e same v alu e of a , each of t h e s e p a ra m e te r s including seismic

md x
s tr a i n s an d p o re pressures, can be q u it e d if f e r e n t. T h is is

re a s o n a b le , ta k in g into acc o u n t t h a t d if f e r e n t r e c o rd s h ave d if f e r e n t

f r e q u e n c y c o n te n ts a n d hence d if f e r e n t a s s o c ia te d n u m b ers of cycles

e x h ib ite d for a giv en time of earth q u ak e s h a k in g . It can be

c o n clu ded h e r e t h a t t h e selection of in p u t acceleratio n reco rd is q u ite

cru cial when u sin g DESRAMOD. H ow ever, th e exact in p u t, as

e x p lain ed e a r lie r , is almost n e v e r available. T herefore, in a sp ecific

application of DESRAMOD, s e v e ra l a p p r o p r ia te re c o rd s should b e u sed

as in p u t, a n d a p a ra m e tric s t u d y similar to t h a t d o n e h e re should be

p e rfo rm e d .
4-

As e x p e c te d , th e values of % , x , and p o re pressure

pd pd

c o n s is te n tly in c re a s e with in c re a s in g a„ of th e in p u t. On th e
max
o t h e r h a n d , alth o u g h a slowly in c re a s e s as a in c re a s e s from 0.1
pa max
g an d 0 .8 g , a n e v e r becomes la r g e r th a n 0.21 g ( s e e Fig. 4 . 2 . 1 ) .
pa
T h e s e low valu es of a can be ex p lain ed in p a r t by yielding of th e
pa
sand la y e rs at h ig h e r a_ . T his is shown by th e co rrelatio n
max
betw een a and Z o b ta in ed from t h e PB an d CF re s p o n s e r e s u lts
p3 pd
and p r e s e n te d in F igs. 4 .2 .2 an d 4 .2 .3 , re s p e c tiv e ly . It can be

n o ticed , t h a t a in c re a s e s monotonically with Z up to Z _ = 0 .0 5 to

pa ' p a pa
0.1%, which ro u g h ly c o r r e s p o n d s to a pg = 0 .2 g (a n d to xpa = 250 to

300 psf; se e T ab les 4 .2 .1 an d 4 .2 .2 ). Beyond th is p o in t, Z

pa
s u d d e n ly in c re a s e s to very la rg e v a lu e s while a pa a n d xpg remain
 174

p ra c tic a lly c o n s ta n t . In o th e r w o rd s, once v e r y la rg e s tr a i n s develop

w ithin th e p ro file, th e p eak ground s u r fa c e acceleration s to p s

in c re a s in g an d s ta y s a t a pg = 0 .2 g . T h is is c learly rela ted to t h e

yield in g asso c ia te d to th e h y p erb o lic s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d b e h a v io r

assum ed for th e sand, an d is to a la rg e e x t e n t co ntro lled by th e

d e g r e e of m odulus d e g ra d a tio n ex h ib ite d as p o re p r e s s u r e s build up

in t h e soil.

As t h e v alu es of a and t a re also closely c o r r e la te d (a n d

pa pa
in f a c t could b e e x p e c te d to be ap p ro x im ately pro p o rtio n al to each

o th e r in a n o n d e g r a d in g a n a l y s i s ), Figs. 4 .2 .2 and 4 . 2 .3 cru dely

mimick t h e h y p e rb o lic s t r e s s - s t a i n b a c k b o n e c u r v e f o r th e soil u sed in

DESRAMOD, if t h e a axis in th e f ig u r e s is assum ed to s ta n d for

pa
t T herefore, it is e v id e n t t h a t th e m agnitu de of a is closely
pa pa
r e la te d to t h e level of seismic s t r e s s e s an d s tr a i n s developed within

t h e soil profile.

The influence of modulus d e g ra d a tio n on th ese r e s u lts was

f u r t h e r exam ined by p erform in g n o n d e g ra d in g a n a ly s e s u sin g t h e same

in p u t accelero gram s an d identical p ro file s. These a n a ly se s did not

in c lu d e p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n no r modulus d e g ra d a tio n in t h e soil

a n d , th e r e f o r e much sm aller s h e a r s t r a i n s , Z , and la r g e r valu es of

pa
a w ere e x p e c te d . T h e dynam ic re s p o n s e re su lts, summarized f o r
pa
th e PB profile co n fig u ra tio n in T able 4 . 2 .3 an d fo r th e CF

co n fig u ra tio n in T ab le 4 .2 .4 , show indeed much sm aller calcu lated

v alu es of Z , a n d g e n e ra lly somewhat la r g e r v alu es of p e a k ground

r
 175

s u r fa c e a c c e le ra tio n s . However, th ese v alu es of a are still small

pa
an d do not ex ee d a b o u t 0 .2 to 0 .2 5 g . T h e c o rrelatio n betw een a „
max
an d a^ a o b ta in ed in t h e s e n o n d e g r a d in g a n aly se s is p r e s e n te d in Fig.

4 .2 .4 , which shows again a v e r y poor t r e n d of a in c re a s in g with

pa
in c re a s in g a M oreover, th e tre n d is even less c le a r and
ma x
c o n s is te n t th a n th a t p re v io u s ly fo u n d in th e d e g r a d in g a n a ly sis .

A gain, th e reason for a not exce ed in g a b o u t 0 .2 to 0 .2 5 g , is

pa
believed to b e , in p a r t , t h e yield in g of th e soil som ew here within th e

soil profile.

T h is co rrelatio n betw een small a v alu es and la rg e yielding

som ew here w ithin t h e soil p ro file, is f u r t h e r exam ined in th e following

section. A n o th e r f a c to r fo u n d to influence t h e s e small valu es of a

pa
is th e u s e o f a rela tiv e ly high viscous dam ping, X^, ta k e n in all

a n aly se s d e s c r ib e d abo ve as equal to 2%. T h e e f fe c t of d e c re a s in g

t h e v iscous dam ping on th e DESRAMOD re s p o n s e a n d on a is th e

pa
s u b je c t o f Section 4 .7 .
 176

T able 4 . 2 . 1 Summary of DESRAMOD D e g r a d in g A n a ly s e s of Point Bar

Soil Profile

INPUT OUTPUT

Location and Input Peak A ccelerat. Max. Max Depth of Time of Maximum normalized L iquefaction
Typo of Input A cceler. a t th e top s u r­ Shear Shear Max Max pore p re ssu re In obtained
Scaling fa c e lay er S tra in S tra ts Shear Shear la y e r no.
S train S train

5 6 7 8

- •max •pa Tpa Tpa - - u* -

■ 9 rp s /s 9 I psf TF- sec * *

(1) (2) (3) (♦) (5) («) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

M L 0 L A 10 ACCELERATION DEI 0 R 0 INPUT

At rig id rock 1.0 6.48 0.20 0.046 304 5 .2 0 0 0.03 0.54 NO

base a t 100 f t 0 .8 5.96 0.19 0.041 278 5.6 0 0 0.03 0.33 NO
O.S 5.51 0.17 0.038 267 4.5 0 0 0.03 0.25 NO
0 .4 5.03 0.16 0.032 239 12.5 4.9 0 0 0 0.12 NO
0 .2 4.55 0.14 0.029 221 5.5 0 0 0 0.07 NO
0 .1 3.74 0.12 0.023 180 5 .4 0 0 0 0 NO

As e la s tic 1.0 5.42 0.17 0.034 253 5.3 0 0 0 0.16 NO

rock base a t 0.8 4.99 0.15 0.032 237 5.3 0 0 0 0.11 NO
{00 f t 0.6 4.77 0.15 0.029 225 12.5 4.5 0 0 0 0.003 NO
0 .4 4.50 0.14 0.027 213 4.5 0 0 0 0.003 NO
0 .2 3.97 0.12 0.023 189 5.0 0 0 0 0 NO

h o l t v i l l e AC C E L E R A T I 0 N R E CORO I N PUT

At rig id 1.0 6.24 0.19 0.096 296 32.8 0 0 0.13 0.88 NO

rock 0.6 6.85 0.21 0.056 319 12.5 6 .0 0 0 0.05 0.77 NO
b a te a t 0 .2 4.49 0.14 0.029 217 6.0 0 0 0 0.05 NO
100 f t .

At e la s tic 1.0 5.57 0.17 0.037 252 6.4 0 0 0 0.20 NO

rock base a t 0.6 4.89 0.15 0.032 232 12.5 6.3 0 0 0 0.09 NO
200 f t . 0.2 3.67 0.11 0.022 170 6 .2 0 0 0 0 NO

C AL E X I C0 ACCELERATION RECORD INPUT

At rig id 1.0 7.96 0.25 2.144 271 11.8 0 0 0.45 0.97 YES
rock base 0.8 5.58 0.17 1.290 260 11.8 0 0 0.07 0.97 YES
a t 100 f t 0.6 5.06 0.16 1.500 243 12.5 16.8 0 0 0 0.97 YES
0 .4 4.51 0.14 0.260 217 33.0 0 0 0 0.95 YES
0 .2 3.90 0.12 0.235 189 6.6 n 0 0 0 NO

At e la s tic 1.0 5.22 0.16 0.736 238 16.3 0 0 0 0.96 YES

rock 0 .8 4.85 0.15 0.446 226 33.3 0 0 0 0.95 YES
base a t 0.6 4.46 0.14 0.028 212 12.5 10.9 0 0 0 0.18 NO
200 f t 0.4 4.09 0.13 0.025 197 7.0 0 0 0 0.02 NO
0 .2 3.27 0.10 0.019 158 6.9 0 0 0 - 0 NO
 177

T ab le 4 .2 .2 Summary of the DESRAMOD D egrad in g A n a ly se s of

Channel Fill Soil Profile

INPUT OUT P UT

Location and Input Peak A ccelarat. Hax. Max Depth of Time of Maximum normalized L iquefaction
Type o f input A cceler. a t th e top su r­ Shear Shear Max Max pore p re ssu re in obtained
Scaling face la y e r S train S tress Shear Shear la y e r no.
S tra in S tra in

5 6 7 8

- • *max a pa Tpa Tpa - - u* -

- 9 fp s /s 9 I psf ft sac - -

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (ID (12) (13)

ELOLANO A C C E L E R A T I ON RECORO INPUT

At r ig id rock 1.0 6.51 0.20 0.748 336 9 .9 0.22 0.95 0.76 0.65 YES
Oaso a t 100 f t 0.8 6.00 0.19 0.235 309 10.6 0.19 0.50 0.59 0.57 NO
0.4 5.71 0.18 0.100 260 13.75 8 .0 0.08 0.20 0.41 0.43 NO
0.2 4.57 0.14 0.082 243 5 .5 0.02 0.12 0.26 0.42 NO

At t i a s t i c 1.0 5.63 0.17 0.129 280 9 .9 0.06 0.34 0.45 0.53 NO

rock b a st 0.6 4.87 0.15 0.077 247 13.75 4 .6 0.02 0.15 0.32 0.25 NO
200 f t . 0.2 3.97 0.12 0.052 208 5 .0 0 0.06 0.15 0.21 NO

H0 LTVILLE ACCELERATION RECORD N P UT

At r ig id 1.0 6.65 0.21 7.650 280 9 .2 0.31 0.59 0.50 0.95 YES
rock 0.8 6.06- 0.19 2.062 269 7 .2 0.31 0.95 0.58 0.57 YES
base a t 0.6 5.71 0.18 0.656 278 13.75 7 .2 0.31 0.95 0.70 0.47 YES
100 f t . 0.4 5.76 0.18 0.358 268 6 .8 0.13 0.96 0.88 0.58 YES
0 .2 4.55 0.14 0.330 241 16.1 0.03 0.18 0.95 0.95 YES

At e la s tic 1.0 5.30 0.16 0.130 273 6 .6 0.06 0.36 0.72 0.42 NO
rock base a t 0.8 5.29 0.16 0.190 268 13.75 17.3 0.06 0.29 0.51 0.59 NO
200 f t . 0.6 5.04 0.16 0.144 256 17.4 0.06 0.19 0.60 0.67 NO
0.4 4.88 0.15 0.166 243 17.4 0.03 0.12 0.40 0.85 NO

C ALEXICO ACCELERATION RECORD NP UT

At rig id 1.0 5.81 0.18 3.788 262 7.9 0.51 0.95 0.96 0.95 YES
rock base 0.8 5.66 0.18 2.690 255 7.9 0.32 0.96 0.95 0.96 YES
a t 100 f t 0.6 5.16 0.16 1.769 2S1 13.75 7.9 0.12 0.96 0.95 0.96 YES
0.4 4.60 0.14 1.420 229 11.7 0.06 0.96 0.96 0.96 YES
0.2 3.98 0.12 0.969 208 11.6 0 0.09 0.95 0.96 YES

At e la s tic 1.0 5.16 0.16 1.562 245 6 .0 0.19 0.94 0.95 1.05 YES
rock 0.8 4.91 0.15 1.512 239 11.9 0.06 0.92 0.95 0.95 YES
base a t 0.6 4.56 0.14 1.248 228 13.75 11.9 0.03 0.61 0.95 0.96 YES
200 f t 0.4 4.21 0.13 0.760 216 11.8 0 0.16 0.95 0.96 YES
0.2 3.34 0.10 0.039 174 6.9 0 0 0.09 0.30 NO
 178

T ab le 4 2 . 3 Summary of DESRA-2 N o n d egrad in g A n a ly s e s of Point

Bar Soil Profile

INPUT OUTPUT

Location Input Ptak A c c tltr. Max Max Oepth of Tlmt of

and typo A c c tltr. o f t h t Top SNtar S h tar Max. Shtar Max. S htar
o f Input sca lin g S u rfa ct Laytr S tratn S tre s s S tra in S tra in

■ •max •pa Tpa Tpa * ■

- g fp s /s 9 * psf ft s tc

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (S) (7) (8)

MELOLAND ACCELERATION RECORD INPUT

0.8 5.90 0.183 0.039 278 5.14

At rig id 0.7 5.66 0.176 0.037 264 5.15
b a it at 0.6 5.66 0.176 0.037 267 12.5 4.45
100 f t O.S 5.09 0.158 0.033 247 4.42
0.4 5.03 0.156 0.032 239 4.87
0.3 5.21 0.162 0.032 240 4.84
0.2 6.57 0.204 0.043 294 5.37

0.8 5.08 0.158 0.032 237 5.27

At a l a i t l c O.S 4.55 0.141 0.028 219 12.5 4.53
b a it at 0.2 3.97 0.123 0.023 188 4.97
200 f t

HOLTVILLE ACCELERATION RECORD INPUT

At rig id 0 .8 6.03 0.187 0.040 282 6.21

bast at 0.6 7.32 0.227 0.054 341 12.5 7.70
LOO f t 0.4 5.80 0.180 0.037 266 6.75
0.2 4.49 0.139 0.028 217 6.04

0.8 5.12 0.159 0.033 243 6.32

At t l a s t l c 0.5 4.73 0.147 0.030 226 12.5 6.26
b ast a t 0.3 4.38 0.136 0.026 206 6.93
200 f t

CALEXICO ACCELERATION RECORD INPUT

At rig id 0 .8 5.69 0.177 0.038 268 10.77

bast at O.S 4.78 0.148 0.030 230 12.5 6.88
100 f t 0.3 4.20 0.130 0.026 202 6.88

At t l a s t l c 0 .8 4.80 0.149 0.029 224 5.98

bast at 0.6 4.38 0.136 0.027 212 12.5 6.99
200 f t 0.4 4.08 0.127 0.025 197 6.97
0.2 3.24 0.101 0.019 156 6.93
 179

T a b le 4 .2 .4 Summary of the DESRA-2 N on d egrad in g A n a ly se s of

Channel Fill Soil Profile

INPUT OUTPUT

lo c a tio n Input Ptak A c c tltr. Nax Max Otpth of Time of

and typa A c c tltr. of t h t Top Shear Shear Max. S htar Max. Shtar
o f Input scalin g S u rfa ct Laytr S train S tress S train S train

•max •pa Tpa Tpa ■ -

- 9 fp s /s 9 t psf ft sec

(1) (2) (3) («) (S) («) (7) (8)

MELOLANO ACCELERATION RECORD INPUT

O.S 6.0 0.19 0.12 310 5.17

At rig id 0.7 5.6 0.18 0.106 294 5.16
b a it at 0.6 5.5 0.17 0.093 281 13.75 4.43
100 f t . O.S 5.12 0.16 0.087 272 4.41
0.4 6.12 0.19 0.12 312 5.68
0.3 5.32 0.17 0.078 262 4.86
0.2 7.0 0.22 0.15 328 5.39

_
At t l a s t l c 0.8 5.11 0.16 0.079 262
b ast at O.S 4.61 0.14 0.066 241 13.75 -
200 f t 0.2 4.10 0.13 0.05 209

HOLTVILLE ACCELERATION RECORD INPUT

At rig id 0.8 6.2 0.19 0.13 313 6.24

b ast at 0.6 5.9 0.18 0.11 301 13.75 7.15
100 f t 0.4 5.92 0.18 0.10 290 6.77
0.2 4.50 0.14 0.065 239 6.02

0.8 7.97 0.25 0.23 366 7.98

At t l a s t l c O.S 4.83 0.15 0.07 248 13.75 6.27
b ast at 0.3 4.48 0.14 0.059 228 6.94
200 f t

CALEXICO ACCELERATION RECORD INPUT

At rig id 0.8 5.83 0.18 0.10 296 10.80

bast at O.S 4.93 0.15 0.075 257 13.75 6.88
100 f t 0.3 4.33 0.14 0.058 226 6.87

At t l a s t l c 0.8 5.14 0.16 0.071 249 10.90

b a st at 0.6 4.99 0.14 0.062 235 13.75 7.00
200 f t 0.4 4.14 0.13 0.053 217 6.97
0.2 3.30 0.10 0.038 173 6.93
 180

0.5
«e>. O Meloland Record
□ Holevilie Record Input at Rigid Rock Rase at 100 ft
A Calexico Record
0 Meloland Record
H H oltville Record Input a t E la stic Rock Rase a t 200 ft
A Colexico Record (Energy Transmitting Boundary)
0.3-

0 .2 -

fa I' •~ A
I '- A
i o.i

■— T - I I ■■ i
0.1 0.2 0.3 *04 OsT" 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Maximum Input Acceleration, amax (g)

0.5
O Meloland Record \
□ Holtville Record! Input a t Rigid Rock Base a t 100 f t
^ Calexico Record J
0.4 0 Meloland Record 1
■ H oltville Record! Input a t E la stic Rock Base a t 200 f t
A Calexico Record ) (Energy Transmitting Boundary)
0.3

0.2
|~ A 1
©~D 1
0.1 •

i 1 i i r ■ —" i i i 1 i
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 05 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Maximum Input Acceleration, anax(,<;)

Fig. 4 .2 .1 C orrelation Between Maximum In p u t A cceleration a and

ma x
Peak G rou nd S u rfa c e A cceleration a O b tained by DESRAMOD
pa

D egrading A n a ly s e s
 181

o
o
1.0 -

(0
a.
>-

CO.
u
N o t a ti o n f o r In p u t
u
a> 0.1-
<0
J2 o
CO M eloland i R ig id Base
o H o ltv ille V R o c k a t
o
S
CO
C a le x ic o >100 f t
•H M eloland I E l a s t i c
a>
co j r H o l t v i l l e > B a s e Rock
<0 C a le x ic o J a t 200 f t
a>
cu

0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Peak Ground S u r fa c e A c c e l e r a t i o n , Spa (g)

F ig. 4 .2 .2 C orrelatio n Between C alculated Peak G ro u n d S u rfa c e

A cceleration a an d Maximum Seismic S h e a r S tra in IT in th e PB

pa pa

S an d D eposit, as O b tain ed b y DESRAMOD D e g ra d in g A naly ses

 182

10.0-

1, 0 -

(Q
CL

CO
U

I
J-
CO 0.1
0)
sc
■

C/3 0 Meloland 1 R igid

o H o ltv ille j Base Rock
0 C a le x ic o 1 a t 100 f t
cEo
'H ▼ M eloland ) E la stic
v
CO ■ H o ltv ille r Base Rock
• C a le x ic o J a t 200 f t
m
0)
IX,

0.01' T T i T T
0.1 0.2 0.3 0 .4 0.5 0.6 0 .7
?eak Ground S u rfa c e A c c e l e r a t i o n , a p a (g)

Fig. 4 .2 .3 C orrelation Between C alcu lated Peak G ro u n d S u r fa c e

A cceleration a an d Maximum Seismic Shear S train 2f , in t h e CF

pa pa

S and D eposit as O b tained b y DESRAMOD D eg rad in g A nalyses

 183

-----------1-----------1-----------1-----------i-----------1-----------1-----------1-----------1-----------
Peak Ground Surface Acceleration, apa (g)

0.5 - -
O Meloland Record
□ Holtville
H o ltville " Input
Input at
at Rigid
Rigid Rock
Rock Base
Base aat t 100
100 f ft .t .
0.4-■ A Colexico "
9• Meloland
Meloland "
®
J Holtv
H o ltville
ille " Input
Input at
at EElalasstic
tic Rock
Rock Base
Base aat t 200
200 f t
0.3-• ^ Colexico
Colexico " (Energy Transmitting
(Energy Transmitting Boundary)
Boundary)

□
0.2-- O
0 § « O
© O S__
□
a 1a 2
a « *
A r
0.1 - - tI
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------
0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Maximum Input Acceleration, amax (g)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1----------
Peak Ground Surface Acceleration, apa (g)

0.5 - -
O Meloland Record _ _
□ Hooltv ille " Input at
Input at Rigid
Rigid Rock
Rock Base
Base at 100 ffr-
at 100 tt
□ H ltville
A Calexico
Calexico "
, --
0 4 0A Meloland "
|
B Holtville
H o ltville " Input
Input at
at EEla
lastic
stic Rock
Rock Base
Base aatt 200
200 f t
A Colexico
Colexico " (Energy Transmitting
(Energy Transmitting Boundary)
Boundary)

0.3 - -
■

• "A
a
8 a-* 0 ° S#~A
'* '
e
0.1 - ■ A

1 1 1 1 1 1— 1 1----------
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 03 0.6 0,7 0.8 0.9
Maximun Input Acceleration, aciax (g)

Fig. 4 .2 .4 C o rrelation Between Maximum In p u t Acceleration a an d

iT io X

Peak G ro u n d S u rf a c e A cceleration a o b ta in e d by DESRA-2

pa
N on degrad in g A n a ly sis
 184

4 .3 ’ Soil Profile C o nfig uration and S tiffn e ss D istrib u tio n

In DESRAMOD as well as DESRA-2, th e soil p ro file is

d is c r e tiz e d a n d t h e dynamic p r o p e r ti e s of t h e soil a r e c o n s ta n t within

a la y e r. H ow ever, in t h e actual field situ a tio n t h e v aria tio n of soil

p r o p e r ti e s is very often rath e r c o n tin u o u s along th e p ro file, and

th e r e f o r e th e approxim ation with th e lumped p a ra m e te r sy stem will

become more realistic as th e num ber of la y e rs in c re a s e s . O th e r

im p o rta n t c o n s id e ra tio n s fo r a more realistic d e s c r ip tio n of th e field

co n d itio n s are also t h e d e p th of t h e analytical profile and t h e need

for a smooth tr a n s itio n of th e s tif f n e s s d is tr ib u tio n to w a rd s th e

s tif f n e s s assum ed f o r th e b a s e . It seems reaso n ab le to assum e t h a t a

more g r a d u a l d is tr ib u tio n of s tif f n e s s to w a rd t h e b a s e will im prove t h e

analytical simulation.

H ow ever, t h e maximum nu m b e r of la y ers in DESRAMOD is limited

to 20. T herefore, in p ractical ap p lic a tio n s , th e geom etric

c o n f ig u r a tio n , s tiff n e s s d is tr i b u tio n , d e p th of t h e p ro file, and t y p e of

base m ust be c a re fu lly d efin e d in order to get a realistic soil

response.

C o n s e q u e n tly , in th is s e c tio n , th e e ffe c t of geom etric and

s tif fn e s s soil profile co n fig u ra tio n on th e re s p o n s e is exam ined by

s t u d y in g t h e com puted p eak g r o u n d s u r f a c e a c c e le ra tio n s , a The

pa
PB soil p ro file with a rigid base boundary at 100 f t , illu s tr a te d in

Fig. 4 . 1 . 4 , is selec ted f o r a p a ra m e tric s t u d y . T h e geo m etry of th is

 185

profile is f i r s t changed and th e n t h e s tif f n e s s of its lower p a r t is

g r a d u a lly in c re a s e d . T h e e ffe c t th is variation of s tif f n e s s has on th e

a v a lu e is th e n o b s e r v e d a n d d is c u s s e d . DESRAMOD n o n d e g ra d in g
pa
a n a ly se s a re p erfo rm e d , a n d on ly th e Calexico 225° acceleratio n re c o rd

scaled to amax = 0 .6 g is u sed as in p u t.

A lto g e th e r, te n d if f e r e n t c o n fig u ra tio n s (c a s e s ) of t h e PB soil

profile a r e exam ined in w h at follows, in cluding a com parison of two

p rofiles with d if f e r e n t geom etrical c h a r a c te r ic s an d a n o t h e r com parison

of n ine profiles with d if f e r e n t s tif fn e s s d is tr i b u tio n . In each sin g le

case, th e varia tio n sp ecified for t h e maximum m odulus, G , an d

mo
maximum shear stre ss,t , versus d e p th along th e p ro file is
mo
d if f e r e n t. The plots of G_ and t v ersus d e p th as well as
mo mo
summaries of t h e analytical in p u t and o u tp u t , a r e p r e s e n te d in

A p pendix F f o r t h e s e te n c a s e s . T h e a v e ra g e s tif f n e s s e s of C ases 1

an d 2 a r e ap p ro x im ately th e same, b u t t h e geom etries a r e d i f f e r e n t,

with th e lower p a r t of Case 2 p rofile having more la y ers th a n Case

1. C ases 2 to 9 h av e a common g eo m etry b u t d if f e r e n t d is tr ib u tio n s

of s tiff n e s s along th e lower part of t h e profile. The s tif f n e s s e s

g e n e ra lly in c re a s e from C ase 2 to C ase 10, as illu s tr a te d by th e

valu es of G in la y e r 18 listed in T ab le 4 . 3 . 1 . In fa c t, C ase 1

mo
profile is th e same profile a lre a d y p r e s e n te d in Fig. 4 . 2 . 6 . The

la y e rin g of C ases 2 to 10 was th e n o b ta in ed by s u b d iv id in g th e

tw elfth la y e r (low est 50 f t ) of C ase 1 into 5 la y e r s , a n d t h e elev en th

la y e r (27 f t th ic k ) into t h r e e la y e rs . T h e r e f o re , C ases 2 to 10 all

 186

have 18 la y ers a n d an identical g e o m e try , i . e . , identical la y e rin g .

Two of t h e G _ an d t p ro files a r e re p r o d u c e d in Figs. 4 .3 .1

mo mo ^
a n d 4 . 3 . 2 , c o r r e s p o n d in g to t h e " so ft" C a se 2 profile an d t h e "stiff"

C ase 10 p ro file, re s p e c tiv e ly . T h e d a ta p o in ts in th e f ig u r e s a re

located a t th e c e n t e r of t h e la y e r th e y c h a r a c te r i z e . T h erefo re, th e

co n n e c tin g of th e se d ata po in ts by stra ig h t lines is not e n tir e ly

co rrect, a n d is d o n e only to p r o v id e a b e t t e r visual image of t h e s e

G and t p ro file s. The a com puted f o r t h e te n c ases a r e listed

mo mo pa
in T ab le 4 .3 .1 : th e y ra n g e from 0 .1 6 to 0 .3 5 g with a g en era l

ten d ency to in c re a s e as t h e s tif f n e s s of t h e profile in c re a s e s (with

t h e ex ce p tio n of C ase 3 ) .

It is in t e r e s tin g to d is c u s s f i r s t t h e re s p o n s e of C ases 1 an d 2.

In C ase 2, as o p p o s e d to Case 1, th e s tiff n e s s g r a d u a lly in c re a s e s

with d ep th ; th a t is , th e g eo m etry of C ase 2 is more refin e d and

g iv e s a b ette r co n tin u o u s v a ria tio n of soil p r o p e r ti e s with d e p th .

How ever, a = 0 .1 6 to 0.1 7 g in both c ases (s e e T able 4 . 3 . 1 ) ; also

pa
t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g Z v e r s u s d e p th plots ( s e e Fig. 4 . 3 . 3 ) a r e q u ite
pa
sim ilar. T his sim ilarity in t h e r e s p o n s e of two geom etrically d if f e r e n t

p ro f ile s , a n d t h e low valu e of a , m ight b e a sso ciated with t h e fa c t

pa
t h a t in both p r o f ile s , re la tiv e ly la rg e seism ic s tr a i n s of t h e o r d e r of

0.35% o c c u r r e d along t h e rela tiv e ly s o ft bottom half of t h e profile,

t h e r e b y a t te n u a t in g t h e u p w ard p ro p a g a tio n of seismic w aves.

It is also u sefu l to com pare t h e r e s p o n s e of C ases 2 an d 6,

which h a v e t h e same nu m b e r of la y e rs (g eom etric c o n f ig u ra tio n s ) an d

 187

identical v a lu e s of G _ a n d t f o r t h e shallow er la y e rs 1 to 12, b u t

mo mo
with C ase 6 being much stiffe r in t h e bottom p a r t of th e p ro file.

A lthough a f o r C ase 6 is la r g e r (0 .2 2 g com p ared t o 0.1 7 g ) , t h e

pa
d iff e re n c e is not d ram a tic . T h is is d u e to th e fact th a t in both

cases la y e r 12 is y ie ld in g , with t / t = 0 .9 . H owever, th e

pa mo
d is tr i b u tio n of shear s tr a i n s with d e p th in Fig. 4 .3 .3 is very

d if f e r e n t b etw een th e two c a s e s . Due to its la r g e r s tif fn e s s in t h e

d e e p e r la y e rs C ase 6 d ev elo p s less s tr a in in la y e r 18, it allows more

w ave energy to be tra n s m itte d upw ards, and as a consequence

shallo w er la y e r 12 yields strain s la r g e r th a n in Case 2. A similar

com parison can be made f o r C ases 3 a n d 10, which also h av e identical

v alu es of G an d t in t h e shallow er la y e r s , an d f o r which a is

mo mo pa
no t v e r y d iffere n t, and th e s tr a i n p ro files in Fig. 4 .3 .3 show t h e

same t r e n d j u s t d is c u s s e d f o r C ases 2 an d 6. In both Cases 6 and

10, Jf - 0.7% in la y e r 12, which is a q u ite la rg e s tr a i n in d e ed ,

pa
It can b e conclu ded from t h e r e s u lts and d isc u ssio n p r e s e n te d

in th is s e c tio n , t h a t DESRAMOD (a n d D ESRA-2), is q u ite s e n s itiv e to

c h a n g e s in t h e s tif fn e s s a n d s t r e n g t h co n fig u ra tio n of t h e soil p ro file,

while t h e limited com parison a b o u t geom etric co n fig u ra tio n (2 C ases)

would seem to su g g est th a t th is la st f a c to r is no t v e r y im p o rtan t.

Also, it is e v id e n t th a t by g r a d u a lly in c re a s in g th e s tif fn e s s and

s t r e n g t h of t h e bottom soil p rofile la y e r s , som ew hat h ig h e r v alues of

t h e p e a k g r o u n d s u r f a c e a c c e le ra tio n , a , can b e o b ta in e d . It was

pa
fu rth e r observed th a t, th e model re s p o n d s to in c re a s e s in th e
 188

s tif fn e s s an d s t r e n g t h of t h e lower la y ers b y g e n e r a tin g la rg e s tr a i n s

in th e s o f te r shallow er la y e rs.
 189

T able 4 .3 .1 Peak G ro u n d S u rf a c e A cceleratio n, a f o r D iffe re n t Point

pa
B ar Soil Profile Base C o n fig u ra tio n s ; Calexico 225° A cceleration In p u t

w ith a max = 0 6 9

Calculated Maximum
Peak Ground Surface Shear Modulus
Case No. A ccelera tio n G„Jn Layer 18
no

apa
ft/se c ^ 9 Ksf

1 5.03 0.16 2750

2 5.60 0.17 3750 j

3 11.13 0.35 3750 !

j
4 7 .7 2 0 .24 3750

5 7.39 0.23 6600

6 7.17 0.2 2 6600

7 8 .6 4 0.27 6600

8 8 .5 0 0.2 6 6600

9 9.57 0.30 9000

10 9.29 0.29 9000

 190
O
d '
4
o
0 Mb
1 %
9 501 L Pf ?0FI LE 10NF IGUf ?RTI ON
0CM
1 MO
CPISE N(). 2
(J ill
O
ro
i
ll2
o
TIT
(FT)

T ii3
CD
in
DEPTH

i
I 4
o V
CD
' I
15
o
I
416
0 •
00
1
ii7

I7™ \G no
o
o r
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.D 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
GMRX (KSF) RND TMRX ( P5F 10

Fig. 4 .3.1 G raphical P re s e n ta tio n of G and t V ariation with

mo mo
Depth for C ase 2; PB Soil Profile
 191

SOI LE CONFIGURRTI

CFIS
o

o
(FT)

ln
DEPTH

o
o

o
03

O
a
o

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.D 7.0 0.0 9.0 10.0
GMRX (KSF) RND TMRX ( P 5 F ) ^10

F ig. 4 3 .2 G raphical P re s e n ta tio n of G and t Variation with

mo mo
Depth f o r C ase 10; PB Soil Profile
 192

S J l L F R O F I I . E CO C I G l R A T I O N
MAX. SHEAR S " R A I N 5 ALCNG D E P T H
F O ^ C A E E S 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 AND . 0

“ R
-r-
X inO
E—1 '
CL­
UJ
□

>15

0 .2 0.3 0 O.S O.S 0 .7

MAXIMUM SHEAR S T R A I N ( ’/ . 1

F ig. 4 .3 .3 V ariation of Maximum S train s, *p a , with D epth for

D iffe re n t Point B ar Soil Profile C o n fig u ra tio n s ; Calexico 225°

A ccelerogram I n p u t with a = 0 .6 g
ms x
 193

4 .4 E n e rg y T ra n s m ittin g v e r s u s Rigid Base B o u n d ary

T h e e ffe c t on soil r e s p o n s e of replacing t h e rigid base by an

e n e r g y tr a n s m ittin g b o u n d a r y (sim ulating a flexible soil o r ro ck b a s e )

is examined h e r e by u sin g th e n o n d e g ra d in g DESRAMOD com puter

o p tio n . The same Case 10 s tu d ie d in th e p re v io u s section is

exam ined here u sin g t h e Calexico 225° an d Meloland N acceleration

in p u ts scaled to a _ from 0 .2 to 1 .0 g .
max
The flex ib le base was a s s ig n e d two v alues of shear w ave

v e lo city , V g = 1200 ( f t / s e c ) an d 1500 ( f t / s e c ) , c o rr e s p o n d in g to GmQ

= 6000 k sf an d 9000 k s f , r e s p e c tiv e ly . T h e com puted values of a

pa
a r e sum m arized in T ab le 4 .4 .1 and p lo tted in Fig. 4 . 4 . 1 .

The r e s u lt s p r e s e n te d do not suggest an y specific tre n d of

v a ria tio n of a d u e to th is c h a n g e of ty p e of b a s e fo r a ra n g e of
pa
a betw een 0 .2 to 1 .0 g . It seems t h a t th e u se of e ith e r a rigid
max
or a tr a n s m ittin g b o u n d a r y does not a ffe c t very s ig n ifican tly th e

response of t h e upper la y e r s , p ro v id e d th a t th e base is rela tiv e ly

deep and th e tr a n s itio n of t h e s tif fn e s s to w a rd s t h e profile b a s e is

g r a d u a l.
 194
T ab le 4 .4 .1 Peak G ro u n d Surface A ccelerations at Point B ar Soil

Profile O b tain ed b y N o n d eg rad in g DESRA-2 Analysis

PEAK GROUND SURFACE ACCELERATION, a pa (g )

Type o f I n p u t Base
Input E la stic E la stic
A c c e le ratio n R ig id B a se , Vs -1200 B a se , Vs *1500
S c a lin g Base C ft/se c ) (ft/se c )

amax^8) CALEXICO ACCELEROGRAM INPUT

0 .2 0 .2 4 0 .1 6 0 .1 6
0 .4 0 .2 5 0 .21 0 .2 0
0 .6 0 .2 9 0 .3 6 0 .2 7
0 .8 0 .3 9 0 .25 0 .2 4
1 .0 0 .3 0 0 .2 5 0 .2 7

a tnax^8^ MELOLAND ACCELEROGRAM INPUT

0 .2 0 .2 0 0 .1 7
0 .4 0 .2 9 0 .25 0 .2 6
0 .6 0 .3 1 0 .2 5 0 .4 1
0 .8 0 .3 3 0 .2 7 0 .2 9
1 .0 0 .3 1 0 .3 6 0 .3 7
 195
A ■*= 2 . 0 7.
CRLEXICO • RIGID
INPUT O V =1200 FT/SEC
0 V =1500 FT/5EC
MELOLAND ■ R IG ID
INPUT □ V =1500 FT/SEC
H V =1500 FT/SEC
o

CD
POINT E3RR SOU. PROFILE
CD
O
NONDEGRADING ANALYSIS
CD
CD
or
CD
L_ o
on
=)
CO

□ ■<r
o *
O O
on
CD
1
or
LJ
Q_

a
d
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0.B 0.0 1.0
BASE INPUT RCC (G

Fig. 4 .4 .1 C orrelation Between Base I n p u t A cceleration a and Peak

max
G round S u r fa c e A cceleration apg O btained b y N o n d e g ra d in g A n a ly se s

o f t h e Point Bar Soil Profile

 196

4 .5 Pore P r e s s u r e B uildup m S a tu r a t e d S and Layers

4 .5 .1 G eneral

The major purpose of th e DESRAMOD c o m p u ter model is to

ev a lu a te th e seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s w ithin th e s a tu r a t e d san d la y e r s ,

and th e n , based on th i s e v a lu a tio n , to assess th e liquefaction

potential of t h e c o rr e s p o n d in g s ite . It is t h e r e f o r e v e r y im p o rtan t to

know how s e n s itiv e are th e p o re p ressures and o th e r re s p o n s e

p a ra m e te rs with r e s p e c t to th e p o re p r e s s u r e model in c o rp o ra te d into

DESRAMOD. It is also n e c e s s a r y to e v a lu a te t h e combined e f f e c t of

th is p o re pressure model and of th e p o re pressure d issip atio n

ro u tin e . T h e p a ra m e tric s tu d y p erfo rm e d in th i s section in v e s tig a te s

p a r tic u la r ly how th e p ro g ram responds to v a ria tio n s of th e most

r e le v a n t p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n a n d d issip atio n p a r a m e te rs . At th e

same time, t h e r e s u lt s of th i s p a ra m e tric s tu d y p r o v id e in s ig h t into

some g e n e ra l a s p e c ts of t h e p o re p r e s s u r e developm ent in th e field.

T hree a s p e c ts are exam ined: a) th e d iffe re n c e between p o re

pressures calcu lated with o ne and tw o acceleratio n com p onents, b)

com parison of p o re p ressures calcu la ted with and w itho ut p o re

pressure d issip atio n an d r e d is t r i b u ti o n , a n d c) effect of v a r y in g th e

perm eability of t h e s a n d . T h e e ffe c ts of o th e r p a r a m e te r s , such as

th e p ractical th r e s h o l d s tr a i n and o th e r p o re pressure model

p a ra m e te rs a r e no t t r e a t e d here. These e ff e c ts , which can also be

im p o rtan t, a r e inclu ded in o th e r p a r t s of th is s t u d y .

 197

All a n a ly se s a r e p e rfo rm e d h e r e on t h e 100-ft C hann el Fill (CF)

soil pro file w ith a rigid b a s e b o u n d a r y ex c ite d b y t h e same Calexico

225° a c c elera tio n re c o r d utilized in t h e p re v io u s section and scaled

again to a = 0 .6 g . T h e s a n d d e p o s it of i n t e r e s t within th e CF
M ia X

pro file lies a p p ro x im ate ly betw een 6 an d 15 f e e t and was p re v io u s ly

p resen te d in Fig. 4 .1 .6 . T h is sa n d d e p o s it is analytically

r e p r e s e n t e d , b y la y e rs 5 to 8, a n d all a n a ly se s in t h i s section focus

e x c lu siv e ly on th e seismic p o re pressure re s p o n s e of th ese four

la y e r s .

The analytical re p r e s e n ta tio n of th is CF p ro file u sed here is

almost identical to t h e CF profile p r e s e n te d in F ig. 4 . 1 . 6 , e x c e p t t h a t

la y e rs 11 and 12 in Fig. 4 . 2 .3 w ere f u r t h e r s u b d iv id e d into se v e ra l

t h i n n e r la y e r s , with G_ and t in c re a s in g with d e p th as illu s tra te d

mo mo
in Fig. 4 . 5 . 1 . L ast la y e r 18, s ittin g on th e rig id b a s e , has G =
mo
9000 ( k s f ) and x = 4680 ( p s f ) . T h is modification o f th e CF pro file
mo
te s t e d e a r l ie r , was done b ased on th e con clusion s d e r iv e d in th e

p re v io u s se c tio n .

4 .5 .2 O ne D irectional v e r s u s Two D irectional Seismic S haking

T h is section e v a lu a te s t h e influence of o n e and two d irectio nal

loading on p o re pressure b u ild u p . The e ff e c t of th e second

ho rizontal com ponent of acceleration is in tr o d u c e d via th e

ap proxim atio n in t h e p o re p r e s s u r e model p r e s e n t e d in Section 3 . 2 . 5 .

The p o re pressure model for one d irec tio n a l seismic s h a k in g

u s e d h e r e f o r la y e rs 5 to 8 of t h e CF soil p ro file , is th e same model

 198

d e v e lo p e d in t h e prelim inary HRS s t u d y (V ucetic and D o b ry , 1986)

based on both DSS an d tr ia x ia l cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te sts

c o n d u c te d by R .S . Ladd (1982). T h e model is illu s tr a te d in Fig.

4 .5 .2 . and its eq uation is:

1 .0 7 1 •1 .333*n (Z - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1,08
c cy
u* = ( 4 .5 .1 )
1.08
1+1.333*n (Z -0 .022)
c cy

T h e c o r r e s p o n d in g p o re p r e s s u r e model which ap p ro x im ate ly a c c o u n ts

for ad ditio nal p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p c a u s e d by th e sim ultaneous

ap plication of t h e seco nd horizon tal loading com ponent can be

o b ta in e d , as exp lain ed in Section 2 .3 , by m ultiplying th e fun ctio n

g(y ) in Eq. 2 . 3 . 5 b y a f a c t o r 2 .0 . T h is fu n ctio n g(Y_..) in Eq.

cy cy
4 . 5 . 1 , which r e p r e s e n t s t h e te n d e n c y of volume c h a n g e in o n e s tra in

cy c le , is:

g(Yc y ) = 1.333(Yc y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1 0 8 ( 4 .5 .2 )

and h e n c e t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g p o r e p r e s s u r e model fo r two directio n al

s h a k in g becomes:
 199

1.071*1.333*2.0*n ( I -0 .0 2 2 )1 .0 8
u* = ----------------------------- c_ c y -----------------------
(4 .5 .3 )
1*1.333*2.0*n (y -0 .0 2 2 ) 1,08
c cy

The tw o d irec tio n a l model d e s c r ib e d by th e above eq u ation is

il lu s tr a te d in Fig. 4 . 5 . 3 .

In order to minimize th e num ber of p a r a m e te r s an d fa c to rs

a ffe c tin g t h e seismic re s p o n s e of t h e g iv e n p ro file, in th is p a r ti c u la r

p a ra m e tric stu d y th e p o re pressure d issip atio n was not c o n s id e r e d .

T h e im pervious b o u n d a rie s w e re p r e s c r i b e d a t t h e to p of la y e r 5 and

bottom of la y e r 8. H owever, in o r d e r to examine t h e pore p r e s s u r e

d ev elo p m en t in th e s an d profile as a whole, re d is trib u tio n of p o re

pressures betw een th e la y e rs was allowed. In o th e r w o rd s, th e

seismic pore pressure re s p o n s e in a con fined s a t u r a t e d s an d d e p o s it

was exam ined h e re in .

Two DESRAMOD co m pu ter runs w e re p e rfo rm e d : th e first fo r

one d irec tio n a l s h a k in g u s in g Eq. 4 . 5 . 1 , an d th e o th e r for two

d ire c tio n a l s h a k in g u s in g Eq. 4 . 5 . 3 . T h e s tr a in and normalized p o re

p r e s s u r e time h is to rie s calculated in la y er 7 w ere th e n plotted in Fig.

4 .5 .4 and Fig. 4 . 5 . 5 , re s p e c tiv e ly . It should be m entioned th a t

la y e r 7 was a rb itrarily chosen f o r p lo ttin g th e seismic response

b e h a v io r d u r in g th e e a r t h q u a k e , a n d th is same la y e r will be d is c u s s e d

again in se v e ra l of th e following p o re p ressure a n a ly s e s . The

dev elo p m en t of p o re p r e s s u r e s in t h e liquefiable d e p o s it as a whole,

 200

in c lu d in g all four la y e rs 5 to 8 V is illu s tra te d for one and two

d irec tio n a l loading in Figs. 4 . 5 . 6 an d 4 . 5 . 7 , r e s p e c tiv e ly .

The ty p e of plot p r e s e n te d in Figs. 4 .5 .6 and 4 . 5 .7 will b e

f r e q u e n t ly u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e s t of th i s w o rk , and it th e r e f o r e

d eserves some e x p la n a tio n . T his plot illu s tr a te s in a simple m a n n e r

th e develop m ent of accum ulated resid u al p o re pressures along th e

d e p th of a la y e re d sa tu rated d e p o s it a f t e r e v e r y 2 sec of seismic

s h a k in g . The la y e r 's b o u n d a rie s are p lo tted with solid horizontal

lines while t h e la y e r s ' c e n te rlin e s a r e d a s h e d . T h e normalized p o re

pressure, u* = u /o , d a ta p o in ts d eterm in e d afte r 2 sec in te r v a ls

P VC

a r e p lo tted on t h e c e n te r lin e s and co n n e c te d by solid lines.

It m ust be em phasized t h a t th e p o re p ressures calcu la ted by

DESRAMOD every 2 sec in a sp ecific la y e r are d is c r e te valu es

c o n s ta n t along t h e h e ig h t of t h e la y e r, which h ave been assum ed in

t h e s e plots to b e a t t h e c e n t e r of th e la y e r s . T h e line of th e initial

o v e r b u r d e n e ffe c tiv e s t r e s s e s , a ^ Q , v ersus d e p th is also in clud ed on

t h e plot.

In DESRAMOD, t h e maximum valu e t h a t u* can receiv e is no t 1,

i.e ., u = o , but u = 0.9 9 o , i.e ., th e a = 0 .0 initial

' r vo r vo v
liquefaction condition is app ro x im ate d b y o = 0.01 a Once u =
v vo r
0 .9 9 0y O is re a c h e d in a specific la y e r in a case in which p o re

p ressu re d issip atio n an d /o r r e d is trib u tio n is no t allowed, it rem ains

u n c h a n g e d th r o u g h o u t t h e r e s t of t h e com putation. If d issip atio n o r

r e d is tr ib u tio n is p r e s c r i b e d , u r may g ra d u a lly d e c r e a s e .

 201

T h e com parison of Figs. 4 . 5 . 6 an d 4 . 5 .7 il lu s tr a t e s th e e ffe c t of

tw o d ire c tio n a l s h a k in g , which is q u ite s ig n if ic a n t. D urin g two

d irec tio n a l s h a k in g t h e calcu la ted s tr a i n s in la y e r 7 are b ig g e r (see

F igs. 4 .5 .4 and 4 .5 .5 ), a n d t h e p o re p r e s s u r e s b u ild u p f a s t e r th a n

for one d irec tio n a l loading. F or th i s two d irec tio n a l s h a k in g a

maximum s h e a r s t r a i n as la rg e as 1.75% was co m p u te d , and u* = 0 .9 5

w as r e a c h e d in a p p ro x im ate ly 4 s e c , while fo r o n e d irec tio n a l s h a k in g

t h e maximum calcu la ted seismic s tr a in was 0.95% a n d u* = 0 .9 0 was

re a c h e d in about 10 sec. In both Figs. 4 .5 .4 and 4 .5 .5 th e

c alcu la ted re s id u a l p o re p r e s s u r e s a re zero betw een t h e b e g in n in g of

seismic loading a n d a p p ro x im ate ly 4 s e c , in d ic a tin g th a t d u rin g th is

initial s h a k in g t h e s t r a i n s in la y e r 7 w ere sm aller th a n th e p ractical

th resh o ld stra in , Jf^ = 0.022%.

F igs. 4 . 5 . 6 a n d 4 . 5 . 7 also illu s tr a te th e d if f e r e n c e betw een o ne

a n d tw o d irec tio n a l seismic lo ad in g . For two d ire c tio n a l loading, t h e

maximum p o r e p r e s s u r e s dev elo p ed in all f o u r la y e r s approx im ately in

le ss t h a n 6 sec (betw een 2 and 8 s e c ) , with la y e r 6 liquefy in g at

th a t tim e. For one d irec tio n a l loading it took around 10 sec f o r t h e

same p o r e p r e s s u r e d ev elo p m en t (betw een 2 and 12 s e c ) .

T h e d if f e r e n c e s betw een t h e two co m p uter a n a ly s e s listed ab o v e,

stro n g ly in d icate t h a t t h e c o n trib u tio n of th e second com ponent to

p ore pressure d ev elo pm ent is s ig n ific a n t. T h erefo re, th e seco nd

com ponent c a n n o t be n e g le c te d . T h e same conclusion was re a c h e d b y

I s h ih a ra and Yamazaki (1980) and Is h ih a ra a n d N agase (1985) b a s e d

 202

on la b o ra to ry simulation of tw o d irectional seismic loading, and by

V ic e n te (1983) b a s e d on r e s u lts o b ta in e d by u s in g his e la s tic -p la s tic

t h r e e d irec tio n a l analytical p o re p r e s s u r e model. Experim ental r e s u lt s

b y Pyke (1975) an d Seed e t al. (1978) s u g g e s t t h e same con clusion .

Some r e s u lt s b y V icen te (1983) are re p ro d u c e d in Fig. 4 . 5 . 8 ; th e y

show t h a t , in o n e c a s e an aly zed by him, c o r r e s p o n d in g to t h e Niigata

1964 e a r t h q u a k e , th e num ber of d e v ia to ric cyclic am plitudes above th e

th resh o ld s tr a i n is sig n ific a n tly la rg e r under two d irectio nal as

com pared to one d irectio n al seismic ex c ita tio n .

4 .5 .3 Pore P r e s s u r e D issipation a n d Perm eability

T h is section exam ines t h e e ffe c ts of perm e ab ility an d d ra in a g e

b o u n d a r y co n d itio n s on t h e role of p o r e p r e s s u r e d issip atio n b u ild u p

caused by th e seismic s h e a r strain s. T he same CF s a tu r a t e d sa n d

d e p o s it, composed of th e fo u r la y ers 5 to 8 a n d d e s c r ib e d in th e

p r e v io u s s e c tio n , is analyzed h e re . Also, th e same Calexico 225°

acc elera tio n time h is to r y in p u t, scaled to a = 0 .6 g , was ap p lied a t

IM O X

th e rig id ro ck base. The two d irec tio n a l p o re p ressure model

d e s c r ib e d Eq. 4 . 5 . 3 was u s e d .

T hree v alu es of t h e p erm eability coefficien t an d two d if f e r e n t

d r a in a g e b o u n d a r y con ditio ns w ere u tilized in t h e a n a ly s e s . In th e

firs t boundary condition used, p o re p r e s s u r e d is s ip a tio n was allowed

o n ly a t t h e top of t h e d e p o s it (zero resid ual p o r e p r e s s u r e specified

at all times at th e to p of la y e r 5, and an im pervious b o u n d a ry

p r e s c r ib e d at th e bottom of la y e r 8). In th e second case, p o re

 203

p r e s s u r e d is s ip a tio n was allowed a t both to p and bottom b o u n d a rie s

( z e ro resid u al pore pressure p r e s c r ib e d both a t to p of la y e r 5 and

bottom of la y e r 8 ) . For each on e of t h e s e two b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n s ,

th re e d if f e r e n t p e rm e ab ilities, = 3 .9 x 1 0 ® f t / s e c , kg = 3 .9 x 1 0 **
-4
f t / s e c an d kg = 3 .9 x 1 0 ft/se c , w e re t e s t e d . T h e p erm e ab ility k^

can b e g e n e r a lly c lassified as low, kg as low to medium a n d kg as

medium (Lambe an d Whitman, 1979). T h e combination of t h e s e two

ty p es of b o u n d a r y co n d itio n s and th ree perm eabilities r e s u lte d in a

total of six DESRAMOD c o m p u te r r u n s . In each sin g le a n a ly sis th e

same p erm e ab ility was p r e s c r ib e d to t h e e n t i r e d e p o s it, i.e ., la y e rs 5

to 8 had t h e same perm e ab ility f o r a n y given co m puter r u n .

The r e s u lt s of each co m puter ru n are summarized u s in g th e

same form at of t h e p r e v io u s s e ctio n . F igs. 4 . 5 .9 to 4 . 5 .1 4 present

th e r e s u lts of t h e th re e a n a ly se s in which an im pervious boundary

was specified at th e bottom . The r e s u lt s of th e o th e r th re e

a n a ly s e s , with d r a in a g e allowed a t t h e to p an d bottom of t h e san d

d e p o s it a r e shown in Figs. 4 .5 .1 5 to 4 .5 .2 0 .

A com parison of F igs. 4 . 5 .9 to 4 .5 .1 4 fo r t h e c a s e of u p w a rd s

d issip atio n o n ly , shows th a t, as th e perm eability in c re a s e s , th e

p o ssib ility of r e a c h in g th e oy = 0 condition (up = ov c initial

liquefaction) c le a rly decreases. T h e oy = 0.01 condition was only

e x h ib ite d in la y e r 6 in th e ca se of th e lowest perm eability k^ =

-6
3 .9 x 1 0 f t / s e c , as illu s tr a te d in Fig. 4 . 5 . 9 . In t h e c a s e of t h e n e x t
-5
h ig h e r p erm eability, kg = 3 .9 x 1 0 ft/sec , a similar pore pressure
 204

b u ild u p dev elo p ed an d u* - 0 .9 5 was calcu la ted in la y e r 7, b u t initial

liquefaction was n ot e x h ib ite d (F ig . 4 .5 .1 1 ) T h e la rg e p o re p r e s s u r e s

in th i s case w ere followed by d is s ip a tio n no t n oticeab le in th e

p r e v io u s c a s e . Similar p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p s d ev elo p ed in t h e s e two

cases, e v id e n tly d u e to t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p erm e ab ility in th e second

5
c a s e l<2 = 3 .9 x 1 0 ft/se c ) was still so low t h a t d is s ip a tio n did not

s ig n ific a n tly a f f e c t t h e sim ultaneous p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n betw een

3 an d 8 sec.

H ow ever, as shown in F ig s. 4 .5 .1 3 an d 4 . 5 .1 4 , when th e

-4
p erm eab ility is f u r t h e r in c re a s e d to kg = 3 .9 x 1 0 ft/se c , all la y ers

dev elo e pore p ressures less th a n u* = 0 .6 . T h is perm eability of

-4
3 .9 x 1 0 f t / s e c is high en ough to d is s ip a te t h e p o re p r e s s u r e s a t th e

same time w hile th e y a r e bein g g e n e r a te e d b y th e g r o u n d s h a k in g .

It s h o u ld b e em p hasized t h a t kg = 3 .9 x 1 0 ** f t / s e c (1.2x 10 ^

c m /s e c ) is t h e p e rm e ab ility co efficien t d e te rm in e d ex p erim en tally by

R .S . Ladd (1982) f o r th i s CF s a t u r a t e d sa n d d e p o s it.

T h e dev elo p m en t of s tr a i n s in t h e t h r e e c ases d is c u s s e d ab o v e,

is also v e r y c o n s is te n t ( s e e Figs. 4 . 5 .1 0 , 4 .5 .1 2 , a n d 4 . 5 .1 4 ) . The

s tr a i n time h is to r ie s in F ig s. 4 . 5 .1 0 an d 4 .5 .1 2 a r e g e n e ra lly similar,

w hile t h e s t r a i n s in t h e t h i r d c a s e (F ig . 4 .5 .1 4 ), in which relatively

low p o r e p r e s s u r e s d e v e lo p e d , a r e s ig n ific a n tly sm aller.

F ig s. 4 . 5 .1 5 to 4 . 5 .2 0 present th e a n a ly s e s for which

d is s ip a tio n was allowed a t both to p an d bottom of t h e d e p o s it. The

r e s u lt s are similar to t h a t one ju st d is c u s s e d : as th e value of k

 205

in c re a s e s th e p o re pressures and s tr a i n s decrease. Also, th e

additional d is s ip a tio n allowed at th e bottom boundary, re d u c e

s ig n ific a n tly th e p o re pressures in th e lowest la y er 8. The p o re

pressures are also g e n e ra lly sm aller in th e rest of th e satu rated

d e p o s it.

The d if f e r e n c e in p o re p r e s s u r e d ev elo pm ent d u e to ch a n g in g

d r a in a g e boundary co n d itio n s can be e v a lu a te d by co m paring Fig.

4 . 5 . 9 with Fig. 4 . 5 .1 5 , Fig. 4.5 .11 with Fig. 4 . 5 .1 7 , a n d Fig. 4 .5 .1 3

with Fig. 4 . 5 .1 9 . As th e perm eab ility in c r e a s e s , th e e ff e c t of

additional d is s ip a tio n a t t h e bottom of t h e d e p o s it becomes more and

more im p o rta n t.
-6
For exam ple, for th e low p e rm e ab ility = 3 .9 x 1 0 ft/se c ,

la y e r 6 liquefied fo r both b o u n d a ry cond ition s (s e e F ig s. 4 .5 .9 and

_5
4 .5 .1 5 ). Also, for kj = 3 .9x10 , th e maximum p o re p ressures in

la y e rs 5, 6, an d 7 w ere in th e c a s e of d is s ip a tio n in both v ertical

d ir e c tio n s ju st s lig h tly lower (see F igs. 4 .5 .1 1 and 4 .5 .1 7 ).

H ow ever, in t h e case of high p erm e a b ility , a com parison of Figs.

4 .5 .1 3 an d 4 . 5 .1 9 shows a tre m e n d o u s d if f e r e n c e in p o re p ressure

g e n e r a tio n . T h is again confirm s th e above conclusion th a t a good

app ro xim atio n of both th e perm eability co efficien t and of d ra in a g e

boundary co n d itio n s can be very im p o rta n t for a realistic

d eterm in a tio n of seismic p o re pressures and liquefaction potential

ev alu atio n .
 206

o "

H<L
n ;r

SOI L PROFILE OONF

CHR

E—'
Q_
LlJ
CD

a
o

o
'mo
no

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
GMRX ( K 5 F ) RND TMRX (P5F) *10

Fig. 4 .5 .1 G raphical P re s e n ta tio n of G an d t V ariation with

mo mo
Depth f o r Channel Fill Soil Profile
 207

c o o o ld *nj

S train -C o ntrol led T e s ts

O co «—
"O
m & < • a< + 0)
_c
‘<5
4->
-Q
O
■a
c
CN
IN (Q
00

O
c
>>
u

Cyclic
a
3
2
<
O' 3
V) CQ

Shear
K 0
< i_
Ui 3
X </)

L f> \ (O (A
as_>

Simple
a.
o
>-
o +■>
o \ n
Direct

U v
»
2 \ o
Q.
and

CN

iri
■»r
Triaxial

.5?
iT

o o o
 208

■D
to c
© re
CN
</>
LL
CN O

re
TJ
o
(A
VL.
o
a
O u
re
c
o
■p
o
re
L.

o
S
J-
co
in
•'T
TO

00 l£) * w
o o o o
 209

2.0
1.0
l ‘/ .\
0.0
STRRIN
-i.O
L.O -2.0

5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

.2 0.4 0.6 O.a
NORM. PP, U*

U
q
0.0 5.0 15.0 20. D 25.0 30.0
TIME ( S E C )

Fig. 4 . 5 . 4 B ehavior of CF L ay er 7 with A pplication of Pore P r e s s u r e

Model for One D irectional Loading (No D issipation; R e d istrib u tio n

Allowed; C alexico A cceleration In p u t, a = 0 .6 g)

ms x
 210

(7.)
STRAIN

o.o 5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Ux
NORM. PP,

5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

T IME ( S E C )

Fig. 4 . 5 . 5 B eh av io r of CF Layer 7 with Application of Pore P r e s s u r e

Model A cco unting fo r Two D irectional Loading (No D issipation;

R e d istrib u tio n Allowed; Calexico A cceleration I n p u t, amax = 0 .6 g )

 211

O’
CF, NO DIS5«
J-D LORDING
CFLEX„ RMRX=0.6 G

in "

LAY ER 5
(FT)

I MO
DEPTH

4 sec

0.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1200.0

PORE P R . (PSF)

Fig. 4 . 5 . 6 Pore P ressure Developm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a t e d

Sand D eposit f o r One D irectional Seismic Loading (No

D issip atio n , r e d is tr ib u tio n allowed, Calexico In p u t

Accelerogram I n p u t With amax = 0 .6 g )
 212

O’
CF, NO DISS.
2-D LORDING

in “
(FT)

LA Y E R 5
DEPTH

o
d- O

2 \4sec

D.O aoo.o 8 0 0 .0 1000.0 1200.0

D0R E P R . (PSF)

Fig. 4 . 5 .7 Pore P ressure Development C alculated in CF S a tu ra te d

D eposit f o r Two D irectional Loading (No D issip atio n , R ed istrib u tio n

A llowed, C alexico A cceleration In p u t, amgx = 0 . 6 g )

 213

->io.o
«i■
Niigolo (EW component only)
o
Z * 2 0 II
- 8.0 G "0" * 1.1 * 10s pst
IU
O No liquefaction occurred
3
H (t * 13 4 s e c )
_J 6 0 134 Load reversals
CL C onsidering th e EW 15 Threshold crossings
s Acceleration Component Only
<
Z T = 15/134 = 11%
<
cc 4 0
H
to
o o o
cc
O 2.0 o
------------------------------o _ P 0 _ .
§ Xt * 1.7 xIO*4 (threshold)
>
LlI
a 0.0 -------- 1
-------- h -i 1----- 1----- r-
0.0 2.0 40 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 140

10.0 N iigata (NS+EW)

O A
Z * 2 0 ft
G o0"* I.IxlO* psf

LlI 8.0 Initial liquefaction (I * 9 .4 sec)

Q '\
3 \ 141 load reversals
t- \ 71 threshold crossings
_J Q\
CL 6 0
2 Considering Both Accel./ T = 71/141 = 5 0 %
<
Z
Components /
<
cc 4.0
1—
CO y --------- -
o e
cc J O• O -Q wo- QO
• O ^ _
o 2.0
H ■-jeST?. S . o. . . ________
<
> X | ■l.7xlO*4(Threshold)
LU
Q 1.0
00 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
TIME (SEC)

Fig. 4 .5 .8 P re d ic te d D ev iato ric S tra in A m plitudes fo r Niigata 1964

E a r th q u a k e a t 20 Feet Depth Using A cceleration R eco rd s in One and

Two D ir ection s (V ic e n t e , 1983X..

 214

O"
CF, DIS5. UPWARDS
K=0.0000039 FT/SEC
2ND, CALEX. AMAX=0.6 G

in ~

LAYER 5

o
-12-26
4 sec
<3-

0.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0

°0RE PR. (P5F)
F ig. 4 .5 .9 P ore P ressure Developm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a t e d
-6
D eposit H aving a P erm eability k = 3 .9 x 10 ft/se c and w ith

D issipation at th e Top B o u n d ary (Two D irectional Loading, Calexico

Acceleration In p u t, a = 0 .6 g )
ma x
 215

O'
E—*
cr>

a 15.D 25.0 30.0

CL °

cc
a
□
5.0 15.0 2 0 .0 25.0
T IME ( S E C )

Fig. 4 . 5 .1 0 R esp o n se of CF L ayer 7 with k = 3 .9 x 10"® f t / s e c and

D issipation at th e Top B o u n d a ry (Two D irectional Loading, Calexico

Acceleration I n p u t, a = 0 .6 g)
max
 216

CF DISS. UPHRRDS
K=0„000039 FT/SEC
2ND ■ CRLEX. RMRX=0.6 G

in "

L AYE R 5

400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0

PORE PR. (PSD

Fig. 4 .5 .1 1 Pore Pressure D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a te d

-5
D eposit H aving a Pperm eability k = 3 .9 x 10 ft/se c and with

D issipation at t h e T op B o u ndary (T w o Directional Loading, Calexico

A cceleration Inpu t, a = 0 . 6 g)
III9 X
 217

C/.l
0.0
STRAIN
- 1.0
1.0 -2.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 25.0

0.6 0.8
Ux
NORM. PP,
1.2 Q.'t

□
□
5.0 15.0 20.0 30.0
TIME ( S E C )

Fig. 4 .5 .1 2 R esp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 with k = 3 .9 x 10 "5 f t / s e c and

D issipation at th e Top B o u n d a ry (Tw o Directional Loading, Calexico

A cceleration In pu t, a = 0 .6 g)
ma x
 218

O
o“
CF, DIS5. UPNRRDS
K=0.00039 FT/SEC
2ND, CRLEX„ RMRX=0.6

in "

LAYER 5

6 sec

0.0 200.0 600.0 800.0 1200.0

PORE P R . (PSF)

Tig. 4 .5 .1 3 Pore P ressure Development C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a te d

D eposit Having a Perm eability k = 3 .9 x 10 ^ ft/se c and with

D issipation at the T op B o u n d ary (Two Directional Loading, Calexico

A cceleration In pu t, a = 0 .6 g)
ma x
 219

cr
cc
f—
CD
'
□
T

a
rvi
i
□ 0.0 5.0 15.0 2 0 .0 30. D

CL =

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 25.0

time; (s e c )

-4
Fig. 4 .5 .1 4 R e sp o n se of CF Layer 7 with k = 3 .9 x 10 f t/s e c and

D issipation at th e Top B o u n d a ry (Two D irectional Loading, Calexico

A cceleration In p u t, a = 0 .6 g)
max
 220

O"
CF, DIS5. BOTH WRYS
K=0.0000039 FT/SEC
2ND, CRLEX„ RMRX=0.6 G

LAYERS

12-26

4 sec

0.0 200.0 600.0 600.0 1000.0 1200.0

PORE P R . (PSP]

Fig. 4 . 5 .1 5 Pore P ressure Developm ent C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a t e d

-6
D eposit H aving a P erm eability k = 3 .9 x 10 ft/se c and with

Dissipation at both Top and Bottom B o u n d aries (Tw o D irectional

L oading, Calexico A cceleration In p u t, a = 0 . 6 g)

Ilia X
 221

rN

E- 1
cn □
T

□ 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Q_ =
CL

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

T IN E (SEC)

Fig. 4 . 5 .1 6 R espon se of CF L ay e r 7 with k = 3 .9 x 10 ' 6 f t / s e c and

D issipation Both Top a n d Bottom B o und aries (Two Directional Loading,

Calexico A cceleratio n I n p u t, a m aX
= 0 .6 g)
 222

O"
CF, DISS. BOTH WRYS
K=0 =000039 FT/SEC
2ND, CRLEX. RMRX=0.6

in “

LAYER 5

x:

4 tec
o-

0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0

PORE P R . (PSF)

Fig. 4 .5 .1 7 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a t e d

D eposit H aving a Perm eability k = 3 .9 x 10"^ ft/se c an d with

D issipation at both Top an d Bottom B o u n d aries (Two D irectional

L oading, C alexico A cceleration In p u t, a = 0 .6 g)

ms x
 223

q:
ei-1
n

5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

CL °
CL

5.0 15.0 20.0 30.0

T IME I S E C )

Fig. 4 .5 .1 8 R espo nse of CF L ay e r 7 with k = 3 . 9 x 10"^ f t / s e c an d

Dissipation Both Top a n d Bottom B o un daries (Two Directional Loading,

Calexico A cceleration In p u t, amax = 0 - 6 g )

 224

CF, DISS. BOTH HRYS

K=0.00039 FT/SEC
2ND, CRLEX» RMRX=0„6 G

in “

L AYE R 5

ca

12-21 6sec

0.0 200 .0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0

PORE P R . (PSF)

Fig. 4 .5 .1 9 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a te d

-4
D eposit H aving a Perm eability k = 3 .9 x 10 ft/se c and with
D issipation at b o th Top an d Bottom B o u n d aries (Two Directional

Loading, Calexico A cceleration I n p u t, a = 0 . 6 g)

mIq X
 iM L n
' y y ■\4rrV /'r,*VT

0.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

CL °
CL

CC
a

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

TIME ( S E C )

Fig. 4 .5 .2 0 P ore P ressure Development C alculated in CF S a tu ra te d

-4
D eposit H aving a P erm eability k = 3 .9 x 10 ft/se c an d with

D issipation at both Top and Bottom B o und aries (Two Directional

Loading, C alexico Acceleration Inpu t, a = 0 .6 g)

m3 x
 226

4 .6 Specimen D e n s ity and Sample D is tu r b a n c e

In th i s s e c tio n , th ree s lig h tly d if f e r e n t p o re p r e s s u r e m odels,

o b ta in e d from t h r e e cyclic t e s t s e rie s c o n d u c te d on t h e same s a n d b u t

com pacted to th re e d if f e r e n t d e n s it ie s , are analyzed by th e

DESRAMOD co m p uter co de, a n d t h e r e s u lt s are com pared. In t h e s e

th re e DESRAMOD an aly se s all o th e r in p u t information a re kept th e

same.

It sh ould b e recalled, as d e s c r ib e d in C h a p te r 2, t h a t t h e p o re

pressure b u ild u p in s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d tests, and hence th e D o b ry 's

p o re pressure model, a re not s ig n ific a n tly a ffected by specim en

f a b r ic . H ow ever, as shown in F igs. 2 .5 .1 to 2 .5 .3 a n d Figs. 2 . 5 .7

to 2 . 5 . 9 , t h e model is to a c e rta in d e g r e e affected b y th e specimen

d e n s it y . T h e d if f e r e n c e betw een p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in specim ens

h av in g d iffere n t d e n s itie s , as well as d iffe re n c e s betw een th e

c o r r e s p o n d in g p o r e p r e s s u r e m odels, w e re all d is c u s s e d p re v io u s ly in

Section 2 .5 .2 . It was concluded th e re th a t, as specimen d e n s ity

in c re a s e s (void ratio d e c r e a s e s ) , t h e p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p is sm aller

f o r a giv en cyclic s h e a r s tr a in and n u m b e r of cycles. However, su ch

d if f e r e n c e in pore pressures ex p erim en tally o b ta in ed on CF s an d

specim ens with d i f f e r e n t d e n s itie s , w e re r e la tiv e ly small.

T h e e ffe c t su ch small v a ria tio n of p o r e p r e s s u r e s may h av e on

th e DESRAMOD p o re pressure response, is exam ined h e re . At t h e

same time, th is e ffe c t is e q u iv a le n t to th e effect of san d sample

 227

d i s t u r b a n c e , as well a s , in g e n e r a l, to t h e e ffe c t o f ap p ly in g D o b ry ’s

models with s lig h tly d if f e r e n t p a r a m e te r s . It is well known t h a t s an d

which is brought to th e la b o ra to ry in sam pling tu b es is always

d i s t u r b e d to a c e r ta in d e g r e e , no m a tte r how c a r e fu lly t h e tu b e s w ere

t r a n s p o r t e d a n d h a n d le d . M oreover, th e same s a n d sample is a lre a d y

d istu rb e d simply by th e act of b rin g in g it to t h e ground surface

(Poulos e t a l . , 1985). If th e sa n d was loose in s i t u , it will u su ally

d e n s if y ( c o n tr a c t) d u rin g sam p ling, tra n sp o rta tio n , and h a n d lin g ,

while if it was d e n s e in s itu , it will loosen ( d il a te ) . C o n s e q u e n tly ,

specim en d is t u r b a n c e and specimen d e n s it y have a similar e ffe c t on

t h e analytical p o re p r e s s u r e e v a lu a tio n .

In Section 2 .5 .2 , D o b ry 's p o re pressure model was developed

for CF sa n d h av in g th re e d if f e r e n t void ra tio s , an d th e following

e q u a tio n s w e re o b ta in e d f o r two d irectio nal loading:

1.4
1.03xn x2x3.2(Y -0.022)
c c
u* = e = 0 .8 2 , (2 .5 .4 )
1.4
T n x2x3.2(Y -0 .022)
c c

1.42
1.005xn x2 x3 . 0 ( Y -0.022)
c c
u* = e = 0 .7 4 , ( 2 .5 .5 )
T n x2x3.0(Y - 0 .0 2 2 ) 1 42
c c

1.015xn x2x2.5(2T - 0 . 0 2 2 )
1.6
c c
u* = e = 0 .6 8 (2 .5 .6 )
1 .6
T n x2x2.5(Y -0.0 22 )
c c
 228

T h e s e e q u a tio n s w e re il lu s tr a t e d in Figs. 2 .5 .1 0 to 2 .5 .1 2 . In th is

HRS s a n d , e = 0 .8 2 c o r r e s p o n d s to medium d e n s e s a n d , e = 0 . 7 4 to

d e n s e , an d e = 0.68 to v e r y d e n s e .

T h e DESRAMOD a n a ly se s w ere p erfo rm e d u s in g e x a c tly t h e same

CF p ro file a n d Calexico acc elera tio n in p u t u sed in t h e two p re v io u s

s e c tio n s , with p o re p r e s s u r e d is s ip a tio n only a t t h e to p of la y e r 5.

T h r e e DESRAMOD c o m p u te r runs w e re p e rfo rm e d , each with a

d if f e r e n t p o re p r e s s u r e model c o r r e s p o n d in g to a d if f e r e n t void ratio.

T h e r e s u lt s of DESRAMOD employing two d irec tio n a l D o b ry 's model fo r

e = 0 .8 2 a r e given in F ig s. 4 .6 .1 a n d 4 . 6 . 2 , f o r e = 0 .7 4 in Figs.

4 . 6 . 3 a n d 4 . 6 . 4 , a n d fo r e = 0 .6 8 in Fig. 4 . 6 . 5 an d 4 . 6 . 6 .

As e x p e c te d , t h e com parison shows t h a t seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s

g e n e r a lly in c re a s e as th e void ratio in c re a s e s . However, th e

d if f e r e n c e s are not very b ig . For exam ple, in la y e r 7, which

e x h ib ite d th e l a r g e s t v alu es of u* of all f o u r la y e r s , u* = 0 .9 5 f o r e

= 0.8 2 a n d u* = 0 .9 0 f o r e = 0 .6 8 . From a p ra c tic a l view point th is

d if f e r e n c e is no t v e r y s ig n if ic a n t co n s id e rin g t h e wide ra n g e co v ere d

b y t h e two d e n s it ie s . H ow ever, it m u st b e rem em bered t h a t in t h e s e

a n a ly s e s all s a n d a n d p ro file p r o p e r ti e s w ere k e p t c o n s ta n t e x c e p t fo r

th e p o r e p r e s s u r e models. T h e e ffe c t of sand d e n s it y on p o re

pressure develop m ent will be g e n e r a lly la r g e r th a n shown here, as

tw o sand d e p o s its of d iffere n t d e n s itie s will also have d if f e r e n t

s tif f n e s s e s an d stren g th s. T h is example may account to a la rg e

d e g r e e f o r t h e e f fe c t of sample d is tu r b a n c e when G _ of t h e s a n d is
mo
 229

m easu red in situ u sin g geop hysical te c h n iq u e s as recommended in t h e

application of t h e s tr a i n a p p ro a c h .

In addition to t h e above com parison, th e DESRAMOD seismic

response using t h e model f o r CF s a n d h a v in g e = 0 .6 7 develo ped

e a r l ie r (V ucetic a n d D o b ry , 1986) b a s e d on th e t e s t r e s u lts b y R .S .

Ladd (1982), is com pared to th e re s p o n s e o b ta in e d in th i s section f o r

CF san d with a similar e = 0 .6 8 (F ig . 4 . 6 . 5 ) . T h is comparison is

aimed at ev a lu a tin g th e e f fe c t of c o n d u c tin g t e s t s in d if f e r e n t

la b o ra to rie s.

The CF soil p rofile re s p o n s e based on th e la b o ra to r y d a ta

o b ta in ed b y R .S . Ladd a t WCC la b o ra to r y , was p r e v io u s ly illu s tr a te d

in Fig. 4 .5 .1 1 . T h e com parison of F igs. 4 .5 .1 1 a n d 4 . 6 . 5 shows t h a t

t h e s e two p o re pressure developm ents are not identical. The

d iffe re n c e is of t h e same o r d e r of t h e d if f e r e n c e betw een e = 0.82

and e = 0.68 r e s p o n s e s . However, th is d if f e r e n c e , which is n ot

neglig ib le, could h av e been c au sed n o t only by u sin g te st re s u lts

from two d if f e r e n t la b o ra to r ie s , but also b e c a u s e th e t e s t s a t RPI

w ere all co n d u c te d on one specific b atch of sand. At WCC

la b o ra to r y , se v e ra l d if f e r e n t b a tc h e s o f CF s an d w e re combined an d

t e s t e d to d evelop th e model shown in Fig. 4 . 5 . 2 .

The ev id en ce a b o v e shows t h a t t h e d if f e r e n c e in D o b ry 's p o re

p r e s s u r e models d ev eloped b a s e d on cyclic s tr a i n - c o n tr o ll e d t e s t s with

specim ens hav in g m o derately d if f e r e n t d e n s itie s , or perform ed at

d if f e r e n t la b o ra to rie s, will n o t sig n ific a n tly a f f e c t t h e outcome of t h e

 230

DESRAMOD a n a ly s is . T herefore a p r e c is e determ ination of in s itu

sand d e n s ity is n ot critical f o r a p p r o p r ia te developm ent of D o b ry 's

model; j u s t a reaso n ab le good approxim ation will su ffic e .

 O"
CF, RPI TEST
VOID RATIO 0.82

in "
(FT)

L AYE R 5
DEPTH

,4 sec

id
o
ui

0.0 200.0 600.0 SOO.O 1200.0

PORE P R . IPSP J

. 4 .6 .1 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a te d

Sand D e p o sit U sing Pore P r e s s u r e Model O btained f o r e = 0 .8 2

 232

2.0
1.0
17.)
0.0
STRRIN
- 1.0
1.0 -2.0

o.o 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0

.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
NORM. PP, Ux

u
□
O
0.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
TIME ( S E C )

F ig. 4 .6 .2 R esp onse of CF L ay e r 7 Using Pore P ressure Model

O b ta in e d f o r e = 0.82
 233

CF, RPI TEST

VOID RRTIO 0.74

LAYER 5
(FT)
DEPTH

4 sec
<}-

0. 0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1200.0 1400.0

PORE PR. (PSF)

Fig. 4 .6 .3 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a t e d

S and D eposit Using Pore P r e s s u r e Model O b tain ed f o r e = 0 .7 4

 234
2.0
1.0
C7.\
a.o
STRAIN

/v
-1.0
-2.0

0.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

ua
o.e
U*
a .6
NORM. PP,
0.4
a .2
0.0

5.0 10.0 15.0 s .o

TIME ( S E C )
<oa.a

CF, RPI TEST

200.0

VOID RATIO 0 . 7 4
(PSD

(DENSE)
a.o
STRESS
-20a.a
-loa.o

-2 .0 -1 .0 0 .0 1.0 2 .0
S TRAIN [*/.)

F ig. 4 .6 .4 Response of CF Layer 7 U sin g Pore P ressu re Model

Obtained f o r e = 0 .7 4
 235

O'
CF, RPI TEST
VOID RRTIO 0=68
[Very dense )

in “

LAYER 5
(FT)
DEPTH

4 sec

<3

0.0 200.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0

PORE PR. (PSD
')

Fig. 4 .6 .5 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alculated in CF S a tu r a te d

D ep osit Using Pore P r e s s u r e Model O btained f o r e = 0.68

 236

CE
a: /V
E— *
CD

a 5.D 10.0 20.0 2 5 .0 30.D

CL =
D.

0.0 5 .0 io .o 15.0 2 0 .0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
TIME ( S E C )
a

CF, RPI TEST

VOID RATIO 0 . 6 8
tn

CD □
(VERY DENSE)
CD

- 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 2. 0

S TRAIN [ ’/ .)

Fig. 4 .6 .6 R e sp o n se of CF Layer 7 U sin g Pore P r e s su r e Model

Oobtained f o r e = 0 .6 8
 237

4 .7 V is c o u s Damping

In th e DESRAMOD (a n d DESRA-2) n on lin ear co m puter model,

cyclic stre ss-stra in loops a r e c o n tin u o u s ly g e n e r a te d . In th i s w ay,

t h e h y s te r e t ic soil dam ping is autom atically ta k e n into a c c o u n t (i.e .,

s ee loops in Figs. 4 . 6 . 4 and 4 . 6 .6 ) However, as ex p lain ed in C h a p te r

3 (s e e also A p pendix E ), th e dam ping m e asu re d in t h e la b o ra to ry ,

which includes both h y sth ertic and visco us dam p in g , is usually

d if f e r e n t from th e h y s te r e t ic dam ping m entioned ab ov e. T his

d iffe re n c e is p a r tic u la r ly la rg e a t v e r y small cyclic s t r a i n s , a n d m ust

b e ta k e n into a c c o u n t. E x p r e s s e d as an e q u iv a le n t viscous dam ping

ratio , Xy , th is d iffe re n c e u sually ra n g e s between a b o u t 0 .5 an d 3%,

an d it can be in p u t into th e c o m p u ter model as t h e viscous dam ping

co efficient, c d e s c rib e d b y Eq. 3 .2 .1 2 .

The specific procedure used in th is s tu d y to d eterm in e th e

in p u t valu e of c is r a t h e r ap prox im ate (s e e Section 3 .2 .4 ).

T herefore, it was deemed necessary to in v e s tig a te w h at e ffe c t th e

v a ria tio n of c can have on th e DESRAMOD seismic re s p o n s e . The

effect of c , is examined here for bo th n o n d e g r a d in g and d e g r a d in g

DESRAMOD a n a ly s e s . F o r n o n d e g r a d in g seismic r e s p o n s e , th e PB soil

profile c o rr e s p o n d in g to Case 10 in Section 4 .3 is u s e d with v a r y in g

Xv betw een 1 .0 and 3.0%, and t h e d e g r a d in g response w ith p o re

p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n and d issip atio n is examined on t h e CF soil profile

shown in Fig. 4 . 5 . 3 . with v a r y in g Xy betw een 0 . 5 a n d 2.0%.

 238

It shou ld b e m entioned t h a t in all DESRAMOD co m pu ter an aly se s

p erfo rm e d so f a r in th i s s t u d y , = 2 . 0% was u s e d .

T h e d e g r a d in g an aly sis was p erfo rm e d u sin g t h e Calexico 225°

acceleration in p u t with a_ = 0 .6 g . The r e s u lts of th e co m p u ter

max
runs u sin g Xy = 1% a n d 0.5% a r e p r e s e n te d in Figs. 4 .7 .1 an d 4 . 7 . 2 ,

an d 4 . 7 . 3 an d 4 . 7 . 4 , r e s p e c tiv e ly . T he r e s u lt s of t h e CF re s p o n s e

calculation with Xv = 2% have a lre a d y been p r e s e n te d in Figs. 4 .5.11

an d 4 .5 .1 2 .

A com parison of t h e s e f ig u r e s shows t h a t th e variatio n from Xy

= 2.0% to Xv = 1.0% an d f u r t h e r to Xv = 0.5% h as a s ig n ific a n t e ffe c t

on th e c alcu la ted seismic re s p o n s e . As shown in Fig. 4 .7 .1 and

4 .7 .3 , th e d ecrease in t h e v iscou s dam ping from 1 to 0.5% c a u s e s

rem a rk ab ly la r g e r stra in s. S tr a in s less th a n 2% w ere calculated fo r

t h e case with Xy = 2%; t h e s tr a i n s in c re a s e d to more th a n 3% f o r Xy

= 1.0% a n d to 8% f o r Xy = 0.5%. As a c o n s e q u e n c e , th e ra te of p o re

p ressure b u ild u p in th e present c ases of Xy > = 1 an d 0.5% was

h ig h e r an'd t h e maximum p o re p ressures la rg er. As shown in Fig.

4 .7 .2 , w hen Xy = 1%, la y ers 7 and 8 e x h ib ite d liquefaction, while

t h e y did not when X^ = 2%.

The co n clu sio n s d e r iv e d from th e se r e s u lt s of d e g r a d in g

a n aly se s is t h a t t h e DESRAMOD dynam ic re s p o n s e is q u ite s e n s itiv e to

variation in t h e v alu e of t h e v isco u s dam ping.

T h e e ffe c t of Xy on th e n o n d e g ra d in g re s p o n s e is p r e s e n te d in

Fig. 4 .7 .5 an d T ab le 4 .7 .1 . The e ffe c t is examined here by

 239

c o r r e la tin g t h e v alu es of a and X for th re e d if f e r e n t acceleration

pa v
in p u ts u s in g t h e same a _ = 0 .6 g , as listed in T able 4 . 7 . 1 . Fig.
max
4 . 7 . 5 c le a rly shows t h a t b y d e c r e a s in g Xv from 3% to 1%, t h e p eak

g ro u n d s u r f a c e acceleratio n a t t h e to p of t h e PB soil profile in c re a s e s

from a b o u t 0 .2 g to 0 .4 5 g an d ev en 0 .6 g . T h is ev idence confirm s

once again th a t th e DESRAMOD r e s u lts are q u ite s e n s itiv e to t h e

selection of Xy .
 240

T ab le 4 . 7 . 1 E ffec t of V isc o u s D am ping, Xy , V ariation on Peak

G ro u n d S u rfa c e A cceleration , a , as C alculated by

pa
N o n d e g ra d in g DESRAMOD A nalyses

C a lc u la te d
Input Peak Ground S u rfa c e
A cceleratio n , a „,
pa
Accelerogram
amax

**
CM
r<
II
(g)

**
M
\-3 *

II
>

<
C alex ico 225° 0.6 0.25 0.29 0 .4 9
Rigid Base

C alex ico 225° 0.6 0.22 0.36 0 .4 6

E l a s t i c Base, Vg = 1200 ( f t / s e c )

Meloland North 0.6 0.25 0.41 0.5 9

E l a s t i c Base, Vg = 1500 ( f t / s e c )
 241

CD

0.0 15.0 2 0 .0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0

Q_ o

0.0 5 .0 10.0 15.0 20.0

TIME I 5 E C )

Fig. 4 .7 .1 R e sp o n se of CF L ay e r 7 Using E q u iv alen t V iscous Damping

 242

e~
CF, DIS5. UPWRRDS
VISCOUS DUMPING 1.0'/.
2ND, CRLEX. RMRX=0.6 G

in “
(FTI

L AYE R 5
DEPTH

<i-

4 sec

iw

D.O 200.0 4 0 0 .0 6 0 0 .0 8 0 0 .0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0

PORE P R . (PSF)

Fig. 4 .7 .2 Pore Pressure Development C alculated in CF S a tu r a te d

D eposit U sing E q u iv alen t V iscous Damping = 1%

 243

2.Q
1.0
STRRIN (*/.)
0.0
- 1 .0
-2.0

5 .0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
L.O
O.B
NORM. PP, Ux
0.6
0.4
1.2

q
a
0.0 5 .0 1D.D 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
TIME ( S E C )

Fig. 4 . 7 . 3 R espo nse of CF L ay e r 7 Using E q u iv alen t Viscous Damping

\ = 0.5%
 244

O“
CF, DIS5. UPWRRDS
VISCOUS DRMPING 0.5%
2ND, GRLEX. RMRX-0.6 G

in "
(FT!

LAYER5
DEPTH

< 3-

aw

0.0 200.0 4 0 0 .0 6 0 0 .0 8 0 0 .0 1400.0

PORE PRESSURE ( P S H

Fig. 4 .7 .4 Pore P ressure D evelopm ent C alcu lated in CF S a tu r a te d

D eposit Using E q ualivan t V iscous Damping = 0.5%

 245
• CRLEXICO RCCL. INPUT
RIGID BRSE
O CRLEXICO RCCL. INPUT
ELR5T BA5E, V =1200 FT/SEC
□ MELOLAND RCCL. INPUT
ELR5T BASE, V =1500 FT/SEC
(RCCL.MAX INPUT - 0 . 6 G)

POINT BPR S IT E PF:0FILE

(G)
0.8

NONDEGRfl DING RNRL,YSIS

ACC

\
O.B

cSs
GROUND .SURF.

]>

<
\
N r^ V
0.4

s
\

k * N
PERK
0.2

N
0.0

0.0 1.0 2. 0 3.0 4. 0

VISCOUS DAMPING, (7.)

Fig. 4 .7 .5 V ariatio n of C alculated Peak G ro u n d S u rfa c e A cceleration

with C h a n g in g V iscous Damping I n p u t

 CHAPTER 5

CASE HISTORIES

5 .1 G eneral

In th is ch ap ter, th e cap abilities of th e an alytical model and

DESRAMOD a r e e v a lu a te d by s t u d y in g th e b e h a v io r of actual sandy

s ite s which w e re s u b je c te d to e a r t h q u a k e s . T h r e e c a s e h isto rie s a re

u s e d f o r th is p u r p o s e , a n d both t h e a c c u r a c y a n d p ra c tic a l u s e fu ln e s s

of DESRAMOD a r e assessed by com paring calculated p r e d ic tio n s and

field o b s e r v a ti o n s . T h e ca s e h is to r ie s , a lre a d y b rie fly in tro d u c e d in

Section 1 .3 , are: H eber Road Site located in t h e Imperial Valley in

S o u th e rn California (H R S), Wildlife Site (WS), also in th e Imperial

V alley, a n d Owi Island (OWI), located in Tokyo, J a p a n . As s ta te d in

Section 1 .3 , each one of t h e s e cases rep resen ts a d iffere n t problem

with r e s p e c t to t h e in te n s ity of g ro u n d s h a k in g , c o n fig u ra tio n of th e

liquefiable s an d d e p o s its within th e pro file, dynam ic p r o p e r ti e s of th e

d if f e r e n t soil la y e r s , observed s u rf a c e m anifestations of liquefaction

a n d availab ility of acceleratio n and p o re p r e s s u r e re c o rd s d u r in g th e

seismic e v e n t s .

These th re e case stu d ie s, on th e o th e r hand, h av e sev eral

im p o rtan t common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , in c lu d in g : an e a r t h q u a k e did o c c u r

in all of them and g e n e r a te d resid u al pcre pressures in t h e sandy

la y e r s , in s tr u m e n te d r e c o rd s of ground a c c elera tio n s are available

from t h e s ite o r from n e ig h b o rin g s ta tio n s , an d th e s ite s a re well

246
 247

docum en ted in cludin g information on la y e r c o n fig u ra tio n , SPT, in s itu

G a n d cyclic s tr a in -c o n tro lle d la b o ra to ry te s t i n g .

1110 X

In t h e t h r e e s u b s e q u e n t s e c tio n s of th is c h a p t e r , th e HRS, WS

a n d OWI case h is to rie s a r e t r e a t e d s e p a ra te ly in a sy stem a tic m a n n er.

In all c a s e s , t h e s te p s listed below w e re followed:

(a) d e s c rip tio n of th e c h a r a c te r i s t ic s an d objectiv es of

t h e case h is to r y ,

(b) e a r t h q u a k e d e s c r ip tio n ,

(c ) d e s c rip tio n of field o b s e r v a tio n s , field m easurem ents

and field t e s t i n g , a n d definition of t h e geom etry of

th e soil profile to b e a n aly zed ,

(d ) d e s c rip tio n and d isc u ssio n of la b o ra to ry resu lts, and

especially cyclic s tr a in -c o n tro lle d re su lts, on sands

sampled from t h e s ite ,

(e) selection of DESRAMOD in p u t p a ra m e te rs and

c o n s tru c tio n of an aly tical soil p ro file,

(f) DESRAMOD c o m p u te r a n a ly se s and p re s e n ta tio n of

th e r e s u l t s , and

(g ) d iscu ssio n of th e r e s u lt s , comparison with

o b s e r v a tio n s , a n d co n clusion s.
 248

5 .2 H eb er Road S ite Case S tu d y (HRS)

5 .2 .1 In tro d u c tio n , O bjectives a n d S tu d y A pproach

On O c to b e r 15, 1979 an e a r t h q u a k e of m a g n itu d e 6 .5 to 6.6

s t r u c k t h e Imperial V alley, S o u th e rn C alifornia. T h e e a r t h q u a k e was

v e r y well re c o rd e d and g e n e r a te d one of th e most com p re h en siv e s e ts

of s tro n g -m o tio n - a c c e le r o g r a p h d a ta yet re c o rd e d from a dam aging

seismic e v e n t ( F i g . 5 . 2 . 1 ) .

A n u m b e r of g r o u n d f a ilu re s w ere c au sed by th is earth q u ak e,

esp ecially n e a r th e fa u lt r u p t u r e and t h e m a in -sh o ck e p ic e n te r . One

of t h e locations at which liquefaction fa ilu re d id o c c u r was th e H eber

Road S ite (H R S ), located only 1.6 km from t h e f a u lt ru p tu re , as

shown in Figs. 4 . 1 . 2 a n d 5 .2 .1 . While th e HRS fa ilu r e is d is c u s s e d

in detail in th e following se c tio n s, some basic features are of

immediate i n t e r e s t. The field in v e s tig a tio n , p e rfo rm e d a fte r th e

earth q u ak e by Youd and B enett (1983) revealed t h a t t h r o u g h o u t th e

site th e re is a sa tu ra te d san d la y er ap p ro x im ately 12 feet (~3.5

m e ters) th i c k , located betw een a b o u t 6 f t and 15 f t d e p t h . However,

it has b e e n fo u n d , as a lre a d y shown in Fig. 4 .1 .3 , t h a t th is san d

la y e r h a s t h r e e v e r y d if f e r e n t s t a n d a r d p e n e tr a tio n r e s is ta n c e s along

its c r o s s - s e c tio n an d t h u s , p re s u m a b ly , d if f e r e n t re la tiv e d e n s itie s a t

d if f e r e n t locations w ithin th e s ite . Surficial e ffe c ts of liquefaction,

su c h as ground an d p avem ent c r a c k in g s , lateral spread, and san d

boils w e re o b s e rv e d only o v e r th e middle, loosest s a n d d e p o s it labeled

 249

"Channel Fill" (u n it "A2") in Fig. 4 .1 .3 , and a b b r e v ia te d in th is

s tu d y as CF. Youd a n d B e n n e tt (1983) s ta t e d t h a t th is middle loose

u n it is c learly t h e o n e t h a t liquefied, a n d t h e y concluded t h a t p o re

w a te r p r e s s u r e may h a v e also risen in th e o t h e r two denser san d

u n its , "Point Bar" ( u n i t "A1" a b b r e v ia te d as PB) and "Levee" (u n it

"A3", a b b re v ia te d as L ), w ith o u t c a u sin g noticable s u r f a c e e f f e c ts .

T h e r e f o re , t h e HRS liquefaction failu re h a s t h e following u n iq u e

c h a r a c te r i s t ic s , as com pared to o th e r n u m ero us liquefaction s tu d ie s

pu b lish e d to d ate:

( 1) th e earth q u ak e g ro u n d a c c elera tio n s w e re re c o rd e d at a

num ber of s tr o n g g ro u n d motion s ta tio n s , including

s e v e ra l q u i t e close to t h e liquefaction s ite , and

( 2) th ree ad ja c e n t sa n d d e p o s its with similar la y e rin g but

d if f e r e n t p e n e tra tio n re s is ta n c e s , of which only one

showed surface m anifestations of liquefaction, w ere

su b je c te d t o e s s e n tia lly identical b a s e e a r t h q u a k e motions.

The s tu d y of th is HRS ca se th u s rep resen ts a u n iq u e

o p p o r tu n ity f o r e v a lu a tin g th e cap ability of DESRAMOD to sim ulate

seismic and p o re pressure re s p o n s e s in th e CF, PB an d L soil

profiles which should b e com patible with t h e d i f f e r e n t g ro u n d s u r f a c e

m anifestation s at t h e s e th ree locations, by u s in g in all of them t h e

same acceleration in p u t and s tiff n e s s profile at la r g e r d e p t h s .

In o r d e r to ap p ro x im ate t h e soil p r o p e r ti e s of th e HRS s a n d s ,

field and la b o ra to r y t e s t s w e re co n d u cted b y U . S . G . S . , U n iv e rs ity of

 250

T e x a s a n d W w oodw ard-Clyde C o n s u lta n ts on all of th e t h r e e HRS s a n d

d e p o s its m entio ned. Some additional la b o ra to ry te sts w ere also

prfo rm ed b y t h e a u t h o r (s e e Section 2 . 5 . 2 ) . H ow ever, a m ajority of

th e key la b o ra to r y m e asu re m en ts w ere p erfo rm e d on ly on two sand

d e p o s it s , t h e d e n s e s t Point B ar (P B ) d e p o s it an d t h e loosest C hannel

Fill (CF) d e p o s it. T herefore, only th e se two soil profiles are

an aly zed h e r e .

The specific ap p ro a c h u sed f o r t h e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e seismic

r e s p o n s e of t h e CF and PB p ro files co n s is te d of t h e following s t e p s :

(a) e v a lu a tio n , from available s tr o n g motion r e c o r d s , of

th e p eak ground surface a c c e le ra tio n , ap s , which

would h av e been re c o rd e d at a rep resen tativ e soil

p ro file located a t th e HRS in t h e a b s e n c e of p o re

p ressure b u ild u p , i.e ., on to p of nonliq uefiable

p ro file ,

(b) selection of th e PB n o n d e g r a d in g soil p ro file , in

which pore pressure g e n e ra tio n and hence

d e g ra d a tio n is not allowed, as being th is

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e HRS p ro file,

(c ) selection of acc elero g ram s re c o r d e d at sta tio n s near

HRS, and scaling of them to a valu e of a max

m, „ such

th a t, when u sed as in p u t to th e n o n d e g r a d in g ,

" r e p r e s e n ta t iv e " PB soil p ro file, yields analytical

p eak ground surface a c c e le ra tio n s , a^a , sim ilar to

 251

th e field value a estim ated in (a) above, an d

ps
finally

(d ) application of th ese same scaled a cc elero g ram s, at

th e b a s e of t h e PB a n d CF d e g r a d in g soil p ro file s,

in which p o re pressure g e n e ra tio n as well as

d issip atio n is allowed, i . e . , t h e p ro files r e p r e s e n t in g

th e actual field con ditio ns a t t h e HRS a t t h e time of

th e e a r t h q u a k e .

It is e x p e c te d t h a t t h e DESRAMOD c o m p u te r r u n s in s te p (d )

sho uld p r e d ic t dynam ic re s p o n s e s of t h e PB a n d CF profiles similar to

th o s e actu ally e x h ib ite d at th e se two locations d u r in g th e 1979

earth q u ak e. S pecifically, t h e CF soil p ro file s h o u ld liquefy in t h e s e

a n a ly s e s , while in PB p r e d ic te d p o re pressures should be small

en o u g h as to be in capab le of g e n e r a tin g s u r f a c e m a n ifestatio n s.

As e x p lain ed in Section 4 .1 , th e HRS case h is to r y was

prelim inarily an aly zed b y V ucetic an d D obry (1986). In t h a t r e p o r t ,

th e HRS field o b s e r v a ti o n s , field seismic te s t i n g and la b o ra to ry

te s t i n g a r e d e s c r ib e d in detail while in t h e following section s re le v a n t

information from th a t report is ju st sum m arized. Also, some

information has a lre a d y been p r e s e n te d in C h a p t e r 4 as a p a r t of t h e

DESRAMOD p a ra m e tric s tu d ie s a n d will be recalled in t h e s u b s e q u e n t

d is c u s s io n s as n e e d e d .
 252

5.2.2 T h e O ctob er 15, 1979 Imperial V a lley E arthquake

T h e O c to b e r 15, 1979 Imperial Valley E a r t h q u a k e was among th e

la r g e s t seismic e v e n t s t h a t h a v e o c c u r r e d in C alifornia in th e p a s t 15

years. The v ertical r i g h t - la te r a l s t r ik e - s l ip ru p tu re occurred along

th e Imperial Valley F au lt n e a r t h e U nited S tates-M exican b o r d e r with

e p i c e n te r located in n o rth ern Mexico (F ig . 5 .2 .1 ) and with a focal

d e p th of 10 km (C h a v e z e t al. 1982). T h e local m a g n itu d e was M^ =

6.6 while t h e m om en t-m agn itud e, o b ta in ed from v e r y long period

surface w av es, was M = 6 .5 (C havez et al. 1982, Kanamori and

R eg an , 1982). T h e s u r f a c e fa u lt r u p t u r e s t a r t e d ap p ro x im ate ly 4 km

n o rth of t h e Mexican border, as in d icated in Fig. 4 .1 .2 , and

p r o p a g a te d to w a rd th e NW f o r a total le n g th of 3 0 .5 km, and a

maximum s u r f a c e ho rizontal o ffs e t of a b o u t 0.6 m was re c o rd e d a f te r

th e e arth q u ak e (S h arp et a l., 1982).

As m entioned e a r l ie r , many liquefaction ground fa ilu re s and

sand boils g e n e r a te d by seismic s h a k in g w e re observed afte r th e

earth q u ak e by Youd and Wieczorek (1982), and at th e HRS th e s e

liquefaction e f fe c ts w e re p a r ti c u la r ly s e v e r e . T h e location of t h e HRS

with respect to surface fa u ltin g and th e earth q u ak e e p ic e n te r is

shown in Fig. 5 .2 .1 , and in more detail in Fig. 4 .1 .2 . It is

in t e r e s tin g to n o te t h a t HRS lies j u s t n o r t h e a s t of t h e b e g in n in g of

t h e s u r f a c e f a u lt r u p t u r e , a t a d is ta n c e of 1.6 km from t h e r u p t u r e ,

an d th a t th e surface ru p tu re was d e te c te d o n ly b ey ond 10 km

n o r th w e s t of th e main sh o ck e p i c e n te r , and n ot at th e e p ic e n te r
 253

itse lf.

The Imperial V alley has undergone several similar size

earthquakes in t h e recent p ast. B ecause of its high seismicity th i s

region has b een t h e s u b je c t of seismological a n d geological s tu d ie s f o r

many years. N umerous s t r o n g g ro u n d motion accelom eters an d o t h e r

m onito ring in s tr u m e n ts w ere installed in th e a r e a , a n d t h e s e p ro v id e d

a wealth of u seful inform ation a b o u t th e 1979 e a r t h q u a k e .

T h e s e t of s t r o n g motion re c o rd s o b ta in e d from t h e 1979 e v e n t ,

p u b lis h e d and an aly zed in s e v e ra l re p o rts, may c o n s ti tu te t h e most

c o m p re h e n s iv e piece of e v id e n c e of th is ty p e ever re c o rd e d from a

s in g le earth q u ak e (P orcella, 1984). Many s ta tio n s w e re in o p eratio n

d u rin g th e event as d e s c r ib e d in detail by Porcella an d M atthisen,

(1979), Porcella et a l., (1982), a n d M cJunkin a n d R aqsdale, (1980).

Most of t h e a c c e le r o g ra p h s w e re in stalled in in s tr u m e n t s h e lte r s o r in

o n e-sto ry b u ild in g s and can b e c o n s id e re d to be f re e - f ie ld

in s tr u m e n ts . Fig. 5 .2 .1 shows th e positions of th ese close-in

s tro n g -m o tio n s ta tio n s , in clu ding se v e ra l s ta tio n s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e HRS

which w ere c o n s id e re d in t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

T here are basically tw o s e ts of re c o r d s t h a t can b e u sed f o r

a s s e s s m e n t of t h e ground motions at th e HRS. F i r s t , th e re w e re

r e c o r d s o b ta in e d a t t h e f o u r s ta tio n s s u r r o u n d i n g th e HRS: Meloland,

H oltville, Calexico a n d Bonds C o r n e r . T h e p r e c is e locations of t h e s e

s ta tio n s a r e shown in Fig. 4 .1 .2 , and a summary of r e le v a n t d a ta is

giv e n in T ab le 5 . 2 .1 . Figs. 4 . 1 . 8 to 4 . 1 .1 0 showed t h e acceleration

 254

time h is to rie s r e c o r d e d a t t h r e e of t h e s e f o u r s ta tio n s . These plots

w ere g e n e r a te d at RPI from t h e d ig itiz ed ta p e s o b ta in e d from USGS

(B rady et al. 1980) and CDMG (M cJunkin an d R agsd ale, 1980).

A n o th e r s e t of re c o r d s r e le v a n t to th is stu d y are th e acc elera tio n s

from th e El C e n tr o A r r a y s ta tio n s shown in Fig. 5 .2 .1 an d

sum m arized in T ab le 5 . 2 .2 . T his array, made up of 13 s ta tio n s a t

3-5 km s p a c in g s , lies on a line ap p ro x im ately p e r p e n d ic u la r to th e

f a u lt, an d was e s ta b lis h e d to p ro v id e information on t h e a tte n u a tio n of

ground motions with d is ta n c e from th e fa u lt. B ecause th e HRS is

only 1.6 km from th e f a u lt, an d also b ec a u se of t h e s tr ik e - s l ip n a t u r e

of t h e earthquake, th e p e a k g r o u n d s u r fa c e a c c e le ra tio n s a from

r®
th e array a r e also u sed to estim ate t h e range of a th a t most

p ro b a b ly o c c u r r e d a t HRS.

It can be noted t h a t both T ab les 5 .2 .1 and 5 . 2 .2 include two

columns f o r maximum g r o u n d surface a c c e le ra tio n s . It is a common

p r o c e d u r e t h a t t h e com ponents of g ro u n d motion a r e initially o b ta in e d

on film in an analog form. In th i s form t h e y are d ifficu lt to u s e

except for e s tim atin g a ^ $, an d also for some g e n e ra l q u a lita tiv e

d e s c rip tio n of f r e q u e n c y c o n te n t a n d d u r a tio n . Column 7 in T able

5 .2 .1 an d column 5 in T ab le 5 . 2 .2 contain a o b ta in e d in such a

ps
way (Porcella et al 1982). T h e s e analog re c o rd s w ere la te r

tr a n s fo rm e d into a more s u ita b le digital form . The d igitization

p r o c e s s in volved s e lec tin g a c c e le ra tio n s a t time in te rv a ls betw een 600

and 800 sam ples per second. These raw time s e r ie s w ere th e n
 255

p ro c e s s e d to produce m agnetic ta p e s c o n tain in g u n c o r r e c te d

accelerog ram s a n d a f t e r f ilte r in g f o r no ise, in s tr u m e n t c o rre c tio n e t c . ,

th e c o r r e c te d e a r t h q u a k e re c o r d s w ere finally p r o d u c e d ( B r a d y e t a l . ,

1980). F u rth e r, t h e c o r r e c te d time h is to rie s w e re re c o rd e d on ta p e s

at b ig g e r time in te r v a ls ( f o r exam ple, 0.01 s ec in te r v a ls f o r t h e USGS

d ata). V alues of a o b ta in e d from s u ch ta p e d re c o r d s a r e listed in

ps
columns 8 an d 6 of T ab les 5 .2 .1 and 5 - 2 .2 , r e s p e c tiv e ly . These

c o rr e c te d maximum p e a k g r o u n d acceleration v a lu e s from th e ta p e s a r e

smaller th a n th e v a lu e s d ir e c tly o b ta in ed from film r e c o rd . The

reason is t h a t a tim e in te rv a l of 0.01 sec is not small en o u g h to

d efin e t h e p eak v alu es of t h e original acc elero g ram f o r c e rta in high

fr e q u e n c y re c o rd s . Also, some p e a k valu es (if th e earth q u ak e

includes v e r y high f r e q u e n c i e s ) a r e omitted d u r i n g a digitization s u c h

as d e s c r ib e d ab o v e. Similar d iffe re n c e s betw een th e two ty p e s of

acceleration time h is to r y f o r a num b er of e a r t h q u a k e s w ere d is c u s s e d

by Id ris s (1978).

Given th e abundance of re c o rd e d a values d u r in g th i s

ps
earth q u ak e, th e y a re all u s e d , in w hat follows, to estim ate th e

maximum horizontal peak g ro u n d surface a c c e le ra tio n s at th e

r e p r e s e n t a tiv e no n liq u efiab le HRS location d u r in g t h e 1979 e a r t h q u a k e .

S pecifically, th e fo u r a p s values re c o rd e d at Meloland, Holtville,

Calexico an d Bonds C orner, are com bined w ith th e acceleration

a tte n u a tio n r e la tio n s h ip p r o v id e d by t h e El C e n tr o a r r a y a c c elera tio n s

listed in T able 5 . 2 . 2 . In all c a s e s , t h e la r g e s t acceleration o b ta in ed

 256

from t h e two com ponents is d efin e d as t h e a of t h e s ta tio n .

ps
Fig. 5 . 2 .2 p lo ts all t h e s e a v alu es v e r s u s d is ta n c e from t h e
ps
s u r f a c e fa u lt r u p t u r e . T h e d ata show t h e usual t r e n d of d e c r e a s in g

a with d is ta n c e (s e e Id ris s 1978). The a v a lu e s fo r t h e f o u r

ps ps
su rro u n d in g s ta tio n s are g e n e ra lly c o n s is te n t with th e a tte n u a tio n

band d efined b y t h e a r r a y , with a p s of Bonds C o r n e r b ein g on t h e

h ig h sid e while Holtville a n d Calexico a r e on th e low sid e; h o w ev er,

a f o r t h e Meloland s ite is c o n s id e ra b ly lower. Also, t h e Meloland

ps
acc e le ra tio n record, a lre a d y shown in Fig. 4 .1 .1 0 , shows a sm aller

f r e q u e n c y c o n te n t th a n t h e o t h e r r e c o rd s (F ig s . 4 . 1 . 8 and 4 . 1 . 9 ) . A

re a s o n f o r s u c h low aps and lower f r e q u e n c y c o n ten t, as com pared

w ith t h e g e n e ra l d a ta t r e n d , is p ro b a b ly t h a t t h e foun datio n material

a t th is s ite includes soft s ilty clay la y e rs (Rojahn e t a l . , 1982) which

cannot tr a n s m it high a c c e le ra tio n s (s e e for exam ple illu stratio n of

in flu e n c e of s ite co n d itio n s on a p ro p o s e d b y S eed e t a l . , 1975 an d

r*
d is c u s s io n in Section 4 . 3 ) . T h e soil la y ers which lie below th e PB,

CF and L sa n d d e p o s its at HRS a r e composed o f medium s tiff clay

a n d / o r medium to d e n s e s a n d , an d s o f t clay was not r e p o r te d a t th is

s i t e (Youd an d B e n e tt, 1983).

The PB location w ithin t h e HRS is u s e d f o r a s s e s s m e n t of t h e

general seismic g ro u n d motions at th e HRS. B eca u se th e PB s a n d

d e p o s it did not show surface m a n ifestatio n s of liq u efactio n , its

n o n d e g r a d in g co u n terp art is ta k e n here as a f i r s t ap proxim ation of

t h e HRS site r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e re c o rd in g statio n s ite s in c lu d ed in

 257

Fig. 5 .2 .2 , which of c o u r s e did not liquefy eith er. T herefore, it

seems reaso n ab le to assu m e t h a t t h e a valu e a t t h e HRS on to p of

ps
th e PB d e p o s it, was most p ro b a b le h ig h e r th a n th at r e c o rd e d at

Meloland (a = 0 .3 2 g ) , located a t a b o u t th e same d is ta n c e to t h e

ps
f a u lt , and lower th a n t h a t re c o rd e d a t t h e Bonds C o r n e r site (a =
ps
0.81 g ) .

A fte r c o n s id e rin g all th e av ailab le re c o rd e d acceleratio n

inform ation a lre a d y d is c u s s e d , and d is ta n c e of th e HRS from th e

f a u lt , it is con clu ded from F ig. 5 . 2 .2 t h a t t h e p eak horizontal g r o u n d

su rface a c c e le ra tio n , a at th e rep resen tativ e HRS location d u r in g

t h e 1979 e a r t h q u a k e was most p ro b a b ly betw een 0 .4 0 an d 0 .7 5 g .

R e g a rd in g th e selection of t h e acc elera tio n time h is to r y to b e

used as in p u t to th e DESRAMOD a n a ly s e s , th e acceleration time

h is to r i e s from Meloland, Holtville, Calexico and Bonds C orner a re in

p r in c ip le assu m ed as b e in g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e s u r f a c e s h a k in g in

t h e g e n e ra l a rea w h e re t h e HRS is located.

A g la n c e a t Figs. 4 . 1 . 8 and 4 . 1 . 9 shows t h a t th e a p p e a r a n c e of

t h e Holtville and Calexico accelero gram s is sim ilar, while t h e Meloland

re c o r d is q u ite d iffere n t. T h e r e f o re , for c o n v e n ie n c e , on ly th e

ac c e le ro g ra m s r e c o rd e d a t t h e Calexico a n d Meloland s ta tio n s , shown

in F ig s. 4 . 1 . 8 a n d 4 .1 .1 0 , r e s p e c tiv e ly , a r e u tiliz ed h erein as in p u t

t o th e DESRAMOD a n a ly s e s . T h e Bonds C o r n e r re c o rd is not u sed a t

all in th is stu d y , as s e v e ra l seism ologists who h a v e exam ined th is

a cc elero g ram conclu ded t h a t it is a s u sp icio u s record which in c lu d es

 258

sp ik e s n e a r its e n d no t c le a rly r e p r e s e n t i v e of t h e f r e e - f ie ld g ro u n d

s h a k in g ( B y c r o f t, 1981, Niazy, 1983, and Porcella, 1980, see also

V u cetic an d D obry 1986).

Among th e two p e r p e n d i c u la r h orizontal acceleratio n r e c o rd s

r e c o r d e d a t each s ta tio n , t h e o ne which c o n ta in s th e la r g e r maximum

v a lu e , a , is sp ecifically selec ted and u sed as in p u t in th e

ps
DESRAMOD a n a ly s e s . T h e s e a r e th e Calexico 225° r e c o r d , shown in

Fig. 4 .1 .8 (a ) an d th e Meloland N orth re c o r d , shown in Fig.

4 .1 .1 0 (a ).

5 . 2 .3 Field O b s e r v a tio n s , M easurem ents and T e s tin g

A fte r t h e O c to b e r 15, 1979 Imperial Valley E a r th q u a k e a n d its

a f te r s h o c k s , num erou s g ro u n d fa ilu re s an d s e c o n d a r y g ro u n d e ffe c ts

attrib u ted to liquefaction phenom ena w ere observed in th e Imperial

Valley re g io n . S u rficial e ffe c ts like la te ra l sp read in g s, d iffe re n tia l

s e ttle m e n ts , sa n d boils, g r o u n d and p a v em en t cracks, an d o th e r

liquefaction e ffe c ts w e re r e c o r d e d a t 38 d if f e r e n t s ite s in t h e V alley.

These s ite s w ere v is ite d an d s tu d ie d by USGS team s d u r in g 1979,

1981 an d 1982 ( B e n n e t t e t a l . , 1981, Voud and W eiczorck, 1982 a n d

Youd a n d B e n n e tt, 1983). At t h e H eber Road s ite th e liquefaction

e ffe c ts w e re p a r ti c u la r ly p ro n o u n c e d .

The liquefaction e ffe c ts at HRS shown in Fig. 5 .2 .3 are

d e s c r ib e d b y Youd a n d B e n n e tt (1983). T h e y o b s e r v e d t h a t a lateral

s p r e a d s e v e r e ly d i s r u p t e d t h e p av em ent on H eber Road. The spread

s h ifte d th e road and a parallel u nlined canal as much as 7 ft

 259

s o u th w a r d , to w a rd a 6.6 f t d e e p d e p r e s s io n . T h e y also ind icated

th a t th is d e p r e s s io n is a re m n a n t of th e old s tream c h an n e l th a t

p r e v io u s ly passed th r o u g h th e a re a (F ig . 5 .2 .4 ). T he spread was

530 f t w ide a t H eber Road an d a b o u t 330 ft long from t h e e d g e of

th e d e p r e s s io n to t h e n o rth e r n m o s t c r a c k in th e field n o rth o f th e

ro ad . A r c u a te g r o u n d c r a c k s a n d s c a r p s form ed a r o u n d t h e m arg ins

a n d a c r o s s t h e in te r io r of t h e s p r e a d . Sand boils e r u p t e d at s e v e ra l

p laces on th e spread, prim arily along ground cracks n o rth of th e

ro ad .

Such liquefaction effe c ts w e re a c o n s e q u e n c e of an in te re s tin g

geological s e tt in g d e s c r ib e d b y t h e same a u t h o r s

"As r e c e n tly as 300 to 400 y e a r s ago th e v alley was c o v e re d

by a la rg e lake called Lake Cahuilla. D u rin g th e high
s ta n d of Lake C ahuilla, fluvial stream d e p o s its a n d a delta
form ed on t h e so u th s h o r e w h e r e a d i s t r i b u t a r y , c a u s e d by
a te m p o r a r y channel s h i f t of th e C olorado R iv e r, en tered
th e lake s o u th of Holtville, California ( F ig . 5 .2 .4 ). The
d elta is d e lin e a te d b y a lobe o f h ig h e r g r o u n d ; soil s u r v e y s
show th e d elta to b e g e n e ra lly u n d e rla in by s a n d y soils,
w h e re a s th e su rro u n d in g lak e-b o tto m soils are clay rich.
Aerial p h o to g ra p h s ta k e n in 1937 show a rem nant stream
c h a n n e l, ___ lying on t h e a x is of t h e d e l t a n e a rly all
of th e rem n a n t ch an n e l now has b e e n o b li te r a t e d by land
lev eling for a g r ic u ltu r a l purposes. D u rin g th e 1979
earth q u ak e, num erous liquefaction and ground fa ilu re
effects, in c lu d in g th o s e a t t h e H eber Road s ite , developed
on t h e d elta an d esp ecially w ithin t h e old c h a n n e l."
 260

Field in v e stig a tio n at HRS b y t h e USGS inclu ded sam pling of

d i s tu r b e d a n d " u n d is tu r b e d " p isto n sam ples, SPT t e s t s and two ty p e s

of CPT t e s t s (Youd an d B e n n e tt 1983).

Based on t h e i r field in v e stig a tio n , Youd a n d B e n n e tt (1983) and

Youd and Wieczorek (1982) dev elo p ed t h e rep resen tativ e soil p rofile

shown in Fig. 4 .1 .3 , which illu s tra te s th e co n fig u ra tio n of t h e soil

la y e rs and t h e d if f e r e n t sand d e p o s it u n its a t t h e HRS. Locations of

th e b o rin g s and t h e r e s u lt s of SPT t e s t s and mechanical CPT t e s t s

a r e also shown in th is f ig u r e f o r e v e r y hole.

Youd and B e n n e tt (1983) g a v e th e following d e s c rip tio n of th e

soil c o n d itio n s a t t h e HRS:

"A 3ft to 5 ft (0.9 to 1.5m) la y e r of sandy fill caps th e

H eber Road s ite . Beneath th e fill, th e cross section
c o n ta in s an l i f t to 13ft (3.4m to 4.0m ) th i c k la y e r composed
of silt a n d f in e sa n d with t h r e e d i s t i n c t s u b u n i t s . A dense
f in e s a n d of p o i n t - b a r (PB) orig in (U n it A^) lies b e n ea th
th e fill in t h e w e s te rn p a r t of t h e s e c tio n . T h is sa n d is
2
c h a r a c te r i z e d by po in t r e s is ta n c e s of 110 kg /cm
2 2
(m echanical) or 120 kg /cm to 260 k g /cm (ele ctrical) and
N -v a lu e s of 29 to 36 ( s a fe ty hammer) o r 32 to 35 (d o n u t
h a m m e r ). T h e c e n tr a l p a r t of t h e section co ntains loose,
v e r y fin e s a n d and s ilty san d t h a t is a n a tu ra l chann el fill
(C F ) d e p o s ite d by t h e a n c ie n t stream (U nit A~). This sand
2
is c h a r a c te r i z e d by p o in t r e s is ta n c e s of 10 kg/cm to 40
2 2 2
k g /c m (m echanical) o r 10 k g/cm to 50 kg /cm (electrical)
and N -v alu es of 1 to 7 ( s a f e ty hammer) or 2 to 4
(d o n u t-h am m er). T h e e a s te rn p a r t of th e section co ntains
 261

m o d e ra te ly -d e n s e s a n d a n d s ilt y - s a n d o v e r b a n k (L) d e p o sits

2
(U nit A ,) c h a r a c te r iz e d b y p o in t r e s is ta n c e s of 25 kg/cm
2 2 2
to 75 k g/cm (m echanical) o r 20 kg/cm to 125 kg/cm
(e le ctrical) and N -v alu es of 9 to 13 ( s a f e ty hammer) and 17
to 19 ( d o n u t ham m er). W ater ta b le d e p th was a t a b o u t 6 .0
f t (1 .8 m) d u r in g t h e t e s t s in December 1979 a n d January
1981, an d a b o u t 8 .5 ft (2 .6 m) d u r in g th e te sts in May
1982. Below th e fluvial s a n d u n its lie a l te r n a t in g ,
co n tin u o u s la y ers of m edium -stiff la c u s tr in e clays and d e n s e
ch ann el o r deltaic s a n d s . . .
Surficial e f fe c ts of liquefaction w e re c o n c e n tra te d
o v e r Unit A2 ( t h e old c h a n n e l) , t h e lo o se st, s a tu r a t e d sa n d
in th e sectio n. C le arly , th is is t h e u n it th a t liquefied
d u r in g th e 1979 e a r t h q u a k e . P o re -w a te r p ressures may
h av e risen in t h e o t h e r sa n d u n its in c lu d in g U nits A^ and
Ag, b u t o th e r th a n t h e lin e a r array of s a n d boils o v e r a
d ra in line east of th e c h a n n e l, no surficial liquefaction
e ffe c ts o c c u r r e d b e y o n d t h e c h a n n e l."

In conclu sio n, it is c le a r th a t th e two sands (PB and CF)

s tu d ie d in th is rep o rt have very d if f e r e n t field d e n s itie s . The PB

sa n d is v e r y dense an d did no t show surface m an ifestatio n s of

liquefaction d u r in g t h e 1979 e a r t h q u a k e , while t h e CF s a n d is v e r y

loose and indeed liquefied in th e same earthquake. It should be

m entioned t h a t t h e field r e s u l t s w ere o b ta in e d afte r th e earth q u ak e,

but as p o in ted out by Youd and B e n n e tt (1983), t h e r e s u lts may

v a r y only s lig h tly from p r e - e a r t h q u a k e v a lu e s .

Beside t h e s e teams from USGS, a team from t h e U n iv e rs ity of

T e x a s (U T ) was also at t h e HRS location, as p a r t of a c o o p era tiv e

 262

re s e a r c h on th i s case h is to r y involving USGS, UT, W oodw ard-Clyde

C o n s u lta n ts (WCC) and RPI. T h is UT team p erfo rm ed in J a n u a r y

1981 seismic field te s tin g a t th e th ree sa n d d e p o s its of th e HRS.

Seismic c ro s s h o le and surface re fra c tio n te c h n iq u e s w e re used to

d e te rm in e th e v aria tio n of low am plitude s h e a r w ave v e lo c ity , V , with

d epth. L inear c ro s s h o le a r r a y s a n d s u r f a c e re fra c tio n lines fo r t h e s e

m e asu rem en ts w e re located a t a s ite of each s a n d d e p o s it, parallel to

th e rem n a n t s tre a m chan n e l in order to minimize th e influence of

lateral v a ria tio n of soil cond ition s.

Low am p litu de shear wave velocities, V , are used in th e

p re se n t stu d y to d eterm in e one o f th e basic dynam ic p a ra m e te rs of

soil d e p o s its , t h e maximum in situ s h e a r moduli, G , b y means of

ITldX
t h e re la tio n sh ip

w h e re p is mass d e n s ity of soil. In th is s t u d y , th e v a lu e of p used

f o r all s a t u r a t e d s a n d s was

*to 12 5 ( l b / f t 3 ) lb- s e c 2
p = ---- = --------------------- = 3.89 (------------- ) , ( 5 .2 .2 )
9 3 2 .1 7 ( f t / s e c 2) ft4

w h e re is to tal u n it w e ig h t of soil as d eterm in e d in la b o ra to ry and

 263

g is t h e acceleration of g r a v i t y .
3 7 ■— It m ust be n oted t h a t Gmax is one
of t h e in p u t d ata d ir e c tly used in th e DESRAMOD a n a ly sis , which

an aly tic al c o u n t e r p a r t is d e n o te d in C h a p te r s 3 an d 4 as GmQ. The

s ig n ific a n c e of th e e ffe c t of G on th e seismic soil profile re s p o n s e

11 l a X

was c le a rly shown in Section 4 . 3 .

T h e s h e a r w ave velocity r e s u lt s ob tained in t h e c ro s s h o le t e s t s

a t t h e CF a n d PB locations a r e shown in Fig. 5 . 2 . 5 . Fig. 5 . 2 .5 also

in c lu d es th e SPT a n d CPT v a lu e s f o r th e PB a n d CF d e p o s its . The

pro files p r e s e n te d in c lu d e two s e ts of s h e a r w ave v elocities, direc t

a n d in te rv a l v elo cities. D irect s h e a r wave velocities w ere o b ta in ed b y

m e a s u rin g th e tr a v e l times betw ee n s o u rc e b o re h o le an d r e c e iv e r

b o re h o le , while in te rv a l velocities w ere o b ta in e d by m e asu rin g th e

tr a v e l time d if f e r e n c e b etw een two re c e iv e r b o re h o le s . T h e in terv al

m e asu re m en ts of th e v elo cities are more reliable th a n th e d ir e c t

because th e y do not in c lu d e th e effect of t r i g g e r i n g at th e w ave

source. T h e field seismic t e s t r e s u lts a r e also summarized in T ab le

5 .2 .3 . These r e s u lts e v i d e n tly re fle c t t h e d i f f e r e n t d en sities of t h e

tw o HRS d e p o s its . Especially in te r e s tin g an d im p o rta n t a r e h e r e t h e

s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r v alu es of V , as well as SPT and CPT at th e

Point B a r d e p o s it with r e s p e c t to C hannel Fill.

5 .2 .4 D iscussion of L a b o ra to ry T e s t R esu lts

In order to e v a lu a te th e dynam ic and o th e r soil p r o p e r tie s

needed fo r th e DESRAMOD a n a l y s i s , two d i f f e r e n t la b o ra to ry t e s t in g

p ro g ra m s w ere initially c o n d u c t e d on Point Bar an d Channel Fill a n d

 264

Levee s a n d s a t t h e U n iv e r s ity of T e x a s (U T) (Kuo and S tokoe, 1982)

an d WCC la b o ra to rie s (L ad d , 1982). All t h e s e r e s u lt s w ere p r e s e n te d

an d an aly zed in g r e a t d e ta il, as well as com pared to t h e field t e s t s

by V u cetic an d D obry (1986), an d in th i s section t h e y will be j u s t

summarized to t h e e x t e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r an a p p r o p r ia te selection of t h e

DESRAMOD soil p a r a m e te r s .

Also, eig h t aditional t e s t s on r e c o n s titu te d CF sand w ere

co n d u c te d as p a r t of th i s s t u d y , aimed specifically a t ev a lu a tin g th e

e ffe c t of sa n d specimen d e n s ity and sample d is tu r b a n c e on th e

D o b ry 's p o re pressure model. These eight cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d

te sts, d e s c r ib e d in Section 2 . 5 . 2 , w e re c o n d u c te d on CF sa n d from

one b oreho le a n d one d e p th , and th e ir r e s u lts are in g en era l in a

good a g re e m e n t with th o s e r e p o r te d b y Ladd.

T h e following t e s t s w ere p e rfo rm e d a t th e UT la b o ra to ry : index

p ro p e rty te sts, 4 s ta t ic isotropically co n so lid ated u n d ra in e d triax ial

te sts (C IU ), and r e s o n a n t column t e s t s with application of small and

-4 -1
la rg e cyclic s h e a r s tr a i n s y ra n g in g from 10 to 10 % a t d if f e r e n t

iso tro p ic co nfining p r e s s u r e s ra n g in g b etw een 2 a n d 32 psi.

At th e WWC la b o ra to r y , th e te sts on PB and CF sands

in c lu d ed : index p ro p e rty te s ts , one CIU s ta t ic a n d one CIU dynam ic

( f a s t loading) t e s t f o r each s a n d , 12 tria x ia l cyclic s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d

tests on "u n d istu rb ed " and com posite r e c o n s ti tu te d specim ens with

iso tropic e ffe c tiv e consolidation s t r e s s e s 1 .0 , 1.5 an d 2 .0 k s f , an d a

s e r ie s of 9 cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te sts on each sand includ in g

 265

tria x ia l a n d NGI d i r e c t simple s h e a r t e s t s on b o th " u n d is tu r b e d " and

com posite r e c o n s ti tu te d sp ecim en s. In th e s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d te sts th e

cyclic shear stra in , Y , rece iv ed valu es b etw een n o n d e s tr u c t iv e low

cy
s t r a i n s of a b o u t 0.015% a n d la rg e s tr a i n s of 1.0%. All re c o n s titu te d

specim ens w e re p repared u s in g th e moist tam ping te c h n iq u e with

u n d ercom p actio n (L a d d , 1978).

T h e s e tw o t e s t i n g p ro g ra m s w e re basically aimed at e v a lu a tin g

th e G /G _ versus Y an d X versus Y r e la tio n s h ip s , an d at

max cy cy
d ev elo p in g th e p o re pressure models including d e term in a tio n of t h e

th r e s h o l d stra in , Y^. B eside th a t, th e la b o ra to r y te sts w e re also

used to v e r if y th e field seismic te s t in g and e x p lo ra tio n . As

d e s c r ib e d b y V u cetic and D obry (1986), la b o ra to r y a n d field r e s u lts

w ere fo u n d to b e in v e r y good a g ree m en t.

T h e r e s o n a n t column t e s t s by Kuo a n d Stokoe (1982), as well

as t h e cyclic tria x ia l and DSS t e s t s b y Ladd (1982), w ere bo th used

to d e te rm in e G /G _ versus Y and X versus Y The summary

max cy cy
p lot of G /G _ versus Y o b ta in e d f o r PB and CF s a n d is given in
max cy
Fig. 5 . 2 . 6 , w hile t h e X v e r s u s Y plo t f o r th e PB s a n d is given in
cy
Fig. 5 . 2 . 7 , a n d f o r t h e CF s a n d in Fig. 5 .2 .8 .

T h e la b o ra to r y v alu es of G /G _ and X to be u s e d f o r f u r t h e r
' max
a n a ly s e s a r e s e le c te d h e r e on t h e b a s is of th e re a s o n a b le assum ption

th at th e y are in s e n s itiv e to sample d istu rb a n ce. G/G values

F T lo X

b ey o n d Y = 1.0% are e x tra p o la te d by u sin g a h y p e rb o lic

cy
re la tio n s h ip , which assum es t h a t t a t la rg e s tr a i n s is c o n s ta n t and
cy
 266

equal t o th e valu e a t If = 1.0%, t , = ( t ) 1Q.. T h e c o rr e s p o n d in g

cy cy cy 11>
re la tio n s h ip is

G (xc y J l%
= ------------------- , ( 5 .2 .3 )
G G Z
max max cy

v/here
G
< V l% = ( G ) 1% 0 01 = (—
G 31% Gmax 0 01 ' <5 -2 4 >
max

and hence

G 1
(-------- ) 1% (0.0 1) . ( 5 .2 .5 )
G G Z
max max cy

T h e G/G and X values given in Figs. 5 . 2 .6 to 5 . 2 . 8 , an d

ma x
su p p lem en ted by th e e x tra p o la te d G/G v a lu e s fo r s tr a i n s la rg e r
ma x
th a n 1.0%, as d e s c r ib e d ab ov e by Eq. (5 .2 .5 ), a re listed in T ab le

5 . 2 .4 .

T h e pore p re ssu re m easurem ents in t h e cy clic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d

te sts c o n d u c te d by Ladd w ere also used to d ev elo p D o b ry 's p o re

p r e s s u r e models f o r t h e two s a n d s . T h e p o r e p r e s s u r e model fo r one

d ire c tio n a l cyclic loading f o r t h e PB s a n d , dev elo p ed b y V ucetic an d

 267

D obry (1986) based on Ladd's re su lts, is p r e s e n te d in Fig. 5 .2 .9 ,

while th e model for CF sa n d has a lre a d y been p r e s e n te d in Fig.

4 .5 .2 . T h e d a ta p o in ts from t e s t s re c o rd e d b y Ladd a re inclu ded in

both of t h e s e fig u res. Ladd (1982) also m e a su re d th e

perm eab ility
_3
co efficien ts of t h e PB a n d CF s a n d s . He o b ta in e d k = 4 .2 x 10
_3
c m /s e c for PB an d k = 1.2 x 10 cm /se c f o r CF s a n d . These

p erm e ab ility v alu es a r e also in a g re e m e n t with th e d if f e r e n t c o n te n ts

of fin es in t h e two s a n d s . As shown b y t h e g ra in size d is trib u tio n

c u r v e s in Fig. 5 .2 .1 0 , t h e less p erm eab le CF sand has ap p ro x im ate ly

20% fin es sm aller th a n 0.074 mm, while th e more p erm e ab le PB san d

has only a b o u t 10% f in e s .

5 .2 .5 A nalytical Soil Profiles a n d Selection of DESRAMOD In p u t

P aram e ters

T h e com plete s e t of DESRAMOD in p u t d a ta inclu des:

geom etric soil profile c o n fig u ra tio n , with a p p r o p r ia te

r e p r e s e n ta tio n of soil la y ers and dissip atio n boundary

co n d itio n s,

initial s tif f n e s s and stre n g th s G_ and x_ d e fin in g th e

mo mo
initial ( u n d e g r a d e d ) h y p erb o lic s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e fo r e v e r y

la y e r,

v isco u s d am p ing,

p o re pressure model p a r a m e te r s and v alu es of perm eab ility

co efficient f o r s a tu r a t e d sa n d or silt la y e rs c o n s id e re d in

t h e d ev elo p m en t of seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s , and

 268-

acc elera tio n time h is to r y in p u t w ith scalin g of a_

max
ap p ro p ria te for th e re p r e s e n ta tio n of th e seismic motions

c o r r e s p o n d in g to t h e re le v a n t seismic e v e n t .

All th e se p a r a m e te rs w ere determ in e d for th e PB and CF

locations as d e s c r ib e d below.

T he geom etric soil p ro file c o n fig u ra tio n s of PB and CF h av e

a lre a d y b een c o n s t r u c t e d in C h a p t e r 4, b a s e d on t h e HRS soil profile

g iv e n in Fig. 4 .1 .2 . T h e s tif f n e s s and s t r e n g t h d i s tr i b u tio n s of t h e

an alytical PB soil p ro file is illu s tr a te d in Fig. 4 . 3 . 2 a n d f o r th e CF

soil profile in Fig. 4 . 5 . 1 . As shown t h e r e , b o th p ro files c o n s is t of

18 la y e r s . The four top m ost la y e rs represent th e n o n s a tu r a te d

artificial fill (s e e Figs. 4 . 1 . 3 to 4 . 1 . 8 ) , la y e rs 5 to 8 , s tr e t c h in g in

t h e PB pro file from 6 to 13.5 fe e t d e p th a n d in t h e CF p ro file from 6

to 15 f e e t, re p re se n t th e satu rated liquefiable s a n d d e p o s its assum ed

h e re in to dev elop pore pressures, la y ers 9 rep resen ts Clay B an d

la y e r 10 Sand C in Fig. 4 .1 .3 , an d la y e rs 11 to 18 sim ulate t h e

g r a d u a l soil p ro file tr a n s itio n to w a rd s th e b a s e . T h is bottom p a r t of

th e soil p ro file ( la y e r s 11-18) is composed arb itra rily of 8 la y ers

which g r a d u a lly in c re a s e t h e i r s tif f n e s s . As ex p la in e d in Section 4 . 3 ,

th e se bottom la y e rs do not anym ore n e c e s s a r ily re fle c t th e field

co n d itio n s; in s te a d , th e y r e p r e s e n t a c re d ib le tr a n s i tio n betw een th e

soil liquefiable d e p o s its above and t h e s t i f f e r b a s e below, selected on

th e b asis of th e re s u lts in C h a p te r 4 to p r o v id e re a s o n a b le

acc ele ra tio n s a t t h e s u r f a c e of t h e " r e p r e s e n ta t iv e " HRS p ro file.

 269

A ccordin g to th e inform ation p ro v id e d by Youd an d B e n n e tt

(1983), th e w a te r ta b le is p r e s c r i b e d a t t h e to p of la y e r 5, w h e r e a

ze ro p o re pressure d is s ip a tio n boundary condition is im posed. The

in t e r f a c e b etw een la y ers 8 and 9 is ta k e n as an im p erviou s (no flow)

boundary.

T h e initial ( n o n d e g r a d e d ) analytical valu es of t h e maximum s h e a r

m o d u lu s,
--------------
G_ ,
—mo
for th e PB and CF sa n d la y e rs 5 to 8 w ere
d e te rm in e d from t h e field seismic t e s t r e s u lts p r e s e n te d in Fig. 5 . 2 .5

an d sum m arized in T able 5 . 2 . 3 . T h e s e selec ted v alu es a r e ind icated

in t h e s tif f n e s s pro files fo r PB a n d CF in Figs. 4 . 3 . 2 an d 4 .5 .1 ,

r e s p e c tiv e ly . When se le c tin g t h e v alu es of V g from F ig. 5 .2 .5 , care

was ta k e n to ap p ro x im ate th e v aria tio n of th e field G versus

ma x
d e p th f o r la y e rs 1 to 8 as closely as p o ssib le, a n d esp ecially f o r th e

s a t u r a t e d s a n d d e p o s its rep resen ted by la y e rs 5 to 8 . Hence, th e

G v a lu e in t h e PB profile d e c r e a s e s with d e p th from la y e r 5 (G

mo mo
= 1591 ksf) to la y e r 8 (G = 1010 k s f ) , while in t h e CF p ro file it
mo
in c re a s e s s lig h tly with d e p t h (from 718 k sf to 768 k s f ) .

On t h e o th e r h a n d , th e G _ in la y ers 9 and 10 a r e th e a v e r a g e
mo
v alu es of G _ m e a su re d in t h e field a n d given in T a b le 5 . 2 .3 . As
max
s p e c ifie d a b o v e , t h e Gmo from la y e r 11 down in c re a s e s g r a d u a l ly , an d

in b o th PB and CF profiles th i s G_ d is tr ib u tio n is identical from

mo
la y e r 11 dow n, with bottom la y e r 18 having G _ = 9000 k s f .
mo
Initial (n o n d e g r a d in g ) an aly tical valu es of maximum shear

stre n g th , t ; A n o th e r c o n s ta n t for th e h y p e rb o lic c o n s titu tiv e

— - -m o -
 270

re la tio n s h ip , Tmo' can be d ete rm in e d by f it tin g t h e ex perim ental d a ta

rela tio n sh ip (GJf /G ) by

cy m3 x

(t /G ) = fu n ctio n of (If ) , ( 5 .2 .6 )
cy mo cy

with th e h y p e rb o lic th e o re tic a l e x p r e s s io n g iv e n by Eq. (3 .2 .4 ).

H erein, x. and Jf. from Eq. 3 .2 .4 , are e q u iv a le n t to i and % ,

i t cy cy
r e s p e c tiv e ly . I n s e r tin g Eq. 3 .2 .4 into Eq. 5 . 2 .6 th e following

e x p re s s io n is o b ta in e d :

Tcy *cy
( 5 .2 .7 )
G 1+ (G /x ) 2f
mo mo mo cy

The shear stre ss x at la rg e shear strain s * can now be

cy cy
ap p ro x im ate ly assu m ed to be equal to xmQ an d can t h u s b e d eterm in e d

from Eq. 5 . 2 . 7 . T his f ittin g is g r a p h ic a ly p e rfo rm e d f o r t h e PB an d

CF soils in Figs. 5 . 2 . 1 1 , 5 . 2 . 1 2 , which yie ld ed c o n s ta n ts K = x , / G , ^

^ mo mo
of 910 x 10"® and 600 x 10"®, r e s p e c tiv e ly . The analytical

e x p r e s s io n s o b ta in e d by Eq. 5 . 2 . 7 , w r itte n on Figs. 5 .2.11 and

5 .2 .1 2 , are com pared in Figs. 5 .2 .1 3 and 5 .2 .1 4 , re s p e c tiv e ly , with

th e e x p erim en tal G /G _ v e r s u s Jf . from Fig. 5 . 2 .6 (s e e alsc T able

max cy
5 .2 .4 ). The good a g re e m e n t betw een exp erim en tal and th e o re tic a l

rela tio n s c a n b e read ily v e rifie d in Figs. 5 .2 .1 3 and 5 .2 .1 4 .

 271

V alues of G/G a n d X f o r t h e u n s a t u r a t e d artificial fill, an d

max
d e p o s its below t h e PB a n d CF s a n d s w e re d e fin e d b a s e d on d a ta f o r

Imperial Valley clays p r o v id e d by T u r n e r and Stokoe (1982) an d on

th e re la tio n s p u b lish e d b y Seed a n d I d r is s (1970). U nique curves,

shown in Figs. 5 .2 .1 5 a n d 5 .2 .1 6 a n d ta b u la te d in T ab le 5 . 2 . 5 , w ere

s e le c te d f o r G/G and X v ersu s X in all t h e s e o t h e r soils,

max cy
The same p r o c e d u r e u sed above to ap p ro x im a te t in th e
mo
s a n d s was also utilized f o r t h e s e o th e r so ils, a n d
■6 G__
t
mo = 520x10 mo
was o b ta in e d . The f it tin g of Eq. 5 . 2 . 7 f o r th e s e o th e r soils is

p re se n te d in Fig. 5 .2 .1 7 and th e a s s o c ia te d a g re e m e n t betw een

an aly tic al G /G _ an d m e a su re d G/G in F ig . 5 .2 .1 8 was deem ed

mo max
s a t i s f a c to r y . Also, t h e analytical G /G „ v e r s u s If curve is still
mo cy
w ithin t h e Seed an d I d r is s 's b a n d , t h u s v e r if y i n g f u r t h e r t h e selec ted
-6
e x p r e s s io n f o r t = 520x10 G .
mo mo
V isco us d a m p in g ; The v alu e of t h e e q u iv a le n t viscou s dam ping

ra tio , Xv , n eeded to com pensate fo r t h e d if f e r e n c e b etw een X

m e a su re d in th e la b o ra to ry a n d t h e h y s te r e t ic dam p ing X^ a sso ciated

with th e DESRAMOD n o n lin e a r analysis (s e e Eq. 3 .2 .1 0 ), can be

r o u g h ly a p p ro x im ate d from Fig. 5 .2 .1 9 . In th is fig u re, m e asu re d

la b o r a to r y valu es of X f o r PB a n d CF, as well a s assum ed v alu es of X

f o r o t h e r soils, all listed in T ab les 5 . 2 .4 and 5 . 2 . 5 re s p e c tiv e ly , a r e

p lo tte d to g e th er with th e c o r r e s p o n d in g th e o re tic a l curves of X^

versus X o b ta in e d with Eq. 3 .2 .1 0 . It can be noticed th a t th e

cy
d if f e r e n c e betw een X and X^ is q u ite la rg e f o r strain s sm aller th a n
 272

about 10 As d e s c r ib e d by E q s. 3 . 2 . 1 3 and 3 .2 .1 5 , the method

p ro p o s e d in th i s stu d y to account fo r viscous dam ping utilizes a

sin g le valu e of X f o r th e e n t ir e p ro file. On th e o t h e r h a n d , it was

shown in th e p a ra m e tric stu d y in Section 4 . 7 t h a t t h e DESRAMOD

r e s p o n s e is q u it e s e n s itiv e to t h e v a ria tio n in Xv , an d t h e r e f o r e th i s

sin g le value of r e p r e s e n t in g v isco u s dam ping of t h e e n t i r e soil

p ro file , m u st be ev alu ate d as a c c u ra te ly as p o s sib le . T h e v alu es of

la b o ra to r y X an d analytical X. for th e s tr a in ran g e Z = 10

-4 % to
n cy
10 ^%, are listed in T able 5 . 2 . 6 . A c a re fu l s t u d y of t h e d a ta in

F igs. 5 .2 .7 , 5 .2 .8 , 5 .2 .1 6 an d 5 .2 .1 9 , and of t h e v alu es in T ab les

5 .2 .4 and 5 .2 .5 , which are in tu rn summarized in T ab le 5 .2 .6 ,

rev ea ls t h a t a valu e of Xy = 1% can be u s e d as r e p r e s e n t a tiv e f o r t h e

HRS DESRAMOD a n a ly se s.

It is v e r y im p ortan t to n otice a t th i s p o in t, t h a t in Fig. 4 . 7 . 5 ,

w hen u sin g Xv = 1% t h e n o n d e g r a d in g re p resen tativ e PB soil p rofile

yielded a v alu es betw een 0 .4 6 a n d 0 .5 9 g , i.e ., a r a n g e r ig h t in

pd
t h e middle of t h e band betw een 0 .4 and 0.7 5 g estim ated in Section

5 . 2 .2 f o r afrom t h e re c o rd e d a tte n u a tio n c u r v e s (s e e Fig. 5 . 2 . 2 ) .

ps
In o r d e r to d eterm in e t h e visco u s dam ping co efficien t c from Xv

= 1% as e x p r e s s e d b y Eq. 3 . 2 .1 3 , f i r s t t h e n a tu ra l period T n of t h e

PB an d CF soil profiles at small strain s w e re o b ta in e d u s in g th e

m ethod s u g g e s te d b y D obry e t al. (1976). For t h e PB soil profile

a n d b a s e rock a t 100 f t , T n = 0 .5 4 sec was o b ta in e d , a n d fo r t h e CF

p ro file and b a s e rock a t 100 f t , Tn = 0 .5 6 sec was c a lcu la ted .

 273

Finally, = 1% and t h e s e T n v a lu e s w ere in ser te d into Eq. 3 . 2 . 1 5 ,

an d t h e valu es of th e coefficien t 3 to b e u s e d as in p u t to DESRAMOD

w ere e v a lu a te d as follows: B = 0.0017 s e c f o r PB, and 3 = 0.0018 sec

fo r CF. T h e s e co efficients w e re th e n used in Eq. 3 . 2 .1 4 with th e

coefficient a s e t to 0 .

Pore p r e s s u r e m odels; In t h e p r e s e n t HRS c a s e h is to r y only t h e

PB a n d CF s a tu r a t e d s an d d e p o s it s , com posed of la y ers 5 to 8 , a r e

c o n s id e re d for g e n e ra tio n and dissip atio n of th e seismic p o re

pressures. T h is means t h a t la y e rs above a n d below t h e s e d e p o s its do

not e x h ib it cyclic d e g ra d a tio n d u r in g t h e DESRAMOD r u n s . For t h e

topm ost f o u r la y e r s , th is is c e r ta in ly a cc ep tab le s in ce th e y lie above

th e w a te r ta b le . However, f o r la y ers 9 to 18 t h i s is not com pletely

co rrect, as t h e s e lower clay an d dense sands m ust h av e e x h ib ite d

some p o re p ressure b u ild u p d u rin g th e 1979 e a r t h q u a k e . However,

any p o r e p r e s s u r e s g e n e r a te d in t h e s e d e e p e r la y ers sh ou ld not h av e

a ffe c te d th e p o re p r e s s u r e s in la y e rs 5 to 8 due to th e low

perm eability of clay la y e r 9; th e re fo re, no e x c e s s p o re p r e s s u r e s no r

d e g ra d a tio n a r e assum ed to o c c u r in t h e DESRAMOD r u n s below la y e r

8.
T h e p o r e p r e s s u r e models f o r o n e d irectio n al cyclic loading of

PB an d CF sands have a lre a d y been p r e s e n te d in F igs. 5 .2 .9 and

4 .5 .2 , re s p e c tiv e ly . Based on t h e o n e d irectio n al models d evelo ped

d ir e c tly from cyclic t e s t r e s u l t s , t h e tw o d irectio nal models, p r e s e n te d

in F ig s . 5 . 2 . 2 0 and 4 .5 .3 were d e r iv e d for t h e PB and CFs a tu ra te d

 274

liquefiable s a n d s . T h e s e two p a r t i c u l a r models w ere a s s ig n e d to all

la y e rs 5 to 8 . T h e two d irec tio n a l model f o r CF is d e s c r ib e d b y Eq.

4 .5 .3 , an d t h e two directio n al model f o r PB is given b y t h e e q u atio n :

1.050*2*1.706*n (Z - 0 .0 2 4 ) 1 0 9
u* = ------------------------— —-------------------- . ( 5 .2 . 8 )
1*2*1.706*n ( r - 0 .0 2 4 ) 1 0 9
c cy

Based on t h e r e s u lts p r e s e n te d a b o v e , soil profile g e o m e try , th e

d is tr ib u tio n of G and x_ , d ep th of ground w a te r ta b le ,

mo mo
perm e ab ility co efficien ts, v isco us dam p in g, and th e p o re p ressure

model p a r a m e te r s f o r t h e CF and PB soil profiles to b e u sed in th e

subsequent DESRAMOD a n a ly sis , are all summarized in T ables 5 .2 .7

an d 5 . 2 . 8 .

A cceleration time h is to r y i n p u t ;

In Section 5 . 2 .2 it was co n c lu d e d t h a t t h e a v a lu e a t th e
ps
HRS rep resen tativ e PB s ite , could h av e been d u r in g th e 1979

e a r t h q u a k e a n y w h e r e from 0 .4 to 0.75 g . It was also in d icate d th a t

two n e a r b y r e c o r d e d acc e le ro g ra m s, Calexico 225° and Meloland N orth ,

can p r o v id e t h e r a n g e of in p u t acc elera tio n c h a r a c te r i s t ic s p e r ti n e n t

to t h e HRS a r e a d u r in g t h e seismic g r o u n d s h a k in g . In o th e r w o rd s,

t h e s e two acc elero g ram s m u s t be scaled to a specific

r
a max in p u t value

s u ch th a t a n o n d e g r a d in g an aly sis of th e r e p r e s e n t a tiv e PB p rofile

will yield a v alu es som ew here betw een 0 .4 and 0 .7 5 g .

pa
 275

As shown in T ab le 4 . 7 . 1 , t h e u s e o f t h e Calexico (with a rigid

and elastic b a s e ) a n d Meloland (e la stic b a s e ) acc elero g ram s as in p u t ,

with a _ = 0 .6 g and X = 1%, g a v e a r a n g e of a = 0 .4 6 to 0 .5 9

max v pa
g f o r th i s rep resen tativ e pro file. T h is coincides e x a c tly with th e

r a n g e 0 .4 - 0 .7 5 g from t h e re c o rd e d a tte n u a tio n c u r v e .

T herefore th e Calexico a cc elero g ram , w ith th e same two base

b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s, an d scaled to t h e same a = 0.6 g , is ap plied

ITIdX

in t h e n e x t section to t h e PB an d CF soil d e g r a d i n g pro files in o r d e r

to sim ulate th e HRS seismic motions and pore pressure re s p o n s e

d u r in g t h e 1979 Imperial Valley e a r t h q u a k e . For com p ariso n, similar

r u n s a r e also made with th e Meloland a c c e le rg ra m , a lth o u g h t h e lower

freq u en cy c o n te n t of th i s atypical record, re la te d to th e so ft clay

la y e rin g at th e Meloland s ite , means th a t th e shape of th is time

h is to r y does not represent th e ground motions e x p e rie n c e d by th e

HRS.

5 .2 .6 A naly sis an d D iscussion

The r e s u lt s of th e six DESRAMOD c o m p u te r a n a ly se s of t h e CF

an d PB soil p ro files d efin e d in T ab les 5 . 2 . 7 and 5 .2 .8 r e s p e c tiv e ly ,

and e x c ite d b y t h e two acc elera tio n time h is to r y in p u ts listed in T ab le

4 .7 .1 f o r Xv = 1%, a re all sum m arized in T a b le 5 . 2 .9 a n d illu s tr a te d

in Figs. 5.2.21 to 5 .2 .3 2 .

T h e analytical r e s u lt s u sin g t h e Calexico re c o rd as in p u t a r e in

e x ce lle n t a g re e m e n t with th e HRS field o b s e r v a ti o n s . At CF, th e

s a t u r a t e d sa n d la y e r s 7, and 8 g e n e r a te d high p ressures, u* > 0 . 9 .

 276

On t h e o t h e r hand, th e pore p r e s s u r e s in t h e PB d e p o s it for th e

same co n d itio n s d id not exceed u* = 0 .5 5 . Also a com parison of

Figs. 5 .2 .2 2 a n d 5 .2 .2 4 , a n d of Figs. 5 . 2 .2 8 and 5 .2 .3 0 , shows t h a t ,

as e x p e c te d , very la rg e s tr a i n s w e re calcu lated in th e sa tu ra te d

sands at CF as o p p o sed to PB. T h is la rg e d if f e r e n c e in s tr a i n s

occurred, first, because t h e PB s an d is much stiffer, an d se c o n d ,

b e c a u se th e p articu la r stiffn ess d is tr ib u tio n at PB caused la rg e

s tr a i n s to d evelo p in la y e r 12, and th i s c o n s e q u e n tly a t te n u a t e d t h e

u p w ard p ro p a g a tio n of seismic w aves (s e e T ab le 5 . 2 . 9 ) . T h is same

phenom ena was d is c u s s e d in detail in t h e p a ra m e tric s t u d y in Section

4 .3 .

It m u st b e n oted t h a t t h e h ig h e r perm eab ility of t h e PB sa n d is

also p a rtia lly re s p o n s ib le f o r limiting th e p o re p r e s s u r e g e n e r a tio n .

T h is s ig n ific a n t p o r e p r e s s u r e d is s ip a tio n , which too k place in t h e PB

sa n d d e p o s it is nicely d e p ic te d in Figs. 5 .2 .2 8 an d 5 .2 .3 0 , while t h e

slow d issip atio n in CF d e p o s it is e v id e n t in t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g F ig s.

5 .2 .2 2 an d 5 .2 .2 4 .

It is in t e r e s tin g to o b serve th a t th e Meloland in p u t did not

g e n e r a te in t h e CF p ro file p o re p r e s s u r e s la r g e r th a n u* = 0 .5 3 , and

in t h e PB s a t u r a t e d d e p o s it no t la r g e r th a n u* = 0 .1 5 . T h e reason

is t h a t t h e low f r e q u e n c y Meloland accelero g ram co n ta in s much less

cy cles th a n th e high frequency Calexico acc elero g ram (com pare Fig.

4 . 1 .1 0 with Fig. 4 . 1 . 8 ) . C o n s e q u e n tly , in t h e c a s e of t h e Calexico

in p u t , th e soil profile was s u b je c te d to a la r g e r n u m b e r of s h e a r

 277

s tr a i n e x c u r s io n s an d b u ilt f a s t e r a n d h ig h e r p o re p r e s s u r e s d u r in g

th e same earth q u ak e s h a k in g (com pare Figs. 5 .2 .2 2 and 5 . 2 .2 6 ) .

Two co n clu sio n s can be d e r iv e d from t h i s . F ir s t, a p r o p e r selection

of t h e in p u t accelerog ram f o r th e same a , is a very im p o rta n t

ma x
c o n s id e r a tio n . S econ d, an accelero gram re c o rd e d on a d e p o s it

co n tain in g s o ft clay la y e r s , su c h a s Meloland, may not a p p r o p r ia te ly

represent t h e rock g r o u n d s h a k in g a t d e p th b e c a u s e of t h e f ilte r in g

o u t of hig h f r e q u e n c ie s and c o r r e s p o n d in g re d u c tio n in nu m b e r of

cy cles c a u s e d by t h e s o ft soil.

F inally, t h e r e s u lts of t h e p r e s e n t HRS DESRAMOD a n a ly sis will

be com p ared to th e HRS field o b s e r v a tio n s d e s c r ib e d in Section 5 . 2 .3 .

T h e c o m p re h e n s iv e d e s c rip tio n of t h e s e HRS field o b s e r v a ti o n s , given

in Section 5 . 2 . 3 , can b e re d u c e d t o th e fa c t t h a t on to p of t h e CF

d e p o s it v a rio u s m anifestation s of liquefaction such as sa n d boils,

c r a c k in g a n d lateral s p r e a d in g w ere o b s e r v e d , while on to p of th e PB

t h e y w ere n o t. T h is is of c o u r s e in a g re e m e n t w ith t h e DESRAMOD

an aly tical r e s u lt s j u s t d is c u s s e d . In ad d itio n , t h e s e analytical r e s u lts

f o r t h e CF d e p o s it a re also in a g re e m e n t with liquefaction e v id e n c e

g a t h e r e d from o t h e r similar s ite s a n d e a r t h q u a k e s b y Ish ih ara (1985),

an d p re se n te d in Fig. 5 .2 .3 3 . T h is f ig u r e c o r r e la te s th e la y e rin g

c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of a liquefiable level s ite with t h e p e a k g ro u n d s u r f a c e

a c c e le ra tio n , a , n eed ed to cause o b s e r v a b le surface liquefaction

ps
m a n ife s ta tio n s . At t h e HRS, t h e CF san d d e p o s it s t r e t c h e s betw een 2

and 4 .5 m, which g iv e s a th i c k n e s s of 2 m to t h e ground surface

 278

a n d a th ic k n e s s of th e liquefiable d e p o s it of 2 . 5 m. On th e o t h e r

hand, t h e p e a k g ro u n d s u r f a c e a c c elera tio n , a, was estim ated a t a

P®
rep resen tativ e nonliquefiable soil at HRS betw een 0 . 4 and 0.7 5 g .

T h e HRS CF d ata p oint c o rre s p o n d in g to th is information is included

in Fig. 5 .2 .3 3 . T h e d a ta p o in t, as e x p e c te d , p lo ts above t h e m argin

fo r aps = 0 .4 g d e fin in g th e sites at which t h e s u r f a c e liquefaction

dam age should o c c u r.

 279

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 280

T ab le 5 . 2 . 2 Summary o f t h e El C entro A r r a y Records

[ H o rizo n ta l
A c c e le r a tio n , apS

S ta tio n E p ic e n tra l D istan ce from 01 r e c t i on Maximum

D is ta n c e F a u lt (A zim uth)
(km) (km) Traced rrom From tap e a f t e r
f i lm (g ) processing (g )

(1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 )

1 36 22 230° 0 .1 5 0 .1 4
140° 0.1 5 0 .1 4

2 31 16 230° 0 .4 3 0 .4 1
140° 0 .3 3 0 .3 2

3 29 13 230° 0 .2 2 0 .2 2
140° 0 .2 7 0 .2 7

4 27 7 230° 0 .3 8 0 .3 6
140° 0 .6 1 0 .4 9

5 27 4 230° 0 .4 0 0 .3 7
. 140° 0 .5 6 0 .5 3

6 . 27 1 230° 0 .4 5 0 .4 4
140° 0 .7 2 0 .3 8

7 27 1 230° 0 .5 2 0 .4 6
140° 0 .3 6 0 .3 3

8 27 4 230° 0 .5 0 0 .4 7
140° 0 .6 4 0 .6 1 |
i
9 27 6 360° 0 .4 0 11
90° 0.2 7

10 27 9 50 0 0 .2 0 0 .1 7
320° 0 .2 3 0 .2 3

11 28 13 230° 0 .3 8 0 .3 8
140° 0 .3 8 0 .3 6

12 30 18 230° 0.1 1 0 .1 2
140° 0 .1 5 0 .1 4 .

13 34 22 230° 0 .1 5 o.i4 :
140° 0 .1 2 0 .1 2 j
 281
T a b le 5 . 2 .3 In -S itu S h e a r Wav? V elocities M easured a t t h e H eber Road

S ite by S yk ora an d Stokoe II (1982) and t h e C o rre s p o n d in g Maximum

S h e a r Moduli b y A ssum ing th e Total Unit Weight of Soil = 125

(p c f)

.......................
Shear Wave V e lo c ity Vs ( f n S)

S 0: l Sped f le d Max. Shear Modulus (Ksf]

Data

POINT BAR CHANNEL

SITE FILL SITE
(PB) (CF)

A r t. F ill average 390 425

TTO

range 500 - 630 -

P o in t Bar §70 - 1541
Sand A1
575
average T53T

400 - 465
Channel F i l l range - 721 "5 3 9
Sand A2
435
average - 73T

450 -
S i l t y Clay B average 75J

530 575
Sand C average TM T T5ST

465
Clay D average - 737
 282

T a b le 5 . 2 . 4 Normalized S h e a r Moduli an d Damping Ratios f o r t h e Point

Bar an d C hannel Fill Sand Deposits as Used in t h e C om puter A nalyses

NORMALIZED DAMPING RATIO IN

SHEAR MODULUS, THE 2nd CYCLE,

G/<*»ax \

CYCLIC CYCLIC
SHEAR POINT CHANNEL SHEAR POINT CHANNEL
STRAIN, BAR FILL STRAIN, BAR FILL

4 *c y (Sand A l) (Sand A2) * T Cy (Sand A l) (Sand A2)

(*) - - (*) (%) (5)

(1 ) (2) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6)

O btained From Test R esults

0 .0 0 0 1 1.00 1 .0 0 0 .0 00 1 0 .6 4 1.84
0 .0 0 1 0 .9 5 0 .9 5 0 .0 0 1 0 .9 7 2.1 3
0 .0 0 4 0 .8 8 0 .8 8 0 .0 0 5 2 .0 3 3 .1 0
0 .0 1 0 .8 0 0 .8 0 0 .0 1 3.3 9 4 .0 6
0 .0 2 0 .7 0 0 .7 0 0 .0 3 7.45 7.5 5
0 .0 4 0.5 6 0 .5 6 0 .0 7 1 2 .58 12.48
0 .1 0 .3 1 0 .3 1 0 .1 15.68 15.87
0 .1 5 0 .2 4 0 .2 2 0 .2 — 2 1 .2 9
0 .3 0 .1 7 0 .1 2 0 .4 29 .03 ___
0 .5 0.1 35 0 .0 7 7 0 .5 25 .65
1 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .0 5 4 1 0 .0 2 9 .0 3 2 5 .65

O btained by Equation 5

2 .0 ... 0 .0 2 7 2
3 .0 0 .0 33 —
4 .0 — 0 .0 1 3 6
8 .0 — 0 .0 0 6 8
1 0 .0 0.01 0 .0 0 5 4
3 0 .0 --- 0 .0 0 1 8
I
 283

Tab le 5.: .5 Normalized Shear Moduli and Damping Ratios fo r th e

Artificial fill, o th e r Sand, Silt an d Clay D eposits as Used in t h e

C om puter A nalyses

CYCLIC NORMALIZED CYCLIC DAMPING

SHEAR SHEAR SHEAR RATIO
STRAIN MODULUS STRAIN

* YCy G/Gmax ± Ycy X

(X) - (*) W

(1 ) (2 ) (4 ) (5 )

O btained From T est R esults

0.0001 1 .0 0.0 0 0 1 1 .0
0.0 00 3 1 6 0 .9 8 0 .0 0 1 1 .6
0.001 0 .9 3 0 .0 0 3 3 .1 2
0.0 03 1 6 0 .8 3 0 .0 1 5 .8
0 .0 1 0 .6 6 0 .0 3 9 .5
0.0 31 6 0 .4 4 0 .1 1 5 .4
0 .1 0 .2 5 0 .3 2 0 .9
0 .3 1 6 0 .1 1 1 .0 2 5 .0
1 .0 0 .0 5 1 0 .0 2 5 .5

O btained by Equation 5

3 .1 6 0 .0 1 5 8
10.0 0 .0 0 5
 284

T able 5 . 2 . 6 Summary of Selected V alues of Viscous Damping, X^ f o r

HRS C ase S tu d y

Soil A(%) x^(%) Xy - X - X^( %)

Type Measured Eq. ( 3 . 7 . 9 ) S elected fo r
Analysis

no
1
C*
O

as
yc y - lO "V ) —
o

PB 1 . 5 to 2 ^0 to 2 1.0
Ladd(1982)

CF 2 to 3 0.02 t o 3.3 1.0

Ladd(1982)

Other 1 to 6 0 .0 4 t o 3.7 1.0

Soils Seed (1970)
 285

Tab le 5 . 2 . 7 CF Soil Profile Input Data

Depth o f T h ick . k P o re P r e s s Model V

Gmo Tmo V
L ay er L ayer P F s
No. Ytp
Bottom
- ft ft Ksf p sf ft/s e c - - t - X

1 0 .5 0 .5 400 208 - - - - - 1

2 1 .5 1 .0 650 338 - - - - - 1

3 3.0 1 .5 700 364 - - - - - 1

4 6 .0 3 .0 710 370 - - - - - 1

S 7 .5 1.5 718 430 3.9 x 1 0 '® 1.071 1.333 0 .0 2 2 1 .0 8 1

6 10 .0 2 .5 725 435 3.9x10"® 1.071 1.333 0 .0 2 2 1.08 I

7 1 2 .5 2 .5 734 440 3.9x10"® 1.071 1.333 0 .0 2 2 1 .0 8 1

8 1 5 .0 2 .5 768 461 3 .9 x 1 0 '® 1.071 1.333 0 .0 2 2 1 .0 8 1

9 2 0 .0 5 .0 786 408 - - - - - 1

10 2 3 .0 3 .0 1283 1071 - - - - - 1

11 3 0 .0 7 .0 1300 676 - - - - - 1

12 4 0 .0 10 .0 1500 780 - - - - - 1

13 5 0 .0 10 .0 2200 1144 - - - - - 1

14 6 0 .0 1 0 .0 4000 1560 - - - - - 1

15 7 0 .0 1 0 .0 4000 2080 - - - - - 1

16 8 0 .0 1 0 .0 5000 2756 - - - - - 1

17 9 0 .0 10.0 6700 3484 - - - - - 1

18 10 0 .0 1 0 .0 9000 4680 - - - - - 1
 286

T able 5 . 2 . 8 PB Soil Profile Input Data

Depth o f Pore P r e s s . Model

T h ick . k
Layer L ayer Gmo Tmo ‘v
No. Bottom P F Yt p s

Ksf psf ft/s e c . - * - %

1 0 .5 0 .5 243 126 - - - - - 1

2 1 .5 1 .0 263 137 - - - - - 1

3 3 .0 1 .5 476 248 - - - - 1

4 6 .0 3 .0 971 505 - - - - - 1

5 7 .5 1 .5 1591 1448 1 .3 8 X 1 0 '4 1.05 1..706 0 .0 0 2 5 1 .0 9 1

6 9 .5 2 .0 1469 1337 1 .3 S x lO -4 1 .0 5 1.706 0 .0 0 2 5 1 .0 9 1

7 1 1 .5 2 .0 1133 1031 1 .3 8 x l0 " 4 1.05 1.706 0 .0 0 2 5 1 .0 9 1

8 1 3 .5 2 .0 1010 919 1 .3 8 x l0 * 4 l '0 5 1.706 0 .0 0 2 5 1 .0 9 1

9 2 0 .0 6 .5 785 408 - - - - - 1

10 2 3 .0 3 .0 1090 567 - - - - - 1

11 3 0 .0 7 .0 1200 624 - - - - - 1

12 4 0 .0 1 0 .0 1500 676 - - - - - I

13 5C.0 10 .0 2200 1144 - - - - - 1

14 6 0 .0 1 0 .0 3000 1560 - - - - - 1

15 7 0 .0 1 0 .0 4000 2080 - - - - - 1

16 8 0 .0 1 0 .0 5300 2756 - - - - - 1

17 9 0 .0 1 0 .0 6700 3484 - - - - - 1

18 1 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 9000 4680 - - - - - 1
 287

Tab le 5 . 2 . 9 Summary o f HRS C ase S tu d y DESRAMOD A n a ly se s

INPUT OUTPUT

Peak MAXIMUM NORMALIZED

Ground Max. PORE PRESSURE, u*
Base Ac c . S u rf. Shear
L ayer L ayer L ay e r L ayer
Rock Sc a lin g Acc. S tr a in L ayer
5 6 7 8
son
P r o file —
amax apa Ypa

-- 9 9 %

CALEXICO INPUT

R ig id 0 .6 0 .2 2 4 .2 7 8 0 .3 0 0 .7 7 0 .9 6 0 .9 8
CF
E l a s t ic 0 .6 0 .2 5 2 .0 5 7 0 .3 1 0 .7 8 0 .8 7 0 .7 8

R ig id 0 .6 0 .3 2 0 .7 4 12 0 .1 1 0 .3 3 0 .5 0 0 .5 4
PB
E la s t ic 0 .6 0 .2 4 0 .5 4 12 0 .1 1 0 .3 2 0 .5 0 0 .5 5

MELOLAND INPUT

CF E l a s t ic 0 .6 0 .3 3 3 .9 9 8 0 .1 6 0 .4 1 0 .5 1 0 .5 3

PB E la s t ic 0 .6 0 .3 1 5 .4 1 12 0 .0 3 0 .0 7 0 .1 2 0 .1 5
 288

JT

.* * • FAULT
ZONE

StM m Plant
Diffarantiai array,

High achooJ «*», fH ofcvttt*

impanal County Sarvicaa
'IMPERIAL FAULT R U P T U R E
_ Bl<* l p M iloland— ^

•12 HEBER
ROAD B onk
S IT E e C e n w

SAHOP,

EX PLAN AH ON

Epicomir

Carro

Victoria
29 KIL0MS1MS

Fig. 5 .2 .1 Location of H eber Road and Close-in S tron g-M otion S tatio ns

t h a t w e re in O peratio n D u ring t h e 1979 E a r th q u a k e (P orcella et a l.,

1982)
 289

yahiuoo / -•o / I
saN oaM / / r

Only)
f ?c ? t ?<? 9 ? 9 9—
S' \ k# o B d N V lO ia W

Comparison
for
Included
are
 290

/
Extent of
Lateral Spreading ^
V
H eber Road

Approximate X
E x te n t ot
Remnant Channel
canal
----------------
T------ 1------1------
1 '---
KEY
S a n d boil d e p o s i t s SCALE^
C racks 20 40
meters
Depression

F ig. 5 .2 .3 S u r fa c e Liquefaction E ffec ts at H eber Road S ite Recorded

b y Youd and W ieczarek, 1982. (A s P r e sen te d b y Sykora and Stok oe,

1982)
 291

115'22 30

A b a n d o n e d s tre a m ^ J* > '

32*45 —

Limit of d a lta

H EBERRO AD

S andy

32*42 30' —j

STATS ' H IG H W A Y S e t
\*
Cn ^
-\K
— \ V \ j - . y,<; CA U FO RN IA ..— —— “
U N IT E D S T A T E S

MBUCO

0 1 2 3 4 5 KILOMETERS

Fig. 5 . 2 .4 Old Delta n e a r Holtville, C a lif.; B uried S tream C hannel

c u t s t h r o u g h Axis of Delta (USGS, 1982)

 292

Soil Prattle C PT R «*i»tane*.oc (1*1) SP T <btow e/ft) S-Wava Velocity, V ,U b » )

100 3QSL
Artificial
Fill
.( S a n d )

O ania.
Flna
Sand Ar

£o
(It)

’Silty ‘
Clay B
OA
DEPTH

20

25 .Clay D .
S an d E

(a) PO IN T BAR SIT E

CPT Baalaianca.de (U l) 3 P T (b law a/(t) S-VWva Velocity. Va do*)

100 200 ‘ ' “ —0
3C — 700
Artificial
Fill O A
(S an d )

L o o ia . OA
Flna
S a n d Aj
(II)

Silly
OEPTH

C lay B
20

Silty
Clay D

San d E
30

(b ) CHANNEL F IL L SIT E

Fig. 5 .2 .5 Composite Profiles of t h e Two S tu d ie d S ites including Vg

M easurem ents. (S y k o ra and S tokoe, 1982)

 293

G/ GMRX VS C Y C L I C SHE RR S T R R I N
HEBER RORD SRNDS
SEED RND ID R 155 11970]
R . S. LRDD (1 9 8 2 )
KUO RND 5T0K0E ( 1 9 8 2 )
RVERRGE CURVE
' *:u,%
• •:<
51* *•>:
N
W
X\S\s\
0.6
G / GHRX

') \
0.4

-P B
0.2

•' •• 1
.. V
r <■
>
c F-
O.Q

CYCLIC SHERR STRRIN (7.)

Fig. 5 . 2 . 6 Summary of V ariation of Normalized S h e a r Modulus with

Cyclic S h e a r S train in F ir s t Cycle f o r th e PB and CF

S and Given by Ladd (1982)

 294

E Q U I V A L E N T DAMPI NG R A T I O
VE RS US C Y C L I C SHEAR S T R A I N
P O I N T BAR SAND
- - - - - - - - SEED RND I DR 155 ( 1 9 7 0 )
R „ S. LRDD ( 1 9 8 2 )
KUO RND STOKOE ( 1 9 8 2 )
RVERRGE CURVE
LP-
CM
J
• /

// •
/

E—
O-
CM
rr
/
az
O' o '/
in-
?-/■
/
cc /
□ O
E—i O • &
LJ / /
_1
a= o
in'
O
LJ
o
o .
-i
10 10'J 1 0 '2 10 10 u
CYCLIC SHERR STRRIN (X)

Fig. 5 . 2 .7 Summary of V ariation of Damping Ratio with Cyclic

Shear S tr a in D eterm ined f o r Second Cycle f o r t h e PB

S and Given b y Ladd (1982) an d Kuo a n d Stokoe (1982)

 295

E Q U I V A L E N T DAMPI NG R R T I O
VE RS US C Y C L I C SHERR S T R R I N
CHRNNEL F I L L SRND
" - “ " S E E D AND I DR 155 ( 1 9 7 0 )
Ro S. LADD (1 9 8 2 )
KUO AND STOKOE (1 9 8 2 )
----------- AVERAGE CURVE
25.0

7
'A
►
. '' 4

3
(7.)

f
'//4
20.0

! /
RAT.

J 7
15.0

f
- j — ; t

f
DAMP.

/ /
4 ' 4 / /
10.0

/
*/ /
EQUIVALENT

4
/
4
//

j 2
5.0

m m0 * . ..•) ; • *
0.0

0 •: c*........ ’

CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN (7.)

Fig. 5 . 2 . 8 Summary of V ariation of Damping Ratio with Cyclic Shear

S tra in D eterm ined f o r Second Cycle fo r t h e CF Sand Given by Ladd

(1982) an d Kuo a n d Stokoe (1982)
 296

o o o iflN

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4)
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x> 1
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CO 0
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c 1Z -a
< — <J ■o
ae. > 14
H- Q.
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3 O
CNI a: ]0 >
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CO 4)
10 ■C 4)
■*->
4> CO o
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a o
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CO
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5
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L.
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a. TJ
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CN

lO (4
X
ra
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il H
Q 10
O * o o
 297

1MMM AM

a>
(75
H ill
■ iib 73
<q
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oc
t_
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.n
at
mm X

M
a>
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3
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 298

0)
j:

o
+■>
c

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(/)
c
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43
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cc
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(/>
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( V G .J X I O

.2> o

o o o
§ o
00
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(0
8TT CNJ
(VG^xlO*
<T/<w )xlO

Fig. 5.2.12 Fitting of Hyperbolic S tress-S train Relationship into th e

299

Channel Fill Experimental Data

 mo

Q
o
00
q
o
o
o
5>

o
CM
Fig. 5.2.13 Verification for the Point Bar Data F itting
300
 301

O)
C

(0
ra
Q

<D
C
c
fO
O
<u

t.
o

n
u
L.
0)
>

CN
in
6>

<9 (9
(9 (9
 o
d
10
d
*■
(A
W

*=/ ujO Jis J09MS <° sninpoiM j o a q s = 9

luaaiad v.O I a/fi * ° s n in p o w J o a q s XDUJ9
c

V)
ow

oo
e

£
£

V)
&
4>

Fig. 5.2.15 Variation of Normalized Shear Modulus with Shear Strain for Artificial
302

Fill and Soils Other than PB and CF as Used in the Present S tu d y

 303

|P"\ '
aa
CL

c
©

t.
©
j:

J o
CO
•a
c
©
£•»
tC
«
“ >
CO CO >+- "D
ID ID w t 5
<D CD o
© <
-C
CO L c
o
Weissmon and Hart (I960

©
M
m « £
■2 i
© ©
cc -C
O)
c
a
E •Q
© ©
G M
z>
CD M
©
CN
|T>
0) ■o
c
ra

(%) y ‘oudM 6u|dujDa tua|DA|nb3

 304

o>
-C

■I -s
« s
« (/>
.2
C .Q
'5U .2
>4-
•h a>
(/> 3
M
1 cr
•—
M _i
4)
I- «

o c
3: ra
0 .c
J3
L.
Q. «
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1 O
*S J2
o
0) CO
c
g u
>o+-
u.
■o
r. »
o
H -S
in (/)
<o
.? -fS
u. a
 out

o
Q) w
> gj
oC> f*
P.

CO
«o
UJ o

O □
UJ I -

OJ
(VI

Fig. 5.2.18 Verification for Data Fitting for Soils Other than th e
305

Liquefiable S an d s
 e
c

2 a ° U 3H
(%)
O
V/

o
u

Y O J3Bfc S U T d l U B Q
O
r •

t -2
$

C/2
a

X
3

J-
OJ
v»
u
>•.

Fig. 5.2.19 Comparison Between Experimentally Obtained Damping an d

306

Theoretical Hysteretic Damping

 o
-O

O
O
CM
Z

u
<

o
o
H

X
<
oc

>-
LJ
u

V)
Q£

_1
CO
>.

Fig. 5.2.20 Dobry's Model for PB Sand with taking into Account Two
307

Horizontal Components of S h akin g

 308

O’
CHRNNEL FILL
CRLEXICO RCC.
RHRX=0„6(G), RIGID

in “

LAYER 5
(F T )
DEPTH

<}-

o- O

4 sec

0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0

P O R E PR E S SU R E I P S D

Fig. 5 .2 .2 1 Pore P r e s s u r e Developm ent in CF D eposit E xcited a t Rigid

Base b y C alexico Accelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)

max
 309
2.0
1.0
(Z)
g.q
STRHIN
-i.a
- 2 .a

1 5 .0 20.0 3 0 .0
i.q
a.a
U*
a.a
NORM. PP,
o.*
.2

□
□
0.0 5 .0 1 5 .0 20.0 25.0 3 0 .0
TIME ( S E C )

Fig. 5 .2 .2 2 R esp o n se of CF Layer 7 Excited at Rigid Base by

Calexico A ccelerogram (a = 0 .6 g)
l a lo X
 310
O

CHRNNEL FILL
CALEXICO RCC.
V5 = 1 2 0 0 r

LAYERS
(F T I
DEPTH

o.o 200 .0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0

PORE PRESSURE ( P S F )

Fig. 5 .2 .2 3 Pore Pressure D evelopm ent in CF D eposit E xcited at

E lastic B a se by C alexico A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)

ma x
 I'/.)
STRAIN
2.0
l.o
0.0
-l.o
L.Q -2.0 311

0.0 s.o 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 30.0

.2 0.* 0.6 Q.a
NORM. PP, U*

w
q
□
5 .0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
T IME ( S E C )

Fig. 5 .2 .2 4 R espo nse of CF L ay e r 7 Excited at Elastic Base by

C alexico Accelerogram ( a _ = 0 .6 g)
max
 312
O
O"
CHRNNEL FILL
HELOLRND RCC.

Itt- LAYER5
(FTI
DEPTH

4sec

0. 0 200.0 4 0 0 .0 " 6 0(3 .0 8 0 0 .0 1 4 0 0 .0

PORE PRESSURE I P S F J

Fig. 5 .2 .2 5 Pore Pressure Developm ent in CF D eposit Excited at

E l a s t i c Base b y Meloland A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)

fTl3X
 2 .0
1.0 313
17.1
0.0
STRRIN
-1.0
-2.0

0 .0 5 .0 1D.D 15.0 2 0 .0 25.0

L.a
0.8
Ux
Q.6
NORM. PP,
0.*
.2

q
a
0 .0 5 .0 15.0 20.0 30.0
TIME ( S E C )

Fig. 5 .2 .2 6 R esp o n se of CF Layer 7 E xcited at Elastic Base by

Meloland A ccelerogram ( a „ = 0 .6 g )
max
 314

POINT BAR
CALEXICO ACC
frMAX-0.6(G), RIGID

JC LAYE R 5
Q_
QJ
□

0. 0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1400.0

PORE PRESSURE ( P S F )

Fig. 5 .2 .2 7 Pore P r e s s u r e Development in PB Deposit E xcited at Rigid

Base b y Calexico A ccelerogram (a max = 0*6 g )

 315

10.0 15.0 3D. □

Q_ a

5 .0 15.0 20 .□ 30. a
TIME I SEC)

Fig. 5 . 2 . 2 8 PB Layer 7 E xcited at Rigid B ase by Calexico

Accelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)
max
 316

POINT BRR
CALEXICO ACC.
hnAx=0 - 6 ( G ), ELAST. , VS=1200 F
(F T I

LAYE R 5
DEPTH

0.0 200.0 4 0 0 .0 6 0 0 .0 8 0 0 .0 1000.0 1200..0 1 4 0 0 .0

PORE PRESSURE ( P S F )

Fig. 5 .2 .2 9 Pore P ressure Development in PB D eposit Excited at

Elastic B ase b y C alexico A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)

ma x
 C/.l 317
0 .0
STRRIN
-1.0
-2.0

0 .0 5 .0 1 0.0 15.0 2 0.0 S .O 30.0

L.O
0.8
U*
0.6
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

O
a
5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30, G
T IME ( S E C )

Fig. 5 .2 .3 0 PB Layer 7 E x c ite d at Elastic B ase by Calexico

A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)
9 max 9'
 318

POINT BRR
MELOLRND RCC.
f^MRX=0.6(G), ELRST. , VS-1500 F
(FT)

LAY E R 5
DEPTH

in

in
to

0.0 400.0 600.0 600.0 1200\0 140C.G

PORE PRESSURE ( P S D

Fig. 5 .2.31 Pore P ressu re D evelopm ent in PB D eposit E xcited at

Elastic Base b y Meloland A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)

ma x
 319

a
C/A

a
STRRIN

q
T

a
rN
5 .0 15.0 2 0 .0

co
d
NORM. PP, U*

io
a

o
fN
a
q
a
0.0 5 .0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
TIME (SEC)

Fig. 5 .2 .3 2 R esp o n se of PB L ay e r 7 E xcited at Elastic Base b y

Meloland A ccelerogram (a = 0 . 6 g)
ma x
 320

12

11

10

. M a x .a cc.
\ * 2 0 0 gat
7

6
V : '/ Max. a c c .*
5 ua ' sc l .•>/ 4 0 0 -5 0 0 q a t
2
4
# w 7,
3

0
T h ick n ess o f s u r f a c e la y e r . Hi (m )

Fig. 5 .2 .3 3 P ropo sed B o u n d a ry C urves for S ite Identification of

L iq u e fa c tio n -In d u c e d Damage ( I s h ih a r a 1985)

 321

5 .3 Wildlife S ite Case S tu d y (WS)

5 .3 .1 In tro d u ctio n a n d O bjectives

On April 26, 1981, an earth q u ak e of local m ag n itu d e 5 .6

o ccurred n o rth of W estmoreland in th e Imperial V alley, California

(Maley an d E th e r e d g e , 1981). It was named, t h e 1981 Westmoreland

E a r th q u a k e . A fte r th e earthquake, many surface e x p r e s s io n s of

liq u efactio n , mostly sa n d boils, w ere o b s e r v e d at s e v e ra l locations.

One location w h ere th e liquefaction m anifestation s w ere very

p ro n o u n c e d was th e Wildlife s ite (WS). T his p a r ti c u la r s ite is located

along th e w est s i d e ' of th e Alamo R iv e r, and e x h ib ite d not only

num erous s an d boils, but also t h e stream b an k s along t h e side of th e

r iv e r slum ped a t se v e ra l p o in ts.

The Imperial Valley a re a w h e re th e 1981 Westmoreland

E a r th q u a k e o c c u r r e d is m arked on th e map in Fig. 5 . 3 . 1 . T h e f ig u r e

in c lu d es t h e e a r t h q u a k e e p i c e n te r, t h e position of t h e Wildlife s ite 9 .5

km from t h e e p i c e n te r , and t h e s tr o n g g r o u n d motion s ta tio n s which

trig g e re d d u r in g th e e v e n t. In th is same a r e a , similar liquefaction

m a n ifestatio n s w ere o b s e r v e d d u r in g th e past 1930, 1950 an d 1957

e arth q u ak es. B ecause of t h e high seismicity of th is reg io n , USGS

h as d e cid ed to install in th i s a re a accelerogram s an d piezom eters at

s e v e ra l s ite s which h a v e been r e g u la r ly sh ak en a t app ro xim ately 20 to

25 y e a r in te rv a ls and h av e almost e v e r y time e x h ib ite d liquefaction

( B e n n e tt e t a l . , 1984). The first s ite selected to b e in s tru m e n te d

 322

was Wildlife s ite (WS) s tu d ie d h e re in . T h e selection of WS was b ased

on th e e x is ta n c e of loose silt a n d s ilty s a n d , a n d on th e w id e sp re a d

o c c u r r e n c e of liquefaction e ffe c ts d u r in g th e 1981 earthquake. The

s ta tio n , a lre a d y in place (see Fig. 1.1 ) in c lu d e s two s tro n g -m o tio n

a c c e le ro m e te rs , one at 7 .5 m and o ne on th e g ro u n d surface, six

p iezo m eters, five betw een 2.6 and 6.8 m in th e soil u n it th a t

liq u efied , an d one a t 12.2 m, and an o s c illo g ra p h ic r e c o r d e r . The

in s tr u m e n ts w e re p laced in a circ le with a r a d iu s of 9.1 m. D uring

f u t u r e e a r t h q u a k e s t h e acc elerom eters will t r i g g e r t h e piezom eters and

recorder, t h e s e d a ta will be u s e d to d e te rm in e th e relation betw een

s tr o n g g r o u n d motion, p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e , a n d liquefaction.

T h e r e f o r e , t h e WS ca se s tu d y p r e s e n t e d in th is c h a p t e r has two

o b je c tiv e s. F ir s t, it is examined to v e r if y th at th e DESRAMOD

an aly sis can indeed sim ulate t h e o b s e r v e d liquefaction occurrence at

WS d u r in g th e 1981 Westmoreland earth q u ak e; and seco n d , a

p re d ic tio n of p o s sib le a c c elera tio n s an d pore pressure d evelopm ents

are given which can o c c u r d u r in g fu tu re seismic e v e n ts and a t th e

locations of t h e e x is tin g accelerogram s and p ie zo m eters.

T h e ap p ro a c h ta k e n h e re to perfo rm t h e s e two t a s k s is v e r y

similar t o t h a t u sed p re v io u s ly in Section 5 .2 to assess th e HRS

liquefaction fa ilu r e . F ir s t, th e range of p eak g ro u n d surface

ac c elera tio n s th a t would h av e been re c o r d e d at a r e p r e s e n t a tiv e

nonliquefiable site located in t h e Wildlife a r e a , is estim ated from th e

a tte n u a tio n curve c o n s tr u c t e d b ased on all available a v alu es

 323

recorded d u r in g t h e 1981 e a r th q u a k e . T h e n , t h e analytical liq u efiable

soil profile of WS, co n tain in g all la b o ra to ry and field seismic

m easurem ents a n d field exp lo ratio n d ata, is d ev elo p ed . T h is p rofile

is in tu rn e x c ite d at its b a se by a r e p r e s e n t a tiv e acc elero g ram ,

o b tain ed in t h e 1981 e v e n t , an d scaled to an acceleration a level

max
which would yield at th e top of th e r e p r e s e n t a tiv e , nonliq uefiable

profile a ra n g e of a c o n s is te n t with t h e a tte n u a tio n c u r v e .

The d ata used in t h e p resent stu d y came from t h e following

sources: field o b s e rv a tio n and exploration data by B e n n e tt et al.

(1984), field seismic m easurem ents d a ta by Haag et al. (1986),

la b o ra to ry resu lts, g e n e r a te d mainly in th is s tu d y and d e s c r ib e d in

C hapter 2 plus add itional r e s u lts by Haag (1985) an d Ladd (1984),

an d r e s u lt s from B ierschw ale (1984) who also co n d u c te d an an aly tical

seismic r e s p o n s e s t u d y of WS.

5 .3 .2 T h e A pril 26, 1981 W estmoreland E a rth q u a k e

The 1981 W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e was a m od erate e v e n t w ith M

= 5 .6 . It t r i g g e r e d 22 of t h e 29 USGS s tro n g -m o tio n a c c e le ro g ra p h s

located in th e Imperial Valley region (Maley a n d E th e r e d g e , 1981).

The nearest record o b ta in e d was at th e Salton Sea s ta tio n , 9 km

n o rth of t h e e p i c e n t e r . In addition to th e netw o rk o p e r a te d b y t h e

USGS, t h e S ta te of California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG)

also o b ta in e d records from s ta tio n s located a t W estm oreland, N iland,

an d El C e n tro . Data w ere re c o rd e d by both th e USGS an d CDMG

netw ork s from ground level a c c e le r o g r a p h s located in one s to r y

 324

b u ild in g s o r in small fib e rg la s s in s tr u m e n t s h e lt e r s .

T h e only USGS s ta tio n s r e p o r tin g p eak ho rizo ntal a c c elera tio n s

greater th a n 0 .1 0 g w ere th e Salton Sea s ta tio n , with a p eak

acceleratio n a = 0.20 g a n d an e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e of 10 km, th e

ps
Brawley A ir p o r t s ta tio n , with a = 0 .1 8 g and an e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e

of 13 km, t h e P a r a c h u te T e s t Facility statio n with a = 0 .23 g and

ps
an e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e of 17 km, a n d t h e S u p e rs titio n Mountain station

with a „ „ w = 0.11 g a n d an e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e of 23 km. Thefirs t

max
th re e of th e se s ta tio n s are located on deep alluvial d e p o s its

r e p r e s e n t a tiv e of t h e a re a while t h e S u p e rs titio n Mountain statio n is

located on g r a n it e .

The CDMG also re c o rd e d a c c elera tio n s at th re e stro n g -m o tio n

s ta tio n s in Imperial Valley d u r i n g t h e 1981 e a r t h q u a k e (M cJunkin and

Kaliakin, 1981). At two of th e se s ta tio n s , p eak horizontal

a c c elera tio n s g reater th a n 0 .1 0 g w ere re c o r d e d . These w ere

W estm oreland, with a = of 0 .4 9 g an d an e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e of 4

ps
km, and N iland, with a = 0 .1 9 g an d an e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e of 18
ps
km. Both of t h e s e s ta tio n s a r e located on d e e p aluvial d e p o s its.

T hree accelerog ram s recorded on d eep alluvium d e p o sits and

made availab le to t h e a u t h o r by USGS an d u sed in th i s stu d y a re :

Salton Sea, Brawley A irp o r t an d P a r a c h u te Test Facility.

Specifically, only th e horizontal acceleration re c o rd of each station

which co n ta in s t h e h ig h e r a_ v a lu e was u s e d . T h e s e a r e Salton Sea

ps
225 d e g . , Braw ley A ir p o r t 315 d e g . , an d P a r a c h u te T e s t Facility 225
 325

d e g . , all p lo tte d in Fig. 5 . 3 . 2 . T h e s e t h r e e re c o rd s w ere u s e d h e r e

to encom pass t h e po ssib le v a ria tio n of unknow n b a s e rock acceleratio n

time h is to r y , d u r a ti o n s and s h a p e s a t WS. For exam ple, a lth o u g h th e

r e c o rd e d maximum acc e le ra tio n s are very similar at th ese th ree

s ta tio n s , th e level of motion is of s ig n ific a n tly lo n g e r d u r a tio n at

Salton Sea, with p u ls e s e x ce ed in g 0 .1 0 g f o r o v e r 6 se c o n d s .

B ierschw ale (1984) e stim ated , as part of his WS liquefaction

stu d y , th e p eak g ro u n d surface a c c e le ra tio n , ap s , t h a t would had

most p r o b a b ly been re c o rd e d at th e Wildlife a rea on to p of a

r e p r e s e n t a tiv e non liq uefiable profile. In o r d e r to estim ate t h e r a n g e

of th is a v a lu e , he p lo tted t h e a tte n u a tio n re la tio n s h ip of re c o rd e d

ps
a v e r s u s e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e f o r all 22 s ta tio n s of Fig. 5 . 3 .1 . The
ps
re la tio n s h ip is reproduced in Fig. 5 .3 .3 . E p icentral d is ta n c e was

u sed in th is p lot b e c a u se t h e e p i c e n te r was th e only indication of a

zone of e n e r g y re le a s e f o r th e 1981 earth q u ak e; no s u r f a c e fa u ltin g

was o b s e r v e d . Also, fo r th is rela tiv e ly small m a g n itu d e th e le n g th of

ru p tu re was most p r o b a b ly small. In th is procedure only th e

accelero gram s with t h e h ig h e r p eak acceleratio n w ere u s e d . As shown

in Fig. 5 . 3 . 3 , a c o n s is te n t a tte n u a tio n t r e n d is o b ta in e d , an d f o r th e

9 .5 km e p ic e n tr a l d is ta n c e of WS, a p s ra n g e s from 0 .2 to 0 . 4 g with

a best estim ate of 0 .3 g. In th is fig u re, th e g e n e ra l tre n d of

acceleration v ersus d is ta n c e is also com pared to t h e re s u lts from a

stu d y done by Seed et al. (1976), in which many d if f e r e n t

earth q u ak e re c o r d s w ere used to d e te rm in e a mean value of a pg

 326

v e r s u s e p ic e n tra l d is ta n c e , f o r m ag n itu d e » 6 .5 .

5 . 3 .3 Field E x p lo ra tio n s, M easurem ents a n d T e s tin g

As a lre a d y stated , a th o ro u g h field e x p lo ra tio n , cone

p e n e tra tio n (C P T ) an d s ta n d a r d p e n e tra tio n (S P T ) t e s t in g was

p erfo rm e d a t WS b y USGS following t h e 1981 e a r t h q u a k e . T h is s t u d y

is d e s c r ib e d in detail b y B e n n e tt e t al. (1984). The U n iv e rs ity of

Texas (UT) team also w en t to t h e WS s ite a n d co n d u c te d e x te n s iv e

field seismic t e s t i n g , m e asu rin g th e s h e a r wave velocities of t h e WS

d e p o s its all t h e way down to a d e p th of 11 m (35 f e e t ) . T h e r e s u lts

ob ta in e d by UT w ere r e p o r te d by Haag et al. (1985). In th is

s ectio n , th e inform ation p ro v id e d b y t h e s e two teams is sum m arized,

with em phasis on t h e d a ta n eed e d f o r th e DESRAMOD a n a ly se s to be

p erfo rm e d by t h e a u t h o r .

T h e USGS team v isite d t h e s ite in 1982 in o r d e r to d eterm in e

t h e geo tech nical soil pro file. P en etra tio n t e s t s a n d d if f e r e n t sampling

te c h n iq u e s w e re u sed to o btain geologic an d geotechnical data,

d e p e n d in g on th e ty p e of d a ta s o u g h t. T h e cone p e n e tra tio n te st

(CPT) an d sta n d a rd p e n e tra tio n te st (S P T ) w e re u sed to d efin e

stratig rap h ic u n its and m e a su re p e n e tra tio n r e s is ta n c e . Samples w ere

o b ta in ed by SPT, u sin g auger sam pling, S helby tu b e s, an d piston

tu b e. A fte r t h e sp ecim ens, d i s t u r b e d o r in ta c t, w ere r e tr i e v e d , field

d e s c r ip tio n s and la b o ra to ry classification w ere used to classify

sedim ents a c c o rd in g to th e Unified Soil C lassification. L ab o ra to ry

t e s ts included grain size analysis and A tterberg limits. Grain size

 327

c h a r a c te r i s t ic s su ch as t h e median g ra in size (d50) a n d coefficient of

u n iform ity (C y ) a r e u s e d to d e s c r ib e t h e g e n e ra l size an d s o r tin g of

t h e sed im en t. T h e L iquidity Index ( L I ), calcu lated from t h e n a tu ra l

w a te r c o n te n t and th e A tte r b e r g limits w ere u sed to d efin e th e

ph ysical s ta t e of t h e sed im en t. T h e r e s u lt s o b ta in e d a r e summarized

in Fig. 5 .3 .4 , an d th e geotech nical profile in c lu d in g SPT and CPT

m easu rem en ts is in clud ed in Fig. 5 . 3 .5 .

As d e s c rib e d by B e n n e tt e t al. (1984), t h e d e p o s it betw een 0

an d 2 .5 m c o n s is ts of v e r y loose an d v e r y so ft in te r b e d d e d micaeous

sandy s ilt, s ilt, and clay ey s ilt. Wood fra g m e n ts a r e v e r y common

t h r o u g h o u t with la r g e r fr a g m e n ts present in p atch es. The n a tu ra l

w a te r c o n te n t ra n g e s from 27 to 43 p e r c e n t. The liquidity index

averages 1.6. T h is index p ro p e rty ind icates t h a t th i s sedim ents a r e

very loose an d /o r s o ft. Cone p e n e tr a tio n te st an d SPT d ata also

ind icate a v e r y loose o r s o ft con ditio n. The c o n ta c t between th e

d e p o s it below is g r a d a tio n a l.

T h e d e p o sit betw een 2 .6 a n d 6.8 m c o n ta in s tw o s u b u n its , one

betw een 2 .5 to 3 .5 m and th e o t h e r betw een 3 . 5 a n d 6.8 m. The

f i r s t s u b u n it c o n s is ts of v e r y loose to loose m od e ra tely s o rte d s a n d y

silt. Sm all-scale c r o s s b e d d in g is common. T h e c o n ta c t between t h e

two s u b u n its is g ra d a tio n a l. T h e Lower s u b u n it c o n s is ts of loose to

medium d e n s e w e ll-s o rte d s ilty sa n d to v e r y fin e s a n d . The coarsest

sedim ent o c c u rs a t t h e b a s e of t h e u n it, with a sharp b r e a k to a

fin er sed im ent th a t coarsens u p w a rd to a b o u t 4 m. The sedim ent

 328

th e n becomes f in e r u p w a rd . T h is d e p o s it has a s h a r p c o n ta c t with

t h e u n d e rla y in g soil. T h is p a r ti c u la r soil is of special i n t e r e s t to t h e

present stu d y , because b ased on th e looseness of sed im en t, high

w a te r ta b le , a n d sim ilarity to t h e s a n d boil material it was identified

to be t h e la y e r t h a t liquefied a n d form ed s a n d boils. Material from

bo th s u b u n its of t h e s e d e p o s it w e re te sted in C hapter 2 of th is

stu d y , d e n o te d th e re as WSA and WSB s an d r e s p e c tiv e ly , and th e

D o b ry 's p o r e p r e s s u r e model was d ete rm in e d f o r b o th u n its .

The d e p o s it betw een 6.8 and 12 m c o n tain s two s u b u n i t s , th e

6 .8 - 7 . 5 m s u b u n it and th e 7.5-12m s u b u n it. The upper su b u n it

c o n s is ts of medium to s tif f clayey s ilt. T h e Liquidity Index of th is

sedim ent is 0 .6 . The c o n ta c t with th e u n d e r ly in g su b u n it is

g ra d a tio n a l o v e r a v e r y s h o r t d is ta n c e . T h e Lower s u b u n i t c o n s is ts

of medium to v e r y s tif f s ilty clay . T h e sedim ent in t h i s s u b u n i t is

very fine g r a in e d a n d uniform th ro u g h o u t th e s ite . T h e L iquidity

Index of th i s sedim en t is 0 .2 . T h e s h a r p c o n ta c t betw een th is an d

u n d e r la y in g d e p o s it is m ark ed b y an in c re a s e in cone r e s is ta n c e .

T h e d e p o s it betw een 12 a n d 17.5 m c o n s is ts of medium d e n s e ,

m o d e ra te t o v e r y p oorly s o r te d silt. T h e v e r y d e n s e u p p e r p a r t of

t h e d e p o s it is a cem ented silt. I n te r b e d s of s ilt, clay ey silt, and

s a n d y silt a r e less th a n 0 .7 m th i c k . T h e c o a r s e s t sed im e n t o c c u rs

at th e bottom of th e u n it. The n a t u r e of th e co n ta c t with th e

underlaying deposit is uncertain.

 329

The d e p o s it betw een 17.5 a n d , 2 1 .5 m is composed of

m oderately s o r te d sand, clay ey silt an d s ilty clay. T h e clay ey silt

o c c u rs as a 1 m th ic k in te r b e d in t h e middle of t h e u n it, and th e

silty clay is a 20 cm cap on top of t h e u n it. The c o n ta c t with th e

u n d e rly in g u n it is g ra d a tio n a l.

The d e p o s it betw een 21.5 and 24.3 m is mainly clay ey silt. At

th e b a se of t h e u n it is a w ell-so rte d silty san d t h a t g r a d e s u p w ard

to poorly s o rte d silt an d clayey s ilt. T h is d e p o sit is in sharp

c o n ta c t with t h e u n d e r ly in g d e p o s it.

T h e d e p o s it betw een 24.3 and 2 6 .5 m is com prised of v e r y s tiff

clayey silt and s ilty cla y . O th e r th a n very th in s a n d y in t e r b e d s ,

san d is not p r e s e n t . T h e sampling d id not e x te n d to th e bottom of

th is u n it.

The geologic origin of th e topm ost d e p o s it is d e s c r ib e d by

B e n n e tt e t al. (1984) an d is in d icated in Fig. 5 . 3 .5 as flood plain

alluvial d e p o s it. T h e liquefiable d e p o s it of in t e r e s t betw een 2 .6 an d

6.8 m is fo u n d to be of p o in t b a r o rig in . This d e p o sit is located on

t h e concave s id e of a m e an d er c u r v e an d t h e c o a re s t sedim ent o c c u rs

a t t h e base of a lag d e p o s it. T h e sed im en tary s t r u c t u r e s c o n s is t of

sm all-scale cross beds an d horizontal laminations, typical of po in t

bars. This u n it c o n tain s f e a t u r e s c h a r a c te r i s t ic of p o in t b a r s su ch

as a f in in g -u p w a rd g ra in size an d an u p w a rd c h a n g e from w e ll-s o rte d

to m oderately s o r te d sedim ent. The silty clay d e p o s it below was

in t e r p r e te d to b e la c u s tr in e .
 330

T h e s h e a r w ave v elo cities, Vg d ete rm in e d b y t h e UT team (Haag

e t al. 1985) a r e summarized in Fig. 5 . 3 . 6 . T h e y w ere d e te rm in e d b y

t h e c r o s s h o le te c h n iq u e , t h e most a c c u r a te te c h n iq u e u sed to d a y , and

th u s t h e r e s u lts p r e s e n te d a r e believed to be of high q u a lity . The

CPT and SPT re s u lts o b ta in e d by B e n n e tt et al. (1984) are also

in c lu d e d in t h e f ig u r e f o r com parison.

5 . 3 .4 D iscussion of L ab o ra to ry T e s t R esu lts

Cyclic la b o ra to ry te s t in g of Wildlife soils was p erfo rm e d b y th e

a u t h o r only on specim ens of s a n d s from th e u n it betw een 2.6 a n d 6.8

m, i.e ., th e sands which liquefied d u rin g th e 1981 W estmoreland

earth q u ak e. T h u s , t h e cyclic p r o p e r ti e s of all o t h e r soils n eed ed fo r

t h e DESRAMOD a n a ly sis w ere estim ated b a s e d on t h e r e s u lt s o b ta in e d

on t h e s e s a n d s , o r a s s e s s e d b y d ata on clays b y T u r n e r an d Stokoe

(1982) an d b y u sin g av ailable c h a r t s . Such estim ation of p r o p e r ti e s

f o r soils o t h e r th a n liqu efiable s a n d s is t h e s u b je c t of t h e following

s e c tio n , while in th is section th e la b o ra to r y r e s u lt s on liquefiable

sands a lre a d y p resen te d in Section 2 . 5 .3 are d is c u s s e d in th e ir

relation to t h e DESRAMOD in p u t d a ta d e te rm in a tio n .

As d e s c r ib e d in t h e p re v io u s se c tio n , t h e liquefiable d e p o s it is

com posed of two d if f e r e n t u n it s . The upper u n it betw een 2 .6 an d

3 .5 m c o n s is ts of a loose s a n d y silt la y e r (more f in e s ) while th e

lower u n it betw een 3 .5 and 6.8 m is loose to medium d e n s e sa n d

c o n ta in in g less fin e s . As in Section 2 . 5 . 3 , t h e u p p e r u n it is called

here Wildlife Sand A (WSA) and th e lower u n it Wildlife S and B

 331

(WSB)-.

T h e e x t e n s i v e cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te s t i n g p ro g ra m c o n d u c te d

in th i s s t u d y on WSA a n d WSB s a n d s rev ea led t h a t t h e s e two s a n d s

do in f a c t h av e a v e r y similar b e h a v io r with r e s p e c t to t h e i r D o b ry 's

p o re p ressu re model an d G/G and X versus t re la tio n s h ip s .

I lia x cy
T h e s e t h r e e cyclic re la tio n s h ip s a r e p ra c tic a lly identical f o r t h e WSA

an d WSB sands. H ow ever, th e se two sands h av e very d if f e r e n t

stiffn esses, as d e p ic te d b y t h e s h e a r w ave velocity p ro file a n d CPT

and SPT t e s t r e s u l t s p r e s e n te d in Fig. 5 . 3 . 6 . Also, it is re a s o n a b le

to assum e t h a t th e perm e ab ility co efficien t of t h e u p p e r WSA u n it,

which c o n ta in s more s ilt, is lower th a n t h e p e rm e ab ility of t h e WSB

_3
s a n d , m e a su re d b y R .S . Ladd as 2 .2 to 2 . 6 x 10 cm /s e c .

T he u n iq u e p o re p ressure model of liquefiable s a n d s WSA an d

WSB is d e s c r ib e d by Eq. 2 .5 .8 and is illu s tr a te d in Fig. 2 .5 .3 1 ,

while th e u n iq u e G /G versus f and X v ersus If re la tio n s h ip s

max cy cy
for both sa n d u n its are g iv en in Figs. 2 .5 .3 3 an d 2 .5 .3 4 ,

r e s p e c tiv e ly .

T h e G/G re la tio n s h ip of Fig. 2 .5 .3 3 was u s e d here, as done

ilia X

p r e v io u s ly , to ap p ro x im a te th e valu e of maximum initial s h e a r s t r e n g t h

t mo n eed e d f o r d efinitio n of t h e DESRAMOD h y p e rb o lic stre ss-stra in

re la tio n s h ip g iv e n by E q s. 3 . 2 . 4 an d 3 . 2 . 5 . A fte r s e v e ra l tr ia ls of

a tte m p tin g to f i t bo th G/G and X versus t re la tio n s h ip s , th e

iTiaX Cy
-6
valu e k = t V G „^ = 1000 x 10 was s e le c te d . T h e th e o re tic a l
mo mo
curves g e n era ted by th e DESRAMOD h y p e rb o lic stress-strain
 332

r e la tio n s h ip with th is value a re p lo tted in F ig s. 2 .5 .3 3 an d 2 .5 .3 4 ,

w h e re a r e a s o n a b ly good a g re e m e n t is noted with t h e d a ta o b ta in ed in

th i s s tu d y and in t h e s tu d y by Haag (1985).

H ow ever, t h e th e o re tic a l dam ping c u r v e d ete rm in e d b y means of

Eq. 3 . 2 . 9 , which re fle c ts only t h e h y s te r e t ic dam p in g , X^, g e n e r a te d

in DESRAMOD n o n lin e a r a n a ly s is , plots in Fig. 2 .5 .3 4 f o r s tr a i n s

_3
sm aller t h a n 10 % lower th a n ex p erim en tally o b ta in e d dam p in g , X.

The v alu es of X m easu red

by Haag in th e r e s o n a n t column t e s t f o r
_3
s u c h s t r a i n s lower t h a n 10 % a n d confining p r e s s u r e s c o r r e s p o n d in g

to field co n d itio n s a t WS, ranged a p p ro x im ate ly from 1.3% to 1.6%.

T h e value of X. u sin g Eq. 3 . 2 .1 0 on t h e o th e r h a n d , is 2% f o r 2f =

n cy
10_2%, 0.2% f o r y = 10"3% and 0.02% fo r Z = 1 0 '4%. T h e r e f o re ,
cy cy
b a s e d on t h e s e d ata a n d Fig. 2 .5 .3 4 , a value of t h e v isco u s dam ping

Xy = 1.0% was selec ted to com pensate in t h e DESRAMOD co m p u ter

an aly sis f o r t h a t d iffe re n c e .

5 .3 .5 I n p u t P a ra m e te rs and Analytical Soil Profile

5 . 3 .5 . 1 Analytical Soil Profile

T he analytical DESRAMOD soil p ro file of Wildlife s ite , b a s e d on

t h e field a n d la b o ra to r y d a ta d is c u s e d in Sections 5 . 3 .3 a n d 5 . 3 . 4 , as

well as on o th e r inform ation available from r e la te d s tu d ie s an d from

th e li t e r a t u r e , is illu s tr a te d in F ig . 5 .3 .7 . The p rofile is 160 fe e t

d e e p and s its on an assu m ed rig id b a s e rock a t t h a t d e p t h , with t h e

w a te r ta b le located a t 5 f e e t , a t t h e in te rfa c e betw een la y e r 1 an d 2.

O nly la y e r s 2 t o 11 located betw een 5 an d 5 6 .8 f e e t a r e assum ed to

 333

g e n e r a t e p o re pressures d u r in g t h e e a r t h q u a k e . T h e p o re p r e s s u r e

g e n e ra tio n is th u s n e g le c te d in la y ers 12 to 16 b e c a u se t h e s e la y ers

a r e r e p o r te d to c o n s is t mainly o f clayey s ilt a n d s ilty clay.

T h e liq uefiable sa n d d e p o s it co n tain in g WSA a n d WSB s a n d is

represented b y la y e rs 3 to 6 , d e n o te d b y d a s h e d a r e a in Fig. 5 . 3 .7 .

L ay er 3 r e p r e s e n t t h e WSA s a n d while la y ers 4 to 6 r e p r e s e n t th e

WSB sand. The p o re pressure model as s ig n e d to all th ese four

la y e rs is d e s c rib e d b y Eq. 2 . 5 . 7 a n d illu s tra te d in Fig. 2 .5 .3 1 . It

was decided to a s s ig n th i s same p o re p r e s s u r e model to all o t h e r s an d

a n d silt la y e rs in t h e profile ( la y e r s 2, 10 and 11). T his assum ption

is reaso n ab le b e c a u se , as d e p ic te d in Fig. 1 .2 .1 , t h e p o re p r e s s u r e

b u ild u p is rath e r similar for a v arie ty of sands and confining

pressures. H ow ever, th is same model would no t b e a d e q u a te f o r th e

c o h esiv e soils in la y e rs 7 to 9. In co h esiv e soils p o re pressure

b u ild s u p a t slow er r a te , and norm ally d e p o s ite d clay s do n ot liq u efy .

In o r d e r to somehow a p p ro x im ate t h e e x p e c te d slow er p o re p r e s s u r e

b u ild u p in la y e rs 7, 8 an d 9 , th e same model d evelop ed f o r th e

liqu efiable s a n d s (E q . 5 .5 .7 ) was u sed b u t with a sm aller v alu e of

t h e p a ra m e te r p . In la y e r 7, p = 0 .2 was u s e d , while f o r th e more

co h esiv e la y e rs 8 a n d 9, p = 0 .1 was u s e d . In th is w ay, in la y e r 7

o n ly ap p ro x im ately 20%, and in la y e rs 8 a n d 9 o nly 10%, of p o re

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p t h a t would h a v e d e v elo p ed in th e sands u n d e r th e

same c irc u m s ta n c e s , w ere allowed.

 334

As already mentioned ( s e e Fig. 5 .3 .7 ) th e liquefiable sand

d e p o s it is d iv id ed into four ra th e r th in la y e r s . T h is was done

b e c a u se of t h e piezom eters placed by USGS a t f o u r d if f e r e n t d e p t h s

within th is d e p o s it. T h erefo re each piezom eter is located in th e

middle of on e of th e s e fo u r la y e r s . Also, th e in te rfa c e b etw een

la y e rs 7 and 8 coincides with th e elevation of th e in sta lle d

a cc elero m eter. In th is w ay, calculated p o re p ressures and

a c c elera tio n s will be p ro v id e d by DESRAMOD a t th e d e p th s of t h e

c o r r e s p o n d in g in s tr u m e n ts .

The s tif f n e s s (G _ ) d is tr ib u tio n with d e p th in Fig. 5 . 3 .7

mo
follows s tr i c t l y th e p ro file of shear w ave v elo cities given in Fig.

5 .3 .6 . It is v e r y im p o rta n t t o n ote t h a t t h e s h e a r w ave velocities

are sm aller along th e section of th e liquefiable d e p o s it. T h is

s tif f n e s s d e c r e a s e is v e r y s ig n if ic a n t, as it will t e n d to c a u s e la r g e r

s h e a r s tr a i n s an d a s s o c ia te d p o re p r e s s u r e s in t h e liquefiable d e p o s it

betw een 2 .5 a n d 6.8 m. In o t h e r w o rd s it could b e a n tic ip a te d t h a t

th is small s tif f n e s s is a major reason why liquefaction o c c u rr e d in

1981 within th i s p a r ti c u la r d e p o s it.

As s ta te d in th e p re v io u s section a v alu e of th e v isco u s

dam ping = 1.0% was estim ated f o r b o th WSA an d WSB s a n d s , a n d

th e same v a lu e is u s e d h e re in fo r all o t h e r soil la y e r s . The n a tu ra l

p e rio d o f t h e WS soil profile was estim ated as Tn = 0.71 s ec by

th e m eth o d s u g g e s te d by D obry et al. (1976), and in tu rn th e

coefficien t 0 u s e d in DESRAMOD to calculate v isco u s dam ping (with a

 335

= 0) was determined as:

= (Xy T n )/it = 0.0023. ( 5 .3 . 1 )

5 . 3 . 5 . 2 A cceleration In p u t

As in d icate d in Fig. 5 .3 .7 , th e in p u t acc elera tio n a t WS o c c u rs

a t t h e rigid rock b a s e located at 160 f e e t. T h e actu al acceleration

time h is to ry g e n e r a te d a t th is d e p th a t t h e WS location d u r in g t h e

1981 W estmoreland e a r t h q u a k e is not know n, and i t will b e t h e r e f o r e

e stim ated u s in g a similar p r o c e d u r e followed in Section 5 . 2 .5 . f o r t h e

HRS case stu d y . S ev eral acceleratio n records, scaled up or down

will be in p u t at th e base of a s tiff profile closely resem bling a

re p resen tativ e nonliquefiable p ro file located at th e Wildlife s ite , for

w hich a r a n g e of t h e p eak g r o u n d s u r f a c e a c c e le ra tio n , a ^ , betw een

0 .2 and 0 . 4 g was p re v io u s ly estim ated in section 5 . 3 . 2 . T h e lower

p a r t of th is p ro file , from 25 f e e t down is identical to t h e WS soil

p ro file in Fig. 5 . 3 . 7 , while th e s tif fn e s s of t h e to p 25 fe e t is la r g e r .

T h is s tiff p ro file is assum ed to represent th e soil con dition s at

non liq uefiable s ite s in t h e a rea a ffe c te d b y t h e 1981 e a r t h q u a k e su ch

th a t, a t 9 .5 km from t h e e p ic e n te r, a g r o u n d s u r f a c e acceleration of

0 .2 to 0 . 4 g would h a v e been r e c o r d e d on to p it.

The s h e a r w ave velocity d is tr ib u tio n of t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e WS

p ro file s e le c te d h e re is g iv en in Fig. 5 . 3 . 8 . In t h e same f i g u r e , two

 336

o t h e r velocity d is tr i b u tio n s a r e p lo tte d for com p ariso n. F ir s t, th e

d is tr ib u tio n of th e s o ft WS liquefiable pro file from Fig. 5 . 3 .7 is

r e p e a te d , an d it can be read ily noticed th a t it d if fe rs from th e

" r e p r e s e n ta t iv e " WS p ro file only abo ve 25 fe e t. And s e c o n d , t h e so

called Imperial Valley El C e n tr o D ifferential A r r a y r e p r e s e n t a tiv e soil

p ro file is also in c lu d e d . T h is la st soil p ro file is c o n s id e re d to be

rep resen tativ e of th e alluvial co n d itio n s below th e majority of

s tro n g -m o tio n s ta tio n s . It is an a v e r a g e p ro file which was p r e s e n te d

by Hansen et al. (1973) for El C e n tro d iffe re n tia l array s ta tio n s

d e p ic te d in Fig. 5 .3 .1 . T h is same p ro file is also c o n s is e n t with th e

r e c e n t s h e a r w ave velocity soil p ro files p r e s e n t e d by Porcella (1984)

fo r sev eral locations s u r r o u n d in g WS. It is e v id e n t from Fig. 5 . 3 .8

t h a t th e WS r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p ro file is q u ite similar to th e El C e n tro

D ifferential A rray re p resen tativ e p ro file , d e s p it e bein g based on

d i f f e r e n t s h e a r w ave velocity m e a su re m e n ts. T h is is re aso n ab le, as

th e Imperial Valley alluvial d e p o s its a r e q u ite uniform th r o u g h o u t th e

re g io n . T h is good a g re e m e n t betw een th e two r e p r e s e n t a tiv e

non liqu efiable profiles in Fig. 5 . 3 .8 confirm s t h e v alid ity of t h e soil

p ro file selec ted h e r e as r e p r e s e n t a tiv e of WS.

The in p u t a cc elero g ram s used to e x c ite th is r e p r e s e n t a tiv e

p ro file w ere scale d , s e e k in g t h e scaling f a c to r s which a t t h e to p of

t h e profile would g e n e r a t e t h e estim ated a betw een 0 .2 and 0 .4 g .

T h e acceleration records u sed in DESRAMOD a t t h e rigid b a se

ro ck of th e s tif f WS p ro file w e re , as d e s c r ib e d in Section 5 . 3 . 2 , t h e

 337

Parachute/ Brawley and Salton records illustrated in Fig. 5 .3 .2 ,

scaled to a betw een 0 .2 and 0 .8 g. The peak ground surface

ma x
a c c e le ra tio n s , a^, calcu la ted u s in g th ese n o n d e g ra d in g DESRAMOD

a n a ly s e s an d t h e s tiff WS p ro file a r e listed in T ab le 5 .3 .1 a n d p lo tted

in Fig. 5 . 3 .9 .

T h e c o rre la tio n betw een in p u t a an d calcu lated a shows a

max pa
cle a r t r e n d of a in c re a se with in c re a s in g a . T h u s all d a ta p o in ts
pa max
could b e fitte d w ithin a n a rro w b a n d . Fig. 5 . 3 .9 in d ic a te s th a t in

o r d e r to obtain th e a v e ra g e estim ated v alu e of a = 0 .3 g on t h e

to p of t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e WS p ro file , th e t h r e e acc elero g ram s utilized

sho uld b e scaled to a_ * 0 .5 . In order to cover th e whole

max
estim ated r a n g e of a betw een 0 .2 a n d 0 .4 g a r a n g e of in p u t a
pa ma x
betw een 0 .2 and 0 .8 g is ap p ro p ria te. The best estim ate ju st

o b ta in e d of a = 0 .5 g at a d e p th of 160 f e e t , w h e re t h e rigid
ma x
rock base is assu m ed , looks too high com pared to o u tc ro p

a cc ele ra tio n s re c o r d e d f o r similar m a g n itu d e e a r t h q u a k e s a n d d is ta n c e s

from t h e e p i c e n te r . A valu e of a = 0 .2 to 0 .4 g would h av e been

ma x
more re a s o n a b le . However, as th e present an aly sis is aimed at

m atch in g th e estim ated p eak ground surface a c c e le ra tio n s an d

a s s o c ia te d seismic s t r e s s e s an d s t r a i n s in t h e upper soil d e p o s its of

t h e WS d u r i n g t h e 1981 e a r t h q u a k e , th i s a = 0 .5 g is c o n s id e r e d
ma x
re a s o n a b le f o r t h a t specific p u r p o s e a n d is u s e d in t h e a n a ly s is .
 338

5 .3 .6 Analysis and Discussion

N ine DESRAMOD c o m p u te r a n a ly se s w ere p erform ed on t h e WS

soil p ro file. T h e pro file on rig id rock shown in Fig. 5 .3 .7 was

e x c ite d b y t h e P a r a c h u te , Salton an d Brawley a cc elero g ram , with each

re c o r d scaled to a = 0 .2 , 0 .5 a n d 0 . 8 g . T he maximum seismic

Ilia X

shear stra in s, J , an d maximum normalized resid u al p o re p r e s s u r e ,

p d

u*, c a lc u la te d in all soil la y ers f o r t h e s e n ine DESRAMOD r u n s a re

listed in T ables 5 . 3 .2 to 5 .3 .4 . A summary including th e la rg e s t

valu e of u* of th e whole p ro file, as well as th e calculated peak

ground surface a c c e le ra tio n , a , is p r e s e n te d in T ab le 5 .3 .5 .

pa
Detailed plots of s tr a i n a n d p o re p r e s s u r e time h isto ries o b ta in e d fo r

th e in p u t a = 0 .5 g in t h e in s tru m e n te d la y ers 3 , 4 , 5 ,6 a n d 10,

max
and f o r a = 0 .2 an d 0 .8 g in selected la y e rs 3 ,5 and 10, a re
ma x
en clo se d in A pp en d ix G.

In order to visualize th e develop m ent of p o re pressu res

c a lc u la te d in t h e s o ft liq uefiable d e p o s it d u r i n g th e 1981 Westmoreland

E a r th q u a k e , t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e time h isto rie s f o r all t h r e e e a r th q u a k e

acc elero g ram s an d fo r th e " b e s t" in p u t a = 0 .5 g, a r e p lo tted

max
to g e th e r for la y e rs 3 ,4 ,5 , 6 and la y e r 10 in Fig. 5 .3 .1 0 . Fig.

5 .3 .1 1 show t h e same p o r e p r e s s u r e h isto ries f o r a = 0 .2 a n d 0 .8

max
g, calculated in la y e r 5 located in t h e middle of t h e so ft liquefiable

d e p o s it. These plots c o n s ti tu te analytical p re d ic tio n s of pore

p r e s s u r e s t h a t would h a v e been m e asu re d in t h e 1981 earth q u ak e if

t h e piezo m eters had a lre a d y been in place.

 339

The resu lts presen ted in Fig. 5 .3 .1 0 show that for th e "best"

a = 0 .5 g , which on t h e to p of t h e s tif f site g iv e s estim ated a

max ps
of 0 .3 g , t h e DESRAMOD a n a ly se s indeed yielded p o re p r e s s u r e s close

to initial liquefaction in th e soft sand d e p o s it, w ith high p o re

pressures d ev elo p in g betw een 2 .5 an d 6.8 m. T his is in a g ree m en t

with th e field ev id en ce d e s c rib e d in Section 5 .3 .3 . The field

o b s e rv a tio n s at th e WS p erform ed following t h e 1981 earth q u ak e

rev ea led th a t th e soil which e r u p te d in th e form of san d boils

o rig in a te d ex c lu siv e ly from th is d e p o s it. A ccording to th e r e s u lt s in

F igs. 5 .3 .1 0 and T ab les 5 .3 .2 to 5 . 3 . 4 , la y e rs 4 a n d 5, located in

th e middle of th e san d d e p o s it, e x h ib ite d high p o r e pressures.

T h e s e a re t h e la y e rs t h a t most p ro b a b ly liquefied while la y ers 3 and

6, located ab o v e and below, d ev eloped somewhat smaller p o re

p ressu res and d id n o t liquefy. T ab les 5 . 3 .2 to 5 . 3 .4 indicate th a t

for a = 0 .5 g , t h e maximum u* ra n g e d as follows:

max

L ayer 3 u * = 0 .5 6 to 0.70

L ayer 4 u * = 0.88 to 0.9 5

L ay er 5 u* = 0.83 to 0.93

L ay er 6 u * = 0.71 to 0.80

L ayer 10 u* = 0.56 to 0.83

That is, d eeper layer 10 also exhibited large pore p ressu res but
 340

sm aller th a n la y e rs 4 an d 5. It is in t e r e s tin g t h a t t h e s e ra n g e s of

u* a r e g e n e r a lly n a rro w , t h a t is, u* was not much affected by th e

specific in p u t acceleratio n time h is to r y u s e d .

In order to envision how th e p o re pressures evo lved at

d if f e r e n t d e p t h s in 1981, th e p a tte rn of p o r e p r e s s u r e develo pm ent

w ithin t h e WS soil p ro file, calcu lated by DESRAMOD u s in g as in p u t

th e Brawley a cc elero g ram scaled to a _ = 0 .5 g, is illu s tr a te d in

max
Fig. 5 .3 .1 2 . T h is f ig u r e d e p ic ts very clearly th e develo pm ent of

la rg e p o re pressures re a c h in g closely th e initial liquefaction in t h e

so ft sa n d d e p o s it b etw een 2 .5 a n d 6.8 m, especially in la y e rs 4 a n d

5. It can f u r t h e r be o b s e r v e d t h a t sm aller, b u t still re la tiv e ly la rg e

p o re p ressu res w ere o b ta in e d in cohesion less la y ers 10 an d 11

betw een 12 a n d 17.5 m, while a t t h e same time, t h e co hesiv e la y ers

7 ,8 and 9 d id not e x h ib it p o re p r e s s u r e s la r g e r th a n t h e u* = 0.62

calcu la ted in la y e r 9 u sin g Salton r e c o rd .

Of c o u r s e , d u e to th e a s s ig n m e n t o f p o re p r e s s u r e p a ra m e te r p

v alu es of 0 .2 an d 0.1 to la y e rs 7 ,8 a n d 9, t h e p o re p r e s s u r e s model

alone in t h e s e t h r e e co h e s iv e la y ers s h o u ld h a v e n o t even g e n e r a te d

p o re p r e s s u r e s t h a t h ig h . It can b e easily d e m o n stra te d t h a t , when

u s in g t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e model of la y e r 9, i.e ., Eq. 2 .5 .8 with a

p a ra m e te r p = 0.1 in ste ad of t h e o rig in a l p = 1.04, th e valu e of u*

c a n n o t ex ce ed p, i.e ., u* = 0 . 10, g iv e n a n y cyclic s t r a i n , t and

any la rg e number of c y c le s , n . A care fu l a n a ly sis of th e

c
DESRAMOD ou tp uts revealed that pore p r e s s u r e s as high as u* = 0.6 2
 341

w e re - c a lc u la te d in th ese c o h esiv e WS la y e r s c learly due to

r e d is tr ib u tio n of high p o re pressures from t h e n e ig h b o rin g la y e r s ,

a n d especially from t h e u p p e r liquefiable la y e r s .

In o r d e r to reco g n ize t h e intimate re la tio n s h ip betw een seismic

s t r a i n s and a s s o c ia te d p o re p r e s s u r e s , it is u sefu l to focus a tte n tio n

on th e s tr a i n s calcu lated within th e p ro file. T ab les 5 . 3 .2 to 5 . 3 .4

show th at th e h ig h e s t p o re p ressures d e v elo p ed in th e la y ers

s u b je c te d to th e la rg e st shear strain s, p a r ti c u la r ly in th e la y e rs

com p risin g th e liquefiable d e p o s it. For exam ple, for a = 0 .5 g,

m3x
s t r a i n s betw een 2% an d 13% d ev eloped in la y e r 5. A fte r care fu l s tu d y

of all DESRAMOD r e s u l t s o b ta in e d for a =0 . 5 g, th e following

max
was co n clu d ed . B ecause t h e s tif f n e s s of t h e d e p o s it betw een 2 .5 and

6.8 m is rela tiv e ly small com pared to th e s tif f n e s s of both t h e u p p e r

and lower la y e r s , th e motion of th e p ro file c a u s e d by th e base

ex citatio n an d u p w a rd p ro p a g a tio n of seismic w aves in duced la rg e

s tr a i n in g along t h e s o f te s t liquefiable la y e r s , t h e r e b y d e c r e a s in g even

fu rth e r th e g e n e ra tio n of la rg e s tr a in s in th e stiffer n e ig h b o rin g

la y e r s . That is, a pla stic "h in g e" d ev elo p ed at th ese d ep th s. A

similar e ff e c t, a lth o u g h not so p ro n o u n c e d , o c c u r r e d in la y ers 10 and

11, which w ere also allowed to develop p o re p r e s s u r e and to d e g r a d e .

A f te r c e rta in d e g r a d a tio n , th ese two la y e rs became rela tiv e ly soft

com pared to th e n o n d e g r a d in g la y ers 12 to 16 below, and

c o n s e q u e n tly la y ers 10 an d 11 also e x h ib ite d la rg e s tr a i n s and

a s s o c ia te d p o re p r e s s u r e s .
 342

Finally, t h e p eak g r o u n d s u r f a c e a c c e le ra tio n s , a , o b ta in ed on

pa
to p of t h e liquefiable WS soil profile f o r t h e " b e s t" in p u t amgx = 0 . 5

g, a n d calcu la ted with t h e d e g r a d in g DESRAMOD a n a ly s is , shou ld be

d iscu ssed . T ab le 5 . 3 .5 shows a n arro w range for a betw een 0.23

pa
and 0 .2 6 g fo r th e th re e d if f e r e n t acc e le ro g ra m s. T h is calculated

r a n g e of 0 .2 3 to 0 .2 6 g is, as e x p e c te d , sm aller th a n aps = 0 .3 g

e stim ated in Fig. 5 .3 .9 for th e r e p r e s e n t a tiv e n o n d e g r a d in g p ro file.

In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e a pa re s p o n s e of t h e WS soil p ro file calculated by

th e DESRAMOD an aly sis is reaso n ab le and c o n s is te n t. Also, th e

s h a p e s of t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e acceleration time h is to rie s calcu lated f o r

th e liq u e fy in g WS soil profile f o r a = 0 .5 g , p r e s e n te d in Figs.

ma x
5 .3 .1 4 , 5 .3 .1 7 and 5 .3 .2 0 , resem ble t h e s h a p e of t h e acceleratio n time

h is to r y re c o rd e d on top of a s ite which liquefied d u r i n g th e Niigata

1964 E a r t h q u a k e ( I s h ih a r a , 1985), r e p r o d u c e d in Fig. 5 .3 .2 2 . In all

th e s e acc elero g ram s a common p a t t e r n can b e read ily o b s e r v e d : a fte r

high pore pressures dev elo p ed and th e soil p ro file liquefied , th e

h ig h - f r e q u e n c y oscilations present at th e b e g in n in g of th e re c o rd

changed into lo w -fre q u e n c y o s cilatio n s. T h is is most clearly

n o ticeable in Figs. 5 .3 .1 4 an d 5 .3 .1 7 . T h is change in acceleration

freq u en cy is o b vio usly a s s o c ia te d with th e s ig n if ic a n t red u ctio n in

s tif f n e s s of th e profile sectio n s which liq u efied . The above

o b s e rv a tio n is v e r y im p o rta n t, b e c a u se it shows t h a t DESRAMOD not

only re alistic ally sim ulates th e seismic stre ss, stra in , and p o re

pressure responses, but it also produces acc elera tio n time h is to rie s
 343

con sisten t with th ose recorded during an actual earthquake on a

liquefying soil profile.

At th i s p o in t, it shou ld b e also o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e co n fig u ra tio n

of t h e WS soil p ro file , with a th i c k n e s s o f 4 .3 m f o r t h e liquefiable

d e p o s it and a th i c k n e s s of t h e (n o n liq u e fie d ) to p s u r f a c e la y e r of 2 .5

m, in conjun ction w ith th e a estim ated as 0 .3 g, is a b s o lu te ly

r ®

c o n s is te n t with I s h ih a r a 's c h a r t shown in Fig. 5 .2 .3 3 . T h e d a ta p o in t

p e r t i n e n t to th is WS case s t u d y is c le a rly in t h e a re a of t h e c h a r t

which p r e d ic ts o b s e rv a tio n of s u r f a c e m a n ifestatio n s of liq u efactio n , as

it was actu ally t h e c a s e in 1981.

As m entioned e a r l ie r , o ne of t h e o b je ctiv e s of th i s ca se stu d y

was also to assess th e o v erall response of th e WS p ro file d u r i n g

fu tu re earth q u ak es; more sp ecifically to estim ate ro u g h ly th e

m a g n itu d es and p attern s of p o re pressure and acceleratio n

develo pm ents a t t h e s e d epths w h e re USGS has a lre a d y in stalled th e

piezom eters a n d a c c e le r o g r a p h s . In o r d e r to c o v e r t h e p o ssib le ra n g e

of fu tu re earth q u ak e in te n s itie s an d ty p es of s h a k in g at WS,

acc elero g ram s with a

m a X
= 0.2 and 0.8 g , c o r r e s p o n d in g to th e

estim ated r a n g e of a_ betw een 0 .2 and 0 .4 g, w ere as m entioned

ps
e a r l ie r also used in DESRAMOD r u n s of t h e WS soil pro file. The

p o re p r e s s u r e response r e s u lt s for th e s e le c te d la y e rs 3 , 5 and 10,

and fo r a = 0.2 a n d 0.8 g , w e re calcu la ted a n d a r e p r e s e n te d f o r

ilia X

in s tr u m e n te d la y e r 5 in Fig. 5 .3 .1 1 . T h e r e s u lt s f o r la y ers 3 a n d 10

a r e enclosed in A p p en dix G. T h e acceleration time h is to rie s a t th e

 344

ground surface and at 7 .5 m d ep th , w h e re USGS has placed an

a c c e le r o g r a p h , are shown to g e th er with th e in p u t accelerog ram for

a = 0 .2 , 0 .5 a n d 0 . 8 g in F ig s. 5 .3 .1 3 to 5.3 .2 1 fo r t h e t h r e e
max 3 9
d if f e r e n t a cc elero g ram s.

With t h e ex ce p tio n of t h e r e s u lt s o b ta in e d by u sin g t h e Salton

in p u t re c o rd and a = 0 .2 g an d 0 .8 g (F ig . 5 .3 .1 1 ), th e
ilia X

c alcu la ted time h is to rie s w ere in g e n e ra l as e x p e c te d . For a =

Ilia X

0.8 g , very high p o re pressures w e re calculated in t h e liquefiable

d e p o s it (s e e T able 5 . 3 . 5 ) . It is in t e r e s tin g to note t h a t f o r a _ ^ =

max
0 .8 9 th e calculated peak ground surface a c c e le ra tio n s , a , w ere
pa
almost identical to th o s e o b ta in e d f o r a = 0 .5 g (s e e T able 5 . 3 . 5 ) .
max
For a = 0 .2 g , on t h e o t h e r hand, and again as e x p e c te d , th e
ma x
maximum p o re pressures and p eak g r o u n d s u r f a c e acc e le ra tio n s w ere

lower th a n f o r a _ = 0 . 5 g when u sin g th e P a r a c h u te and Brawley

max
accelerog ram in p u ts ( s e e T ab le 5 . 3 . 5 ) . It sh ou ld b e noted t h a t even

for a = 0 .2 g very high p o re pressures (u * = 0.62 an d 0.70)

max
w ere o b ta in e d , a lth o u g h th e calcu la ted a v alu es w e re j u s t s lig h tly
pa
lower (0 .2 0 a n d 0 .1 9 g ) th a n f o r am„ w = 0 .5 g .
max
T h e acceleratio n time h is to rie s f o r a _ = 0 .2 a n d 0 .8 g , shown
max
in Figs. 5 .3 .1 3 to 5 .3 .2 1 , a r e s e lf - e x p la n a to r y a n d do not need any

special comment. H ow ever, it sho u ld b e em phasized t h a t a g a in , in

t h e c a s e s of a = 0 .2 a n d 0 . 8 g , as seen b e fo re f o r a _ = 0 .5 g ,
max max
in t h e acc elero g ram s calcu lated a t b o th t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e an d 7 .5 m

d ep th , t h e initial h ig h - f r e q u e n c y o scillation s t u r n into lo w -fre q u e n c y

 345

o scillatio ns w henever high p o re pressures and liquefaction d evelop

w ithin t h e pro file.

As mentioned ab o v e, t h e p o re p r e s s u r e re s p o n s e of t h e WS soil

p ro file s u b je c te d to th e Salton a = 0 .2 a n d 0 .8 g acceleratio n

md x
in p u t was d if f e r e n t when com pared to t h e re s p o n s e s o b ta in ed u sin g

th e P a ra c h u te and Brawley a cc elero g ram s. For a = 0 .2 g th e

ma x
Salton accelerogram yielded u* = 0.91 in la y e r 5, while f o r t h e much

l a r g e r amgx = 0 .8 , u* = 0 .4 0 was calcu la ted in t h e same la y e r. On

th e o th e r hand, th ese valu es of u* are very c o n s is te n t with th e

maximum s h e a r s tr a i n s listed in T a b le 5 . 3 . 3 . For exam ple, f o r a

ma x
= 0 .2 , la rg e s tr a i n s d e v elo p ed in la y e rs 5 and 6 (4% a n d 3%,

r e s p e c tiv e ly ) and re la tiv e ly small s tr a i n s in la y e rs 10 and 11 (~

0.2%), while fo r a max = 0 .8 g la y e rs 5 and 6 dev elop ed sm aller

s tr a i n s (~ 2.5%). At t h e same time in t h e lower la y e rs 10 a n d 11

strain s la r g e r th a n b e fo re (2-2.6%) w e re g e n e r a t e d . It is believ ed

t h a t a developm ent of l a r g e r s h e a r s tr a i n s in t h e lower la y ers when

a max = ® anc* w ^ en u s ' n9 t h e Salton in p u t , is also re s p o n s ib le

f o r t h e sm aller s h e a r s tr a i n s and h en ce sm aller p o re p r e s s u r e s in t h e

u p p e r la y e rs in th i s c a s e . T his seismic r e s p o n s e o b ta in e d by u sin g

th e Salton in p u t shows th e im portance of s e lec tin g an a p p r o p r ia te

in p u t b a s e acceleratio n record, an d s in ce t h e e x a c t re c o rd is almost

n e v e r av ailab le, also th e im portance of t h e e v a lu a tin g liquefaction b y

m eans of a p a ra m e tric s t u d y which sho u ld u s e se v e ra l d if f e r e n t in p u t

a cc elero g ram s.
 346

F in ally , a comment about WS and th e 1979 Imperial Valley

E a r th q u a k e is n e c e s s a r y a t th is p o in t. D u rin g th e 1979 E a r th q u a k e ,

re s p o n s ib le fo r t h e HRS liquefaction fa ilu r e p r e v io u s ly d is c u s s e d , WS

did not liq u efy . The location of WS with re s p e c t to th e 1979

e a r t h q u a k e s u r fa c e f a u lt r u p t u r e is shown in Fig. 5 .3 .1 . As shown

th ere, WS is located ap proxim ately 18 km from th e n earest 1979

earth q u ak e ru p tu re . In order to assess th e p eak ground surface

a c c e le ra tio n , a . a t th e WS location d u r i n g t h e 1979, an a tte n u a tio n

ps
c u r v e includin g six acc elero g ram s r e c o r d e d a t s u r r o u n d i n g s ta tio n s is

p lo tte d in Fig. 5 .3 .2 3 . T h is plo t p r e s e n t s a c o rre la tio n betw een th e

s h o r t e s t d is ta n c e from th e 1979 fa u lt r u p t u r e a n d a valu es re c o rd e d

ps
at C alip atria (0 .13 g), W estmoreland (0.11 g), Braw ley (0 .22 g),

Niland (0 .1 0 g ), P a r a c h u te (0 .2 0 g ) an d Salton (0 .0 6 g) s ta tio n s .

At WS, located 18 km from th e ru p tu re , a r a n g e of a = 0 .1 0 to

0.1 7 g was estim a te d , with a " b e s t" valu e of a = 0 .1 4 g . For a

3 ps 3 ps
= 0 .1 4 g , t h e I s h ih a r a 's c h a r t in Fig. 5 .2 .3 3 in deed shows t h a t , even

if high p o re pressures had d e v elo p ed in th e sand, surface

liquefaction would not h av e been observed at WS d u r in g th e 1979

earthquake.
 347

Table 5 .3 .1 Summary of Nondegrading Analyses of th e R epresentative

Wildlife Site Soil Profile (a vs a c o rre la tio n ; s ee Fig. 5 . 3 .7 )

ma x ps

BASE INPUT PEAK GROUND SURFACE ACCEL., a (g )

r®
P arach u te S a lto n braw ley
amax( 9>
Record Record Record

0.2 0 .2 3 0 .2 3 0.20
0 .4 0.2 8 0.29 0.25

0.6 0 .3 6 0.31 0.35

0.8 0 .3 8 0.37 0.36

> •
 348

T a b le - 5 . 3 . 2 Summary of Maximum S tr a in s and Normalized Pore

P r e s s u r e s in t h e WS Soil Profile E xcited b y P a r a c h u te A ccelerogram

PARACHUTE ACCELEROGRAM INPUT

Input *max( «>

0 .2 0 .5 0 .8
Layer * * *
u u u

>-
Ypa Ypa

CL
1 0 .0 2 - 0.03 - 0.03 -

2 0.0 5 0.19 0.06 0 .2 3 0.06 0 .2 0

3 0 .1 2 0 .5 3 0.39 0 .7 0 0.23 0 .6 5

4 0 .9 2 0 .6 2 9.66 0 .8 9 16.55 0.92

5 1.64 0.57 12.92 0.91 21.95 0.9 6

6 1.29 0.54 11.04 0 .8 0 17.03 0 .8 8

7 0.21 0 .5 4 0.5 6 0.5 5 0.82 0.61

8 0.17 0.51 0.23 0.47 0.2 8 0.53

9 0 .2 2 0.49 0.63 0.51 7.61 0.82

10 0 .3 0 0.5 0 3.74 0 .5 6 16.20 0.87

11 0.28 0.4 8 4.68 0 .5 6 14.10 0.7 5

12 0 .2 0 - 0.39 - 0.42 -

13 0.19 - 0.54 - 0.75 -

14 0 .1 6 - 0.54 - 0.8 6 -

15 0.13 - 0.63 - 1.31 -

16 2.09 - 0.44 - 1.12 -

 349

Table - 5 . 3 .3 Summary of Maximum Strains and Normalized Pore

P r e s s u r e s in t h e WS Soil Profile E xcited b y Salton A ccelerogram

SALTON ACCELEROGRAM INPUT

Imput a m a x ^

0.2 0 5 0. 8
Layer
* * *
Ypa
U
Ypa u u
Ypa

1 0.02 - 0.03 - 0.05 -

2 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.17 0.12 0.20

3 0.10 0.47 0.1 5 0.62 0.33 0.41

4 0.45 0.79 2.95 0.88 1.08 0.43

5 4.37 0.91 4.10 0.83 2.59 0.40

6 2.81 0.87 2.80 0.71 2.49 0.39

7 0.12 0.49 0.27 0.50 0.42 0.42

8 0.11 0.30 0.23 0.42 0.31 0.40

9 0.14 0.39 0.3 3 0.62 0.56 0.43

10 0.20 0.46 1.73 0.83 1.94 0.61

11 0.17 0.4 4 2.68 0.82 2.56 0.66

12 0.10 - 0.25 - 0.39 -

13 0.09 - 0 .2 3 - 0.40 -

14 0.08 - 0.21 - 0.33 -

15 0.08 - 0 .2 2 - 0.3 4 -

16 0.06 - 0.17 - 0.30 -

 350

Table . 5 . 3 . 4 Summary of Maximum Strains and Normalized Pore

P r e s s u r e s in t h e WS Soil Profile E xcited b y Brawley A ccelerogram

BRAWLEY ACCELEROGRAM INPUT

input amax(g)

0 .2 0 .5 0 .8
L ayer * * *
Ypa u Ypa u u
Ypa

1 0.02 - 0.03 - 0.03 -

2 0.0 4 0.11 0.07 0.2 0.06 0. 16

3 0. 08 0.47 0.14 0.5 6 0.14 0.59

4 0.2 5 0.7 4 1.49 0.9 4 1.66 0.8 2

5 0.4 0 0.69 2.21 0.93 1.92 0.77

6 0.20 0.59 1.06 0.8 0 0.98 0.6 8

7 0.0 9 0.3 2 0.11 0. 50 0.14 0.5 4

8 0.07 0.16 0.09 0. 36 0.12 0.50

9 0. 06 0.1 4 0.12 0.4 9 0.19 0. 65

10 0.07 0. 12 0.22 0.61 1.20 0.7 6

11 0.0 5 0.0 9 0.25 0.6 0 1.01 0.71

12 0 .0 5 - 0.10 - 0.15 -

13 0.05 - 0.10 - 0.13 -

14 0 .0 4 - 0.09 - 0.12 -

15 0.0 4 - 0.08 - 0.12 -

16 0.03 - 0.06 - 0.10 -

 351

T ab le , 5 .3 .5 Summary of WS Peak G ro u n d S u rfa c e A cceleration and

Maximum Pore P r e s s u r e R espon se

Acceleration Input A c c e l e r a ti o n , a__ (g)

iTlaX
Record

0 .2 0. 5 0.8

a /u* a /u* a /u*

pa' pa' pa'

Parachute 0.20/0.62 0.23/0.91 0.24/0.96

( l i q u e f a c t i o n ) (li q u ef a c ti o n )

Salton 0.19/0.91 0.25/0.88 0.37/0.66

(very high) (very high)

Brawley 0.18/0.70 0.26/0.94 0.24/0.82

( li q u e f a c t i o n ) (very high)
 352

U c lo la n d O v t f e r o t ti r g '

Study SlMi
Jtroog-Motion Station
Sds

W IM lif*

IfUW llY
y*ULT
i SMcXim

N* 7

’®SL
• No 11

• No 11

0 c tM « i s .im

Fig. 5 .3 .1 Location of Wildlife Site a n d S trong-M otion S tatio n s th a t

w ere in O peration D u ring th e 1981 W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e (Maley

a n d E th e r e d g e , 1981)
 353

Parachute Test F a c i l i t y (225 deg.) a * 0. 23 g (1981)

Brawley Airport (315 deg.) a = 0.18 g (1981)

Salton Sea (225 deg.) a = 0.20 g (1981)

Time Scale (seconds)

5 ' 10

Fig. 5 . 3 .2 S trong-M otion R eco rd s u sed in C o m pu ter A nalyses

(B ie rsch w ale, 1984)

 354

Mean * 1 s t . dev.
o> Deep Cohesionless Soil
0.50 Seed e t a l , (1976)
<o
A c celeratio n ,
Ground Surface

0.10
ow

0.05
NO
High, low, and b e s t f i t curves x
Peak Horizontal

f o r 1981 Westmorland Earthquake, q

M=5 .6. (Recorded a t S ta tio n s on \
Deep A lluv ial D e p o sits). '

• S ta tio n Located on G ranite

0.01
1.0 5.0 10 50 100
E picentral Distance (km)

Fig. 5 . 3 .3 V ariation in a p s with E picentral D is ta n c e f o r t h e 1981

W estmoreland E a r th q u a k e (B ie rsch w ale, 1984)

 355

3M J Of H3d»p

s s

1984)
al.,

.............. I I I I I i I I I I I I I WT- I « ■» I v
o (/■> o m o m

■»)M irr t»d«a

 356

10
Alaao River
Hood plain
6 7521 /

F luvial dapoalta !
t / 7
%
E

12 Oldar dapoalta 7 39

. 152 m
soon
J I
I CPT hola number
0
5
2<
10
4<
IS
6- 20 Jj
1*4
•25 £
8 £tel
•30 &
a
10 35

12' 40

45
14' .. Ratio In parcant Panatratlon raalatance In
kllograme par aquara cantlaat

a a llty clay • Standard panatratlon

raalatanca In blova per foot
W water tab le No horizontal acala

Fig. 5 .3 .5 Location and C ro s s Section at Wildlife (a) Shows th e

Location of t h e Site Within t h e Flood Plain of th e Alamo R iver, (b)

Shows a G eneral C ro ss Section a c ro s s th e Flood Plain
(B e n n e tt e t a l . , 1984).
 357

o>
a»

M easurem ents
-o
cr
* 'S
i!
5 S
o«

V
CO

Including
o
fM
Q* £
</) >.
w
o

Profile
2 g
£ e
o

Site
I

Wildlife
u4)
c
O
Q» o Composite
ct
h
a.
o
1985)
5.3.6

s
(Haag,
Fig.

(»*) MKi®a
 358

Depth. '’mo 1 mo k Por Press Nodel

of
Layer Layer Llq. Nondegr. Llq. Nondegr.
No. Bottom Thick. P ro file P ro file P ro file P ro file P F s

■ a ccl. - ft ft Ksf Ksf psf osf ft/s e c - - X - X

1 4.92 4.92 327 656 327 556 - - - - -

2 8.2 3.28 476 756 476 756 10‘ 5 1.04 2.6 0.02 1.7 1

3 11.48 3.28 476 808 476 808 10'^ 1.04 2.6 0.02 1.7 t

1 4 14.76 3.28 504 900 504 900 7xlO'5 1.04 2.6 0.02 1.7

5 18.05 3.29 561 937 561 937 7 x l0 '5 1.04 2.6 0.02 1.7 1

6 22.31 4.26 653 1016 653 1016 7 x l0 '5 1.04 2.6 0.02 1.7 1

7 24.61 2.30 971 1056 971 1056 io -° 0.2 2.6 0.02 1.7 1
|A C C 1 .

8 31.83 7.22 1175 1175 10‘ 9 0.1 2.6 0.02 1.7 1

9 39.37 7.54 1353 1353 10‘ 9 0.1 2.6 0.02 1.7 1

lio 48.56 9.19 1524 1524 10 '5 1.04 2.6 0.02 1.7 1

iU 56.76 8.20 1797 1797 1 0 '5 1.04 2.6 0.02 1.7 1

>12 70.54 13.78 2128 2128 - - - - - 1

13 79.73 9.19 2487 2487 - - - - - 1

14 94.2 14.0 3000 3000 - - - - - 1

15 125 31.0 3830 3830 - - - - - 1

16 160 35.0 5440 5440 - - - - - 1

Fig. 5 . 3 . 7 Wildlife S ite Analytical Soil Profile

 Shear Wave V el oc it y, v§ ( f t / s e c )

400 800

•WS nondg;

20-

30- 100

s
El C e n t r o -
Dif. A r r a y
£ 40-

150

50-

60- 200

250
F ig. 5 . 3 .8 Comparison of D iffe re n t S h ear Wave Velocity D is trib u tio n s

R e p r e s e n ta tiv e of S tiff S ites Located in Imperial Valley

 WILDLII 'E S IT E PROF I LI
(G)
0.8

NONDEGI ?RDING fINRLTSI!

RCC

O PflRACHUTE ACCL . INPUT

O.B

□ SflLTON ACCL. I NIPIJT

SURF.

A BRAWLEY ACCL. INPUT

PERK GROUND
0.4

______

r" J u .
u-—
lii/M
w
0.2

■ ....... 3 r*
0.0

0. 0 0.2 0.4 O.B 0 .8 1.0

BASE INPUT RCC (G)

F ig. 5 .3 .9 C o rrelation Between Peak G ro u n d S u r fa c e an d Base In p u t

A cceleration a t R e p r e s e n ta tiv e Wildlife Site D u rin g 1981 Westmoreland

E a rth q u a k e
 361

AYER 3
ID
NORM

0.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

AYER4
NORM. PP, Uk

o.o 15.0 25.0 30.0

CD AYERS
NORM. PP, Um

o
IP
a

fN
d
o
d
5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

LAYERS
NORM. PP, U«

o.o 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

TIME (SEC)

Fig. 5 .3 .1 0 Pore P ressure R esp o n se Estimated in WS Liquefiable

D eposit D u rin g 1981 W estmoreland E a rth q u a k e (fo r all In p u ts amax =

0 . 5 g)
 362

LAVER 10
tax >0.5 g
a. =

o .o 5.0 15.0 2 0 .0 25.0

TIME (SEC)

F ig. 5 .3 .1 0 (c o n tin u e d )

I AYE R 5

5.0 ta.a 15.0 20.0 25.3 30. □

AYER 5

zz o
oc

5 0 15.0 20.0 Z.O 30 0

TIME (SEC)

Fig. 5 .3 .1 1 P r e d icte d Range of Pore P r e s su r e Buildup at WS for

R ange of a _ from 0.2. to 0 . 8 g

max ^
 363

— r— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i i—’
0 .2 0 0 . € 0 0 _BQO .BOO iaa O lZ C C lC O O L D X a E ](E D Q C E 2 D C E € D [E JJD O 2 0 O a 5 lE a iH ]a 5 « O tI5 aX [iID O 4 O O (JU I

PORE PRESSURE (PSF1

Fig. 5 .3 .1 2 Development of P ore P r e s s u r e s within t h e WS Soil Profile

Excited at Rigid B ase b y Brawley Accelerogram (a = 0 .5 g)

ma x
 364

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Fig. 5 .3 .1 3 Acceleration Time H istories for Parachute Record with

a = 0 .2 g
max 3
 365

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Fig. 5 .3 .1 4 A cceleration Time H istories; for Parachute Record with
 366
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Fig. 5 .3 .1 5 Acceleration Time H istories; for P arachute Record with

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 367
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 368

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 369

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 370

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 371

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 372

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 373

Kawagishi-cho
Accleration (gat)

Niigata earthquake
June 12.1964

155gat
20C - *- ■ ■ ■ 1 ■ ■ ■ 1 1
10 15 20 25
Time in second
* ■* I I *" T ) ^ T T ^ | | I
159oat EW-component
Kawogishi-cho
Acceleration (gat)

Niigata earthquake
(June 12.1964)

. ■ . i ■ i ■1 ■■ ■ ■1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 * * » ■ ■
10 15 20 25 30
Time in second

Fig. 5 .3 .2 2 A cceleratio n s M easured in Niigata On T op of a S ite Which

Liquefied d u r in g t h e 1964 Niigata E a r th q u a k e ( I s h ih a r a , 1985)

 374

RTTENURTI ON CURVE
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DISTANCE FROM FRULT RUPTURE (KM)

Fig. 5 .3 .2 3 A tte n u a tio n C urve of 1979 Imperial Valley E a rth q u a k e

D eveloped fo r t h e G eneral A rea of Wildlife Site

 375

5 .4 Owi Island Site C ase H istory

5 .4 .1 In tro d u c tio n an d O bjectives

On S ep te m b er 25, 1980 an e a r t h q u a k e of m a g n itu d e 6.1 shook

t h e a re a of Tokyo Bay, J a p a n . T h e e a r t h q u a k e e p i c e n te r was located

a b o u t 15 km s o u th e a s t of th e City of Chiba a n d t h u s was named 1980

M id-Chiba E a r th q u a k e . Not long b e fo re th is seismic e v e n t a s e t of

piezom eters had been em bedded in san d d e p o s its on t h e reclaimed Owi

Island (OWI) in Tokyo Bay, an d a seism o graph placed on t h e g ro u n d

s u r f a c e n e a r b y in o r d e r to m onitor sim ultaneously in - s itu p o re w a te r

p ressures and horizontal acceleratio n s d u r in g earth q u ak es. D uring

th e M id-Chiba earthquake, th e in s tr u m e n ts r e g is t e r e d in c re ases in

p o re w a te r pressures c o rr e s p o n d in g to 9.5% an d 8% of th e effectiv e

overburden p ressure (u * = 0.095 and 0 .0 8 ) a t d e p t h s of 6 .0 m an d

14.0 m, re s p e c tiv e ly . At th e same time, a maximum horizontal

a c c e le ra tio n , a^, of 95 gal (0.095 g ) was r e g is t e r e d at th e ground

surface (Ishahara, 1981). T h e s e two p o re p r e s s u r e records, as well

as t h e two horizontal com ponents of t h e g ro u n d s u r f a c e acceleration

record, a r e shown in Fig. 5 .4 .1 and th e y r e p r e s e n t a u n iq u e s e t of

d a ta e v e r re c o rd e d d u r in g a s tr o n g e a r t h q u a k e an d made available to

geo tech nical community. It sh ould also b e po inted o u t th a t th is ca se

stu d y has also been an alyzed by o th e r researchers b esid e is h ih a ra ;

Finn (NRC, 1985) and Z e e v a e rt (1983) m u st b e m entioned.

 376

Following th e earth q u ak e, field seismic t e s t in g and field

ex p lo ra tio n was perfo rm ed a t t h e OWI s ite by Ish ih ara (1981), an d

samples from t h e two s a n d d ep o sits w ere te s t e d cyclically by him an d

a t t h e WCC la b o ra to ry by R .S . Ladd (1983). These d ata, to g e th er

with th e m e a su re d seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s and a c c e le ra tio n s , p ro v id e a

r a t h e r complete docum entation of th is u n iq u e case h i s to r y , an d th e y

a re used h e r e to develop t h e an alytical soil profile. In t h e following

se c tio n s , t h e available inform ation is analyzed and tr a n s f o r m e d into a

s u ita b le fo rm at for use in DESRAMOD. C om puter ru n s w ere th e n

perfo rm ed to d ir e c tly exam ine t h e capab ility of DESRAMOD to sim ulate

closely t h e p o re pressure d ev elo p m en t, as well as its re d is trib u tio n

a n d d issip atio n f o r an actual e a r t h q u a k e a n d soil profile.

In t h i s c a s e , as op p o sed to t h e HRS and WS ca se s tu d ie s , t h e

p o re p ressures w ere not j u s t app rox im ately estim ated to assess th e

liquefaction p o te n tia l. H ere, an atte m p t was made to closely

re p r o d u c e th e p o re pressure time h isto rie s re c o rd e d d u r in g th e

earth q u ak e, g iv e n th e ground s u r f a c e acceleration time h is to r y an d

th e dynam ic a n d o th e r soil p r o p e r tie s of t h e Owi Island profile.

In S ectio ns 5 . 4 .2 an d 5 .4 .3 , th e c h a r a c te r i s t ic s of th e

earth q u ak e ev en t, of th e acceleratio n and p o re pressure re c o rd s

o b ta in e d , an d of th e field ex p lo ra tio n perfo rm ed at th e s ite , are

summarized d raw n mainly from Is h ih a ra (1981).

 5 - 4 .2 S e p te m b e r 25, 1980 Mid-Chiba E a rth q u a k e and Pore
P r e s s u r e Records

T h e S ep te m b er 25, 1980 Mid-Chiba e a r t h q u a k e had a m ag n itu d e

M = 6.1 and a focal d e p th of a b o u t 20 km, with t h e e p ic e n te r located

a b o u t 15 km s o u th e a s t of t h e c ity of C h ib a , as ind icated on t h e map

in Fig. 5 .4 .2 . T h is a rea has been seismically q u ie t d u r in g t h e last

50 y e a r s and th i s was th e b ig g e s t e a r t h q u a k e to s h a k e t h e a re a sin ce

1929. Among many s eism o g rap h s t h a t r e g is t e r e d t h e motions of th is

e a r t h q u a k e th e on e installed on Owi Island was of p a r tic u la r in t e r e s t

b e c a u se , as s ta t e d ab o v e, it was combined with th e sim ultaneous

r e c o rd in g of p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s b y m eans of t h e two piezom eters

em bedded in t h e loose d e p o s its of s a n d a t 6 and 14 m d epth. The

re c o rd e d time h is to rie s of p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s a t 6 a n d 14 m d ep th

an d th e g ro u n d surface acc ele ra tio n s w e re a lre a d y shown in Fig.

4 .5 .1 . T h e maximum horizontal acc ele ra tio n s at t h e g ro u n d surface

w ere 95 gal (0.095 g) in t h e N-S d ire c tio n and 65 gal (0.065 g ) in

th e E-W d ire c tio n . T h e ris e in p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s was 0 .7 5 m in

th e sand d ep o sit a t a d e p th of 6 .0 m a n d 1.32 m a t a d e p th of 14.0

m.

The p o re pressure and acceleratio n records, shown in Fig.

5 .4 .1 , w ere an aly zed in great detail by Ish ih ara (1981), who

ex plained th e c o rre la tio n betw een t h e s e tw o s e ts of re c o rd s in th e

following way:

"In o r d e r to visu alize t h e f e a t u r e s of p o re w ater

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p more in d e tail, t h e re c o rd s d u r in g a
p erio d from 2 .5 second to 8 secon d a r e re p r o d u c e d in
(F ig. 5 . 4 . 3 ) with e n la r g e d time scale. It may b e
 378

seen in t h e f ig u r e t h a t t h e p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s a t t h e two
d e p t h s s t a r t e d in c re a s in g a t t h e same tim e, b u t t h e po re
w a te r p r e s s u r e a t t h e d e p th of 6.0 m c ea se d to in c re a se
e a r l ie r th a n t h a t a t t h e d e p th of 14.0 m. It is in te r e s tin g to
note th a t following th e initial peak th e re a re always
c o rr e s p o n d in g p e a k s and t r o u g h s in t h e r e c o rd s of p o re w ater
p r e s s u r e o b ta in e d a t t h e two d e p t h s . T h is means t h a t th e
p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s re s p o n d e d to t h e e a r t h q u a k e sh ak in g in
p h a s e a t t h e two d e p t h s . It would be of f u r t h e r in t e r e s t to
exam ine f e a t u r e s of p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e ris e s in relation to
t h e d etails of t h e time ch a n g e s of a c c e le ra tio n s . (Fig. 5 .4 .3 )
shows t h a t t h e two p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s s t a r t e d to ris e 4 .2
seco n d s a f t e r t h e initiation of t h e e a r t h q u a k e motion, a t which
time th e maximum acceleration was a b o u t 60 gal to th e n o rth .
As t h e acceleration c h a n g e d with time, th e p o re w ater
p ressures at t h e two d e p th s co n tin u ed risin g until th e
in c re a s e s a t t h e d e p t h s of 6 .0 m and 14.0 m s to p p e d a t 4 .6
seco n d s a n d 4 .7 5 s e c o n d s , re s p e c tiv e ly . For detailed s tu d ie s ,
a trajecto ry in plain view of th e two com ponents of
acc e le ra tio n s is d e p ic te d on th e diagram in (F ig. 5 .4 .4 ) with
th e time in s c rib e d as a p a r a m e te r . Since t h e d e p th s of th e
d e p o s it in qu estio n a r e shallow, t h e time c h a n g e in th e
horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s in duced in t h e g r o u n d d u r in g th e
e a r t h q u a k e is believed to h av e been in p h a s e with th e
a c c e le ra tio n s re c o rd e d a t t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e . T h e r e f o re , th e
tr a j e c t o r y of t h e acc elera tio n s shown in (F ig . 5 . 4 .4 ) can ba
c o n s tr u e d as t h e horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s p a th ind uced in a
horizontal plan e in t h e d e p o s it. Viewed inth is m a n n er, it
may b e m entioned t h a t t h e p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s s t a r t e d to
in c re a s e w hen t h e s h e a r s t r e s s reac h ed a v a lu e c o rre s p o n d in g
to a s u r f a c e acceleration of 60 g a l .................... Values of th e
p o re w a te r pressures as th e y v a rie d with ch a n g e s in
acc elera tio n a r e also ind icated in (Fig. 5 .4 .4 ). It may be
seen t h a t th e p o re p r e s s u r e a t d e p th 6.0 m ceased to
in c re a s e when th e acceleratio n tr a j e c t o r y moved aro u n d
clockwise a b o u t 230° to t h e po in t A in (F ig . 5 . 4 .4 ) w hereas
t h e p o re p r e s s u r e a t d e p th 14.0 m c o n tin u e d to in c re a s e until
t h e tr a j e c t o r y came b a c k ro u n d one cy cle to th e point B in
(F ig . 5 . 4 . 4 ) .
T h u s it may b e mentioned t h a t th e in c re a s e in p o re
w a te r p r e s s u r e took p lace v irtu a lly in t h e c o u r s e of one cycle
e x c u rs io n of t h e peak acc elera tio n . Since t h e s h e a r s tr e s s
changes in t h e horizontal p la n e near th e surface a re
co n s id e re d p ro p o rtio n al in m agn itude a n d in p h a s e with th e
c h a n g e s in th e horizontal acceleratio n on t h e g ro u n d s u r f a c e ,
t h e ab ove o b s e rv a tio n s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e p o r e w a te r p r e s s u r e
b u ild u p d u r in g t h e e a r t h q u a k e was e s s e n tia lly c au sed b y th e
 379

o n e -c y c le application of th e s h e a r s t r e s s involving t h e p e a k ,
an d th e s h e a r s t r e s s a f t e r th e p eak h ad e x e r te d no influence
on th e p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e b u il d u p ."

It m ust be immediately reco gnized th a t th is ty p e of seismic

s h a k in g is not th e most fa v o ra b le fo r a su c c e s s fu l p o re p r e s s u r e

simulation by DESRAMOD. F ir s t, th e acc ele ra tio n s w ere re la tiv e ly

small, which means t h a t th e seismic strain s could be close to th e

th r e s h o l d . In th i s c a s e , a good p e rfo rm a n c e of t h e p o re p r e s s u r e

model in DESRAMOD r e q u ire s a good simulation in t h e small s tr a in

domain, in cluding a p r e c i s e evaluatio n of t h e value selected f o r t h e

practical th r e s h o ld s t r a i n , 3^. T h is is no t a triv ial t a s k c o n s id e rin g

th e usual a c c u ra c y of la b o ra to ry te stin g . S eco nd , as shown an d

exp lain ed by I s h ih a r a , th e p o r e w a te r pressure b u ild u p took place

p ra ctically in only o n e cy c le ; as e x p lain ed in Section 3 . 2 . 5 , th is is

d ifficu lt to simulate v e r y a c c u r a te ly with th e cyclic p o re p r e s s u r e

s u b r o u tin e in c o rp o ra te d in DESRAMOD. It sho u ld be recalled t h a t t h e

p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in crem en t is g e n e r a te d in DESRAMOD on ly a f t e r

every cyclic s tr a i n rev ersal a n d is in t u r n d is t r i b u t e d linearly o v e r

th e r e s t of th e unloading p a r t of t h e p e r t i n e n t half cycle. On t h e

o th e r hand, if DESRAMOD is cap able of a rela tiv e ly su c c e s s fu l

simulation of p o r e p r e s s u r e develop m ent under th e se c irc u m s ta n c e s ,

th is would confirm th a t it is a good tool fo r similar a n a ly se s and

 380

p re d ic tio n s of o th e r seismic e v e n ts with a less p e c u lia r accelero gram .

In s u p p o r t of th is co nclusio n, t h e OWI ho rizontal acceleration

trajecto ry is com pared in Fig. 5 .4 .5 , to th e tr a je c to r ie s of fiv e

a cc elero g ram s r e c o rd e d d u r i n g fiv e r e c e n t s tr o n g e a r t h q u a k e s . In all

o t h e r fiv e accelero g ram s of Fig. 5 .4 .5 , more th a n j u s t one big cy cle

was re c o r d e d , and also th e acc ele ra tio n s w ere c o n s id e ra b ly la r g e r

th an fo r Owi Islan d . It m u st not be f o r g o tte n here, th a t for

liquefaction to o c c u r , g r o u n d s u r f a c e a c c e le ra tio n s s u b s ta n tia lly la r g e r

th a n m e asu re d at OWI s ite , or acc ele ra tio n s with a la r g e r d u ra tio n

(more cy cles) m u st be r e c o r d e d .

5 . 4 .3 Field Extrapolation a n d M easurem ents

A fte r t h e Mid-Chiba e a r t h q u a k e , Is h ih a ra (1981) also c a r rie d o u t

t h e field e x p lo ra tio n a t t h e OWI s ite .

T h e soil co nditio ns w ere in v e s tig a te d b y means of th e s ta n d a r d

p e n e tr a tio n t e s t , s ta tic cone t e s t an d u n d is tu r b e d soil specim ens w ere

also sampled by a la rg e dia m ete r sam pler an d by an O s te r b e r g

sa m p le r. The soil p rofile a t th i s s ite e s ta b lis h e d by Is h ih a ra as a

r e s u l t of t h e ex p lo ra tio n a n d SPT is illu s tra te d in Fig. 5 .4 .6 . Above

3 m d e p th t h e soils a r e dum ped w aste m aterials w ith o u t an y re g u la r

p a tte rn of s tr a tif ic a tio n . Below 3 m lie a s e r ie s of uniform ly

d e p o s ite d a l te r n a t e la y ers of s a n d y and s ilty soils. T h e soil above

10.3 m had been reclaimed by placin g th e dredged m a teria ls. The

o rig in al seab ed d e p o s it u n d e rly in g th e reclaimed d e p o s it is of alluvial

o rig in an d has n e a rly c o n s ta n t n u m b e r of SPT blow c o u n t of 3 to 5

 381

b lo w s /f t, down to a d e p th of 20 m. It shou ld be noted in Fig. 5 . 4 . 6

t h a t t h e san d rich la y ers a t t h e d e p t h s of 6 m a n d 14 m, w h e re t h e

piezom eters w e re e m b ed d ed , and d e n o te d in th e f ig u r e by shaded

areas, had almost identical blow count of 5. The d e p th s of

u n d is tu r b e d samples a r e also ind icated in t h e f ig u r e . Soil p r o p e r ti e s

a t t h e two d e p t h s of sampling w ere in v e s tig a te d in detail by Is h ih a ra

and la te r by R .S . Ladd (1983).

In additio n to t h e r e s u lt s d e s c r ib e d ab o v e, Ish ih ara (1982) also

m easured t h e s h e a r w ave velo cities, V , of all la y ers d e p ic te d in Fig.

5 .4 .6 , by means of th e downhole te c h n iq u e . Based on th e same

seismic m e a su re m e n ts, D obry (1983) made his in d e p e n d e n t estim ation

of V fo r san d la y e rs at 6 and 14 m. All t h e s e V v a lu e s, t o g e t h e r

s s
with th e c o r r e s p o n d in g maximum s h e a r moduli, G , calculated by
rna x
assum ing a c o n s ta n t total u n it w eight of soil of 125 p c f, a r e listed in

Fig. 5 .4 .7 . F or co m p leteness, th e G v alu es estim ated b y Ladd

ma x
(1983), b ased on his cyclic te st resu lts, a r e also included in t h e

fig u r e .

In addition to th e d is tr ib u tio n of shear w ave velocities with

d e p th made available to RPI by I s h ih a r a , he also p ro v id e d a

geotechnical soil p ro file, which is not e x a c tly identical to t h e on e

given in Fig. 5 .4 .6 . In t h e soil profile which came along with t h e

V$ m e asu rem ents inform ation, t h e silty clay a n d clay d e p o s it shown in

Fig. 5 .4 .6 betw een 10.7 and 12.8 m d ep th , is d en o ted as s ilt.

Incorporation of a s ilt la y e r in th e soil profile in ste ad of a s ilty clay

 382

a n d clay can sig n ifican tly a ffe c t t h e seismic p o re p r e s s u r e as well as

th e overall dynamic response. In clay or s ilty clay, s u b s ta n tia lly

lower p o re pressures shou ld be e x p e c te d th a n in a seismically

s tr a i n e d s ilt. T herefore, it was decided to exam ine th e seismic

re s p o n s e of both p ro file s, one with an im pervious cohesive s ilty clay

an d clay la y ers betw een 10.7 and 12.8 m, and th e o th e r with a

n o n p la stic s ilt la y e r betw een th e same d e p t h s .

5 .4 .4 L ab o ra to ry T e s tin g and DESRAMOD I n p u t Data

As a lre a d y stated , R .S . Ladd (1982) p erform ed a nu m b e r of

cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d t e s t s on in ta c t a n d re c o n s titu te d samples from

6 an d 14 m OWI san d d e p o s its . T h e sam ples w e re sh ip p ed to WCC

by Ishihara and t h e te s t i n g was do n e on r e q u e s t a n d ac c o rd in g to a

p ro gram specified by R. D obry. The te st s e r ie s included 3 cyclic

triax ial t e s t s on in ta c t specim ens p e r d e p o s it, and 2 triaxial and o ne

DSS cyclic t e s t on r e c o n s titu te d specim ens from t h e 14 m la y er. Two

OWI sands w ere also e x te n s iv e ly te sted by Ish ih ara (1982), who

p erfo rm e d a s e r ie s of cyclic triax ial s tr e s s - c o n tr o ll e d t e s t s . Some of

th e r e s u lts of t h e s e two la b o ra to ry in v e s tig a tio n s , c o rre s p o n d in g to

t h e G /G _ and X versus 7 m e asu re m en ts, a r e summarized in F igs.

max cy
5 . 4 .8 a n d 5 . 4 . 9 . Since no cyclic t e s t s w ere p erfo rm e d on soils from

th e o t h e r soil la y ers a t t h e OWI s ite , t h e G/G and X v e r s u s 7

max cy
curves fo r th ese o th e r soils w ere assum ed to be similar to th e

c o rr e s p o n d in g c u r v e s f o r t h e 6 an d 14 m f o r s a n d s .
 383

•In th is s t u d y , t h e same p r o c e d u r e fo r determ in ation of th e

' mo
valu es an d of k = x / G _ versus Z . , d e s c rib e d in t h e HRS case
mo mo cy
stu d y (S ection 5 .2 .5 ) is u s e d . T h e f ittin g of t h e dim ensionless K

co efficien t, d eterm ined for 6 a n d 14 m s a n d s as 720 x 10

"6, an d

a d o p te d h e re also fo r t h e o t h e r soils in th e p ro file, is plo tted in Fig.

5 .4 .1 0 . The c o rre s p o n d in g asso ciated G /G _ versus Z curve is

mo cy
d e n o te d in Fig. 5 . 4 .8 as th e o re tic a l c u r v e , and good ag ree m en t with

t h e m e asu re d data is e v id e n t in th is la st f ig u r e .

In Fig. 5 .4 .9 , t h e th e o re tic a l h y s te r e t ic dam ping c u r v e o b ta in ed

with Eq. 3 . 2 .1 0 is also p lo tte d . The small s tr a in region of th is

c u r v e is u s e d to a s s e s s t h e value of t h e e q u iv a le n t viscous dam ping ,

Xy . For b o th 6and 14 m, as well as for o t h e r la y ers of OWI soil

p ro file, Xv was estim ated to be somew here betw een 1% a n d 1.5%, and

t h u s a u n iq u e valu e X^ = 1.25% was s e le c te d . A n a tu ra l p erio d of

th e whole soil pro file shown in Fig. 5 . 4 .6 , Tp = 0.4 8 sec was

estim ated (D o b ry e t a l . , 1976) f o r d eterm in in g t h e coefficient (5. An

almost identical p red o m in an t period of motion of 0 .5 s ec was calcu lated

from th e F o u rier s p e c tr a of th e acceleration records by Ish ih ara

(1981) for th e N-S d ire c tio n . A coefficient f$ = 0.0019, was finally

determ in e d b y u sin g Eq. 3 . 2 . 1 5 , an d th i s v alu e is p r e s c r ib e d to all

OWI la y e rs .

D o b ry 's p o re p r e s s u r e models fo r 6 a n d 14 m OWI s a n d s a re

dev elo p ed based on th e p o re pressure m e asu rem en ts in cyclic

s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d t e s t s b y R .S . Ladd (1983). T h e t e s t d ata f o r t h e 6

 384

m s a n d a r e f itte d by t h e p o re p r e s s u r e model in Fig. 5 .4 .1 1 , and fo r

t h e 14 m s a n d in Figs. 5 .4 .1 2 to 5 .4 .1 4 . T h e model f o r 6 m s a n d is

b a s e d on 3 triax ial t e s t s on in ta c t specim ens only (F ig . 5 .4 .1 1 ) and

is d e s c r ib e d by th e e q u a tio n :

1.005»n • 3 .0 * ( r -0 ,0 2 5 7 1 .8
u* = ------------c-----------c y -----------------
( 5 .4 .1 )
1+n «3.0«(y - 0 .0 2 5 ) 1 ,8
c cy

while th e model fo r t h e 14 m sa n d is based on 3 tria x ia l te sts on

in ta c t specim ens, 2 on re c o n s titu te d specim ens, and one DSS t e s t ,

co n d u c te d on a r e c o n s titu te d specim en (F ig s . 5 .4 .1 2 , 5 .4 .1 3 and

5 .4 .1 4 , r e s p e c tiv e ly ) . A u n iq u e model d e s c r ib e d b y eq uatio n

0.95*n •2.5»(Jf - 0 .0 1 5 ) 1 ,6
c cy
u* = ---------------------------------------------- > ( 5 .4 .2 )
T n «2.5«(ir - 0 .0 1 5 ) 1 6
c cy

p ro v id e d a r e a s o n a b le good fit f o r all 14 m s an d t e s t r e s u lts . The

c o r r e s p o n d in g two d irection al models are p r e s e n te d in Figs. 5 .4 .1 5

a n d 5 .4 .1 6 an d t h e e q u a tio n s a r e :

1.005«n *2.0«3.0*(y -0 .0 2 5 ) 1 8
c cy
u* = ---------------------------------------------------- ; 6 m sand ( 5 .4 .3 )
T n * 2.0*3.0*(y - 0 .0 2 5 ) 1,8
c cy
 0.95*n «2.0» 2.5 «(y - 0 .0 1 5 ) 1 6
c cy
u* = -------------------------------------------------- , 14 m s a n d . ( 5 .4 .4 )
1+n »2.0 «2.5«(y -0 .0 1 5 ) 1,6
c cy

R .S . Ladd also m e a su re d t h e perm eabilities o f t h e two s a n d s , as

k = 5 .2 x 10 ^ to 4 .0 x 10 6 f t / s e c f o r t h e 6 m s a n d , and k = 1.3
“6 f t / s e c f o r t h e
x 10 14 m sand. The d if f e r e n c e in perm eability

v alu es betw een t h e two d ep o sits refle cts th e fa c t t h a t th e shallow er

la y e r has on t h e a v e r a g e less fines (12%) th a n t h e 14 m la y e r (27%).

T h e in ta c t 6 m sand specim en u s e d in his perm eab ility t e s t b y Ladd

(1983) con tain ed 16% fin e s an d t h e 14 m specimen c o n tain ed 25% fin e s .

H owever, tw o r e c o n s titu te d specim ens of t h e 6 m sa n d h av in g a much

la rg e r fin es c o n te n t ( 8)%) w ere also te sted by Ladd. The

perm eabilities m e a su re d in t h e s e two t e s t s w e re lower th a n in th e 14

m sand specim en , m ost p r o b a b ly d u e to t h e changes of specim en's

horizontal la y e r fa b r ic .

With regard to t h e acceleration in p u t, in th is p a r ti c u la r ca s e

s t u d y t any acceleratio n in p u t a t th e b a s e , rigid o r flexib le (energy

tra n sm ittin g ), which ap p ro x im a te ly g e n e r a te s th e acceleration h is to ry

a c tu a lly re c o r d e d at th e OWI site ground surface, should be

ap p ro p ria te. T h erefo re, same OWI g ro u n d s u r f a c e acceleration reco rd

 386

scaled- t o . an a p p r o p r ia te a_ is u sed h e r e as in p u t. A rigid soil

max
profile b a s e a n d t h e Owi Island N-S accelero gram , which c o n tain s th e

la rg e s t a pg = 0.0 9 5 g, was se le c te d . A fter th e soil p rofile was

com pletely d e fin e d , th is accelero gram was scaled to a valu e of a max

which would r e s u lt in a com puted g ro u n d surface acceleration time

h is to ry closely m atching t h e re c o r d e d p e a k acceleration and th e N-S

reco rd shown in Fig. 5 .4 .1 and 5 . 4 .3 . The p o re p r e s s u r e r e c o rd s

c alcu la ted by application of th i s seismic load w ere th e n com pared to

th e c o rr e s p o n d in g p o re p r e s s u r e time h is to rie s re c o rd e d a t OWI site

at 6 and 14 m. It m ust be noted h e r e t h a t t h e d igitized v e r s io n s of

th e four time h isto rie s of a c c elera tio n s a n d p o r e p r e s s u r e s shown in

Fig. 5 .4 .1 w e re g ra c io u s ly p ro v id e d to t h e a u t h o r by Prof. Is h ih a ra .

5 .4 .5 A nalytical Soil Profile, A nalysis and Discussion

In o r d e r to c o n s t r u c t t h e analytical soil profile of th e OWI s ite ,

some p r o p e r ti e s , n o t explicitly m easured in situ o r in th e la b o ra to ry

b u t needed f o r t h e DESRAMOD a n a ly se s, had to be d e fin e d . These

a re prim arily t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e model p a ra m e te rs f o r all soils e x c e p t

th e 6 a n d 14 m s a n d s . Among t h e s e d ep o sits a r e t h e silty clay and

clay la y e rs betw een 10.7 and 12.8 m, as well as t h e i r a lte r n a tiv e silt

s u b s titu tio n as d is c u s s e d in Section 5 .4 .3 .

Given th e limited inform ation av ailab le, it was deem ed

a p p r o p r ia te to a s s ig n to th e sands and silts s u r r o u n d in g th e 6 m

d e p o sit th e same p o re pressure model p a ra m e te rs of th is d e p o s it;

sim ilarly, th e co hesio nless m aterials s u r r o u n d in g th e 14 m san d w e re

 387

a s s ig n e d t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e model p a ra m e te rs of t h e 14 m s a n d . For

t h e silty clay a n d c lay betw een 10.7 a n d 12.8 m on th e o th e r h a n d ,

th is ap p ro ac h would n o t b e a p p r o p r ia te . It was a lre a d y m entioned in

th e Wildlife ca se s t u d y t h a t p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild s u p at a slower ra te

in clays ' than in sands. T h e r e f o re , it was d ec id e d , as a first

approx im atio n, t o a s s ig n a pore p r e s s u r e model which g e n e r a te s small

p o re p r e s s u r e s to t h e clay and silty clay la y e r s . T his was done by

p r e s c r ib i n g to t h e s e m aterials t h e same p o re p r e s s u r e model of t h e 14

m s a n d b u t w ith th e po re p r e s s u r e model p a r a m e te r p = 0.1 instead

of p = 1.005, t h e r e b y allowing in t h e c l a y /s il ty clay only 10% of th e

p o r e p r e s s u r e g e n e r a tio n t h a t would h av e dev elop ed in t h e 14 m sand

la y e r , g iv e n t h e same cyclic s tr a in a n d nu m b e r of c y c le s . It should

be p o in ted out t h a t u n d e r su c h co n d itio n s, a lth o u g h only a small pore

p r e s s u r e can d evelop in t h e s e co h esiv e d e p o s it by its. s tr a in in g alone,

a s u b s ta n tia l p o r e p r e s s u r e may still be calcu ated in them d u e to a

p o re pressure r e d is trib u tio n from th e s u r r o u n d in g sands. In th e

a lte r n a tiv e case a n a ly z e d , in which t h e s e coh esive soils are replaced

by a nonplastic silt d e p o s it , t h e p ore p r e s s u r e model a s s ig n e d to th e

silt la y er was a ssu m ed equal to t h e model of t h e 14 m s a n d with p =

1.005.

T he perm eability coefficients fo r all soils o th e r th a n 6 and 14 m

sands, w e re estim ated based on th e soils d e s c r ip tio n p ro v id e d by

Ish ih ara (1981) a n d on c h a r t s given in Lambe an d Whitman (1979) and

C e d e rg re n (1967).
 388

The" s t u d y of th e OWI site c a s e h is to r y was p erfo rm e d h e re in

u sin g b asically two analytical soil p ro file s. One with s ilty clay and

clay la y e r s , and t h e o t h e r assu m in g a s ilt la y e r betw een 10.7 an d

12.8 m. T h e DESRAMOD in p u t d a ta fo r two d if f e r e n t p ro files are

listed in Fig. 5 .4 .1 7 . T h is f ig u r e sp ecifies also th e ad o p ted g eom etry

of th e OWI s ite , c o n s is tin g of 13 la y e r s .

In F ig. 5 .4 .1 7 , la y ers 5 and 9 , r e p r e s e n tin g t h e 6m a n d 14 m

s an d d e p o s its re s p e c tiv e ly , h av e t h e GmQ values estim ated by D obry

(s e e Fig. 5 .4 .7 ): G = 900 ksf in la y e r 5 a n d G = 1650 ksf in

mo mo
la y e r 9. It can also b e noted t h a t in th e case in which a low

perm eab ility silty clay a n d clay was assum ed f o r la y er 8 betw een 10.7

a n d 12.8 m, t h e perm eability co efficien t is ta k e n as k = 10’ ^ ft/se c ,

while t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e model p a ra m e te r p = 0 .1 . In th e a l te r n a t iv e

c a s e , in which no n p la stic silt rep la c e s th e clay , k = 10

*6 f t / s e c a n d ,

as d iscussed above, th e same p o re pressure model of la y e r 9 is

p r e s c r ib e d f o r la y e r 8 .

T h e soil profile b a s e a t th e bottom of la y e r 13 was assum ed in

all a n a ly se s to be p e rfe c tly rig id . T he N-S acceleration shown in

Fig. 4 .5 .1 (a ) was used as in p u t a t th is rigid b ase. Before b ein g

a p p lie d , th i s accelerogram was f i r s t scaled by a f a c to r betw een 0.8

a n d 1. 1, in o r d e r to g e t in e v e r y s in g le co m p u ter ru n a p eak g ro u n d

s u r f a c e acceleratio n time h is to r y m atching closely t h e re c o rd e d h is to r y

of Fig. 5 . 4 . 1 ( a ) .
 389

-The- two analytical soil profiles illustrated in Fig. 5 .4 .1 7 ,

d en o ted h e re as C ases 1 and 2, a r e also listed in T able 5 .4 .1

to g e t h e r with th e nine additional soil pro files (C ases 3 to 11)

analyzed la te r . T h e r e s u lt s o f t h e analysis of Case 1, with clay in

la y e r 8 betw een 10.7 a n d 12.8 m, and of a l te r n a t e C ase 2 with th e

silt in s te a d , a r e p r e s e n te d in Figs. 5 .4 .1 8 and 5 .4 .1 9 , re s p e c tiv e ly .

In t h e s e f i g u r e s , th e analytical p o re p r e s s u r e re s p o n s e s a t 6 m (la y e r

5) a n d 14 m ( la y e r 9 ), as well as t h e g ro u n d surface acceleration

time h is to rie s calculated b y DESRAMOD, a re p lo tted as solid lines an d

com pared with t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g r e c o rd s o b tained in t h e field d u r in g

th e 1980 M id-Chiba e a r t h q u a k e (d a s h e d lin e s ).

It can be read ily n o ticed in t h e s e two f ig u r e s th a t, first, in

both Cases 1 and 2, th e g ro u n d surface acceleration time h isto rie s

a r e almost identical to t h e re c o rd e d v alu es. S econd, th e calculated

p o re pressures at 6 m a re v e r y similar in b o th cases, b u t th e y

co n s is te n tly o v erestim ate t h e m e a su re d values and show no te n d e n c y

to d is s ip a te , as th e recorded pore pressures do. T h ird, th e

analytical p o re p r e s s u r e estim ates a t 14 m d e p th a r e v e r y d if f e r e n t in

th e two f i g u r e s . In C ase 1, very small p o re p r e s s u r e s (u* = 0.0 2)

w ere c a lcu la ted , while in Case 2 t h e p o re p r e s s u r e s a r e h ig h e r (u* =

0.068) and th e y closely match th e m easu red v a lu e s. It can b e also

noted th a t while th e re c o rd e d p o re pressures are c o n s ta n tly

f lu c tu a tin g , th e calcu la ted p o r e p r e s s u r e s a r e g e n e r a te d in s te p s and

do n o t e x h ib it f lu c tu a tio n s . T h is d if fe r e n c e betw een m easu red an d

 390

calcu lated- p o re p ressures is th e resu lt of t h e approxim ations

in c o rp o ra te d into DESRAMOD an aly sis. The po re p r e s s u r e flu c tu a tio n s

occur in t h e real field d u e to t r a n s i e n t f lu c tu a tio n s of t h e normal

o c th e d ra l to ta l stre sse s c au sed p rim a rily b y th e P-w ave p r o p a g a tio n ,

which DESRAMOD do es not ta k e in to a c c o u n t. DESRAMOD only

c alcu la tes th e resid ual p o re p re ssu re scaused by th e vertical

p ro p ag ation of t h e seismic s h e a r w aves. T h e calculated p o re p r e s s u r e

" s t e p s " a p p e a r from t h e way DESRAMOD g e n e r a te s p o re p r e s s u r e only

d u r in g th e unloading p a r t of each half cycle, in s te a d of c o n tin u o u sly

b u ild in g up th e p o re p r e s s u r e .

In o r d e r t o g e t a b e t t e r in s ig h t into th e dynam ic re s p o n s e of

th e s e two p ro files a n d to explain t h e i r d if fe re n c e s an d sim ilarities,

th e maximum calcu la ted values of cyclic shear s tr a i n s 2f , and

pa'
normalized re s id u a l pore pressures, u*, are listed for all la y e rs in

T able 5 . 4 .2 . T h e DESRAMOD analyses of C ases 1 and 2 show t h a t in

both p ro files t h e la r g e s t s tr a i n s o c c u r in la y e rs 6 a n d 8 (0.6 7 and

0.32% f o r C a se 1, an d 0.60 and 0.33%, for Case 2) d u e to t h e small

valu es of G mQ o f t h e s e la y e rs ( s e e F ig . 5 . 4 .1 7 ) . C o n s e q u e n tly , th e

l a r g e s t p o re p r e s s u r e s dev elop in both cases in la y e r 6 (u* = 0.50)

and, if la y e r 8 is c o n s id e r e d as being silt, also in t h a t la y e r in Case

2 (u* = 0 .2 6 ) . T he normalized p o r e p r e s s u r e s c a lc u la te d f o r C ase 2

in la y e rs 6 and 8 a r e included f o r com parison in Fig. 5 .4 .1 9 , a n d it

can b e noted t h a t t h e y b uild up very fast and very high (o u t of

scale) as co m pared to t h e a d ja c e n t la y e rs 5 a n d 9 . In Case 1, w h ere

 391

la y e r 8 is c o n s id e re d to be cla y , th i s la y e r of course does not

e x h i b it la rg e p o r e p r e s s u r e s (u* = 0.0 4 ) d u e to th e t y p e o f pore

p r e s s u r e model p r e s c r ib e d ( p a r a m e te r p = 0 . 1) .

In la y e rs 5 an d 9 , on th e o t h e r h a n d , w h e re Ish ih ara m e asu re d

th e seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s , v e r y small maximum seismic s tr a i n s w e re

ca lc u la te d . In b o th C ases 1 and 2, in la y e r 5 Z = 0.034% to 0.038%

pa
an d in la y e r 9, Y = 0.039%. T h e s e small s tr a i n s b a r e ly exceed t h e
pa
p ra c tic a l th r e s h o ld s t r a i n , which f o r th e sand a t 6 m was estim ated to

be y. = 0.025% and for th e sand at 14 m If. = 0.015%. It is

tp tp
o b v io u s t h a t th e p o re p ressures re c o r d e d in la y e rs 5 and 9, u* =

0.095 and 0 .0 8 , could no t h av e b een an aly tically g e n e r a te d e x c lu siv ely

by s tr a i n in g of t h e s e la y e r s . A ssum ing, f o r exam ple, th a t p o re

pressure g e n e ra tio n too k place in ju st one p red o m in an t cy cle, in

a g re e m e n t with t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e e a r t h q u a k e r e c o r d , acc o rd in g to

Eq. 5 . 4 .3 f o r t h e 6 m s a n d , and u sin g n = 1 and Y = Y = 0 .0 4 ,

' » c cy pa
u* = 0 .00 3, and usin g Eq. 5 .4 .4 with t h e same n =1 and Y =
c cy
0 .0 4 , in t h e 14m s a n d it would b e u* =0.013. Both v a lu e s , u* =

0.003 and u* = 0 .0 13, are well below t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e s calcu lated

b y DESRAMOD in th e c o r r e s p o n d in g la y e rs 5 an d 9 in Case 1 (u* =

0 .1 8 a n d 0 .0 2 r e s p e c tiv e ly ) an d ev en more in Case 2 (u* = 0 .1 8 a n d

0.068 r e s p e c t iv e l y ) .

A t th is s ta g e of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , it was d e c id e d to f u r t h e r

exam ine w h e th e r s u ch seismic re s p o n s e would b e d if f e r e n t if in la y ers

5 and 9, t h e v alu es s u g g e s te d by Ish ih ara a n d listed in Fig.

mo
 392

5 . 4 . 7 , a r e u s e d in ste ad th o s e o b ta in e d by Dobry a n d u s e d to p r o d u c e

th e r e s p o n s e s fo r Cases 1 an d 2 shown in Figs. 5 .4 .1 8 and 5 .4 .1 9 .

Two DESRAMOD r u n s , C ase 3 with la y e r 8 bein g clay and Case 4

w ith th e same la y e r being s ilt, w ere perfo rm ed with I s h ih a r a 's

e stim ates of G = 1369 ksf a t 6 m a n d 1526 k s f a t 14 m. The

mo
r e s u lt s are p r e s e n te d in Figs. 5 .4 .2 0 a n d 5 .4.21 r e s p e c tiv e ly , and

th e y are p ra c tic a lly identical to th o s e shown in Figs. 5 .4 .1 8 and

5 .4 .1 9 . The major d iffe re n c e was th a t even sm aller s tr a i n s w e re

o b ta in e d in la y e rs 5 and 9 d u e to t h e la r g e r valu es of G p ro p o s e d
mo
by Is h ih a r a . T herefore, in th is p a r ti c u la r case, th e g en era l

c h a r a c t e r of t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e develo p m en t calcu lated in C ases 1 a n d

2 c a n n o t be a lte r e d by d i f f e r e n t in t e r p r e ta tio n s of t h e v alu es of G

mo
m e a su re d in s itu b y th e g eo phy sical t e s t i n g .

A fte r care fu l an aly sis of th e resu lts p r e s e n te d above and t h e

c o r r e s p o n d in g Computer p r i n t o u t s of C ases 1, 2, 3 a n d 4 , and ta k in g

into account th e re c o rd e d seismic p o re pressures an d acc elera tio n s

shown in Figs. 5 .4 .1 and 5 . 4 . 3 , as well a s t h e s t i f f n e s s d is tr ib u tio n

of th e OWI soil profile g iv en in Fig. 5 .4 .7 , th e following se t of

conclu sio ns was d e r iv e d under th e b asic assum ption th a t th e G

max
m e a su re d in t h e field a re c o r r e c t :

( 1) t h e la rg e s t s tr a i n s and a sso ciated seismic p o re p r e s s u r e s

at th e OWI site occurred d u rin g th e M id-Chiba 1980

e a r t h q u a k e in th e d e p o s its betw een 7 .4 to 12.8 m d e p t h ,

 393

d u e to t h e i r smaller s tif f n e s s ; it m u st b e noticed in Fig.

5 . 4 . 6 t h a t t h e smallest nu m bers of SPT blows a n d cone

r e s is ta n c e v alu es w e re also r e c o r d e d in th is d e p th ra n g e ,

(2) th e seismic s h e a r s tr a i n s at d e p th 6 m a n d 14 m w ere

very small d u r in g th ee a rth q u ak e, ju st above th e

th resh o ld , a n d su ch small s tr a i n s could not p o ssib ly h av e

g e n e r a te d in t h e s e la y ers t h e p o re p r e s s u r e m agnitu des

re c o rd e d b y t h e piezom eters in t h e field,

(3) th e field p o re p r e s s u r e s re c o rd e d in t h e 6 m a n d 14 m

sand d e p o s its occurred mainly by re d is trib u tio n of th e

la r g e r p o r e p r e s s u r e s g e n e r a te d in t h e " so ft" soil la y ers

between 7 .4 to 12.8 m, t h a t is in betw een t h e 6 m an d

14 m s an d d e p o sits w h e re th e piezom eters w e re in sta lle d .

(4) it is not c le a r w h e th e r t h e d e p o s it betw een 10.7 a n d 12.8

m a t OWI s ite ( la y e r 8 ) is s ilty clay a n d cla y , a s shown

in Fig. 5 .4 .6 , or perhaps n o n p la stic silt, as shown in

I s h ih a ra 's d a ta p ro v id e d to RPI la te r on. T here are

basically th ree p o s sib ilities: i) t h e d e p o sit is clay

s p r e a d in g laterally o v e r a la rg e a r e a ; ii) t h e d e p o s it is

silt also s p r e a d in g laterally o v e r a la rg e a re a ; o r iii) t h e

d e p o s it is a combination of s ilt an d cla y , like for example

silt d e p o s it w ith clay le n se s , in which case la rg e p o re

p r e s s u r e s could n ot develop in t h e clay b u t th e y could

develop as well as th e y could h av e b een tra n s m itte d an d

 394

d is s ip a te d th r o u g h th e s ilt. In an y ca se th e above

DESRAMOD an aly se s in dicate th a t s u b s ta n tia l p o re

p r e s s u r e s most p r o b a b ly dev elo p ed in th is d e p o s it (la y e r

8 ) an d w ere tr a n s m itte d d ow n w ards to la y e r 9,

(5) t h e p o re p r e s s u r e dissip atio n re c o rd e d in t h e field in th e

6 m d e p o s it could n ot be sim ulated by DESRAMOD

b e c a u s e of o ne o r a combination of th e following f a c to r s :

a) th e perm eability co efficien t of th e sa n d at 6 m

d eterm in e d in th e la b o ra to ry is too low, b) t h e estim ated

perm eability coefficients of t h e la y ers abov e th e 6 m a r e

too low, c) d issip atio n did not o c c u r only u p w ard s as

could be ac c o u n te d f o r by t h e DESRAMOD a n a ly s is , but

also la te ra lly , an d d) th e re c o rd e d p o re p ressure

d issip atio n does not re fle c t t h e real field v a lu e s . The

au th o r believes th at reason c) is most p ro b a b ly

r e s p o n s ib le for th e d iff e re n c e betw een m easu red and

c alcu la ted d issip atio n r a te s in F ig s. 5 .4 .1 8 to 5 .4 .2 1 , an d

th a t only an in te n s iv e lateral dissipation could have

c a u s e d such a p ro n o u n c e d p o r e p r e s s u r e d e c r e a s e in t h e

6 m d e p o s it in su ch a s h o r t tim e. Possible re a s o n s fo r

th is f a s t e r lateral d issip atio n may have included a la r g e r

horizontal perm eab ility of t h e 6 m s a n d , a n d t h e same

sand a t 6 m being a lense in c o n ta c t with th e g ra v e l

la y e r which in th e b o rin g s shows u p above 6 m.

 395

in order to verify conclusions 3, 4 and 5, th ree additional

DESRAMOD co m p u ter ru n s w ere p erfo rm e d .

A good way to s e p a ra te t h e e ffe c t of p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in

t h e la y e rs , from t h a t of d issip atio n and r e d is t r i b u ti o n , is to repeat

o n e of t h e a n a ly s e s w ithou t allowing f o r p o re p r e s s u r e dissip atio n and

r e d is t r i b u ti o n . In such DESRAMOD a n a ly s is , in every la y e r p o re

p ressu res a r e g e n e r a te d ex clu siv ely d u e to s tr a in in g of t h a t la y e r.

T h is kind of an aly sis was p erform ed h e re on th e OWI soil p rofile and

a ssu m in g silt in la y er 8 (C ase 2) a n d is d en o ted in T able 5.4.1 as

C ase 5. In o th e r w o rd s, C ase 2 was r e p e a te d b u t w ithou t allowance

f o r p o re p r e s s u r e dissip ation a n d re d is trib u tio n betw een la y e rs. The

r e s u lts a re p r e s e n te d in Fig. 5 .4 .2 2 an d listed in T able 5 .4 .2 fo r

com parison with Case 2. It can be immediately noticed t h a t th e p o re

p ressu res in b*>th la y ers 5 and 9 are very small; in la y e r 5 th e

maximum u* = 0.002 and in la y e r 9 u* = 0.014; th e s e a r e v e r y close

to th e values u* = 0.003 a n d 0.013 r e s p e c tiv e ly , p re v io u sly p re d ic te d

for n = 1 and Z = 0.04%. In la y ers 6 an d 8 , w h ere t h e la r g e s t

o cy
seismic s tr a i n s o c c u r r e d , t h e calcu la ted p o re p r e s s u r e s w ere, on th e

co n tra ry , noticeable h ig h e r th a n in Case 2 (see also Fig. 5 .4 .2 2 ) .

All th e se r e s u lt s u n d o u b te d ly su p po rt th e conclusion th a t p o re

p ressu res mainly developed in t h e " s o fte s t" la y e rs 6 a n d 8 , a n d , in

t u r n w e re co n tin u o u sly d is t r i b u t e d d u r in g t h e e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g to

t h e s u r r o u n d in g soils above and below, in clu ding t h e sa n d d e p o s its a t

6 m an d 14 m w h e re th e piezom eters w ere in stalled . A ctually, th e

 396

seismic, s tr a i n s and a sso ciated p o re p r e s s u r e s g e n era ted in la y ers 6

an d 8 are so high com pared to o th e r la y e rs in all DESRAMOD

a n a ly se s (u * = 0.76 and u* = 0 .3 4 in T able 5 . 4 .2 K th a t p o re

pressures in all o th e r la y e rs of OWI soil p rofile w e re g e n e r a te d almost

e x c lu siv e ly by r e d is t r i b u ti o n from t h e s e two la y e r s , e x c e p t m aybe in

d i s t a n t la y e rs 2 ,3 an d 10.

T h e n e x t DESRAMOD com puter r u n p e rfo rm e d , listed as Case 6

in T able 5 . 4 .1 , is in te n d e d to show w h e th e r t h e s itu a tio n in which

la y e r 8 is a clay le n se which do es n o t s p r e a d la te ra lly o v e r a la rg e

area, i .e . la y er 9 is co nnected d ire c tly by perm eable material to th e

u p p e r la y ers 7 and 8 , can r e s u lt in in c re a se o f p o re p r e s s u r e s in

la y e r 9. In o r d e r to simulate analytically su ch co n d itio n s , la y e r 8

was allowed to build up small p o re pressures by s e ttin g th e p o re

pressure p a ra m e te r , p = 0 .1 , like in Case 1, w hile t h e perm eab ility

-9 -6
was in c re a s e d from 10 to 10 ft/se c . T h e r e s u lt s of th is ru n a re

illu s tra te d in Fig. 5 . 4 .2 3 . It can be noticed th a t th e overall

re s p o n s e in th is case is p ra ctically identical to C ase 1. Based on

th is r e s u lt , it was d e c id e d to u s e in th e f u r t h e r a n a ly se s Case 2 as

a r e p r e s e n t a tiv e profile of th e OWI s ite . H ow ever, a lth o u g h C ase 2

re s p o n s e a g r e e s q u ite well with t h e field p o r e p r e s s u r e m e asu re m en ts,

th e profile with silt in la y e r 8 may still not re f le c t t h e e x a c t field

s itu a tio n . As a m a tte r of fa c t, the e x a c t g eo tech n ical co nditio ns a t

th e OWI s ite c a n n o t b e d e te rm in e d from t h e limited information made

available. More field exp lo ratio n and g eop hy sical field t e s t in g shou ld
 397

be p erfo rm ed a t t h e s ite in o r d e r to encom pass t h e soil cond ition s in

th ree dim ensions n e e d e d fo r a more re a listic definition of th e

r e d is t r i b u ti o n /d is s ip a t io n co nd ition s in t h e field d u r in g th e

earth q u ak e.

The lack of d is s ip a tio n in la y e r 5 calcu la ted a n aly tic ally , an d

th e s u g g e s tio n th a t in th e field th e p o re p ressures may h av e

d is s ip a te d la te ra lly , is a s s e s s e d h e r e b y simply r e p e a tin g Case 2 b u t

with a s s ig n in g to t h e to p la y ers 5, 4, 3 and 2 la r g e r p erm eab ilities.

C o n sid eratio n of s ig n ific a n tly la r g e r perm eabilities in th e v e rtic a l

d irec tio n can sim ulate in DESRAMOD an in te n s iv e lateral d is s ip a tio n .

-5
The p erm eability k = 10 ft/se c used b e fo re for la y e r 5 is now
-4
a r b i t r a r i l y r a is e d to k = 4 x 10 ft/se c , t h e perm e ab ility of la y e r 4
-4 -3
is in c re a s e d from 10 to 10 ft/se c , an d th a t of la y e rs 3 and 2

from 10 ^ to 3 x 10 ^ f t / s e c . The r e s u lt s of th is DESRAMOD ru n

(C ase 7) a re illu s tr a te d in Fig. 5 .4 .2 4 . A v e r y c lear te n d e n c y f o r

p o re pressure d is s ip a tio n can now be n o tic e d . H owever, th e

c alcu la ted p o re p r e s s u r e s in la y e r 5 a t 6 m d e p th still do not match

t h e re c o rd e d v a lu e s . B u t it m ust b e em phasized t h a t t h e p u r p o s e of

th i s Case 7 e x e r c is e was mainly to show t h a t a c r u d e simualation of

la teral d is s ip a tio n g iv e s ro g h ly t h e d is s ip a tio n t r e n d m e asu re d in t h e

fie ld . The s p e c u la tio n s about th e exact perm e ab ility coefficients

which could p r o v id e a good a g re e m e n t with th e m e asu re d d ata w e re

not deemed ap p ro p ria te and th e r e f o r e w e re not pursued h e r e in ,

because th e real field th re e dim ensional s tra tific a tio n an d d r a in a g e

 398

conditions- a r e n e ith e r known n o r can t h e y b e ex p licitly simulated in

t h e DESRAMOD an a ly sis.

Finally, it is of i n t e r e s t to a s s e s s in th is ca s e h is to ry stu d y ,

how s e n s itiv e t h e calcu lated p o re p r e s s u r e re s p o n s e s a t 6 a n d 14 m

d e p o s its are to small v a ria tio n s of soil profile s tif fn e s s and p o re

pressure model p a ra m e te r s . In o r d e r to exam ine t h i s , and th u s to

represent in a simple form th e p o ssib le sc a tte r of th e field and

la b o ra to ry data, a p a ra m e tric s tu d y c o n s is tin g of 4 c o m p u ter ru n s,

listed in T ab le 5 .4 .1 as C ases 8 to 11, was p erfo rm e d . In all t h e s e

cases, C ase 2, ad o p ted as a r e p r e s e n t a tiv e c a s e , was s lig h tly a lte r e d .

In Case 8 , th e initial s tif f n e s s e s G_ and stre n g th s t in all 13

mo ° mo
la y e rs w e re in c re a s e d b y 5%. In C ase 9 th e y w e re d e c r e a s e d by 5%.

In t h e two additional cases, C ases 10 an d 11, th e p o re pressure

model p a r a m e te r p was first in c re a s e d by 5% (C ase 10) and th e n

d e c r e a s e d b y 5% (C ase 11). T h is means t h a t in C ases 10 and 11 t h e

applied pore pressure model was s e t to g e n e r a te p o re p r e s s u r e s 5%

h ig h e r and 5% lower, r e s p e c tiv e ly .

T h e DESRAMOD r e s u lt s of C ases 8 to 11 a r e all p lo tted jointly

in Fig. 5 .4 .2 5 , to g e th er with th e reference p o re pressure time

h is to rie s of C ase 2 an d t h e d a ta re c o r d e d in t h e field . T h is f ig u r e

nicely d e p ic ts t h e b a n d of DESRAMOD p o r e p r e s s u r e re s p o n s e s c au sed

by p o ssib le sc a tte r of th e field seismic m e asu rem en ts an d

in t e r p r e ta tio n s o f s h e a r w ave velocities, and by a similar s c a t t e r in

th e la b o ra to r y d e te rm in a tio n s of p o re p r e s s u r e . It can b e o b s e r v e d
 399

t h a t f o r both la y e rs a t 6 m a n d 14 m, t h e maximum deviation in t h e

pore p re s s u re r e s u lt s from re f e r e n c e C ase 2 is betw een 15 and 20%.

It is also v e r y im p ortan t to o b s e r v e t h a t t h e p a ra m e tric s t u d y b a n d s

plo t c o n s is te n tly parallel to th e reference Case 2 resu lts, which

in d ic a te s th at DESRAMOD r e s p o n d s p r o p e r ly to th e given in p u t data

v a r ia tio n . In o th e r w o rd s, if d ata w ere m easured s lig h tly d if f e r e n t

th a n a d o p te d in C ase 2, th e DESRAMOD Owi Island re s p o n s e would

r e s u lt in th e same t y p e of b e h a v io r, i.e ., it would s u c c e s s fu lly

exp lain w hat has happened d u r in g th e 1980 M id-Chiba earth q u ak e,

e x c e p t f o r th e somewhat h ig h e r p o re p r e s s u r e s an d lack of d issip atio n

c a lc u la te d at 6 m.

In co nclusion , t h e OWI c a s e s t u d y j u s t d e s c r ib e d shows t h a t t h e

DESRAMOD a n a ly s is is capab le of realistically ex p lain in g and

d e s c r ib i n g a very complex seismic response of a level sandy s ite ,

in c lu d in g reaso n ab le p re d ic tio n s of seismic s tr a in s and a sso ciated p o re

p ressures.

In th is case stu d y th e limitations of t h e DESRAMOD a n a ly sis

have also become c le a r . A need for a b e tte r simulation of

th re e -d im e n s io n a l p o re p r e s s u r e d issip atio n is e v id e n t from th e r e s u l t s

of p o re p r e s s u r e s calcu la ted in th e 6 m d e p o s it. Also, if clay la y e rs

are present in th e soil p ro file, th e pore p ressure in t h e s e la y e rs

could be o nly c r u d e ly ap p ro x im ate d since DESRAMOD does not

p resen tly include a pore p r e ssu r e model for clays.

 400

5 .4 .6 Recommendation f o r F u r t h e r Inv estig atio n and T e s tin g

Given th e u n iq u e n e s s of th e OWI case stu d y , additional

in v e stig a tio n s at th e s ite a n d in th e la b o ra to ry are s tr o n g ly

recom m ended. T h e following pieces of information are needed for a

more re a listic and complete DESRAMOD an a ly sis : ■'

(a) ad ditional s ite ex plo ration to d eterm in e th e lateral

v aria tio n of soil la y e rs ,

(b) cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d te s t in g of all satu rated soils

o t h e r th a n 6 m a n d 14 m s a n d s , includ in g silts an d

c la y s,

(c) perm eability an d com p ressibility determ in a tio n s f o r all

t h e s e soils, including a s s e s s m e n t of th e perm eability

in t h e ho rizontal d irec tio n too, and

(d) c r o s s h o le seismic m easurem ents of Vg to s u p p lem en t

a n d re fin e t h e available V g profile.

It is believed t h a t su c h a co m p re h en siv e d ata s e t could g r e a t ly

im prove th e DESRAMOD a n a ly se s perform ed and en ab le a b etter

simulation of w hat really h a p p e n e d a t t h e OWI s ite . T his would also

be a sig n ific a n t c o n trib u tio n to th e current u n d e r s ta n d i n g of

liquefaction a t level s a n d y s ite s .

Table 5 . 4 J Summary of OWI DESRAMOD Analysis

P r o f i le
Case D escription

1 - I n itia l p ro file
Layer 8 - c la y (por. pr. Param. p = 0 .1 )

2 - Reference p r o f i l e
Layer 8 - s i l t

3 - Same as case 1 - la yer 8 c la y

Layers 5 and 9 have Gm() as suggested by Ishihara

4 - Same as case 2 - lay er 8 s i l t

Layers 5 and 9 have Gm() as suggested by Ishihara

5 - Same as ca se 2
Por. pr. d is s ip a t io n and r e d is t r ib u t io n i s allowed

6 - Same as ca se 4 (p = 0 . 1 ) _6
Perm eab ility o f lay er 8 k = 10" f t / s e c

7 - Same as ca se 2
Top la y e rs 2, 3 and 4 and la y e r 5 more permeable

8 - Same as case 2
The whole p r o f i l e i s 5% s t i f f e r

9 - Same as ca se 2
The whole p r o f i l e i s 5% s o f t e r

10 - Same as ca se 2
Pore pressure model "increased" by 5%

11 - Same as case 2
Pore pressure model "decreased" by 5%
 402

T a b le ~5.4..2 Comparison of C ase 1, C ase 2 and C ase 5 C om puter

R esu lts

CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 5

Layer Depth
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
*
u u* u*
YDa Ypa Ypa

ft % — % — % —

1 2.3 0.0028 — 0.0028 — 0.0028 —

2 6 .9 0.0070 MJ.000 0.0069 'v-0.000 0.0069 ''-0.000

3 10.3 0.0060 ''-O.OOO 0.0C66 M1.000 0.0066 ''-0.000

4 13.1 0.0160 0.001 0.0159 0.001 0.0159 ''<0.000

*
5 19.1 0.0380 0.181 0.0337 0.177 0.0334 0.002

6 26.8 0.6649 0.500 0.5946 0.487 0.7580 0.755

7 32 .3 0.0858 0.162 0.0856 0.225 0.0845 0.032

8 38.5 0.3236 0.038 0.3264 0.258 0.3269 0.343

*
9 46 .9 0.0392 0.020 0.03917 0.068 0.0390 0.014

10 56.6 0.0436 0.019 0.0435 0.018 0.0434 0.020

11 63.8 0.0200 — 0.0200 — 0.0200 —

12 70.0 0.0287 — 0.0286 - - 0.0286 —

13 . 7 7.9 0.0249 — 0.0248 — 0.0248 —

★ *
The maximum u valu es measured by Ishihara during th e earthquake
are: at 6m ( la y e r 5) u = 0 .0 9 5 , and at 14m ( la y e r 9) u = 0 .0 8 .
 403

§ S u r fa c e a c c e le r a tio n
c o N o rth
O Nf

2fl» -O0O
* w0 1
y

O S o u th
<
95gal

c o S u r fa c e a c c e le r a tio n
o >r

-S iao>
— -°
at'—
u
| W est 65gal
_ l_ _ l l_ l I I L J I I L
£ o P o re p r e s s u r e th e 'a u a k e
If* \ 75 c m a t d e p t h ,6 -0 m
£Ss th e q u a k e

£ - i i i i i ■ i i i I i | I I L J I I U L
o
co P o re p r e s s u r e 2 hr. a f t e r
^ 32cm Qt d e p th . 1 4 m th e q u a k e
.£§8 60s. a fte r
th e q u a k e
3 -o£to°o
u)

l i o° W(fljM
i i i j i i i i i i i i__i .......................
10 20 30 4Q 60 2 h .
T im e in s e c o n d

Fig. 5 .4 .1 S u rfa c e A cceleration s and Pore Water P r e s s u r e s R ecorded

d u r i n g t h e S e p t. 25, 1980 E a r th q u a k e ( I s h ih a r a e t a l . , 1981)

 404

A ra
R iver

Shiria­

l s la n q
R ecord in g
s ta tio n

Isla n d No

^ C h ib a/ EPicen-^!:

H aneda
A irp ort

1.0 2 0 km P a c ific
0 1020km O cean

Fig. 5 . 4 . 2 General Location of th e Recording Station (Ishihara et a l.,

1981)
 405

S u r fa c e
N o r th a c c e le r a tio n

8, o

. S o u th
95gal

. E a st S u r fa c e
a c c e le r a t io n

o
>y W e st
P ore p ressu re
a t d e p th 6-0 m
75cm / ~|

o
CO
—u
132cm

P ore p r e s s u r e
a t d e p th 14 m
o

2-5 30 3-5 40 4 5 5-0 5-5 6-0 6-5 7-0 75 80

T im e in se co n d

Fig. 5 . 4 .3 R ecorded Data with E n larg ed Time Scale ( I s h ih a r a e t a l . ,

1981)
 406

P ore p res, a t
End of pore d e p th 6 0 m
p r e s , in c r e a se
a t d e p th 14 m
P ore p r e s, a t
d e p th 14 m
8
S ta r t
o 132cm

a
C \l

c
o 110cm

*
a» o

< If
o in c r e a se
\
8

:S e c tio n of : S e c tio n o f p ore p res.

n o p o re p r e s,
b u ild u p bu ild u p a t d epth 6-0m
: S e c tio n o f p ore p r e s.
buildup a t depth 14 m
80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
Acceleration (gal)
Fig. 5 .4 .4 T rajecto ry of th e R ecorded A ccelerations in Plane View

( I s h ih a r a e t al, 1981)
 407

Niigata earthquake of i964(Kawog*hi'Cho) Tokoehi-okt earthquake of i960 (Maehmone)

200
150
100

w
IX
ISO
200

Acceleration (gat) Acceteration(gai)

Miyagiken*oki earthquake of 1978 (Kaihoku)

Vrancea earthquake of 1977 (Bucharest)

200-

150 •

50 *

-50-

-IX -

*200 -

-200 -«i0 J0C -!0 3 50 100 ISO 200

Acceleration (gal) Acceleration (gal)

Mid-Chiba earthquake of 1900(Owi*island) Nihonkai Chubu earthquake of 198) (Akita)

OW I

I
o■

S
§

&>Ut>M
Acceleration (ga()
Accelration (gal)

Fig. 5 .4 .5 Com parison of Several D ifferen t In-Plan T ra je c to rie s of

A ccelerations ( I s h ih a r a a n d N agase, 1985)

 408

N -value Depth
of
10 20 sampling

Sandy
s ilt
Sandy O-.o.-.b'
~7g r a v e l \
F in e sa n d

Silt
with
san d

Owi Island
No.1
Tokyo
Silt
with
san d

Fig. 5 . 4 .6 Owi Island Soil Profile Developed by Ishihara et al.

(1981)
 409

Ishihara (1983) Dobry (1983) Ladd (1983)

Depth Soit V s(ft/sec)

V s(ft/sec) < W Ksf> W Ks,) W “ ,)
(m ) type
Surface
1- s o il 493 951 --- — ...

Sandy
2- silt
3- S an dy 691 1864 --- ... ---
~7gravelr
u- -F in e san d.
flwith silt f.
5-
6- 592 1369 480 900 930
W r n
7- W m
8- Silt 328 423 --- —
9- with
sand
461 828 . .. . .. —
10-
11- S ilty
clay 395 609 --- — —
12- Clay
13-
14- //$ & //■ 625 1526 650 1650 1880
15-
16- A
S ilt
17- w ith
sand %710 £1950 —
18- --- ---

19- Clay
20-

Fig. 5 . 4 .7 Summary of V„ an d V alues D eterm ined f o r Owi Island

s max
Soi! by D iffernet Authors
 410

G/ GMRX VS C Y C L I C SHE RR S T R H I
— X— SEED AND IDRISS ( 1 9 7 0 )
- • ISHIHARA (1 9 8 3 ) 6 M (2 TESTS
ISHIHARA ( 1 9 8 3 ) 14 M
LADD (1 9 8 2 ) 6 M
LADD (1 9 8 2 ) 14 M
THEORETICAL CURVE

1 0 'J 10 10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN (7.

Fig. 5 .4 .8 L a b o ra to ry and DESRAMOD T heoretical Values of G /G max

a t Owi Island 6 m an d 14 m S a n d s
 411

E Q U I V A L E N T DRMPI NG R R T I O
VE RS US C Y C L I C SHERR S T R R I N
— «— SEED FIND I DR 155 ( 1 9 7 0 )
— • — ISHIHARA ( 1 9 8 3 ) 6 M (2 TESTS)
ISHIHRRR ( 1 9 8 3 ) 14 M
LflDD ( 1 9 8 2 ) 6 & 14 M
THEORETICAL HYSTERETIC DAMPING
/ .*

CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN (7.)

F ig. 5 .4 .9 L ab o ra to ry and DESRAMOD T h eo re tic al V alues of Damping

a t Owi Island 6 m a n d 14 m S a n d s
 TRU/ GMO & TRU/ GMRX VS
C Y C L I C SHERR S T R R I N

EXPERIM. DRTR, LAYER 6 M

THEORETICRL CURVE, LAYER 6 M
EXPERIM. DRTR, LAYER 14 M
THEORETICRL CURVE, LRYER 14 M
1000.0
IX1 0 -6 )
800.0
TRU/GMAX,
600.0
400.0
i
200.0
TAU/GMO
0.0

CYCLIC SHERR STRRIN ('/.)

5 .4 .1 0 Fitting of Hyperbolic Relationship for Owi Island Sands

 413

ID
d
*
U
o

<N
1.005»nc»3.0*(Jcy -0.025)
d
u* =
l* n » 3 .0 » (I •-0.025)
c cy

o
txio- ' i
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c

OWI IS L A N D SITE, 6 m e te rs

TR IA X IA L TEST

P R EPARA TIO N : INTACT

Fig. 5.4.11 D o b ry 's Model fo r One Directional Loading of 6 m OWI

Sand Based on the Triaxial Intact Specimen T ests

 414

oo

ID

o
<N 0.95»n»2.5»(y -0.015)

1*n c •2 .5 » (I cy -0.015)
O
O
1x10"'
1x10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y

OWI ISLA N D SITE, 14 m e t e r s

TRIAXIAL TE S T

PREPARATION: INTACT

Fig. 5 .4 .1 2 Dobry's Model for One Directional Loading of 14 m OWI

Sand Based on the Triaxial Intact Specimen T ests

 415

CD

*
u

CM 0 .9 5 » n » 2 .5 » (r -0.015)
C wy

1 * n « 2 .5 » (I -0.015)
C cy

Ixffl-' I UIO1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. 7 c

OWI ISLAND SITE, U m e te rs

T R IAXIAL TEST

PREPARATION: R E C O N STITU TED

Fig. 5 .4 .1 3 V erification of D o b ry 's Model fo r 14 m OWI S an d ; T riax ial

R e c o n s titu te d Specimen R esu lts

 416

o
00
d

CO
d
*
U

CM
d 0.95»nc»2.5»(*cy -0.015)

O 1*n»2.5»(T -0.015)
O

1*10"' i 1*10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y

OWI IS LA N D SITE, 14 m e t e r s

D S S TEST

PR EPARA TIO N : RECO N STITUTED

Fig. 5 .4 .1 4 Verification of D obry’s Model for 14 m OWI Sand; CyDSS

T est Results
 417

CO

*
U
o
o
CM
1.005*n *2.0»3.0*(» -0.025)
o c cy

1*n »2.0*3.0»(T -0.025)

O c cy

CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y

OWI ISLA ND SITE, 6 m e te rs

TRIAXIAL TEST

MODEL fo r T W O -D IR E C T IO N A L SHAKING

Fig. 5 .4 .1 5 Dobry's Model for Two Directional Loading of 6 m OWI

Sand
 418

co

*
u

0 .95» nc»2.0*2.5»(I c y -0.015)

1*n »2.0*2.5»(J -0.015)

c cy

1x10“ ' 1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, 7 c y

OWI ISLAND SITE, 14 m e t e r s

TRIAXIAL TEST

M ODEL fo r T W O -D IR E C T IO N A L SHAKING

Fig. 5 .4 .1 6 Dobry's Model for Two Directional Loading of 14 m OWI

Sand
 419

Layer T h ic k . Depth k Pore P re s s . Model

®mo Tmo

P F s
Ytp
D e p th S o i l
(m ) type — ft ft Kst Pst ft/s e c - - * - %
Surface
1 4 .6 4 .6 951 685 — - - - - 1 .2 5
1- s o il
Sandy 3 .0 0 .0 2 5 1 .8 1 .2 5
2- 2 4 .6 9 .2 1200 864 I Q '3 1 .0 0 5
silt
3- Sandy 3 2 .3 1 1 .5 1864 1342 1 0 '3 1 .0 0 5 3 .0 0 .0 2 5 1 .8 1 .2 5
~7gravel r 4 3 .3 1 4 .8 1100 792 1 0 '4 1 .0 0 5 3 .0 0 .0 2 5 1 .8 1 .2 5
4- Fine sandd
3with silt / }
5-
900 648 10‘ 5 1 .0 0 5 3 .0 0 .0 2 5 1 .8 1 .2 5
5 9 .2 2 4 .0
6-
yJ x& A
s y z a p A ,'
7-
8- Silt 305 10" 5 1 .0 0 5 3 .0 0 .0 2 5 1 .8 1 .2 5
6 5 .5 5 2 9 .5 5 423
Q - with
sand 3 .0 0 .0 2 5 1 .8 1 .2 5
7 5 .5 5 3 5 .1 828 596 1 0 -5 1 .0 0 5
lO -
Silty — —
ll - clay-1 0
10 QAm_ _2J> J .O IS . J - J L
clay ~ - 6 10 .9 5 1 .2 5
12- 8 609 438 10 0 2 .5 0 .0 1 5 1 .6
6 .9 4 2 .0
Clay silt
13-
' ' s rtty ; •
14- 1650 1188 L 3 x l 0 '6 0 .9 5 2 .5 0 .0 1 5 1 .6 1 .2 5
9 9 .8 5 1 .8
15-
16-
S ilt
17- with 10 9 .6 6 1 .4 1800 1296 IQ ’ 6 0 .9 5 2 .5 0 .0 1 5 1 .6 1 .2 5
sand
18-
19- 1 .2 5
Clay 11 4 .9 6 6 .3 2200 1584
20- I- -- 1

12 7 .5 7 3 .8 2800 2016 — — — — 1 .2 5

- 13 8 .2 8 2 .0 3400 2448 — — — -- 1 .2 5

Fig. 5 .4 .1 7 Owi Island Analytical Soil Profile

 420
CM
O
CASE 1
5 n depth
q_
o_

o
a

14 M DEPTH
Q_
Q_
o

o
o

CD GRO UND SURFACE RCCL

Z a
°I—i oo
E— o
□= o
0< in
L lJ o
— o 1
LlJ 2

cn
0.0 2. 0 4.0 6.0 8.0 1C. 0
TIME (SEC!

Fig. 5 .4 .1 8 R e s u lts of OWI C ase 1 DESRAMOD R esp on se ( la y e r 8

clay)
 1
421
;o .2
CASE 2
U*

6 M DEP': h
PP,

LAYER 6
o.l
NORM.
0.0
0.2

LAYER8
U*
PP,
0.1
NORM.
0.0
-O.-IL 100.050.000.050.100.15

GROUND SURFACE ACCL.

(6)
ACCELERATION

0.0 2. 0 4 .0 6.a 8. 0 10.3

TI ME ! S E C 1

Fig. 5 .4 .1 9 Results of OWI Case 2 DESRAMOD Response (layer 8 silt)

 422
CM
O
CASE 3
U*
PP,
0.1
NORM.
0.0
0.2
U*
PP,
0.1
NORM.
Q.D
-O.Di 1 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 1 0 0 . 1 5

GROUND SURFACE ACCL

(G)
FICCELERflT ION

0.0 2. 0 4.0 5.0 8. 0 IC. j

TIME (SEC!

Fig. 5 .4 .2 0 Results o f OWI Case 3 DESRAMOD Response

 423
0.2
CASE A
U*
PP,
0.1
NORM.
O.Q
0.2
U><
PP,
0.1
NORM.
0.0
l.-IE 100.050.000.050.100.15

GROUND SURFACE flCCL

(G)
ACCELERRTION

1
o.o 2.0 4 .0 6. 0 3 .0 10. 0
TIME 1SEC]

Fig. 5 .4.21 Results of OWI Case 4 DESRAMOD R esponse

 424

CASE 5 LAYER €
ZD (8m) 6 M DEP

QC
O
O
o
rs] ___________I

AYER f t !
(11m)
Q_
Q_
o

in

a GRO UND SURFACE ACCL

CS
in
a

az a
ct: lp
fc]
l j £2
— 1

CJ H

0.0 2. 0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

TIME I SEC)

Fig. 5 .4 .2 2 Results of OWI Case 5 DESRAMOD Response

 PO
o
CRSE6
X
ID
6 M DEP
Q_
Q_

5Z
DU
O
Z
o■
O

14 M DE 3TH

i \ . * /
■A *. ^

i
: V i \ J \/W v V
/1 !
,.o rU i ‘\ ,f- *

in
UND SURFMCE RCCL.

-^ W W \y

4.0 6.0
TIME ( SEC)

Fig. 5 .4 .2 3 Results of OWI Case 6 DESRAMOD Response

 CASE 7

OJ
o'
X
Z3

n
X
r>
14 M DEI
C_
CL

f * . <1 /
CL '■> . * V ,
o i ; ^ v •/ ''i j/ \ * *'y v » /

a /
o.

o
GROUND SURFACE ACCL

0. 0 2.0 4.0 s.a 8.0 10.

TIME (SEC)

Fig. 5 .4 .2 4 Results of OWI Case 7 DESRAMOD Response

 427

CASES P P ♦ 5%
U*

8-11
an d 2 -S tiff nes s i 5 %
PP,

I\ j / ’»^
• » '
NORM.

/; 'J \ :
J: • ‘'1
' • •u ». * \ ■
I I
1' \
i '
•
\ / ' ' V v 'x
jil
r. Ml

C\]
Ux

14 M DEI 3TH
PP,

P P i 5% V _________ _
NORM.

■■“=5==*^—
St iff nes 3 i 5%
- ■. / \ , y , ■
in
o CASE 2 GROUND SURFACE ACCL.
(G)

o
ACCELERATION

CD

0.0 2. 0 4.0 6. 0 8.0 10. C

TIME (SEC)

Fig. 5 .4 .2 5 V ariation of OWI Island Soil Profile DESRAMOD R espon se

with V a ry in g S lig h tly S tiffn e ss and Pore P r e s s u r e Model I n p u t Values

 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 .1 C onclusions

T h e main o b jective of th is w ork was to d evelop and v e r if y a

new method fo r a more realistic p re d ic tio n a n d evaluation of seismic

p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p and liquefaction at level sandy s ite s . T his

was a c h ie v e d , an d a new procedure was dev elo p ed in th e following

th ree step s. F ir s t, a c o m p re h en siv e la b o ra to r y te s tin g p r o g ra m ,

including mainly cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d te sts, was c o n d u c te d to

exam ine sy stem atically a num ber of aspects of th e p o re pressure

b u ild u p in s a t u r a t e d s a n d s su b je c te d to cyclic loading, and t h e p o re

p r e s s u r e b u ild u p m easured in th e s e t e s t s was modeled u sin g a method

s u g g e s te d by D obry e t al. (1986). S eco n d , among t h e se v e ra l soil

re s p o n s e c o m p u te r p ro g ra m s available, DESRA-2, o riginally w ritte n by

Lee an d Finn (1978) was selec ted an d D o b ry ’s model was in c o rp o ra te d

into it. DESRA-2 is a n o n lin ear c o m p u te r method c ap a b le of

sim ulating t h e seismic re s p o n s e of a h o rizo n tally la y e re d soil p ro file,

including s tif fn e s s d e g r a d a tio n , p o re pressure b u ild u p an d p o re

pressure d issip atio n as well as r e d is t r i b u ti o n . T h e new modified

v e rs io n of DESRA-2, p r e s e n te d in th is t h e s i s , was named DESRAMOD.

In t h e t h i r d s te p , t h e capabilities a n d limitations of th e DESRAMOD

co m p u ter method w ere t e s t e d b y a p a ra m e tric s t u d y and by a p p ly in g

it to t h r e e d if f e r e n t and well docum ented c a s e h is to r ie s .

428
 429

T he- combination of D o b ry 's p o re p ressure model and DESRA-2

p ro g ra m , both of them sta te -o f-th e -a rt t e c h n iq u e s , yield ed a new

s ta te-o f-th e-art m ethod. The r e s u lt s p r e s e n te d th ro u g h o u t th e

th esis, and p a r tic u la rly th e su c c e s s fu l application of DESRAMOD to

th e th ree ca s e h is to r ie s , s u g g e s t t h a t th is method encom passes th e

main a s p e c ts of t h e complex phenom enon of p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p a n d

liquefaction at level s ite s , in cluding t h e critical in teractio n betw een

v a rio u s p a r a m e te rs g o v e r n in g th e seismic soil re s p o n s e a n d a s s o c ia te d

pore p re s s u re b u ild u p . T h erefo re, th e s tu d y of t h e case h is to rie s

p ro v id e d c o n s id e ra b le in s ig h t into th e m echanics of th e seismic

r e s p o n s e a n d asso ciated p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p in real field s itu a tio n s .

The seismic s t r a i n , stre ss, p o re p r e s s u r e an d acceleratio n time

h is to rie s calcu la ted by DESRAMOD in d if f e r e n t la y ers of th e soil

p ro file s, show ed th a t th e most im p o rtan t p a ra m e te rs g o v e r n in g th e

seismic r e s p o n s e of level g ro u n d s ite s a r e t h e s tiff n e s s and s t r e n g t h

of th e soil p ro file, inclu din g t h e i r d is tr ib u tio n with d e p t h , and th e ir

co n tin u o u s d e g r a d in g d u r in g e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g . If for exam ple, t h e

s tiff n e s s d is tr ib u tio n is su ch th a t a soft la y e r is located b etw een

re la tiv e ly s t i f f e r d e p o s its , th is so ft la y e r will ta k e most of th e seismic

s tr a i n s and will also c a u s e a d e c r e a s e in t h e a c c e le ra tio n s , stre sse s

a n d s tr a i n s e x p e r ie n c e d b y th e a d ja c e n t soils. It was f u r t h e r shown

th at t h e d e g r e e of p o re pressure b u ild u p is closely rela ted to t h e

m ag n itu d e of th e seismic shear stra in s. T h is su g g ests th a t th e

seismic b e h a v io r of s a t u r a t e d s a n d y s ite s can be b e s t a p p r o a c h e d a n d

 430

d e s c rib e d - b y fo cusin g on t h e seismic s h e a r s tr a i n s g e n e r a te d in t h e

d if f e r e n t la y e r s . A n o th e r v e r y im p o rtan t fin d in g was t h e im portance

of t h e e ffe c t of p o re p ressure r e d is tr ib u tio n within t h e soil on t h e

overall seismic r e s p o n s e . T h is pore p ressu re re d is trib u tio n betw een

d if f e r e n t soil la y e rs can sig n ifican tly d e g r a d e th e s tif fn e s s of la y e rs

which o th e rw ise would h av e not d ev elo p ed high p o re p r e s s u r e s . On

th e o th e r hand, th e same r e d is t r i b u ti o n , plus p o re pressure

dissip atio n to w ard th e d r a in a g e b o u n d a r ie s , can d e c r e a s e th e r a te an d

m ag n itu d e of p o re pressure b u ild u p , th e r e b y r e ta r d in g th e

d e g ra d a tio n of c e r ta in la y ers or groups of la y e rs . Finally, th e

am ount of additional p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p d u e to t h e application of

th e second horizontal earth q u ak e com ponent, and its e ffe c t on th e

overall seismic re s p o n s e could also be e v a lu a te d . T h is was do n e b y

in c o rp o ra tin g th is 2D e ffe c t in an a p p ro x im ate way into ID p ro g ra m

and t h e an aly se s showed th e effect to be v e r y s ig n ific a n t.

As a r e s u lt of th ese o b s e rv a tio n s , it became c lear th a t th e

seismic response of a s a tu r a t e d sandy profile is a complex p r o c e s s ,

which c a n n o t be realistically a p p ro a c h e d from a sin g le p ro s p e c tiv e ,

fo c u sin g o n ly , f o r exam ple, on p e a k g r o u n d s u r f a c e acceleratio n a n d

e a r t h q u a k e m a g n itu d e , o r maximum seismic s h e a r s tr a in an d m ag n itu d e

alone, o r even by fo cusing on a sin g le la y e r in ste a d of co n s id e rin g

th e soil d e p o s it , as a s y ste m . The g eo m etry and s tif f n e s s

co n fig u ra tio n of t h e soil profile, th e developm ent of seismic s t r a i n s

an d asso ciated p o re p ressures, th e c o rre s p o n d in g soil s tif f n e s s

 431

d e g ra d a tio n , a n d t h e r e d is trib u tio n as well as th e dissip atio n of p o re

pressures, form t o g e t h e r a chain intim ately c o n n e c te d and re la te d b y

t h e i r c o n tin u o u s in te ra c tio n . Only by d e s c r ib in g t h e whole chain it

is po ssib le to d e s c r ib e and u n d e r s ta n d t h e liquefaction phenom enon.

In ad dition to t h e s e major c o n clu sio n s, d u r in g th e course of

each one of t h r e e s te p s of th e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h , a n u m b e r of more

specific con clu sions r e g a r d i n g cyclic san d t e s t i n g , t h e develo pm ent of

th e in p u t information necessary for th e co m p u ter model, or

calculations applicable to e i th e r one of t h e case h isto rie s a n aly zed ,

w ere also o b ta in e d and are d is c u s s e d in th e te x t. Some of th e

conclusions o b ta in e d from t h e la b o ra to ry t e s t s a r e v e r y im p ortan t and

will be re p e a te d h e r e , sin ce in t h e a u t h o r 's opinion th e y r e p r e s e n t a

co n trib u tio n to th e sta te -o f-th e -a rt. These la b o ra to ry te s t in g

conclusions a r e :

(a) th e NGI Cyclic D irect Simple S h e a r te s tin g te c h n iq u e

can s a tisfa c to rily simulate th e pure shear loading

conditions g e n e r a te d in s a tu r a t e d s a n d s in th e field

by t h e v ertical p ro p a g a tio n of seismic s h e a r w av es,

(b ) r e c o n s titu te d specim ens of s a n d can b e su c c e ssfu lly

bu ilt in t h e NGI DSS d e v ic e ,

(c) if cyclic NGI DSS te sts on satu rated s an d are

co n d u c te d in th e s tr a in -c o n tro lle d mode, th e p o re

pressure re s p o n s e is p ra c tic a lly identical f o r in ta c t

an d r e c o n s titu te d specim ens com pacted a t th e same

 432

void ratio , th e r e b y confirm ing th e fa c t th a t th e

seismic shear s tr a in is th e key p o re p ressure

b u ild u p p a r a m e te r. A similar conclusion is also

valid fo r s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d cyclic tria x ia l t e s t s .

(d) a lth o u g h t h e r e is an e ffe c t on p o re p r e s s u r e b u ild u p

caused by changes in th e void ratio of th e

specim en, th is e ffe c t is re la tiv e ly small in

s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d tests, s u g g e s tin g t h a t sample

d i s tu r b a n c e does n e t sig n ifican tly influ ence t h e p o re

p r e s s u r e re s p o n s e in t h e s e t e s t s

(e) a uniq ue D obry's p o re pressure model can be

develop ed f o r th e same sand, b ased e i th e r on t h e

r e s u lt s from cyclic triax ial or NGI Cyclic D irect

Simple Shear s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d te sts, by u sin g t h e

th e o re tic a l P re v o s t's rela tio n sh ip Jf = /3 s * 1.73

cy cy
e , in d icatin g t h a t no empirical f a c to r is n e c e s s a r y
cy
to go from p o re p r e s s u r e s m easu red in one t y p e of

cyclic s tr a in -c o n tr o lle d t e s t t o th o s e o b tained in t h e

o th e r. T h is th e o re tic a l relation is similar to 2f =

cy
1 .5 e cu sto m arily u s e d b ased on more elem en tary
cy
continuum m echanics c o n s id e r a tio n s , a n d th e u se of

eith er fa c to r ( 1 .5 o r ^3) is e n tir e ly e q u iv a le n t in

p ractical ap p lic a tio n s .

 433

6 .2 Recommendations for Futher Work

The dev elo p m en t of t h e DESRAMOD co m p u ter p ro g ram and th e

c o n s is te n t r e s u l t s o b ta in e d by its application to th e case h is to rie s ,

open s e v e ra l p o ssibilities of f u t u r e r e s e a r c h .

F ir s t of all, th e DESRAMOD co m p uter code can be im proved.

The following can be d o n e, with each im provement r e p r e s e n tin g a

s ig n ific a n t r e s e a r c h s te p b y itself:

(a) incorpo ration of an a p p r o p r ia te p o re p ressure

b u ild u p and s tif fn e s s d e g ra d a tio n model f o r t h e clay

la y e rs,

(b ) refinem ent of th e e x is tin g DESRAMOD s u b r o u tin e f o r

calculation of p o re p r e s s u r e d u r in g ir r e g u l a r cyclic

loading b y means of i r r e g u l a r cyclic t e s t i n g ,

(c) clo se r d eterm in a tio n of th e e ffe c t of th e second

seismic loading com ponent, based on tw o-d irectio nal

r e g u la r and irreg u lar cyclic te stin g , and on

com parisons b etw een t h e ap p ro x im ate p r o c e d u r e used

in th is w ork an d more rig o ro u s e la stic -p la s tic

solutions su ch as p ro p o s e d b y V icen te (1983),

(d ) inco rporation into th e p o re pressure d issipatio n

s u b r o u tin e of lateral d is s ip a tio n , 2-D or 3-D

dissip atio n e f fe c ts .

S eco nd, a num ber of s tu d ie s can also be p u r s u e d by using

DESRAMOD as a b a s ic tool. As an example, two such p o ssib le

 434

researches are s u g g e s te d here. One is a c o n tin u atio n of t h e Owi

Island case h is to r y d e s c r ib e d here. The dynam ic and s tif fn e s s

p r o p e r ti e s of all Owi Island la y e rs sh ould be c a re fu lly d ete rm in e d by

means of ad ditio nal field e x p lo ra tio n , in situ seismic t e s t in g and

la b o ra to r y te stin g , an d th e c o m p u te r analy sis sh ould be re p e a te d .

Such a n a ly se s could p ro v id e very v alu able additional information on

th e seismic response of both th i s specific soil p ro file an d of th e

s a tu r a t e d level sand s ite s in g e n e r a l. Also, th e ground s u rf a c e

a cceleratio n h is to rie s o b ta in e d a t s tif f as com pared to so ft s ite s , can

be now sy ste m a tic a lly an aly zed b y DESRAMOD to g e t a b e t t e r in s ig h t

into t h e e ffe c t of geom etric a n d s tif f n e s s c o n fig u ra tio n on th e v alu e,

frequency c o n te n t and number of cycles of th e re c o rd e d

acc e le ro g ra m s. These e ffe c ts can in tu rn be separated from th e

e ffe c ts g e n e r a te d by th e ty p e of earth qu ak e source, its depth,

d is ta n c e from t h e s ite e t c . , t h e r e b y improving o u r a b ility to i n t e r p r e t

and b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d accelerogram re c o rd s on alluvial d e p o s its .

 CHAPTER 7

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S an ds u n d e r Multidirectional S h a k i n g , " ASCE, J o u r n a l of th e
Geotechnical Eng. Division, Vol. 101, No. GT4, April, 1975,
p p . 379-398.
Rojahn, C . , Ra gs dal e, J . T . , Ra g g et t, J . D . and G ate s, J . H .
(1982), "Main-shock Strong-Motion Records from t h e Meloland
Road - I n t e r s t a t e Highway 8 O v e r c r o s s i n g , " USGS Professional
P ap er 1254, p p . 377-384.

Roscoe, K.H. (1953), "An A p p a r a t u s f o r t h e Application of

Simple S h e a r to Soil Samples," Pr oc ee d in g s, T h i r d International
Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. E n g . , Vol. 1, Zu ri ch , 1953,
p p . 186-191.

Sc hn ab el , P . B . , Lysmer, J . a n d See d, H .B . (1972), "SHAKE,

a Com puter Program for E a r t h q u a k e Analysis of Horizontally
Layered S i t e s , " E a r t h q u a k e Eng. Research C e n t e r , College of
E n g . , U n iv er s it y of California, Be rk el ey , California, Re po rt
No. EERC 72-12.

Seed, H .B . (1979), "Soil Liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility

Evaluation f o r Level G ro un d D ur in g E a r t h q u a k e s , " ASCE,
J o u r n a l of t h e Geotechnical Eng. D iv . , Vol. 105, No. GT2,
F e b r u a r y 1979, p p . 201-255.

Seed, H .B. a n d I d r i s s , I.M. (1970), "Soil Moduli and Damping

Factors f o r Dynamic Response A n a ly s e s ," E a r t h q u a k e
En gi nee rin g Re s ea r c h C e n t e r , College of En g i n e e r in g ,
U niv ers it y of California, Be rk el ey , California, Re po rt , No.
EERC 70-10.

S eed, H . B . , M u r a r k a , R . , Lysmer, J . a nd I d r i s s , I.M.

(1975), "Rela tions hips Between Maximum Acceleration, Maximum
Velocity Distance from So urce and Local Site Conditions fo r
Moderately S t r o n g E a r t h q u a k e s , " E a r t h q u a k e En gi nee rin g
Resea rc h C e n t e r , College of E n g i n e e ri n g , U ni ve r s it y of
California, B er k e l e y , California, Re p o r t No. EERC 75-17.

Seed, H . B . , M u r a r k a , R . , Lysmer, J . a nd I d r is s , I.M.

(1976), "Re lation ships of Maximum Acceleration, Maximum
Velocity, Distance From S o u r c e , and Local Site Conditions f o r
Moderately S t r o n g E a r t h q u a k e s , " Bulletin of th e Seismological
Society of America, Vol. 66, No. 4 , A u g . , p p . 1323-1342.
 443

64. S ee d, H . B . , Pyk e, R. and Martin, G . R . (1975), "Analysis of

t h e Effect of Multi-Directionai Sh ak in g on t h e Liquefaction
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of S a n d s , " Repo rt No. EERC 75-41, E a r t h q u a k e
E ng in ee r in g Research C e n t e r , U n iv er s it y of California,
B e r k e l e y , California.

65. Se ed, H . B . , Pyk e, R. and Martin, G . R . (1978), "Effect of

Multi-Directional Sh ak in g on Pore P r e s s u r e Development in
S a n d s , " ASCE, J o u r n a l of t h e Geotechnical Eng. Division, Vol.
104, No. GT1, J a n u a r y , p p . 27-44.

66. Se ed, H . B . , Wong, R . T . , I d r i s s , I.M. and Tokimatsu, K.

(1984), "Moduli a nd Damping Factors f o r Dynamic Analyses of
Cohesionless Soils," Repo rt No. UCB/EERC-84/14, S e p t . ,
U n iv e r s it y of California, Be rk el ey , Calif.

67. S h a r p , R . V . , Lienkaemper, J . J . , Bonilla, M . G . , B u r k e , D . B . ,

Fox, B . F . , He rd, D . G . , Miller, D .M ., Morton, D .M., Ponti,
D . J . , Rymer, M.J. T i n sl ey , J . C . and Y oun t, J . C . (1982),
" S u r f a c e Faulting in t h e Cent ral Imperial V a ll e y ," USGS
Professional P ap er 1254, p p . 119-144.

68. S y k o r a , D.W. and Stokoe, II, K.H. (1982), "Seismic

In vestigation of T h r e e H ebe r Road Sites a f t e r O ct ob er 15, 1979
Imperial Valley E a r t h q u a k e , " Geotechnical Eng. Re po rt GR82-24,
Geotechnical Eng. C e n t e r , Civil Eng. D e p t . , T h e U ni v er s it y
of T ex a s at A u s t in , A us t in , T e x a s , p p . 76.

69. T u r n e r , E. a n d Stokoe, K.H. II, (1982), "Static and Dynamic

P r o p e rt i e s of Clayey Soils S ubj ec ted to t h e 1979 Imperial Valley
E a r t h q u a k e , " Geotechnical En gi nee rin g Re p o r t GR82-26, T he
U n iv e r s it y of T e x a s at A us t in , A u s t i n , T e x a s , Oct.

70. - USGS (1982), Professional Pa p er 1254.

71. Vi cen te , E. (1983), "Pore Water P r e s s u r e I n c r e a s e in Loose

S a t u r a t e d Sand at Level Sites d u r i n g T h r e e Directional
E a r t h q u a k e Loa di ng ," P h .D . T h e s i s , Dept, of Civil E n g r . ,
R . P . I . , T r o y , NY, S ep te m b er , 1983.
 444

72. Vuc eti c, M. (1986), "DESRAMOD Manual," (in p r e s s ) , Re port,

Civil E n g r . D e p t . , Re ns s el ae r Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e , T r o y , New
York.

73. Vu cet ic , M. (1984), Discussion to "An Evaluation of Labo ra tor y

T e s t i n g T e c h n i q u e s in Soil Mech ani cs ," Soils a n d Foundation,
Vol. 24, No. 2, J u n e , p p . 112-117.

74. V ucetic, M. a n d D o br y , R. (1986a), "Cyclic Degradation of

Normally and O v erc o ns o lid at ed Clays u n d e r Simple S h e a r
Loading Co n d it io n , " Re port, Dept, of Civil E n g r . , R en s s el ae r
Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e , T r o y , New York.

75. V ucteic, M. a n d Dobry R. (1986), " S t u d y an d Evaluation of a

Liquefaction G r o u n d Failure Using S t r e s s a n d Strain
A p p r o a c h e s : H eb er Road Site, O ct ob er 15, 1979, Imperial
Valley E a r t h q u a k e , " Report (in p r e s s ) , Civil Eng. D e p t . ,
R e n s s e la e r Polytechnic I n s ti t u te , T r o y , New York.

76. Vu cet ic , M., a n d Lacasse, S. (1981), "Specimen Size Effect in

Simple S h e a r T e s t , " Report 56204-10, Norwegian Geotechnical
I n s t i t u t e , 1981, 40 p p .

77. V ucetic, M., a n d Lacasse, S. (1982), "Specimen Size Effect in

Simple S h e a r T e s t , " J ou rn al of t h e Geotechnical Engin eer ing
Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. GT12, D e c . , p p . 1567-1585.

78. Youd, T . L . (1972), "Compaction of Sa nd s b y Repeated

S t r a i n i n g , " J o u r n a l of t h e Soil Mechanics a n d Foundations
Division, ASCE, 98, SM7, p p . 709-725.

79. Youd, L . T . a n d B e n n e t t , M .J . (1983), "Liquefaction S ite s,

Imperial Valley, Cal ifornia," ASCE, J o u r n a l of Geotechnical
E n g i n e e r in g , Vol. 109, No. 3 , March, pp . 440-458.

80. Youd, T . L . a n d Wieczorek, G . F . (1982), "Liquefaction and

S e c o n d a r y G r ou nd F ai l ur e, " USGS Professional Pa p er 1254, pp.
223-246.
 445

81. Z e e v a e r t , L. (1983), "Seismic Pore Water P r e s s u r e Analysis

Co n f r o n te d with Field Measurements in Fine S a n d , " Soils and
Fo und ati on s, Vol. 23, No. 4.
 APPENDIX A

TESTING AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

SPECIFICATIONS

Two t y p e s of t e s t s are perfor me d in t h i s study: triaxial and

direct simple s h e a r t e s t (DSS ). Triaxial t e s t s er ie s were c o nd uc te d

in s ta t ic , cyclic s t r a i n - c o n t r o l l e d and cyclic s t r e s s - c o n t r o l l e d loading

modes, while simple shear tests w er e c o n d u c t e d only in t h e cyclic

s t r a i n - c o n t r o l l e d mode.

All t h e s e t e s t s w ere pe rf or m e d in t h e Class of 1933 E a r t h q u a k e

En g i n ee r in g and Cyclic Loading Labora tory at the R en ss ela er

Polytechnic I n s ti t u te . The loading modes a nd mea sure men ts of t h e

test parameters w ere controlled and monitored electronically with an

MTS s e r v o - h y d r a u l i c closed-loop sy ste m a t t a c h e d to b o th , t h e triaxial

a n d t h e simple s h e a r t e s t i n g de vi ce.

In the triaxial tests axial load an d axial displacement were

controlled and measured, or just me asu re d depending on th e

cont rolling mode, while cell pressure and po re pressure were only

co n t in u o u s ly m e a s u re d . In the DSS tests, since the tests w ere

conducted in the cyclic s t r a i n - c o n t r o l l e d mode on ly, axial load and

shear.force w ere m e a s u r e d , while horizontal shear displacement was

controlled and parallelly m e a s u r e d . Measurements w ere perfor me d by

load, displacement and pore pressure transducers, with in p u t and

output signals being controlled via MTS t r a n s d u c e r c on di ti o ne rs , and

446
 447

they w ere recorded by a six channel os cil ographic FO-CRT

( f ib e r - o p t ic catod-ray tube) strip chart recorder and two X-Y

recorders. T h e o s ci lo gr aph ic FO-CRT d ev ic e was used to produce

the time history records while the X-Y recorders w ere used for

plo tting rela tio ns hip s between two choosen p a r a m e t e r s .

The p er f o r m a n c e and accuracy of con tro l, m ea sur em ent an d

r ec o r d i n g depends in general on the specifications and interaction

between d i f f e r e n t com ponents of t h e complete electromechanical sy ste m

utilized. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c specifications of t h e t r a n s d u c e r s a n d complete

m e asu ri ng s ys te m are described here and summarized in Tables A1

a n d A2.

T h e fun dam en tal specification for a transducer is its o p e r a t i n g

o r linear r a n g e . A r a n g e is d e s c r ib e d b y t h e u p p e r and lower in p u t

va lu es the transducer is in te nde d to m e as u re . The nominal linear

r a n g e f o r each t r a n s d u c e r , given in Table A1, is t h e r a n g e within

which the transducer has an output of specified li n ea r it y , as

expl ain ed below.

The transducers w e r e all c al ib r at ed in f o u r ranges, with the

full scale o u t p u t from t h e cond itioner (±10 vo lts) g e n e r a ll y being s e t

at 100%, 50%, 20% an d 10% of t h e nominal linear range for that

transducer. T h e t r a n s d u c e r s w ere all c a li br at ed for each ra n g e by

ze ro in g the tra n s d u c e r o u t p u t a nd th e n a p p l y in g a full scale st a t ic

i n p u t f o r t h a t r a n g e to t h e t r a n s d u c e r and a d j u s t i n g t h e c on d it io ne r

o u t p u t to p r o v id e +10 v o lt s. A full scale i n p u t in t h e o t h e r direction

 448

was th e n applied ( e x c e p t fo r t h e por e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s ) a nd t h e

o u t p u t was adjusted to -10 volts. Since only low f r e q u e n c y tests

w ere c o n d u c t e d , the stat ic calibration method was deemed sufficient.

The triaxial axial load transducer and the triaxial and DSS

displacement t r a n s d u c e r s were originally buil t in a nd cal ibr at ed by t h e

m a n u fa c t u r e r , MTS, using their calibration standards. In o r d e r to

m e asu re very small strains, dis placements w e re simultaneously

re co r d ed with a v e r y s en s iti v e t r a n s d u c e r mounted e x t e r n a ll y . This

t r a n s d u c e r was ca l ib ra t e d an d che c ke d on a S ch aev it z LVDT ca l ib ra t o r

stand and an I ns tr on biaxial e x t e n s o m e te r calibration fixture with

vernier scales rea da bl e to 0.0001 in. and 0.001 in., r es pe ct iv el y.

T he triaxial p or e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s w e r e c a l ib r a t e d us ing a 36 in.

m e r c u r y well t y p e manometer a c c u r a t e to ±2% full scale and a 400 psi

p r e s s u r e g a u g e with a maximum no nli nea rit y a nd hysteresis of 0.1%.

These two manometers were u s ed to maintain and m e asu re t h e cell

pressure. T he axial load and horizontal s h e a r load DSS t r a n s d u c e r s

w ere cal ibr at ed by t h e i r m a n u f a c t u r e r ( R e v e r e ) .

Th e linearity of a t r a n s d u c e r re fe r s to t h e maximum deviation of

any calibration po int from a s t r a i g h t line d u r i n g a n y one calibration

cycle o v e r a specified r a n g e . T h e h y s t e r e s i s of a t r a n s d u c e r r e f e r s

to t h e maximum d i f f e r e n c e in o u t p u t at a n y give n in p u t value, within

the specified range, when the value is a p p ro a c h e d first with

i n cre as ing a n d th e n with d e c r e a s i n g i n p u t s . Linearity a n d h y s t e r e s i s

a r e e x p r e s s e d as a p e r c e n t a g e of full sca le o u t p u t f o r t h e specified

 449

r a n g e a nd t h e i r compbined values a r e indicative of t h e characteristic

e r r o r of t h e system.

The transducer linearity may be improved by us ing the

t r a n s d u c e r at less th a n t h e nominal linear r a n g e . By us in g t h e MTS

signal conditioning eq ui pm en t, the transducers w e r e cal ib ra te d at a

nominal full scale range an d also a t smaller ranges which p ro v id ed

i n c re as ed li nearity a n d resolution. T h e calibration of each r a n g e was

c h e c k e d a t 20 points o v e r t h a t r a n g e . T h e maximum no nlinearity an d

hysteresis for that range is shown in Tabl e A . 2. The maximum

d if f e r e n c e gen er a lly occurred in the largest po ssible range, with

i n c re a s e d li nearity bei ng shown at smaller ra n g e s .

The smallest c h a n g e that can be o b s e r v e d in a t r a n s d u c e r is

called its resolution. Since t h e t r a n s d u c e r s u se d all o p e r a t e on t h e

p r in c i p le of magnetic cou plin g, their th eo ret ic al resolution is

e s s en ti al ly infinite a n d t h e limitation of t h e sy ste m resolution is in t h e

ability of t h e ass ociated electronic equi pm ent to s e n s e t h e o u t p u t of

the transducers. For t h e re c o r d i n g sy stem u s e d , t h e smallest value

that could be con v en ie nt ly monitored c o r r e s p o n d e d to a 1 mV o u t p u t

from the c o n di tio n er . The practical resolution of the syst em, as

shown in Tabl e A . 2, is ba s e d on t h e i n p u t me as ur e m en t c o r r e s p o n d i n g

to a 1 mV o u t p u t .

D u ri n g t h e t e s t s e r i e s , t h e m e asu re me nt s yst em was periodically

ch e c k e d b y appl ying known in p u t s and c h ec k in g s h u n t cal voltages on

the c o n d i ti o n e r s . System compliances w ere also c h ec ke d and

 450

c a l ib r a t e d . The recorders w er e c h e c k e d with known volta ges bef or e

every test.
 451

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 APPENDIX B

INDIVIDUAL T E S T RESULTS

B. 1 G eneral

Ev er y single t e s t co n d u ct ed in this study is presented here

with the cu sto m ary plots of p a r a m e te rs me asured and t h e assoc iat ed

list of p a r a m e te r values. The ex ce pt io ns ar e four cyclic

stress-controlled tests on Wildlife sands co n d u ct ed at RPI a nd 6

co n d u ct ed by R.S. Ladd at WCC for which only the plots are

submi tt ed.

Ev er y d i f f e r e n t t e s t s er ie s is f o r conve nie nce summarized in a

separate table. The ta b le s are given in C h a p t e r 2 along with t h e

detailed anal yse s of t h e r e s u lt s ob ta in ed .

453
 454

B .2 Cyclic T riaxial S tr a i n - C o n tr o l led Tests on H ebe r Road Site

Channel Fill Sand

These tests are summarized in Ta bl e 2 .5 .1 in Section 2 . 5 . 2 of

C h a p t e r 2.

The symbols in t h e data ta b le s h a v e t h e following meaning:

N = n = nu m b e r of cycles
c c
TAU+ = pos itive cyclic s h e a r s t r e s s ( a ^ / 2 )

TAU- = n eg at iv e cyclic s h e a r s t r e s s ( 0 ^ / 2 )

TAU** = (TAU +) normalized with r e s p e c t to o

c
TAU-* = (TAU-) normalized with r e s p e c t to a
c
PP = u p = residual por e w a t e r p r e s s u r e

pp* = u* = u normalized with r e s p e c t to a

P c
 455

TEST No. 1
C H C F -M -T —0 .0 3 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL £qF 0.031 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .8 2 3

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o

o
IS)
U o

o
o
o .
0.00 6.00 12 OO 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n.

******************** D A T A V A L 8 2 S #** * * •* * * * * » * * ••* * * ••

Sc TA0* T 40 ♦* TA0- TAD-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PS I)
5. 1. 281 0. 092 - 1 . 106 - 0 .0 8 0 1.462 0.105 0.895
10. 1.250 0.090 - 1.063 -0 .0 7 6 2. 154 0. 155 0 .8 4 5
20. 1. 181 0. 095 - 1.000 -0 .0 7 2 3.077 0.222 0.778
30. 1.125 0.081 -0 .9 7 5 -0 .0 7 0 3. 308 0.238 0 .7 6 2
 456

TEST No. 2
C H C F -M -T -0 .0 7 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL £cy— 0 .0 6 7 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .8 3 3

oO .O O 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o
U o

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

******************** D A T A V A L D E S *********************
He TAD* TAD** TAO- TAD-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(?SD iPSI) (PSI)
1. 1.682 0 . 121 -1 .7 4 4 -0 .1 2 6 1.705 0. 123 0 .8 7 7
2. 1.713 0. 123 -1 .6 2 0 - 0 . 117 2.791 0.201 0.799
5. 1 .(*95 0.108 -1 .3 3 9 -0 .0 9 6 4.496 0 .3 2 4 0 .6 7 6
10. 1. 308 0. 094 -1 .0 6 5 - 0 .0 7 7 6.202 0.446 0.554
20. 1.152 0.083 -0 .8 1 0 -0 .0 5 8 7. 597 0 .5 4 7 0 .4 5 3
30. 0 .9 6 6 0. 070 -0 .6 7 9 - 0 .0 4 9 8.295 0.597 0.403
 457

TEST No. 3
C H C F -M -T —0 .3 3 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL SciF 0 .3 3 3
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0.811

oO .OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o

o
m
u o

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

*******************• D 1 T 1 V A L D E S *********************
Nc T AU♦ T AD♦* TA0- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 2. 877 0. 207 - 1 .9 3 9 - 0 . 140 7 .9 0 7 0.569 0.431
2. 1.726 0.124 -1 .1 2 6 -0 .0 8 1 10.155 0.731 0 .2 6 9
5. 0 .8 3 8 0 .0 6 0 - 0 .4 8 8 - 0 .0 3 5 11.628 0.837 0.163
10. 0 .5 2 5 0.038 -0 .2 2 5 -0 .0 1 6 12.248 0. 882 0 . 118
19. 0 . 375 0 .0 2 7 - 0 .0 7 5 - 0 .0 0 5 12.558 0.904 0 .0 9 6
 458

TEST No. 4
C H C F -D -T -0 .0 3 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL £cy= 0 .0 3 3 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .7 4 5

Tcr S

6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o. 30.00 36.00
o .o o 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n

******************** D A T A ( A I M S * * * * * * * * * * « * * •* •» ••* •
NC TAU + T AO♦* TA0- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 1.386 0. 100 - 1.473 -0 .1 0 6 0.541 0.039 0.961
2. 1.441 0. 104 -1 .4 5 4 -0 .1 0 5 0 .8 4 9 0 .0 6 1 0.939
5. 1.355 0. C98 - 1 . 405 - 0 . 101 1.544 0.111 0.889
10. 1.232 0.039 -1 .3 5 5 -0 .0 9 8 2. 316 0 . 167 0.833
20. 1. 109 0. 030 - 1 .2 6 3 -0 .0 9 1 3.552 0.256 0.744
30. 1.047 0.075 -1 .2 3 2 -0 .0 8 9 4 .0 1 5 0 .2 8 9 0.711
 459

TEST No. 5
CHCF-D-T—0.07 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL £cy= 0.067%
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0.745

oO.OO 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o

o
in
U o'

o
o
o
0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12 0 0 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n,

•••* •* •* •* * •* * •* * * * * d a t a t a l u k s *********************
He r au » TAD** TAD- TAIJ-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
5. 1.733 0. 125 - 1.547 -0 .1 1 1 3.629 0.261 0 .7 3 9
10. 1.454 0.105 -1 .3 3 0 -0 .0 9 6 5. 173 0 .3 7 2 0 .6 2 8
20. 1. 176 0 .0 8 5 - 1. 101 - 0 .0 7 9 6.409 0.461 0 .5 3 9
30. 1.021 0.074 -0 .9 7 8 -0.070 7 .3 3 5 0. 528 0 .4 7 2
 460

TEST No. 6
CHCF—D - T - 0 .3 3 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL £cy~ 0 .3 3 3 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .7 3 0

oO.OO 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o

o
m
U o

o
o
o
0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n.

******************** D A T A V A L U E S *********************
Nc TAU* TAU** TA0- TAU-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSD (PSI)
1. 3 .4 5 2 0 .2 4 8 -1.911 -0 . 138 7.004 0 .5 0 4 0 .4 9 6
2. 1.972 0 . 142 - 1. 146 -0 .0 8 3 9.183 0.661 0.339
5. 0.851 0.061 -0 .4 9 3 -0 .0 3 5 10.273 0 .7 4 0 0 .2 6 0
10. 0 .4 9 3 0. 035 -0 .2 5 9 - 0 .0 1 9 10.818 0.779 0.221
20. 0 .2 9 6 0.021 -0 .1 4 8 -0 .0 1 1 11.051 0. 796 0 .2 0 4
 461

TEST No. 7
C H C F -V D -T -0 .0 7 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL £<*= 0 .0 6 7 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0.671

in

m
o

T cv o

in

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 30.00 36.00

a

o
m
o

o
o
d 36.00
0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

******************** D A T A V A L D E S * * * •••* * * * •••••••••* •

He TAU* TAD** TA0- TA 0-* PP pp* 1-PP *
(PSD (PS D (P S I)
1. 2.810 0 .2 0 2 - 2 .1 2 3 • 0 .1 5 3 0 .8 4 9 0 .0 6 1 0 .9 3 9
2. 2 .8 7 2 0 . 207 - 2 . 0 2 9 - 0 . 146 1 .5 4 4 0 .1 1 1 0 .8 8 9
5. 2 .5 9 1 0 . 187 - 1 .8 4 2 - 0 .1 3 3 2 .7 8 0 0 .2 0 0 0 .8 0 0
10. 2 . 310 0 . 166 - 1 .6 8 6 - 0 . 1 2 1 3 .7 0 6 0 .2 6 7 0 .7 3 3
20. 1 .9 6 7 0 .1 4 2 - 1 .5 1 1 - 0 .1 0 9 5 .0 9 6 0 .3 6 7 0 .6 3 3
30. 1 .7 6 1 0 . 127 - 1 .3 S 9 - 0 . 1 0 1 5 .7 1 4 0 .4 1 1 0 .5 8 9
 462

TEST No. 8
C H C F -V D -T -0 .3 3 STRAIN CONTR.
HEBER ROAD PREP.: RECONST.
CHANNEL FILL £<*= 0 .3 3 3 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .6 9 4
o
in

o
in
o

o
in
T

6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

******************** D A T A T I L D E S *********************
Nc TA0* TA0>* TA0- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSU (PSI)
1. 7.702 0. 555 -2 .6 9 8 -0 .1 9 4 6.486 0 .4 6 7 0 .5 3 3
2. 4. 771 0. 34 3 -1 .9 2 6 - 0 .1 3 9 3.339 0 .6 0 0 0.400
5. 2.183 0. 157 -1 .0 7 9 -0 .0 7 8 10.115 0 .7 2 8 0 .2 7 2
10. 1.092 0. 079 - 0 .6 1 3 -0 .0 4 4 10.810 0. 778 0 .2 2 2
20. 0.515 0 .0 3 7 -0 .3 5 6 -0 .0 2 6 11.273 0 .8 1 2 0 . 183
30. 0 .3 6 8 0. 026 -0 .2 5 8 - 0 .0 1 9 11.428 0.823 0 .1 7 7
 463

B.3 Cyclic NGI DSS S tra i n -C o n tr o ll ed T e s t s on Wildlife S and s

T h e s e t e s t s a r e summarized in Tabl e 2 . 5 . 2 in Section 2 . 5 . 3 . 2 of

C h a p t e r 2.

T h e symbols in t h e data ta b le s hav e t h e following meaning:

N = n = num be r of cycles
C 0

TAU + = posi ti ve cyclic horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s

TAU- = n eg at iv e cyclic horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s

TAU+* = (TAU+) normalized with r e s p e c t to a^c

TAU-* = (TAU-) normalized with r e s p e c t to a^c

PP = u r = residual po r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e

pp* = u* = u normalized with r e s p e c t to a

r vc
 464

TEST No. 1
CWAI—D S S -0 .1 ( 1.) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: INTACT
LAYER A, 8.9 ft 7 cy = 0 .1 0 %

CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .8 5 0

' ey o

, 0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o

o
m
U d

o
o
o.
0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12.00 16.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n (

* * ••* ••••* « * ••« * •* •• D A T A V A L D E S

He TAD* TAD** TA0- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSU (PSI)
1. 2.023 0. 095 -2 .1 4 8 -0.101 0.540 0.0 2 5 0 .9 7 5
2. 2. 117 0. 099 - 2 . 148 -0 .1 0 1 0 .8 5 8 0.040 0.960
4. 2.179 0.102 -2 .1 4 8 -0 .1 0 1 1.557 0 .0 7 3 0 .9 2 7
5. 2. 185 0. 102 - 2 . 166 -0 .1 0 2 2.065 0.097 0.903
8. 2 .1 6 0 0.101 -2 .1 1 7 -0.099 3.907 0. 183 0 .8 1 7
10. 2.067 0 .0 9 7 -2 .0 2 9 -0 .0 9 5 5.083 0.238 0.762
16. 2.023 0.095 -2 .0 2 3 -0 .0 9 5 6 .0 3 6 0 .2 8 3 0 .7 1 7
30. 2 .0 2 3 0 .0 9 5 - 2 .0 4 2 - 0 .0 9 6 6 .1 9 5 0.291 0 .7 0 9
 465

TEST No. 1a
C W A I-D S S -0 .1(1 .) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: INTACT
LAYER A, 8.9 ft 7cr= 0.99%
CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .8 5 0

Tof o

> 0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

0.00 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n

******************** C A T ! V A L U E S *********************
He TAU* TAB** TAB” TAB-* PP PP* 1-PP*
CPSI) (PSD (PSI)
1. 5.161 0.242 -4 .5 9 4 -0 .2 1 5 15.566 0.730 0 .2 7 0
2. 2.911 0. 137 - 3 . 147 - 0 . 148 16.995 0.797 0.203
4. 2 .3 6 0 0. 111 -2 .2 0 3 -0 .1 0 3 18.647 0.875 0 .1 2 5
5. 2. 124 0. 100 - 2 .0 4 5 -0 .0 9 6 18.806 0.882 0.118
3. 1.652 0.077 -1 .4 6 3 -0 .0 6 9 20.077 0.942 0.058
10. 1. 731 0. 081 -1 .6 5 2 -0 .0 7 7 20.172 0.946 0.0S4
16. 1.164 0.055 -1 .1 4 9 -0 .0 5 4 20.966 0 .9 8 3 0 .0 1 7
30. 0 .7 8 7 0. 037 - 0 .7 8 7 - 0 .0 3 7 21.443 1.006 -0 .0 0 6
 465

TEST No. 2
C W A I-P S S -1 .0 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: INTACT
LAYER A, 9.2 ft 7<r= 1.0 %
CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .8 0 6

Tcy o

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o

o
m
d

o
o
o.
0 .0 0 6 .0 0 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

•* * * •* ••* * * * * * •* « * * • D A T 1 V A L U E S * * * ••••* ••••••••* •••*

He tab* TAU** TAU- TA0- * PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 5.774 0. 271 - 3 .7 4 5 -0 .1 7 6 14.660 0.686 0.312
2. 3.589 0.168 -2 .3 4 1 - 0 . 110 17.155 0. SOS 0 .1 9 5
4. 2.419 0. 113 - 1 .5 2 9 -0 .0 7 2 19.339 0.907 0.093
5. 2 .1 0 7 0.099 -1 .1 5 5 -0 .0 5 4 19.650 0.922 0.076
8. 1.842 0. 086 -0 .8 5 8 - 0 .0 4 0 20.586 0.966 0.034
10. 1.592 0. 075 -0 .7 8 0 -0 .0 3 7 20.742 0 .9 7 3 0 .0 2 7
16. 1. 389 0. 065 -0 .4 8 4 -0 .0 2 3 21.210 0.995 O.OOS
30. 1.561 0.073 -0 .2 9 7 -0 .0 1 4 2 1 .5 2 2 1.009 -0 .0 0 9
32. 1. 170 0 .0 5 5 - 0 .3 1 2 -0 .0 1 5 21.522 1.009 -0 .0 0 9
 46 7

TEST No. 3
C W A R -D S S -0 .1( 1.) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A ”^ c y — 0 .1 0 %

CYCLIC DSS e = 0.891

’ey o

o
,0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o
m
U 6

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n.

« * * * ••* •••* ••* •* •# •• d a t a v a l u e s •••* ••••••••* •••* ••••

He TAD* TAD** TA0- TAD-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 1.996 0. 094 - 1 .8 4 2 -0 .0 8 6 0.805 0.038 0.962
2. 2.303 0.108 -1 .8 1 1 -0 .0 8 5 1.301 0.061 0.939
4. 2. 39 5 0. 112 -1 .8 1 1 - 0 .0 8 5 2.416 0.113 0.887
5. 2 .4 2 5 0.114 -1 .7 5 0 -0 .0 8 2 3.098 0 . 145 0.85S
8. 2. 364 0. 111 -1 .6 5 8 - 0 .0 7 8 4.709 0.221 0.779
10. 2.364 0.111 -1 .6 4 6 -0 .0 7 7 5. 390 0. 253 0 .7 4 7
16. 2.364 0. 111 -1 .5 3 5 - 0 .0 7 2 6.970 0.327 0.673
30. 2.333 0.109 -1 .5 0 4 -0 .0 7 1 7.435 0. 349 0.651
 468

TEST No. 3a
CWAR—D S S-0.1(1.) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A 1.00 %
CYCLIC DSS e = 0.891

ro

Tey o

6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o
m
d

o
o
o .
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n.

A T A VA L 0
NC 7A0+ TAU** TAU- TAU-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSU (PSI)
1. 4 .2 3 8 0. 199 -3 .1 7 9 -0 . 149 17.348 0.8 1 4 0 .1 8 6
2. 2. 19 5 0. 103 -1 .5 8 9 - 0 .0 7 5 19.206 0.901 0.099
4. 1.362 0.064 -0 .9 0 8 -0 .0 4 3 20.600 0.966 0.034
5. 0 .9 8 4 0. 046 -0 .6 0 5 -0 .0 2 8 21.375 1.003 -0 .0 0 3
6. 0.908 0.043 -0 .4 0 9 -0 .0 1 9 21.623 1.014 -0 .0 1 4
10. 0 .7 8 7 0.037 -0 .4 2 4 -0 .0 2 0 21.685 1.017 -0 .0 1 7
16. 0 .6 0 5 0.028 -0 .3 3 3 -0 .0 1 6 21.685 1.017 -0 .0 1 7
18. 0 .6 0 5 0. 028 -0 .3 0 3 -0.0*U * 21.716 1.019 -0 .0 1 9
 469

TEST No. 4
C W A R -D S S -1.0 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A 7cf= 1.00%
CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .8 8 6

T er o

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

o

o
m
e>

o
o
o
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

* ••* * •* •* * * * * * * •* ••* d a t a v a l u e s *********************

Nc TA0+ TA0+* TA0- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSD (PSI)
1. 4.274 0.200 -3 .3 5 8 -0 .1 5 8 17.633 0 .9 2 7 0 . 173
2. 1.632 0. 036 -1 .2 2 1 -0 .0 5 7 19.457 0.913 0.087
4. 1.069 0.050 -0 .5 5 0 -0 .0 2 6 20.917 0.981 0 .0 1 9
5. 1.023 0. 048 -0 .4 2 7 -0 .0 2 0 21.038 0.987 0.013
3. 0.840 0.039 -0 .3 0 5 -0 .0 1 4 21.342 1.001 -0 .0 0 1
10. 0 .794 0 .0 3 7 - 0 . 290 -0 .0 1 4 21.373 1.002 -0 .0 0 2
16. 0.733 0.034 -0 .2 2 9 -0 .0 1 1 21.586 1.012 -0 .0 1 2
30. 0 .656 0 .0 3 1 0 .0 - 0 .0 21.738 1.020 -0 .0 2 0
31. 0.672 0.032 0 .0 -0 .0 21.738 1.020 -0 .0 2 0
 470

TEST No. 5
C W B 1-D S S-0.1Q .) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: INTACT
LAYER B, 14.2ft *Ycy~ 0 . 1 0 %

CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .7 8 6

K>

T"cy o

6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n

* * « * • •• •* • * •• * •• * * * * d a t a v a l u e s *********************
HC TAD* TAD** TAD- TA0- * PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) CPSI) (PSI)
1. 2. 171 0. 102 - 2 . 171 - 0 . 102 0.782 0.037 0.963
2. 2 .3 8 9 0.112 -2 .1 7 1 -0 .1 0 2 1.501 0.070 0.930
4. 2.420 0. 113 - 2 . 140 - 0 . 100 3.253 0.153 0.847
5. 2.451 0.115 -2 .0 4 7 -0 .0 9 6 4 . 128 0. 194 0 .8 0 6
8. 2. 389 0. 112 -1 .9 5 4 - 0 .0 9 2 5.630 0.264 0.736
10. 2.389 0.112 -1 .9 4 8 -0 .0 9 1 5.943 0. 279 0.721
16. 2. 327 0. 109 -1 .8 3 0 - 0 .0 8 6 7.600 0.356 0.644
30. 2 .2 6 5 0.106 -1 .6 9 4 -0 .0 7 9 9 .3 8 3 0. 440 0.560
 471

TEST No. 5a
C W B I-D S S -0.1(1.) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: INTACT
LAYER B, 14.2f+ — 7cy= 0 .9 9 n
CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .7 8 6

. *
cy

q O.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 / 1.00 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

O '.___

o
m
o

o
o
d
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24u00 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

******************** D A T ! f K L 0 ES ••* * * •* ••* •* •* * •* * ••*

Nc TA0* TA0** TA0- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 4 .3 3 7 0. 203 - 4 . 151 -0 .1 9 5 18.609 0.873 0.127
2. 2.478 0.116 -2 .1 6 8 -0 .1 0 2 19.704 0.924 0 .0 7 6
4. 1. 549 0 . 073 -1 .3 6 3 - 0 .0 6 4 2 0.330 0.954 0.046
5. 1.363 0.064 -1 .3 0 1 -0 .0 6 1 20.955 0 .9 8 3 0 .0 1 7
8. 0 .9 29 0. 044 -0 .4 9 6 -0 .0 2 3 2 1.513 . 1.009 -0 .0 0 9
10. 0.367 0.041 -0 .3 1 0 -0 .0 1 5 21.737 1.020 -0 .0 2 0
17. 0 .7 4 3 0. 035 - 0 . 434 - 0 .0 2 0 22.050 1.034 -0 .0 3 4
 472

TEST No. 6
C W B I-D S S -1.0 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: iNTACT
LAYER B, 14.5ft 7<*= 0 .9 8 %
CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .7 5 7

7"ey o

q O.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o ___

o
m
o

o
o
d 0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

•* * * * •••* •••* * * ••* * * D A T ! v a l u e s ****•** •* * * * * * » * ••* ••

NC TAU+ TA0+* TAU- TAU-* ?P PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSfl (PSI)
1. 4.541 0.213 -4 .0 0 2 -0 . 188 15.601 0 .7 3 2 0 .2 6 8
2. 2 .6 1 7 0. 123 - 3 .3 8 6 - 0 . 159 17.300 0.811 0.189
4. 1 .616 0.076 -2 .1 5 5 -0 . 101 19.771 0 .9 2 7 0.0 7 3
5. 1. 308 0. 061 -1 .9 7 0 -0 .0 9 2 20.235 0.949 0.051
8. 0.7 7 0 0.036 -1 .5 3 9 -0 .0 7 2 21.007 0.945 0 .0 1 5
10. 0 .6 9 3 0 .0 3 2 -1 .3 8 5 -0 .0 6 5 21.007 0.985 0.015
14. 0.462 0.022 -1 .2 6 2 -0 .0 5 9 21 .3 1 6 1.000 0 .0 0 0
4
 473

TEST No. 7
CWBR-DSS-0.1Q.) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B 'ycr~ 0 .1 0 Y*
CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .7 6 2

icy o

q O.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o

o
m
U d

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n (

******************** D A T A V A L D E S * *»**•*•***•*•**•***•
Nc TAD* TA0** TA0- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
{PSD JPSD (P SI)
1. 2 .0 0 5 0.094 -2 .5 5 2 -0 .1 2 0 1.685 0.079 0.921
2. 2.005 0. 094 -2 .5 8 2 - 0 . 121 3.217 0.151 0.849
4. 1.884 0.088 -2 .6 4 3 -0 .1 2 4 4. 289 0. 201 0.799
5. 1.853 0. 087 -2 .6 4 3 - 0 . 124 4.350 0.204 0.796
a. 1.762 0.083 -2 .6 6 1 -0 .1 2 5 4.596 0 .2 3 6 0 .7 8 4
10. 1. 732 0. 081 - 2 . 674 - 0 . 125 4.534 0.213 0.787
16. 1.701 0.080 -2 .7 3 4 -0 .1 2 8 4 .9 0 2 0. 230 0.770
 474

TEST No. 7a
C W B R -D S S -a,1(1.) STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B 7cr= 0.9 9 V*
CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .7 6 2

K)

6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o

o. 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n,

••••* * * « * * •* * * ••* ••* D i l i V A L D E S *********************

EC TAD* TAD** TAD'* TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSD (PSD (PS1)
1. 5.313 0.249 -4 .8 6 4 -0 .2 2 8 14.093 0.661 0 .3 3 9
2. 2 .8 4 4 0 . 133 - 2 . 499 - 0 . 117 18.872 0.885 0.115
4. 1.272 0 . 060 -1 .9 4 6 -0 .0 9 1 19.853 0.931 0.0 6 9
5. 0 .8 9 8 0 . 042 - 1. 826 -0 .0 8 6 20.159 0. 946 0.054
8. 0 .5 6 9 0.027 -1 .4 9 7 -0 .0 7 0 20.741 0 .9 7 3 0 .0 2 7
10. 0 .4 4 9 0. 021 - 1 . 467 -0 .0 6 9 20.894 0.980 0.020
16. 0.224 0 . 011 -1 .2 7 2 -0 .0 6 0 21. 139 0 .9 9 2 0 .0 0 8
30. 0 .0 3 0 0 . 001 - 1 . 197 -0 .0 5 6 21.446 1.006 -0 .0 0 6
 475

TEST No. 8
C W B R -D S S -1.0 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B 7 cy = 0 .9 9 %

CYCLIC DSS e = 0 .7 5 0

o
o

cy o
0
1

o
K)
0
1

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n,

******************** D i t i v a l u e s *********************
Be TAD* TAD** TA0- TA0-* PP pp* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSD (PSI)
1. 4.741 0.222 -6 .4 4 2 -0 .3 0 2 16. 102 0 .7 5 5 0 .2 4 5
2. 2 .6 3 4 0. 124 - 3 .5 3 7 - 0 . 166 13.077 0.848 0.152
4. 1.881 0. 088 -1 .2 7 9 -0 .0 6 0 19.900 0 .9 3 3 0 .0 6 7
5. 1.806 0. 085 - 1. 204 -0 .0 5 6 20.811 0.976 0.024
8. 1.204 0. 056 -0 .7 5 3 -0 .0 3 5 21. 115 0. 990 0.010
10. 1.054 0. 049 -0 .4 5 2 -0 .0 2 1 21.570 1.012 -0 .0 1 2
16. 1.024 0.048 -0 .2 2 6 -0.011 21.570 1.012 -0 .0 1 2
30. 0.888 0 .0 4 2 0 .0 -0 .0 2 t . 570 1.012 -0 .0 1 2
32. 0.858 0.040 0 .0 - 0 .0 21.570 1.012 -0 .0 1 2
 476

B .4 C y c l i c T r i a x i a l S t r a i n - C o n t r o l l e d T e s t s o n W ildlife S a n d s

T hese te sts are su m m arized in T a b l e 2 . 5 . 3 in S e c tio n 2 . 5 . 3 . 3 o f

C h a p t e r 2.

T h e s y m b o l s in t h e d a t a t a b l e s h a v e t h e fo llo w in g m e a n i n g :

N = n = n u m b e r of c y c le s
c c
TAU+ = p o s i t i v e c y c l i c s h e a r s t r e s s (a^/2)
TA U - = n e g a tiv e cy c lic s h e a r s t r e s s ( o ^ / 2)

T A U +* = (T A U + ) n o r m a l i z e d w ith r e s p e c t to o
c
TA U -* = (T A U -) n o r m a l i z e d w ith r e s p e c t to ac
PP = u r = r e s i d u a l p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e

PP* = u* = u
r
n orm alized w ith re s p e c t to ac
 477

TEST No. 1
C W A R -T -0 .0 2 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A £cy= 0 .0 2 0 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .8 5 2

T <* S

2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

******************** D A T ! A I D E S *********************
NC TAD* T AO TAO- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
IPSZ) (PSI) (PS I)
1. 1. 540 0 . 111 - 1.478 - 0 . 106 0 .1 5 5 0.011 0 .9 8 9
2. 1.602 0 . 115 -1 .4 6 6 -0 .1 0 6 0 .3 1 1 0 .0 2 2 0 .9 7 8
5. 1.632 0. 118 - 1.417 -0 .1 0 2 0.466 0.034 0 .9 6 6
10. 1 .509 0. 109 -1 .4 2 9 -0 .1 0 3 0 .6 8 3 0 .049 0.951
20. 1. 583 0. 114 - 1.405 - 0 . 101 0.916 0.066 0 .9 3 4
30. 1.571 0 . 113 -1 .3 6 8 -0 .0 9 8 1.009 0 .0 7 3 0 .9 2 7
 478

TEST No. 2
CWAR—T - 0 .0 7 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A 0 .0 6 7 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0.851

12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
o

o
in
U o

o
o
o
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n<

******************** D A T A v a l u e s *********************
He IAU+ TAU»* TA0- TA0-* PP pp* 1-pp*
(PS I) (P s q (PSI)
1. 3.6 6 5 0.264 -2 .7 1 0 -0 . 195 1. 165 0 .0 8 4 0 .9 1 6
2. 3.739 0. 273 - 2 . 600 - 0 . 187 1.553 0.112 0.888
5. 3.739 0.269 -2 .4 3 3 -0 .1 7 5 2.719 0. 196 0.8 0 4
10. 3.604 0. 259 - 2 .2 3 6 - 0 . 161 3.534 0.254 0.746
20. 3.370 0.243 -2 .0 3 3 -0 .1 4 6 4.699 0. 338 0 .6 6 2
30. 3. 185 0. 229 - 1.891 -0 .1 3 6 5.437 0.391 0.609
 479

TEST No. 3
C W AR -T—0 .2 0 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A £cy= 0 .2 0 0 %

CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .8 4 6
o
in

o
in
o

o
in
0
1

6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 36.00

* in
U o

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 36 .0 0

NUMBER O f CYCLES, n c

******************** DAI * V A I U B S *********************

Nc T A0* T A0 ♦* TAO- XAU-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) IPS I)
1. 7. 265 0. 523 -2 .7 0 9 - 0 . 195 3.962 0.285 0.715
2. 5.763 0.415 -2 .2 1 6 - 0 . 160 5. 462 0.393 0 .6 0 7
5. 4 .0 39 0.291 -1 .5 1 5 - 0 .1 0 9 7.692 0.554 0.446
10. 2.634 0.193 -0 .9 8 5 -0 .0 7 1 9. 115 0.656 0 .3 4 4
20. 1.441 0.104 -0 .4 9 3 - 0 .0 3 5 10.000 0.720 0.280
30. 0.362 0.062 -0 .2 8 3 -0 .0 2 0 10.385 0.748 0 .2 5 2
 480

TEST No. 4
C W A R -T -0 .6 7 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A £c/= 0 .6 6 7 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .8 4 6
o
in

o
m
o

o
in
0
1

o
in
7

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o.oo 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n

******************** g u t VALUE S
NC TAU+ TA0** TAO— TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSD tPSI)
1. 13.197 0. 950 -2 .7 9 5 -0 .2 0 1 9 .6 1 5 0 .6 9 2 0 .3 0 8
2. 7 . 111 0 . 512 - 1. 553 - 0 . 112 11.154 0.803 0.197
5. 2.111 0.152 -0 .5 5 9 -0.040 12.538 0 .903 0 .0 9 7
10. 0 .6 5 2 0. 047 - 0 . 155 -0 .0 1 1 12.769 0.919 0.081
20. 0.311 0. 022 0.0 - 0 .0 13.038 0.939 0.061
30. 0.279 0. 020 0.0 -0 .0 13.077 0.941 0.059
 481

TEST No. 5
C W A R -T—1.35 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER A £ c 1. 347%
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .8 4 7
o
m

o
m
o

0
’ey m
d
1

o
in
7

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n

******************** D A T A V A L U E S *********************
NC T AU♦ TAO** TAO- TAO- * PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 15.375 1. 107 - 2 .0 1 3 - 0 . 145 13.851 0.997 0 .0 0 3
2. 4. 149 0. 299 -0 .6 7 1 -0 .0 4 8 13.851 0 .9 9 7 0 .0 0 3
5. 0.610 0. 044 -0 .0 6 1 -0 .0 0 4 13.851 0 .9 9 7 0.003
10. 0.366 0 . 026 0 .0 - 0 .0 13.851 0 .9 9 7 0 .0 0 3
30. 0 .2 4 4 0. 018 0 .0 -0 .0 13.851 0.997 0 .0 0 3
 482

TEST No. 6
C W A I-T -0 .7 0 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: INTACT
LAYER A, 9 .2 5 ft £ c p 0 .7 0 2 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .8 2 6

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o

o
in
U o*

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n,

******************** D A T A V A L U E S * * * * •* •* * •* * •* * * •* •* •
He TAO* T AO♦* TA0- TAO- * PP pp* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 6. 338 0. 456 - 3 .6 9 7 0.266 8.595 0.619 0.381
2. 4.225 0.304 -2 .4 6 5 ■0. 177 9.881 0.711 0 .2 8 9
5. 2 .4 6 5 0. 177 -1 .4 0 8 0. 101 11.182 0.805 0.195
10. 1.643 0.118 -0 .8 5 7 0 .0 6 2 11.832 0 .8 5 2 0 .1 4 8
30. 0 .8 1 0 0. 058 -0 .2 8 2 0.020 12.622 0.909 0.091
 483

TEST No. 7
C W BR -T-0.02 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B £ cr= 0 .0 2 0 %

CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0.751

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o

o
m
U o'

o
o
o.
0 .0 0 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n,

******************** D A T A V A L U E S * * * * * * * * * * •* * * •* •••••
HC TAO* TAD** TAO- TAD-* PP PP* 1-PP*
IPSI) (PSJ) (PSI)
1. 1.389 0. 136 -1 .7 8 4 -0 .1 2 8 0. 156 0.011 0.989
2. 2 .0 1 3 0. 145 - 1 .7 6 6 -0 .1 2 7 0.234 0 .017 0.983
5. 2 .0 4 4 0.147 -1 .7 5 3 -0 .1 2 6 0 .3 4 3 0 .0 2 5 0.975
10. 2 .0 4 4 0. 147 -1 .7 3 5 - 0 . 125 0 .452 0.033 0.967
20. 2 .0 6 9 0.149 -1 .6 8 5 -0 .1 2 1 0 .6 3 8 0 .0 4 6 0 .9 5 4
30. 2.075 0. 149 -1 .6 7 3 - 0 .1 2 0 0.638 0.046 0.954
 484

TEST No.
C W B R -T -0 .0 7 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B £cy= 0 .0 6 7 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .7 5 7

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o

o
in
u o'

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n c

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * D A T A V A L U E S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Nc TAUt TAU+* TAU- TAU-* PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSD (PSI)
1. 2 3.179 1.669 -5 .3 1 6 -0 .3 8 3 6.007 0 .4 3 2 0 .5 6 8
2. 15.9 16 1. 146 - 3 . 554 -0 .2 5 6 8.332 0.600 0 .4 0 0
5. 6 .7 9 9 0.489 -1 .7 0 0 -0 . 122 10.463 0.753 0 .2 4 7
10. 1. 731 0. 125 -0 .6 8 0 - 0 .0 4 9 10.851 0.781 0.219
30. 0 .1 5 5 0.011 0 .0 -0*0 11.238 0.809 0 . 191
 485

TEST No. 9
CWBR—T - 0 .2 0 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B £cy~ 0.199 %
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .7 5 9

,0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

o

o
m
U d

o
o
o.
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n.

******************** d a t a v a l u e s *********************
He TAU* TAU+* TAtJ- TA0-* PP PP* 1-pp*
(PSI) (PSD (PSI)
1. 4.694 0.338 -1 .2 2 9 -0 .0 8 9 4.241 0. 305 0 .6 9 5
2. 4. 222 0. 304 - 0 . 844 -0 .0 6 1 5.836 0.420 0.580
5. 3 .2 2 9 0.232 -0 .5 3 4 -0 .0 3 8 8. 131 0. 585 0 .4 1 5
10. 2. 272 0. 164 - 0 . 348 - 0 .0 2 5 9 .4 5 4 0.681 0.319
20. 1.304 0. C94 -0 .1 8 6 -0 .0 1 3 10.699 0 .7 7 0 0 .2 3 0
30. 0 .8 0 7 0. 058 - 0 . 087 - 0 .0 0 6 11.205 0.807 0.193
 486

TEST No. 10
C W B R -T -0 .6 7 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B 0 .6 7 4 y%
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0.751

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

O

O
lO
u o

o
o
o .
0.00 6.00 12 OO 18.00 24.00 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0
NUMBER OF CYCLES, n.

******************** DATA VAL DES *********************

Nc T 40 ♦ tj »o ** TAD- 14 0- * PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
1. 4. 367 0. 350 -3 .5 3 6 - 0 .2 5 5 1.167 0.084 0.916
2. 5 .359 0.386 -3 .4 8 7 -0 .2 5 1 1.984 0. 143 0 .8 5 7
5. 5. 39 6 0 . 389 -3 .3 5 1 - 0 . 241 2.412 0.174 0.826
10. 5.396 0 .3 8 9 -3 .2 0 3 -0 .2 3 1 3. 190 0. 230 0 .7 7 0
20. 5.273 0. 380 - 3 . 055 -0 .2 2 0 3.891 0.280 0.720
30. 5 .1 5 0 0.371 -2 .9 5 7 -0 .2 1 3 4.280 0. 308 0 .6 9 2
 487

TEST No. 11
CW BR-T—0 .6 8 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B 0 .6 8 1 %

CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .7 6 4
o
in

o
m

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n.

AT A VA L0
He TAU + TA0+* TAO- TAO- • PP PP* 1-PP*
(PSI) (PSI) 1PSI)
1. 23.7H4 1. 709 - 4 . 379 -0 .3 1 5 6.007 0.432 0.568
2. 16.035 1.154 -2 .7 7 5 -0.200 8 .6 4 2 0 .6 2 2 0 .3 7 8
5. 6 .6 3 0 0. 477 -0 .7 7 1 -0 .0 5 5 10.657 0.767 0.233
10. 1.950 0.133 -0 .1 5 4 -0 .0 1 1 11.161 0 . 804 0 . 196
30. 0. 308 0. 022 0. 154 0.011 11.432 0.823 0.177
 488

TEST No. 12
C W B R -T -1 .3 5 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: RECONST.
LAYER B £ c /= 1 . 3 5 0 •/.

CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .7 5 9
o
in

o
n
o

'ey o
in
0
1

o
in
7

oO.OO 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n,

******************** D A T A 7 A L 0 B S *********************
NC TAD* 7 AU♦* TA0- IA0- * PP pp* 1-PP*
IP 31) (PSI) (PSI)
2. 17.844 1. 285 -2 .9 2 3 -0 .2 1 0 12.523 0.902 0.098
5. 2.461 0. 177 -0.461 -0 .0 3 3 13.223 0 .9 5 2 0 .0 4 8
10. 0. 246 0. 018 -0 .0 9 2 - 0 .0 0 7 13.418 0.966 0.034
30. 0.123 0. 009 -0 .0 3 1 -0 .0 0 2 13.418 0.966 0 .0 3 4
 489

TEST No. 13
C W B R -T -0 .6 8 STRAIN CONTR.
WILDLIFE SITE PREP.: INTACT
LAYER B, 13.67ft £cy= 0 .6 8 2 y ,
CYCLIC TRIAX. e = 0 .6 6 0
o
in

o
in
o

o
m
0
1

o
in
T
6.00 12.00 t8.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 6 .0 0

NUMBER OF CYCLES, n,

******************** D A T A V A L 0 2 S *********************
Nc TAU* TA3** TAU- TA0-* PP PP* 1-PP*
IPS I) (PS3) (PSI)
1. 9.849 0.709 -2 .9 6 1 -0 .2 1 3 7 .9 3 4 0.571 0 .4 2 9
2. 5. 300 0. 418 - 1.873 - 0 . 135 9.490 0.683 0 .3 1 7
5. 2.5 9 8 a . 187 -0 .9 0 6 -0 .0 6 5 10.968 0.790 0.210
10. 1. 233 0. 089 -0 .5 0 8 - 0 .0 3 7 11.045 0.795 0.205
30. 0.302 0.022 -0 .1 8 1 -0 .0 1 3 11.263 0.811 0 . 189
 490

B .5 M o n o to n ic T r i a x i a l T e s t s on W ild life S a n d s

T hese te sts are su m m arized in T a b l e 2 . 5 . 4 in S e c tio n 2 . 5 . 3 . 4 o f

C h a p t e r 2.

T h e s y m b o l s in t h e d a t a t a b l e s h a v e t h e fo l l o w i n g m e a n i n g :

E PS = c = a x ia l s t r a i n

TAU = x = s h e a r s t r e s s (0 ^ /2 )

TAU* = t* = t norm alized w ith r e s p e c t to o

c
PP = u = p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e

P P * = u n o r m a l i z e d w ith resp ect to o

0
 491

ui

o
T

o
o
o
o

o
o
b

o
o

0.00 4 .0 0 8.00 12.00 16.00

TEST No. 1
AXIAL STRAIN, £
S W A R -T -S L
WILDLIFE SITE
o
LAYER A
CYCLIC TRIAX.
SLOW MONOTONIC
in
c PREP.: RECONST.
£ = 0 .0 0 0 8 4 V s e c
e = 0 .8 2 0
0.00 0 .5 0 1.00 1.50 2.00
 492

TEST Ho. 1
SHAH-T-SL
HILSLXEE SITE
LAIEB A
CYCLIC THI AX.
SLOB HOHOZOHIC
PBEP. : BECOHST.
6 =•0.00 084 X/sec
e = 0.820
************ D A T A 7 A I. 0 g S •**•*•***•*
EPS TAO TAO* PP PP* p/SIG 3
(X) {PSI) <j/SIG3 (PSI)
0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 1.000
0 .0 2.592 0. 187 1.308 0.094 1.092
0.120 4.813 0.347 2.924 0.211 1. 136
0.241 7 .0 35 0. 506 3. 694 0. 266 1.241
0.361 8.269 0.595 4.001 0.288 1.307
0.481 9. 133 0.657 3.924 0.283 1.375
0.601 9.873 0.711 3.617 0.260 1.450
0.650 10.243 0.737 3.540 0.255 1.483
0.770 10.613 0.764 3.463 0.249 1.515
0. 890 10.984 0. 791 3. 232 0.233 1.558
1.131 11.724 0.844 3.078 0.222 1.622
1.323 12.094 0. 871 2.847 0. 205 1.666
1.564 12.465 0.897 2.462 0.177 1.720
1.684 13.082 0.94 2 2.385 0. 172 1.770
1.925 13.329 0.960 2.232 0.161 1.799
2.093 13.822 0. 995 2. 155 0.155 1.840
2.406 14.069 1.013 1.893 0. 136 1.877
2. 526 14.316 1. 031 1.616 0. 116 1.914
2.767 14.563 1.048 1.493 0. 107 1.941
3.007 14.686 1.057 1.462 0.105 1.952
3.368 15.180 1.093 1.385 0.100 1.993
3.850 15.550 1. 120 1.077 0. 078 2.042
4.283 16.044 1.155 0.923 0.066 2.089
5.462 16.537 1. 191 0.616 0.044 2 . 146
6.015 16.908 1.217 0.462 0.033 2. 184
6.977 17.401 1. 253 0.416 0.030 2.223
7.868 17.895 1.288 0.154 0.011 2. 277
8.541 18.142 1.306 - 0 . 154 -0 .0 1 1 2.317
 493

CN

♦
T

o
o

o
o
o

o
o
T

o
0
<N
1 TEST No. 2
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16 00
AXIAL STRAIN, £ S W A R -T -FS
WILDLIFE SITE
o
o LAYER A
CYCLIC TRIAX.
o FAST M0N0T0NIC
m
q /3 o PREP.: RECONST.
£ = 5 . 3 %/ s e c
o e = 0 .8 5 7
o
d.
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
 494

TBST Mo. 2
SBAB-T-PS
BILDLIFE SITE
LAISB A
CICLIC TRIAX.
FAST flONOTONIC
PBEP.: BECONST.
4 = 5 . 3 X /sec
e = 0.8 5 7
************ D A T A 7 AL 0 2 g ***********
EPS TAO TAO* PP PP* P/SIG3
(*) (PSI) q/SIG 3 (PSI)
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1. 000
0 .0 0. 496 0.036 0.155 0.011 1.025
0 .0 2 4 1.983 0 . 143 0.930 0 .0 6 7 1.076
0.048 3.223 0.232 1.705 0.1 2 3 1. 109
0.0 9 7 4.4 6 3 0. 321 2.325 0. 167 1.154
0 . 121 5.4 5 5 0.393 2.7 9 0 0.2 0 1 1. 192
0 . 193 6. 570 0 . 473 3.069 0 .2 2 1 1.252
0.290 7.314 0.527 3.1 7 8 0.229 1.298
0.4 1 1 8 . 182 0. 589 3. 131 0.2 2 5 1.364
0.5 0 8 9.0 5 0 0.652 3.023 0.2 1 8 1.434
0 .6 0 5 9 .7 9 3 0. 705 2. 852 0.2 0 5 1.500
0.701 10.413 0.750 2.604 0.1 8 7 1.562
0 .8 9 5 11.033 0. 794 2.325 0 .1 6 7 1.627
1.088 11.529 0 .8 3 0 2.139 0. 154 1.676
1. 330 12.149 0. 875 1.891 0 .1 3 6 1.738
1.572 12.521 0.901 1.705 0 . 123 1.779
1.314 12.769 0 .9 1 9 1.612 0 .1 1 6 1.803
2 .0 5 6 13.141 0.946 1.519 0 .1 0 9 1.837
2 .6 6 0 13.513 0 . 973 1.411 0 . 102 1.871
3.5 0 7 13.884 1.000 1.426 0 .1 0 3 1.897
4 . 160 14.070 1.013 1.550 0 .1 1 2 1.501
5.200 14.256 1.026 1.736 0 . 125 1.901
6.5 3 0 14.380 1. 035 1.938 0. 139 1.896
13.423 14.628 1.053 2.868 0 .2 0 6 1.847
 495

0.00 4 .0 0 8 .0 0 12.00 16.00

No. 3
AXIAL STRAIN, £ S W B R - T -S L
WILDLIFE SITE
LAYER B
CYCLIC TRIAX.
SLOW MONOTONIC
0*37°
q/q; s PREP.: RECONST.
£ = 0 .0 0 0 8 4 % / sec
e = 0 .760

2.00
 496

TEST Ho. 3
SHBB-T-SL
UlLDLITS SITE
tilE H B
CICLIC TRIAX.
StOM SOHOTOHIC
PBEP.: RECOHST.
£ »0.00084X /sec
e » 0.760
************ D i l i V A L U E S ***********
EPS TIO TAO* PP PP* P/SIG3
(X) (PSI) •J/SIG3 (PSI)
0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 1. 000
0.024 2. 4 78 0.178 0.808 0.058 1. 120
0.07 2 4.833 0. 348 1.923 0.138 1.209
0.097 7.187 0.517 3.077 0.222 1.296
0. 121 8. 674 0. 624 3.269 0.235 1.389
0.242 11.028 0.794 3.423 0.246 1.548
0.314 14.870 1. 071 2.308 0. 166 1.904
0.362 16.109 1.160 1.846 0.133 2.027
0.386 17.224 1. 240 1.385 0. 100 2.140
0.386 17.967 1.294 1.000 0.072 2.222
0.483 20. 198 1. 454 -0 .1 9 2 -0 .0 1 4 2.468
0.604 23.543 1.695 -2.269 -0.163 2.858
0.676 25.154 1. 811 -3 .4 6 2 -0 .2 4 9 3.060
0. 725 26.022 1.873 -4.231 -0.305 3. 178
0.749 27.880 2.007 -5 .3 8 5 -0 .3 8 8 3.395
0.918 30.483 2.195 -7.308 -0.526 3.721
1.038 31.969 2. 302 -7 .6 9 2 -0 .5 5 4 3.855
1.087 33.704 2.427 -9 .5 0 0 -0.684 4. 110
1.328 37. 79 3 2. 721 12.500 -0 .9 0 0 4.621
1.449 39.528 2.845 -13.654 -0.983 4.829
 497

4 .0 0 8 .0 0 12.00
No. 4
AXIAL STRAIN, £ -*§WBR-T—FS
WILDLIFE SITE
LAYER B
CYCLIC TRIAX.
FAST MONOTONIC
♦=37°
PREP.: RECONST.
i - 5 .3 * 4 /s e c
e = 0 .7 5 9
 498

TEST Ho. 4
SHBS-T-FS
WILDLIFE SITE
LAYEB 0
CYCLIC TBIAI-
FAST HOHOTOHIC
PBEP.: BECOHST.
£ = 5 . 3%/sec
e = 0.759
•«**•**•**** D A I A A L U 2 S ***********
EPS TA0 TAO* PP PP* P/SIG3
(X) (FSI) q/SIG3 (PSI)
0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 1. 000
0.048 0. 342 0.02 5 0.125 0.009 1.016
0.073 1. 554 0. 112 0.701 0.050 1.061
0.097 3.730 0.269 1.713 0. 123 1. 145
0. 121 5.906 0. 425 2.491 0. 179 1.246
0.145 7.771 0.559 2.772 0.200 1.360
0. 169 8.704 0. 627 2. 803 0.202 1.425
0.218 10.258 0.739 2.725 0. 196 1. 54 2
0.266 11.502 0. 828 2.413 0.174 1.654
0.363 14.144 1.018 1.791 0.129 1.889
0.387 16.320 1. 175 0. 856 0.062 2.113
0.484 13.341 1.320 -0.125 -0.009 2. 329
0.605 21.449 1. 544 -1 .7 9 1 -0 .1 2 9 2.673
 499

B.6 Cyclic T riaxial S tre s s - C o n tr o lle d T ests on Wildlife Sands

C ond ucted a t RPI

T h e s e t e s t s a r e sum m arized in T ab le 2 . 5 . 5 in Section 2 . 5 . 3 . 5 of

C h a p te r 2.
 500

TEST No. 1
WILDLIFE SITE PREP. INTACT
LAY.A, 9 . 0 8 f t SR= 0 .2 5 5
CYCLIC TRIAX. CTC = 0 . 5 K s f
S T R E S S C O NTR e = 0 .7 3 3
o
o

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF C Y C L E S , n c
 501

TEST No. 2
WILDLIFE SITE P R E P .. INTACT
L A Y .B , 1 4 . 7 5 f t SR= 0 .2 6 2
CYCLIC TRIAX. CTC = 0 . 5 K s f
S T R E S S CONTR e = 0 .7 4 3

* m
U

o .o o 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF C Y C L E S , n c
 502

TEST No. 3
WILDLIFE SITE PREP. INTACT
L A Y .B , 1 4 . 2 5 f t SR= 0 .3 3 7
CYCLIC TRIAX. Ofc = 1.0 K s f
S T R E S S CO N TR e = 0 .7 1 7
o
o

* in
U

0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

NUMBER OF C Y C L E S , n
 503

TEST N o . 4
WILDLIFE SITE PREP. INTACT
L A Y .B , 1 3 . 5 f t SR = 0 .3 3 9
CYCLIC TRIAX. <TC = 2 .0 Ksf
S T R E S S CONTR e = 0 .7 0 9
o
o

o
0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36 00
NUMBER O F C Y C L E S , n (
 504

B.7 Cyclic T riaxial S tr e s s - C o n tr o lle d T ests on Wildlife S ands

C o n d u cted a WCC

T h e s e t e s t s a re summarized in T able 2 . 5 .6 in Section 2 . 5 . 3 . 6 .

 505

CYCLI C S T R E S S - C O N T R . TEST
TES T NO . 1

WILDLIFE SAND A
S I G 3 - 1 . 0 0 KSF, SR = 0 . 2 5
SAMPLE NO. 2A
2 0 .0
STRAIN
10.0
AXIAL
0.0
CYCLIC
-10.0
-20.0
PRESS.
1.0

*
NORM. ,POR.
0.5
0.0

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

 506

CYCLI C S T R E S S - C O N T R . TEST
T E S T NO, 2

W ILDLIFE SAND fl
S I G 3 - 1 . 0 0 KSF, SR = 0 . 3 0
SAMPLE NO. 2fl
20.0
STRAIN
10.0
AXIAL
0.0
CYCLIC
-10. 0
-20. 0

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

PRESS
1.0

^ ---------- r= s w r = ^ r i
s'
-J /
POR.
0.5

1/
NORM.
.0.0

1 ' T “ M
,'o D '
_

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

 507

CYCLI C S T R E S S - C O N T R . TEST
TEST NO . 3

WILDLIFE SRND R
S I G 3 = 2 . 0 0 KSF, SR = 0 . 2 5
SRMPLE NO. 8R

CC 2
CL o
cn

o V
o o

10
NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES
an •
QJ
QC
Q_

O °
CL

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

 508

CYCLI C S T R E S S - C O N T R „ TEST
TEST NO 0 4

WILDLIFE SRND R
S I G 3 - 1 . 0 0 K5F, SR = 0 . 3 0
SRMPLE NO. 8R

o-

CD

cc o

cc

o r
O O
o
CM

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

CD o
CD •
LJ
QZ
CL

CL

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

 509

CYCLI C S T R E S S - C O N T R . TEST
TEST NO. 5

WILDLIFE SRND B
5 1G3=1 . 0 0 K5F, SR = 0 . 2 5
SRMPLE NO. 8B
20.0
STRRIN
10.0
RXIRL
0.0
CYCLIC
10.0
-
20.0
-

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

PRESS.
1.0

!
<
it
0.5
POR.
NORM.
0.0

10° * ' 101 ' ' io 2 ' ' 103

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES
 510

CYCLI C S T R E S S - C O N T R . TEST
TEST N O . 6

W ILDLIFE SAND B
S I G 3 - 1 . 0 0 KSF, SR = 0 . 3 2 5
SAMPLE NO. 8B

o
CM

cn

uz o
x d
CC

CJ
°
o 2
—>
V

o
CM

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

cn o
cn
LJ
CL
CL

g d
Q_
. o
i d-
□ .

NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES

 APPENDIX C

SUMMARY OF USER’S MANUAL FOR

’DESRAMOD’ COMPUTER PROGRAM

T h is is th e modification of th e original "DESRA-2" p ro gram

w ritte n by Michael K.W. Lee an d W.D. Liam Finn (1978). T he

origin al p ro g ra m DESRA-2 is c h a n g e d to accomodate t h e Pore P r e s s u r e

Model b y D obry et al. (1985), a n d is named DESRAMOD.

I n tr o d u c t o r y S ta te m e n t:

The major modification of DESRA-2 p ro g ra m c o n s is te d of

c h a n g in g th e pore p r e s s u r e s u b r o u tin e . The rest of th e original

p ro g ra m was c h a n g e d mainly to accomodate p r o p e r in teractio n with th e

newly in tro d u c e d s u b r o u tin e . T herefore, to la rg e ex ten t th e

d e s c rip tio n of in p u t c a r d s and s u b r o u tin e s in th i s manual is e ith e r

w ritte n in t h e same form at an d along t h e same lines of th e original

manual of DESRA-2 (Lee and F inn, 1978), o r is copied from it. The

sample problem and g r a p h ic s of DESRAMOD are original an d w ere

g e n e r a te d b y t h e a u t h o r u sin g t h e IBM/4341 co m p u ter and facilities of

th e C enter for I n te r a c tiv e C om p uter G rap h ics of th e R en sselae r

P olytechnic I n s tit u te , T r o y , N .Y .

T h e o p tio n s NLINEL = 1 (A nalysis C ontrol C a rd ) an d NEQ = 0

(Dynamic A nalysis Control C ard) h av e not been te sted with

DESRAMOD a n d th e r e f o r e th e y sh ou ld be te s t e d p r i o r to t h e i r u s e .

511
 512

tn o rder to fu lly u n d e r s ta n d th e th e o re tic al b a c k g ro u n d of

DESRA-2, and hence DESRAMOD, co m p u ter code, t h e read in g of t h e

original manual (Lee and Finn, 1978) and r e f e re n c e by Finn et al.

(1977) is e s s e n tia l.
 513

CONTENTS

C l. P reface

C2. DESRAMOD Program Id en tification an d A b s tr a c t

C3. DESRA-2 Program Identification Information and A b s t r a c t

C4. D escription of In p u t C ard s

C5. S u b r o u tin e s of DESRAMOD

C6. Summary of T heo retical B a c k g ro u n d

6.1 G eneral

6 .2 N onlinear Dynamic A nalysis of a Soil Profile

6.3 S t r e s s - S t r a i n B ehavior Model

6.4 Pore P r e s s u r e Model

6 .5 P ore P r e s s u r e D issipation an d R e d istrib u tio n Model

6 .6 E n e r g y T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a ry
 514

C 1. PREFACE

The c o m p u te r p rog ram DESRAMOD is a modification of th e

origin al DESRA-2 p ro g ram b y K.W. Lee an d W.D. Liam Finn (1978).

T h e p o r e p r e s s u r e ro u tin e in DESRA-2 an aly sis u s e s a p o re p r e s s u r e

model by Finn et al. (1977). T h is model is develo ped for one

directio n al cyclic loading only and is b ased on th e relation between

th e volum etric s tr a i n s in th e d r a in e d simple shear te st and th e

c o r r e s p o n d in g p o re p ressure b u ild u p s t h a t would h av e d ev elo ped if

t h e t e s t was u n d r a in e d . T h e model p a ra m e te rs a r e o b ta in ed from a

s e rie s of d r a in e d ( d r y s a n d ) cyclic simple s h e a r t e s t s . Since in th e

d r a in e d t e s t th e volum etric s tr a in d e c r e a s e c a u s e s material h a r d e n in g ,

th e h a r d e n in g e ffe c t is also in c o rp o ra te d into DESRA-2, to g e th e r with

th e s o fte n in g e f fe c t caused by th e p o re w a te r pressure b u ild u p

(d e c r e a s in g of effe c tiv e s t r e s s e s ) .

In t h e DESRAMOD an aly sis th e p o re pressure s u b r o u tin e u ses

th e p o re p ressure model by D obry et al. (1985). Besides one

directio n al load in g, th is model can also approx im ately a c c o u n t fo r th e

additional p o r e p r e s s u r e b u ild u p g e n e r a te d by th e second horizontal

d ire c tio n of loading. The model is b ased d ir e c tly on th e p o re

pressure m e asurem ents in th e cyclic s tr a in - c o n tr o lle d u n d ra in e d

( c o n s ta n t volume) te sts, an d c o n s e q u e n tly does not includ e th e

h a r d e n in g e ffe c t.
 515

T he- main modification of DESRA-2 co n siste d of ch a n g in g

p ra c tic a lly completely th e s u b r o u tin e for p o re pressure b u ild u p

g e n e r a tio n , PPGEN, an d small c h a n g e s in t h e s u b r o u tin e PPDISN f o r

p o re p r e s s u r e d is s ip a tio n . In o r d e r f o r th is two s u b r o u tin e s to w ork

upon call from th e MAIN p ro g ra m , MAIN had to be modified

a c c o rd in g ly . Also, th e o u tp u t of d ata on I/O u n it 7 for la ter

p lo ttin g was c h a n g e d .
 516

C2. DESRAMOD PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION AND ABSTRACT

Program Name: DESRAMOD

Program T i tle :

Dynamic E ffective S tr e s s R esponse A nalysis of a Soil Profile

DESRA-2 Modified to Accomodate D o b ry 's Pore P r e s s u r e Model.

D a te : D ecem ber, 1985

A u th o r of M odification:

Mladen V u c e tic , P h .D . S tu d e n t , Civil E n g in e e rin g D ep artm en t,

R e n s s e la e r P olytechnic In s titu te , T r o y , N.Y.

C om puter R equ irem en ts

T h e co m p u ter p ro g ram is w ritte n in FORTRAN IV and has been

tested on IBM/4341 C o m pu ter. 52,000 w ords of c o re s to r a g e on th is

co m p uter is r e q u ir e d to run th e p ro gram .

A b s tr a c t

T h e p ro g ra m calculates a re s p o n s e of a h o rizon tally la y ered soil

profile s u b je c te d to a b a se in p u t e a r t h q u a k e motion r e p r e s e n t e d b y a

tim e-acceleratio n h is to r y re c o rd . T h e method is based on a s e t of

c o n s titu tiv e laws which accou nt fo r e f f e c ts of n o n lin ear and d e g r a d in g

cyclic b e h a v io r of soils. T he p rog ram is specifically in te n d e d to

simulate th e p o re pressure b u ild u p and d issip atio n an d asso ciated

 517

so ften in g an d d e g ra d a tio n of fully s a tu r a t e d s a n d d e p o s it s , in clud in g

t h e a s s e s s m e n t of liqu efactio n. It is f u r t h e r in te n d e d to show w h at

e ffe c ts th e cyclic d e g ra d a tio n of th e se d e p o s its may have on th e

overall p e rfo rm a n c e of t h e soil profile composed o f d if f e r e n t clay ,

s a t u r a t e d s a n d , as well as d r y sa n d la y e rs.

T h e p o re p r e s s u r e model utilized in t h e p ro g ra m is t h e model

p ro p o se d b y D obry e t al. (1985).

T h e e ffe c t of fin ite rig id ity of th e soil p rofile b a s e can also be

ta k e n into a c c o u n t, an d is app ro x im ate d by a d a s h p o t model. The

dashpot is located at t h e in p u t b a se in te rfa c e a n d sim ulates th e

e n e r g y tra n sm issio n th r o u g h th e b a s e .

How th e p ro g ra m o p e r a te s is illu s tr a te d in th e enclosed flow

ch art.
 518

READ IN DATA

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
FOR X, X, X , y ETC.

PORE PRESSURE
IF REQUIRED CHANGE SHEAR MODULUS
& OTHER PARAMETERS

RECONSOLIDATION
CALCULATION

PRINT OUTPUT &/OR

OUTPUT DATA FOR
PLOTTING

/M O RE \ YES
INCREMENTS ?

NO

STOP

FLOW CHART
 519

C3. DESRA-2 PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION AND

ABSTRACT

Program Name: DESRA-2

P rogram T i t l e :

Dynamic E ffective S tr e s s R espon se A nalysis of Soil Deposits with

E n e rg y T ra n s m ittin g B o u n d a ry in c lu d in g A ssessm en t of

Liquefaction Potential

D a te : J u n e 23, 1978

A u th o rs:

Michael K.W. Lee and W.D. Liam F in n , F aculty of Applied

S cience, U n iv e rs ity of B ritish Columbia, V a n c o u v e r, B .C .,

V6T 1W5

C o m p u ter R e q u ire m e n ts :

T h e co m p u ter p ro g ram is w ritte n in FORTRAN IV a n d has been

d e v elo p ed an d t e s t ru n th r o u g h t h e u s e of an IBM 370/168 com p uter.

4 6 ,000 w ords of c o re s to r a g e on th i s c o m p u ter is r e q u ir e d to run t h e

p ro g ra m .

A b stract

A m ethod of e f fe c tiv e stre ss a n a ly sis is d ev elo p ed fo r th e

re stric ted but p ra c tic a lly im p o rta n t ca se of a h o rizo n tally lay ered

sa tu ra te d s a n d d e p o s it s h a k e n b y horizontal s h e a r w aves p ro p a g a tin g

v e rtic a lly upw ards. T h e method is b a s e d on a set of c o n s titu tiv e

laws which ta k e into a c c o u n t im p o rtan t f a c to r s t h a t h av e been known,

 520

at th e tim e th e prog ram was d e v e lo p e d , to a ffe c t t h e re s p o n s e of

satu rated sands to e a r t h q u a k e loading including t h e g e n e ra tio n an d

d issip atio n of p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e s . Effect of fin ite r ig id ity a t t h e

b a s e of t h e d e p o s it is ap p roxim ated b y u sin g a dashpot model to

sim ulate t h e e n e r g y tr a n s m ittin g b o u n d a r y .

Pore pressure model utilized in th e p ro g ram is d e s c r ib e d in

detail by Finn e t al. (1977).

 521

C4. DESCRIPTION OF INPUT CARDS

In g en era l t h r e e main ty p e s of problem s can be solved b y th is

c o m p u te r p ro g ra m , namely,

(a) Dynamic R esp on se Only - in th is case, only th e

dynam ic re s p o n s e of a horizontal soil d e p o s it is

calcu la te d ; t h e e ffe c t of p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e is not

inclu ded in t h e a n a ly s is .

(b) Dynamic R esponse In cluding t h e Effect of Pore Water

P r e s s u r e G e n e ra te d as a R esult of Cyclic Loading -

in th is an aly sis th e p o re w a te r p ressure calculated

f o r each la y e r is assum ed to b e confined w ithin th e

la y e r an d no r e d is trib u tio n n or dissip atio n is

allowed.

(c) Dynamic R espo nse Inclu din g G e n eratio n ,

R e d istrib u tio n and D issipation of Pore Water

P ressu re - th is inclu des calculation as f o r (a) and

(b ) and, in a d d itio n , th e co n so lid atio n -d issip atio n

equation is applied to t h e p o re w a te r p ressure

valu es f o r each time s te p .

T h e t y p e of an aly sis to b e c a r r i e d o u t by t h e co m pu ter is controlled

by s p e c ify in g th e value of NPTYPE as d e s c r ib e d in C ard 2 .2 . A

maximum of 20 la y e r s can be an aly zed and t h e la y ers a r e n u m b e re d 1

to 20from th e s u r f a c e dow n. Key in p u t v a ria b le s a r e e x p lain ed in

t h e o r d e r of in p u t c a rd s as follows:
 522

1 T itle C a r d (20A4)

Cols. 1-80 TITLE E ighty c h a r a c te r s to d e s c r ib e t h e

problem .

2 A nalysis C ontrol C a r d (2QI4)

Cols. 1-4 NPTYPE A nalysis co ntro l n u m b e r

= 1, dynam ic re s p o n s e o n ly ; Most

efficien t way f o r dynamic re s p o n s e only

(no p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e g e n e r a tio n ) ,

= 2, dynam ic re s p o n s e + p o re w a te r

p r e s s u r e g e n e r a tio n ,

= 3 , dynam ic re s p o n s e + p o re w a te r

p r e s s u r e g e n e ra tio n + d is s ip a tio n .

Cols. 5 -8 NLAYER Number of soil la y ers u sed in t h e

an aly sis (maximum 20).

9-12 NMAT Number of material c o n s ta n t s e ts

(maximum 20).

13-16 NVOL = 0, f o r p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e

calcu la tio n s, ( th is nu m b e r is u sed only

when NPTYPE > 1 ) .

17-20 NHARD = 0 ( th is n u m ber is u sed when NPTYPE

> 1) .
 523

21-24 NLINEL = 0, to r e q u e s t t h e u s e of h y p e rb o lic

stre ss-stra in ,

= 1, to r e q u e s t t h e u s e of c o n s ta n t

valu es fo r s h e a r moduli a n d dam ping.

25-28 NDAMP For includ ing viscou s dam ping in

addition to in h e r e n t h y s t e r e t i c d am ping,

= 1, dam ping coefficients a r e re a d from

in p u t c a r d s ,

= 2, to r e q u e s t calculation of dam ping

co efficients b y a[M] + P[K]^_Q

29-32 NBT = 0, fo r zero p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e a t th e

top b o u n d a r y of NFIRST la y e r

(d is s ip a tio n )

= 1, f o r zero flow a t t h e to p b o u n d a r y

of NFIRST la y e r

33-36 NBB = 0, f o r zero p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e a t th e

bottom b o u n d a r y (d is s ip a tio n ) of NLAST

la y e r,

= 1, f o r zero flow a t t h e bottom

b o u n d a r y of NLAST la y e r.

Note t h a t both NBT a n d NBB a r e used

when NPTYPE = 3.
 524

37-40 ITERRV = 1, to call t h e s u b r o u tin e CHEKRV so

t h a t when r e v e r s a l o c c u rs a recalculation

of all t h e time d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s is

r e p e a te d f o r t h e time s te p b y u sin g two

smaller time s te p s ,

= 0, not to call t h e s u b r o u tin e CHEKRV.

41-44 ICKFB = 1, to a p p ly c o rre c tio n f o r c e fo r th e

d e p a r t u r e of t h e s t r e s s - p o i n t from th e

stre ss-stra in cu rve,

= 0, no c o rre c tio n f o r c e s .

45-48 ITMBY = 1, to in clude t h e e ffe c t of finite

r ig id ity a t th e b a s e of t h e d e p o s it,

= 0, rig id b a s e u s e d f o r t h e d e p o s it.

49-52 ICRDB1 = 0

53-56 ICRDB2 = 0

57-60 NFIRST = Number of t h e to p s a t u r a t e d sand

la y e r c o n s id e re d f o r p o re p r e s s u r e

g e n e ra tio n and d issip atio n calculation.

 525

61-64 NLAST = N um ber of t h e bottom s a tu r a t e d san d

la y e r c o n s id e re d fo r p o re p r e s s u r e

g e n e ra tio n and d issip atio n calculation

S a tu r a t e d sa n d d e p o s it lies betw een

NFIRST a n d NLAST, inclu ding t h e s e two

la y ers.

3 Layer D escription C a r d s (214,2F10 . 4 , 14)*(NLAYER C a rd s )

Cols. 1-4 MATYP(I) Material t y p e n u m b e r of t h e Ith la y e r.

5-8 NSUBD(I) Number of su b d iv is io n s of th e Ith la y e r

fo r p o re w a te r p r e s s u r e r e d is trib u tio n o r

dissip atio n calcu la tio n s. D efault v alu e =

2.

9-18 H (I) T h ic k n e s s of t h e Ith la y e r.

19-28 WIDTH(I) Width of t h e Ith la y e r.

29-32 ITWT(I) = 1, to in d icate t h a t t h e la y e r is abo ve

w a te r ta b le ,

= 0, to in d icate o th e rw is e .

As many c a r d s as t h e n u m b e r of la y e rs .

4 Material D escrip tion C a r d s (6F12.4)*(4*NMAT C a r d s )

-For each m a teria l, 24 c o n s ta n ts are r e q u ir e d so t h a t 4 c a r d s

are used. A lto g e th e r , th e re a r e 4*NMAT nu m b e r of c a r d s f o r th is

s e t.

Card 4 .1
 526

Cols. 1-12 GM$(I) Maximum s h e a r m odulus a t zero

volum etric s tr a i n .

13-24 TM*(I) Maximum s h e a r s t r e s s a t z e ro volum etric

s tr a i n .

25-36 (H 1(l) = 0. 0

37-48 H2CI) = 0.0

49-60 H 3(l) = 0.0
61-72 H 4(l) = 0. 0

C a rd 4 . 2 :

Cols. 1-12 C 1 (l) = 0. 0

13-24 C 2 (l) = 0.0

25-36 C 3 (l) = 0.0
37-48 C 4 (l) = 0.0
49-60 RBK2(I) C o n s ta n t f o r calcu la tin g re b o u n d moduli.

61-72 RBPM(I) C o n s ta n t fo r calcu la tin g re b o u n d moduli.

C a rd 4 . 3 :

Cols. 1-12 RBPN(I) C o n s ta n t f o r c a lcu la tin g re b o u n d moduli.

13-24 UWSAT(I) S a tu r a t e d u n it w eig h t of soil.

25-36 UWWET(I) Wet (B ulk) u n it w eig h t of soil.

37-48 PERM(I) Perm eability coefficien t.

49-60 ALPHA(I) C o n s ta n t a f o r calcu la tin g viscous

dam ping m atrix [C] = o[M] +B[K]t _Q.

61-72 BETA (I) C o n s ta n t 6

 527

C ard 4 . 4 : P aram e ters f o r p o re p r e s s u r e model.

Cols. 1-12 P2D(I) F actor "f" to acc o u n t f o r two directional

s h a k in g ,

= 1 .0 f o r one d irection al s h a k in g ,

= 2 .0 f o r two d irectio nal s h a k in g

13-24 PFAC(I) Pore P r e s s u r e p a ra m e te r "p"

25-36 PFUNG(I) F actor "F" of g(2f ) fu n ctio n

c

37-48 G TRE(I) Practical th r e s h o ld s tr a in 2f. of g(2f )

tp c
fu nction

49-60 PEXP(.) E x p o n en t "exp" of g(Jf ) fu nction

o

61-67 S et to 0 o r leave blank

C a rd s 4.1 th r o u g h 4 .4 are r e p e a te d f o r each m aterial I so t h a t a

total of 4*NMAT num b er of c a r d s a r e o b ta in e d f o r th i s s e t.

If ITMBY = 0, i.e ., a rigid b a s e is assum ed fo r th e d e p o s it,

ig n o re c a r d 5 an d go to c a rd 6 d ir e c tly .
 528

5 Properties of Base Sub-stratum (2F12.4)

Cols. 1-12 RHON Unit weight of b a s e material.

13-24 VS S h e a r wave velocity of b as e material.

6 Dynamic Analysis Control Ca rd (614,F10.3)

Cols. 1-4 NEQ = 0, f o r c o n s t a n t amplitude harmonic

excitation to be g e n e r a t e d by t h e

p ro gr am ,

= 1, f o r e a r t h q u a k e re co r d acceleration

in p u t from c a r d s ,

= any in t e g e r , sa y n, to i n s t r u c t t h e

pro gr am to g e n e r a t e harmonic excitation

with amplitude in c re as in g linearly from

zero to a c o n s t a n t val ue in n half

cycles.

5- 8 INTYP = 0, f o r us ing Wilson a nd Clough's

method of s t e p b y s t e p in te gr at io n,

= 1, f o r us ing Newmark's method of s te p

by s t e p in te gr at io n.

9-12 NC Total n um be r of of i n t e g r a t i o n s , i.e.,

duration of excitation is NC*DT seconds.

 529

13-16 NCPR Number of in te g r at i o n s don e between

each p r in t in g of values f o r time

d e p e n d e n t va ria b le s s uch as acc elera tion,

velocity, dis placeme nt, s t r e s s and s t r a i n ,

etc . For example, if DT is 0.01

se con ds a n d NCPR is 100 th e n values

will be p r i n t e d e v e r y second.

17-20 NCPRM Number of in t e g r a ti o n s on which each

p r i n t i n g of maximum values is b a s e d .

For example, if DT is 0.01 seco nd s and

NCPRM = 500 th e n maximum values t h a t

o c c u r r e d between 0- 5 , 5-10 se c o n d s ,

et c. will be p r i n t e d .

21-24 NPLD = 1, for o u t p u t on un it 7 f o r later

p lo tt in g , = 0, f o r no plot tin g.

25-34 DT Time s te p of i n t e g r a ti o n .

7 C o n s t a n t Amplitude Harmonic Excitation Data (2I4,2F10.0)

Omit th is c a r d if NEQ = 1.
 530

Cols. 1-4 NCINP Number of in t eg r at i o n s ( inc re me nt s) t h a t

a r e perform ed with sinusoidal exc itation.

For example, if DT = 0.01 sec, NC =

1000, an d NCINP = 500 t h e n f o r t h e

f i r s t 5 seconds exci tations will be

applied b u t from 5 to 10 se conds th e

r e s p o n s e will be d u e to f r e e v ib ra ti on .

5-8 NFTS = 1, fo r f t / s in sp eci fy in g AMP,

= 0 , f o r "GEE's" in specify ing AMP.

9-18 AMP Amplitude of sinusoidal in pu t.

19-28 OMEGA C ir c u la r f r e q u e n c y of sinusoidal input.

8 E a r t h q u a k e Record I n p u t Data ( 3 I 4 .F 1 0 . 2 ), (20A4) and (20A4)

T h e following c a r d s 8.1 an d 8.2 are for t h e case NEQ = 1, i.e.,

earthquake re co r d acceleration values as excita ti on , o th erw ise ignore

them.

Ca rd 8 . 1 :

Cols. 1-4 NCARD Number of e a r t h q u a k e re co r d c a r d s .

5-8 NREC Number of e a r t h q u a k e acceleration values

p er card.

9-12 NFTS = 1, in p u t val ue in f t / s ^ ,

= 0, in p u t values in "GEE's".
 531

13-22 RDFR Factor to be multiplied to t h e

acceleration val ues b e f o r e u sin g them in

t h e s t e p b y s t e p i n t e g r a ti o n . RDFR =

1.0 b y d e f au lt .

Card 8 . 2 ;

Cols. 1-80 FMT A format st at em en t , e . g . , (8F10.0)

i n s t r u c t i n g t h e co m p u te r to read t h e

acceleration va lu es .

Card 8 .3 :

Cols. 1-80 TITLE1 This ca r d is u s ed to d e s c r i b e th e

acceleration r ec o r d ( w h e t h e r it be

sinusoidal o r e a r t h q u a k e d at a) and

c h a r a c t e r s f o r labelling t h e acceleration

records. Thi s c a r d is n e c e s s a r y f o r

execution to beg in .

9 E a r t h q u a k e Acceleration Values (FMT)

Numerical val ues in a format compatible with FMT ar e used as

ac c el er a tio ns . T h e r e sh ou ld be NCARD n u m b e r of c a r d s .

END OF INPUT DATA

 532

C5. SUBROUTINES OF DESRAMOD

Ten s u b r o u t i n e s a r e used in th i s com put er pr o g ra m an d a b r ie f

d es cr ip t io n of t h e i r fu n c ti o n s is listed as follows:

1. MAIN: This con tro ls t h e s e q u e n c e of calculation

d e p e n d i n g on t h e t y p e of analysis

selected b y t h e i n p u t d a t a . Most of t h e

data r e q u i r e d to r u n t h e pr o gr am ar e

read in b y th i s rou tine .

2. BLOCK DATA: A block da ta s u b r o u t i n e f o r initializing

all t h e va ria bl es t h a t a r e in t h e 'common'

s ta t e m e n t s .

3. GETACC: To g e t acceleration values fo r ba s e

excitation in p u t . It e i t h e r read s

e a r t h q u a k e record acceleration values o r

g e n e r a t e s sinusoidally v a r y i n g

acceleration val ues .

4. SYSCKM: This s u b r o u t i n e contains t h e

s t r e s s - s t r a i n rela tio ns hip . It calculates

t h e c u r r e n t t a n g e n t s h e a r moduli and

th e n t h e s ti f fn e s s va l u es . It also forms

t h e s y s tem [C] and [K] ma trice s.

 533

5. S0LB2: The s u b r o u t i n e solves li near equations

with a b a n d e d coefficient matrix. The

half b a n d width is r e s t r i c t e d to two.

This solution is r e q u i r e d in th e s te p by

s te p integration method of dynamic

response.

6. CHEKRV: This s u b r o u t i n e check s f o r th e

o c c u r r e n c e s of s h e a r st r a i n re v e rs a l s by

d e t e c t i n g a c h a n g e of sign of t h e str ai n

inc rem ent . The location of t h e rever sa l

po int is det ermined by li near

interpo lat ion . I n te g ra tio n is the n

c a r r i e d o u t s e p a r a t e l y o v e r segments of

th e normal time inc rement bef or e and

after reversals.

7. INTSCH: S u b r o u t i n e f o r t h e in t e g r a ti o n s c h eme.

Eith er t h e Newmark's method or th e

Wilson a n d Clough's method of s t e p by

s te p int egration can be selected fo r the

calculation of dynamic re s p o n s e . T he

s u b r o u t i n e also cal culates all t h e

n e c e s s a r y matrices f o r t h e integ rat io n

time i n t e r v a l.
 534

8. PPGEN: S u b r o u t i n e fo r calculation of the pore

p r e s s u r e g e n eration inc re me n ts b y

D ob ry 's p o r e p r e s s u r e model. Pore

p r e s s u r e bu il d u p is calculated fo r e v e r y

half cycle of cyclic st r a i n a nd th e n

d i s t r i b u t e d to time increments o v e r t h e

per iod of unloading of th i s same half

cycle.

9. PPDISN: This s u b r o u t i n e r e d i s t r i b u t e s o r

di s s ip a t e s t h e p o r e w at er p r e s s u r e

values acc or din g to t h e consolidation

eq u at io n . It is called only when

NPTVPE = 3.

10. MAXVAL: This determines t h e maximum values of

acc eleration, s h e a r s t r e s s , shear strain,

volumetric st r a i n and po re w ate r

p r e s s u r e within specified i n t e r v a l s . For

example, it p r i n t s maximum values t h a t

o c c u r between 0-1, 1-2, 2-3 , ...

s ec on ds , e t c . , o r it p r i n t s maximum

v al ues between 0-2, 2-4, 4 - 6 , . . .

se c o n d s , etc .
 535

C6. SUMMARY OF THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

6.1 General

The DESRAMOD th eo ret ic al basis is composed of five models:

( a) model for dynamic re p r e s e n t a t i o n of a horizontally

l a y e r e d soil profile s h ak en a t its b as e,

(b) model of the soil stress-strain behavior under

repeated, cyclic loading and ass ociated sti ff ne s s

degradation,

(c ) model f o r the po r e p r e s s u r e b u il d u p in th e

s a t u r a t e d sa nd layers of t h e soil profile

(d) model f o r the p or e p r e s s u r e diss ipat ion and

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n in t h e s a t u r a t e d sand la y e rs , and

( e) model for e n e r g y trans mis sion into t h e soil profile

- •*

b a s e - simulation of t h e elastic soil profile b a s e .

Eve ry model listed abovae is e x t e n s i v e l y t r e a t e d in t h e DESRAMOD

manual (Vucetic, 1985). All t h e s e models, with expection of t h e por e

pressure model, a r e originally u se d by Lee and Finn in t h e DESRA-2

program, and a r e also d e s c r i b e d in DESRA-2 manual (Lee a n d Finn,

1978) as well as in t h e paper by Finn et al. (1977). In o r d e r to

fully understand t h e the oretical background of DESRA-2, and

DESRAMOD c o m p u te r co d e s , the re a d i n g of t h e s e two references is

s t r o n g l y recommended.
 536

6 .2 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis o f Horizontally Layered Soil Profile

The DESRAMOD co m pu ter code computes the d ist r i b u ti o n of

a c c e le r a ti o n s , velocities, shear s t r e s s e s , a nd shear s tr a i n s in t h e

horizontal soil la yer s of a soil profile shaken at its base

un idi rectionally by an earthquake. If the soil profile includes

saturated sand la yer s too, the pr ogram has a capability to compute

the po r e pressure b u il d u p , p or e pressure dissipation and p or e

pressure r e d is t r i b u ti o n in each of t h e s e l a y e r s . T h e acceleration-time

histroy input is prescribed at th e soil profile base, i.e., at t h e

i n t e r f a c e between t h e b a s e rock and th e soil profile. T h e ba s e rock

b o u n d a r y can b e abs o lu te ly rigid or an e n e r g y tr a n s m i t t i n g b o u n d a r y .

In o t h e r w o r d s, it may b e h a v e as an elastic b o u n d a r y .

T h e soil profile is r e p r e s e n t e d by a lumped mass multide gree of

f reedom sy stem in which a half of t h e mass of each two la y e r s is

lumped at their boundary. The dynamic equilibrium equation

( eq uat ion of motion) of th i s sy stem in matrix form is:

[M] {x> ♦ [C] {x} * [K] {x} = -[M]u ( t ) (C1)

where

[M] = diagonal mass matrix

[C] = viscous damping matrix

[K] = n o n - l i n e a r s ti f fn e s s matrix

Ug = time acceleration h i s t o r y i n p u t a t t h e soil profile b a s e .

 537

6 .3 S tress-S tra in Behavior Model

The stress-strain b eh av i or of soil material in DESRA-2 ana lysis

is p r o p e r l y c o ns id er e d to be nonlinear.

At a n y time inc rem ent , shear strain T of the i- th laye r is

app ro xi m ate d with:

where Xj a n d x. .j a r e the horizontal d is pl ac em en ts of t h e i-th and

( i - 1 ) - t h mass re s p e c t iv e l y , an d hj is t h e height of th e i- th la yer .

T h e s t i f f n e s s coefficient k. of t h e i-th la ye r is th a n

Gi 1 Ti T.(Jf.)
k. = - = ---------- = , (C3)
h. h. r. h. y.
I I I I I

where it is implied that the shear stress t., and hence k., is a

no nlinear functi on of t h e s h e a r s t r a i n T .

In DESRA-2 ana lysis the hy pe rb o li c stress-strain relatio ns hip

formulated b y Kondner a n d Zelasko (1963) is u s e d to describe these

nonlinear s p r i n g b e h a v i o r in t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r of t h e v e r y f i r s t cycle.

To d e s c r i b e unloading a n d reloading b r a n c h e s of t h e cyclic loops in

t h e s u b s e q u e n t cycles Masing cri te rio n is us ed (Masing, 1926).

 538

6 . 4 Pore P r e s s u r e Model

T h e cyclic st r a i n a p p r o a c h p r op os ed el sew h ere (D ob ry , et al.,

1982, 1985) to ev a l u a te develo pme nt of the residual pore w at er

p ressu res during earthquakes, is u s ed to p r e d i c t t h e por e p r e s s u r e s

in t h e s a t u r a t e d s a n d d e p o s it s of a soil profile in DESRAMOD. For

c o n ve ni en ce , in t h e ana lysis t h e residual p o r e p r e s s u r e bu il d u p , ur ,

is e x p r e s s e d in t h e normalized form, u*:

(C4)

where u* is sometimes called t h e residual p o r e w at er p r e s s u r e ratio,

o in t h e abov e equation is t h e initial ef fec ti ve vertical s t r e s s p r io r

VC

to shaking. T h e method is b as ed directly on the u n d r a i n e d cyclic

strain-controlled test results presented by the relationship between

u*, uniform cyclic s h e a r s t r a i n , t , and n u m b e r of cycles, n (D obry

c c

e t al. 1985):

P nc g ( r c y )
u* = (C5)

w h e r e v al u e of c o n s t a n t p and fu n ct i o n g ( 7 ) can be dete rmin ed by

cy
fitting d ir e c tl y the test results. It has been observed that for

v a r i e t y of s a n d s Eq. (C5) has t h e following form which includes f o u r

 539

ba sic p a r a m e t e r s : p, F, Jf^ a n d ex p:

px n x F x ( r -X. ) e x p
^ c c tp
u* = --------------------------- , (C6)

' ' V F x < V V eXP

T h e s e f o u r p a r a m e te r s can be easily ex p er m en ta ll y de t er m in e d .

Eq. (C6) d e s c r i b e s p or e p r e s s u r e b u il du p d u r i n g one directional

cyclic loading only. Two directional loading, which represents

two-dire ct ion al horizontal earthquake shaking, will generate larger

p o r e p r e s s u r e b u il d u p s th a n one directional and therefore it has to

b e ta k e n into ac c o u n t. In DESRAMOD t h e following approximation is

introduced.

In D o br y 's model, 9 ( * Cy) 's a functi on which represents a

t e n d e n c y of volumetric s tr a i n in a sing le u n d r a i n e d cycle of Jfcy as if

the test would have been drained. Dur ing an u n d r a in e d cyclic

strain-controlled te st, X is c o n s t a n t and h en ce g(3f) too, i . e . , th e

cy cy
tendency of volumetric s tr a i n in each sin g le cycle of th e

strain-controlled test is t h e same. Therefore, the e x p re s s io n n x

c

g(2f ) represents the cumulative fictitious volumetric s tr a i n that

cy
would hav e developed after n cycles of X , p r o v id e d that th e
c cy

specimen did not c h a n g e in volume d u r i n g cy cl ing .

Pyke e t al. (1975) c o n cl u de d, b as ed on t h e la rg e scale s h ak in g

ta b l e t e s t s , that s ett lem ent of d r y sands in multidirectional s h aki ng

mode is app roxim ately twice as much as when only one component of
 540

sh a k in g is applied to t h e s a n d . Given t h e fa c t t h a t function 9 ( * Cy)

represents a te n d e n c y of volumetric strain, which in th e field

condition corresponds r ou gh ly to the amount of sett lem ent , 9 ( * Cy)

multiplied b y a f a c t o r f=2.0 can be included in t h e model to ac co un t

f o r two directional e a r t h q u a k e s h a k in g effect:

p x f x n c x F x ( y c -*t p ) e x p
u* = -------------------------------- . (C7)
1+fxn x F x ( r ) ex p
c c tp

Eq. (C7) is the equation inc orp or a te d into the PPGEN

s u b r o u t i n e of DESRAMOD. As a l re ad y s t a t e d , p a r a m e te r s p, F, 3^

and e x p can be dete rmin ed d ir ec tly from t h e cyclic t e s t se ri e s . For

one directional sh a k in g f=1.0 is u s e d , an d f o r two directional seismic

s h a k in g f=2.0 is u s ed .
 541

6 .5 Pore P re ssu re Dissipation and Redistribution Model

If t h e s a t u r a t e d s an d la y er can d r a in d u r i n g s h a k in g t h e r e will

be simultaneous ge ne ra tio n and dis sipation of p or e water pressure.

Thus the r a t e of in c re as e of p o r e w a te r p r e s s u r e will be less th a n

for completely undrained sand. The d is tr i b u ti o n of p or e w ate r

p r e s s u r e a t time t is given by t h e equation

3u _ 3 k 3u 3u
— = E - (— • — ) * (— ) (C8)
3t 3z * 3z 3t y

in which u is t h e p or e w a te r p r e s s u r e , E the r e b o u n d modulus of

r
s an d s k el et on , k t h e permeability and Z t h e un it w ei gh t of wa ter.
w
T h e te rm ( 3 u / 3 t ) Cy r e p r e s e n t s t h e internal g e n e r a ti o n of por e water

pressure.
 542

6 .6 Energy-Transm itting Boundary

The assumption of infinite r igi dit y at the base of the soil

d e p os it , w h e r e motion is p r e s c r i b e d , does not allow a n y e n e r g y of th e

v i b r a t i n g soil de po s it to r ad ia te bac k into t h e u n d e r l y i n g medium. A

simple method of including t h e ef f ec t of t h e fini te r igi dit y of t h e b as e

material is s u g g e s t e d by Joyner an d Chen (1975). This method is

in c o rp o r a te d into the com put er p ro g ra m DESRA-2 and hence

DESRAMOD.

The method basically e va lu at e s the shear stress being

tr a n s m i t t e d ac ro ss the boundary between the soil d ep o s it and th e

u n d e r l y i n g medium. Thi s u n d e r ly i n g medium is assu med to be elastic

and the p r o p a g a t in g shear waves are plane waves tra v el li ng

v ert ic al ly . T h e details of t h e method a r e d e s c r i b e d in DESRA-2 and

DESRAMOD manual.
 APPENDIX D

HYSTERETIC EQUIVALENT DAMPING RATIO

FOR SOILS CHARACTERIZED BY

HYPERBOLIC BACKBONE CURVE

T h e e q u i v a l e n t damping ratio de t e r m in e d from a h y s t e r e s i s loop

like one shown in Fig. D1 is give n b y equ at ion :

Aw. Aw.
( D l)
Xh =
4ir 1 /2 (t 2f ) 2 tt( t Y )
cy cy cy cy

where Aw^ is t h e area inside t h e loop a n d r e p r e s e n t s t h e dis ip a te d

e n e r g y d u r i n g one cycle. According to Fig. D2, t h e area Aw^ is

Aw. = 4t t -2 F 0 = 2F, - 4t V . (D2)

h cy cy 2 I cy cy

If t h e origin of t h e coord ina te sy st em in Fig. Dl is now t r a n s l a t e d to

t h e point 0'(-Y , - t ) , as it is d o n e in Fig. D3, reloading p a r t of

cy cy
t h e h y s t e r e s i s loop is t h e n d e s c r i b e d by t h e equ at io n :

G (2f. /2)
I m
t ' ( y ’) = 2 t ( — ) = 2 ------------------ . (D3)

543
 544

If

T
m
K = ----- (D4)
G m

then

G *
ft\
T '(y ') = ------------------ . (D5)
1* Z (1/2K)

Recognizing f u r t h e r t h a t t h e ar ea is t h e integral of th e f unc ti on

T’( y ’) :

22T
cy y
F 1 = g / dy =
' m o l +y'(1/2K)

4 G m K [ y c y - K 4n(1* yc y / K ) ] , (D6)

t h e area Aw^ ca n be in t u r n obta ined by t h e following relation:

G y
m cy
(D7)
Aw. = 2F. - 4 y -------------
h 1 cy i* (y_/K )
cy

A f t e r i n s e r t i n g (D6) into (D7)

 545

Awh = 8GmK[yc y -K i n ( T l c y / K ) - 4 t c y yc y . (D8)

By f u r t h e r in se rt io n of Eq. D8 into Eq. Dl, t h e e q u i v a le n t damping

ratio X, e x p r e s s e d as a function of Y can be d e r iv e d :

n cy

4G K Y 0
m cy 2
X. = [Y - K i n (1 + — )] - and can be (D9)
n ITT y r K TT
cy cy

w rit te n in its final form as:

n 2 ( K +Y ) y
2 cy cy
X. = - { [y -K i n (1 + )] -1>. (D9)
it 2 y
17 K
cy

However, simulation of t h e actual damping with X^, if material

is d e g r a d i n g u n d e r cyclic loading, is only ap p ro xi m at e . From Eq. D9

it t u r n s o u t t h a t X. is a functio n only of Y if K is a c o n s t a n t . K
n cy
is c o n s t a n t only if t h e r e is no soil d e g r a d a ti o n d u r i n g cyclic loading,

i.e., G = G . = G_ = const, and x = t . = r = const. If t h e

mo mt m mo mt m
soil d e g r a d a ti o n t a k e s place, initial G_ and t will d e c r e a s e d u r i n g
mo mo
cycling and at time t th ey will receive values Gfflt and t m^,
 546

res pectiveJy.

in th e DESRAMOD analysis, the following relationships are

assumed for u p d at in g of G and t affected by t h e residual por e

mo mo
p r e s s u r e d b u il d u p , u^:

Gm . = G mo t— 1 '/ 2 ' < ° 10>

0
VC

and
o

'm t = 'm o 0— • (D ,»
VC

ov is h e r e effe ct ive vertical s t r e s s a t t h e p e r t i n e n t soil la yer ,

and o is the initial eff ective vertical consolidation stress be f or e

vc
s h a k in g . T h e s e two s t r e s s e s ar e related t h r o u g h t h e residual por e

w a te r p r e s s u r e b ui l d u p , u p, as

Finally, d u r i n g d e g r a d a ti o n can b e e x p r e s s e d as:

 547

Tmt °vc u r ,
Kt = ---- = Kq [----------- V / L (D13)
°vc

where K = r /G .
o mo mo

Co ns id er in g t h a t a is a c o n s t a n t , it t u r n s ou t t h a t t h e e q u iv al en t
vc
damping ratio during cyclic d e g r ad a tio n is for the present

hy per bo li c formulation of ba ck b o n e c u r v e a fu nct io n of 2f and the

p or e p r e s s u r e b ui l d u p , ur :

Xh = function (yc y , u r ). (D14)

LOOP
A R E A ..
4%
 549

if'

Fig. 0 3
 APPENDIX E

VISCOUS DAMPING COEFFICIENT c IN A

DAMPED SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM

SYSTEM SUBJECTED TO A HARMONIC

SINUSOIDAL FORCING FUNCTION

In A p pen dix D it has a l r e a d y been expl ain ed how t h e eq u i v a le n t

hysteretic damping ratio, X^, which pertains specifically to the

h ype rb oli c formulation of the stress strain rela tions hip can be

ev al u ate d (Eq. D9). A comparison between the exp eri mentally

o bt ai ned e q u i v a le n t damping ratio, X, an d X^ as d e r iv e d in A pp end ix

D, shows us ual ly a c o n s id e r a b le d i f f e r e n c e , especially f o r small cyclic

shear strains, t . Yhe DESRA-2 (DESRAMOD) c om p u te r code has

also a possibility of in c o rp o ra ti n g a vis cous damping coefficient c into

the dynamic an a l y si s , b es id es automatic ge n er a ti o n of hysteretic

damping X^. The viscous damping is prescribed in DESRA-2

(DESRAMOD) by factors a and £ cont ain ed in t h e viscous damping

matrix:

[C] = o[M] ♦ f$[K]. (El)

T h e t r u e e q u i v a le n t damping ratio X, ob ta in ed experi men ta lly , can be

divi ded into two p a r t s , h y s t e r e t i c an d vi sc o us :

550
 551

(E2)

In order to e v al u at e X^, it is assu med that a portion of the

eq u i v a le n t dam ping ratio to be attributed to a viscous material

dam ping, X , can be re as on ab ly well appr ox im ate d b y a damping ratio

ob ta ine d from the damped single d e g r e e of freedom system (SDOF)

su b je ct ed to a sinusoidal fo rc in g f unc ti on P during a steady state

response:

P = PQ sin(flt - 5). (E3)

Such system is p o r t r a y e d in Fig. E1.

If a sinusoidal fo r c in g functi on is applied to t h e given SDOF

sy ste m , the force, P versus disp lac eme nt, x d ia g ram , as well as

stress strain d ia g ra m , will be during the steady state vibra ti on

described by an elipse. Thi s is il lu s tr a t e d in Fig. E2a an d E2b,

re s p e c t iv e l y . T h e e q u i v a le n t damping ratio is the n

1 Aw 1 AW
X (E4)

w h e r e AW is an ar ea inside the f o r ce displacement hysteretis loop

 552

representing the di si pa ted energy in one cycle, and can be

det er m in e d by in te gr ati on along t h e loop:

AW = / P dx. (E5)
cycle

Given the fa c t that the energy is d is s ip at in g only in t h e viscous

d a s h p o t it t u r n s o u t t h a t '
 553

T=2n/ft .
-AW = / c x dx = c l ( x ) 2dt. (E6)
cycle 0

On t h e o t h e r ha n d a s t e a d y s t a t e di s pla cem en t f o r t h e g iv e n fo r c in g

functio n is

x = xQsin (ftt-£) (E7)

and if i n s e r t e d into (E6), t h e following e x p r e s s io n is ob ta in ed after

sev er al al g eb ra ic o p er at io n s :

2
AW = ircx ft. (E8)
o

As mentioned ea rl ie r in Chapter 5, the vis cous damping

co rr ec ti on is most important for smali cyclic strains. Small cyclic

strains in a soil d ep os it d u r i n g an e a r t h q u a k e o c c u r mostly between

la rg e cycles when t h e whole soil profile is f r e e l y vibrating between

s u c h la rg e cy c l e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e f r e q u e n c y of t h e f or ci ng f u n ct io n ,

ft, will be s e t as being equal to t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y of t h e whole

soil profile, un . If Eq. E8 is inserted into Eq. E4, with ft being

replaced by wn , eq u i v a le n t viscous dam pin g ratio is:

 554

1 1TCX 2
o w
X
v
(E9)

In th is e q u a t io n , as a f i r s t approximation, wn can be ta ke n as na tu ra l

f r e q u e n c y of t h e f i r s t mode:

w, (E10)
n

w h e r e T n is t h e n at u ra l period of t h e whole soil profile, and

G
k = —. (Ell)
h

k above is a s p r i n g stiffness, while G is t h e shear modulus of t h e

soil, which for small strains can be approx ima ted with t h e maximum

s h e a r modulus G _ , and h is t h e h e i g h t of t h e soil layer an al yze d,

mo
T h e appr ox im ate d e q u i v a le n t vis cous damping ratio, Xv is th e n :

c u h
X (E12)

For th e particular layer "i" of a soil profile, Eq. E12 can be written
 555

as

e, . h,
(E13)
Xv' (G mo ).T
i n

Finally, a viscous damping coefficient Cj for a la y e r "i" can be

e x p r e s s e d as

X .T
vi n
^ = --------- k.. (E14)

In th e DESRA-2 (DESRAMOD) an al y sis , viscous damping coefficient Cj

is d efi ne d as (s ee Eq. E l ) :

c i = OjHij + Bjkj, (£15)

and if a is set to zero, coefficient used as input in DESRA-2

(DESRAMOD) ana lysis is Bj f o r la y er "i"

vi n
Bj = --------- . (E16)
ir
T h e na t u ra l period of t h e soil profile, T n in this equation can be

ap p ro x im at e ly de te rm ine d by the method pr o pos ed by Dobry e t al.

(1976).
 556

P=f»sin(flt-«)

Fig. E1 Damped SDOF System Excited with a Sinusoidal Forcing

Function
 557

(a)

(b)
>

Fig.E2
 APPENDIX F

PARAMETRIC STUDY RESULTS

T h e symbols in t h e d a ta ta b le s have th e following meaning

LAY. NO = la y e r nu m b e r

THICK = th ic k n e s s of t h e la y e r

DEPTH = d e p th of t h e middle of th e layer

SIGZ = v e rtic a l effe c tiv e s t r e s s in t h e middle of th e la y er

GMO = G in psf
mo
TMO = t in psf
mo
2
ABS ACC = acceleration of t h e to p of th e la y e r in f t / s e c

STRAIN = T = horizontal s h e a r s tra in in a b so lu te u nits

pa
STRESS = horizontal s h e a r s t r e s s in p s f

558
Geometrical a n d S tiffn e ss C on fig u ratio n
 o
o

o
d

a«
SOI LE CONFIGURRTION
0
CM
1
O

a
0
1
' o
o
- T _ LO
e-« i
Q_
LJ a
□ •
0
CO
1
a
0
K1

O
0
00
1
0
81
o
o
o
i
0 . 0 1. 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.D 7.0 8.0 9.0 10. 0
GMRX (K S F ) RND TMRX (P S F ) *103
 561

CASE 1
LAY.MU. THIoK JEPTH olGZ j MU(PSF) TMU I P a F 1
1 0.50 2 . 5 0 •_>E - 0 1 3. L25t + j l 2.A3 0E+05 1 . 2 6 0 E +0 2
2 i.oO 1 . 0 0 O- +d 0 L. 2 5 0 L +0 2 2 . 6 a 0 E+ 0 5 1 . 3 70E + 0 2
3 1.50 2.2302+00 2 • oa 2 E + 0 2 A . 7606+05 2 . A30E+02
A 3.00 A. 5 0 0 E + u 0 o.o25E+02 9 . 7 1 JE+05 5 .0 605 +02
5 1. 5u o .7 5 06+00 7 • 9y 9 E+0 2 I . 5 9 1 t + 06 I . A- +3E + 0 3
6 2.00 3 . 500E+00 9• 0 6 5 E+ 0 2 1 • Ao9 6 + 06 1 . 33 7E+0 3
7 2 • 00 L.OoOE+Gl 1.0325+03 1 . 1 3 3E + 0 o 1 . 0 3 1E + 0 3
3 2.00 1.2502+GL 1 . i 5 7E+OJ 1 . OlOE+Ob 9 . 1 9 0 E + O2
9 6.50 1 .6 756+01 1 . -+2 3 6 + 0 3 7.3506+05 A.udOE + 02
10 3.u0 2. 1506 + 01 1. 7 2 0 2 + 0 3 1.090E+06 5.6706+02
11 27.00 3.o50E+01 2.65*6+03 1 •332E+06 7.030E+02
12 50.00 7. 5 00 E + 0 L 5.0o9E +03 2 . 2+AE+06 I. 167E+03

* MA X l MJ M VALJE3 ' J o CJ KREO - 0.000 TO 37.3A0 SEC *

LAY. T i ME A l>S a CC T I ME S T k A i im 1 HE STRESS

1 o . 8d 3.0272+00 6.39 2 • \jd66-03 6.39 A.373E+00

2 6 . bd 5 . 0 2 IE + 0 0 6.33 3 . oA-*E-0 3 b . 38 I . 9 5 1 E+01
3 6.3d 5.0136+00 o *3d 1. 119E -02 •3d •+. 3 3 3 t + u l
A o . dd 5 . OooE + 0 0 6.33 1.05 IE-02 6 . dd a . 75a 6+01
5 6 . 37 A .9836+00 6 . dd 9 • 06dE-0 3 o.33 1 . 3 1 ^ 2 + 02
6 o . 37 A.932E+00 6.6a 1.2322-02 o . 3a 1.O61E+02
7 6.37 A . 9 6 6E + 0 0 a . aa 2.233E-02 6. aa 2.0335+02
d 6 . 37 A • 9 3 7E + 0 0 6.33 j • 2 A 9 E —0 2 6. aa 2 . A13E+02
9 o . 39 A.ddoE+Oo 0.92 1 • y *t 1 F —j 1 y • *2 3 . 0 9 9 E+ 0 2
10 6.33 A. 2 9 0 E + 0 u 6.90 1 . 11 1 6 - 0 1 6.90 3 . 3o2E+02
11 6 . d3 A . 32-+6 + 0 0 10.37 2.7162-01 10.3 9 5.9006+02
12 6.6 7 7 . 3 a 3E + 0 0 d. 32 3 . j 27E -j ! a . 32 1 . 0*J5E + 0 3
0** MAX 3ASE ACl = 1.93OE+01 : T I ME = 6 . 6 1 SECS * *
Q** * * * * * * * * * « £ * # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * « * « * # * * * * * *
 562

SOI L PROFI LE CONFIGURRTI

rg
cns
a
co

a
o

o
CO

0
a
a1)
o
o

0 . 0 1.0 2 . 0 - 3 i.O 4. 0 5.0 6.D 7.0 0.0 9.0 10.0

GMRX CKSF) AND TMRX ( P S F ) *103
 563

AY.MO. THI CK uEPTH Sir,7 oMulPSFI TMutPSF)

I 0.50 2 • 5 0 0 c - 01 3 . 1 2 5 E + 01 2.4306+05 1 • 2 oOL♦ J 2
2 1.00 l.OOOE+OO 1 . 2 5 0 E + 02 2.6305+05 L. 3 7 J E + J 2
3 1.50 2.250E+00 2.812E+02 4 . 7 6 JE+u 5 2 • 4dUE + 0 2
4 J.uO 4 .5 0 b5+0 0 5.6255+02 9 .71 05 +0 5 5 . 0 5 05 +0 2
5 1.50 o . 7 5 0 E *-0 J 7. *b9E + 02 1 . 5916+Ob 1 • 4 4 36 +0 3
6 2.00 d . 5JOt+00 4.065E+02 1.4695+06 1 • 3 j 75+03
7 2.00 1.0505+01 1 .0 3 2 5 +03 1. 1335 +06 1 . J 5 15 + 0 3
8 2 . JO 1 • 2 50 E+0 1 1 . 1 5 7E + J 3 1 .OiOt+Oo 9 .1 9b6+02
9 6.50 1.6755+01 1.423E+03 7 . 850E+05 4 . 0 8 JE + 0 2
10 3.0 0 2 . 1 5 0 5 + 01 1. 7206 +03 1 • 0 9 0 c +06 3.6 705+02
1 1 7.00 2 . 6:>06 + 01 2 . 0 3 3 E + J3 1.2005+06 6.2405+02
12 lo.OO 3 . 500E+C I 2 . 5o 5d +0 3 1 • 300E+06 6 . 7 60E +0 2
L3 10.00 4. 500E+01 3 . 1 9 1E+03 I • 5 5 0 E + Oo 8 . 060E+02
14 10.00 5.5005+0 1 3 . o i 7E + 0 3 1 • 800E+06 9 . 3 oOt + J2
15 10.00 6*5005+01 4 .4 4 36+03 2.0006+06 i • 0 4 j E+0 3
16 10.00 7. 5 0 0 5 + 0 1 5 • Ob 9 5 + 0 3 2 . 2 50E + 0 6 1. L 705+03
17 10. 00 8. 500E+01 5 • o 9 5E + 0 3 2 . 50JE+06 1 . 3UoE+0 3
18 10.00 9.5005+01 6.3215 +0 3 2 ■ 760E+06 I . 430E+03

j* * ft* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* MAXI MUM VALJES Uc CJ KKEL) - O.OUO TU 37.840 SEC *
# * * * $ « * # * * * * * * < !$ * *!***$***:{!**:$$*$ *$**$************

LAY. TI ME AbS ACC TI ME S TKAI r t T I ME STRESS

1 l u . 79 5 .3 9 75+00 1 0 . 79 2 .33 75-0 3 1 0 . 79 5.4335+00

2 7.63 5 . 58 7E+JO 1 0 . 79 9. 79j E-03 1 0 . 79 2 . I o j E+ 01
3 1 0 . 79 5.5405+00 1 0 . 79 1 . 2obE-02 1 0 . 79 4 . 3 4 9 E + 01
4 6.92 5 . 4936 +00 l b . 79 1.2245-02 1 0 . 79 9.6235+01
5 6 . 92 5 . 4 71E+00 a.92 I .0055-02 6.92 1.4395+02
6 6.92 5 . 4 6 5E + 0O o.92 i .42 6 E-02 o.92 1 . 8 U E +02
7 6.91 5.45*5+00 o.92 2.5135-02 0.92 2. 2 355+02
8 6.91 5.4425+00 6 . 92 3 . o9dE-0 2 6 . 92 2.o5ot+02
9 6 . 90 5 . 4 2 9E + 0 0 o.9a 2 . 309E-01 6.95 3 . 33b 5 + 02
10 4 . aa 5.998E+0J 6.93 1.3665-0 1 6.93 4.2585+02
11 *♦. aa 7 .4 4 4E+00 6.93 1.9 566-01 6.9 3 4 . 9 2 9E+02
12 5. lo 5 . 53oE+00 10.41 3.3 53E-01 1 0 . Hi 5.8525+02
13 10.61 9.145E+0O 10.40 3 . 797E-01 1 0 . 39 7 . 089E+02
14 1 0 . 58 1.028E+01 3.36 3 . 719E-J1 3 . 36 8 . 212E+02
15 6.63 1 .0 3 j£+Oi 3• 34 4 . 043E-b1 a . 34 9 . 215E+02
16 1 0 . 53 1.1435+01 o.32 3 . 7o7E-01 a . 32 1 . 028E+03
17. 7 . 87 1 . 6 3 7E+01 o . 30 3 . o 7 3 5 - JI a . 30 1. 1395 +03
18 6.62 1.495E+01 7.69 3.6 70E-01 7.69 1.2535+03
0** M AX B A S E ACC = 1.930E+01 : T I ME = 6 . 6 1 SECS **
J * * ********* ******************** *********** ************
 564

o t
CD

a
sor LE CONFIGURRTI
0
CM
1
CR5
O
a
co
i
o
0
1
'— ' o

-I-
XI O
in
E—' i
CL.
EjJ o
a d
CD
I
a
o
Cs.
!
o
0
00
1
a•
CD
05
I
□
CD
O

0. 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

GMflX ( K S F ) AND TMAX ( P S F ) *103
 I uM0(PSEJ T MGI P S E )
I Z . ‘t 3 o E + 0 5 1 . 2 60E +02
2 2 . 63UC+05 1 . 3 7ul i + 0 2
3 4 • 7 6 u F.+ 0 3 2 . 4 3 OF+ 0 2
4 9 . 71JE+U5 5 . 0 5 oE + 0 2
5 1.591E+06 1•4486+03
6 1 • 4t»9 E + 0 6 1 . 3 3 7F + 0 3
7 I . 1 3 3c + 0 6 1 . 0 3 LE + 0 3
8 1.010 6+06 * • 1 9 oE + 0 2
9 l.OUOE+Oo 3 . 2 JJE+02
10 1.U90E+06 3 . 6 7 OE + 0 2
11 1 •200E+06 6 . 2 4uc +02
12 i * 500E +0 6 6 . 760E+02
13 1 . 7 75E + U6 9 . 2 3 0E+02
14 2 . 250E+OO L. 1 7 0 E + 0 3
15 2 . 6 0 0 t +06 1. 3 32 E + 0 3
16 3 . OOOE+Oo 1 . 5 6 OE + 0 3
17 3.400E+06 I .763E +03
18 3 . 7 5 OE + 0 6 1.950E+03

* MAXI MUM VALUES OCCURRED - U.JUU TJ 37.840 SEC *

LAY . 1 ME A8S ACC T I ME STRAIN TI ME STREj5

1 7.02 1.1132+01 7.02 4.640E-03 7.02 I . Uioc+Ol

2 7.02 1 . 1O9E+01 7.03 2 • O63E-02 7.02 3 . 3 8 tfc + 0 1
3 7.02 1. 02 3t +01 7. 03 2•6466-02 7.02 e.333E+01
4 7.01 9.215E+00 7.02 2 .+03E-J2 7.02 I.59oG+02
5 7.01 7 . 6 70E +OU 7.02 1 .6 72E-02 7 . 02 2 . 2-»3h + 02
6 7.00 7 . 6 5 - t E + OU 7. u2 2.244E-02 7. 02 2 . 6 4 + E + 02
7 7.00 7 . 543t+00 7.02 3 • 7 2 1E-J2 7. 02 2 . 9 9 3E + 0 2
3 6.99 7 . 722E+00 7. u2 ‘♦ • d 9 0 E —0 2 7 . 02 3 . 212E+02
9 6.99 1.259E+01 o .9 l 1.5586-01 6 .9 1 3 . 399E+02
10 6 . 74 1. 1476+01 o . 92 2 • + 9 9 6 —0 1 6.92 4 . 693E+02
11 o . 30 7.019E+00 6 .9 2 c . 6 3 IE - 0 1 u . 9<: 3 . 2 726 + J2
12 6.29 7 . 58+E+OO 8.35 4 • O 0 6 E - 01 a . 34 6 . J75E+02
13 1 0 . 60 1.0736+01 15.99 2.910E-01 13.99 7 . 3 3 1 E+ 0 2
1+ o.87 1. 122E +o l 6 . 34 2.278E-01 o . 34 9 • o2oE+U2
15 1 0 . 54 I.109E+01 o.33 2 . 184E-01 6.33 1 . 0 9 2 E + 03
16 6.63 1. 157E + 01 0.79 2.U43E-J1 6.79 1.2 +32+03
17 O• 63 1 . 3 3 IE + 0 1 6 . 76 2 . ^:38E-0l 6.76 1 . + 3: >E + 0 3
ia 6.62 1 . 5 9 IE + 0 1 6.74 2 . 524E-01 6 . 74 1 . 6 1 76 + 03
* * MAX BASE ACC = 1.930E+01 : T I ME = 6 . 6 1 SECS **
J******************************************************
 566

SOI L PROFILE CONFIGURRTI

CN
CRS
O
tn

o
(FT)

LD
DEPTH

o
o
00

o
o

0 . 0 1.0 2.0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

GMRX ( K S F ) RND THRX ( P S F ) xlO 3
 I OMO(PSF) TMQIPSF)
L 2.4J0E+03 1.2 60L+0 2
2 2 . 6 i o b +0 5 ‘i . J 7 o E + j 2
3 4 . 7' j J E + 0 5 7 . 4 30E + 0 2
4 9.7102+05 3 . 9 50E+O2
5 l.JOJE+06 9 . 100E+02
u 1 • 0 0 JC + 0 6 4 . 1 J0E+02
7 1 . J0JE+06 V . 1J0E+02
3 I • 0 10 E+0 6 9 . 19JE+02
9 I .OoOt +06 5 . 2 J OE + J 2
I J 1 • 09 J E+ o o 5 . 0 7 0E + 0 2
11 1.200E+06 a .2 4 JE+02
12 1.50GG+G6 6 . 7 6oE + 02
13 1 . 7 7 5 t + 06 9 . 2 JOE+02
I* 2 . 2 5 0 2 + 06 1. 1 70E+0 3
13 <L . OUJ L + 0 b 1 . 352C+0 3
16 j . 0 0 JE+06 1 . 5 6 0 2 +0 3
I 7 3 . 400E +06 1. 7odE +0 3
13 3 • 75oE+06 1 . 9 50E + o 3

* i*1AX I MUM VALJcS U CCUUf t E O - 0.000 Tu 07.340 SEC *

* ** *$ ** * * * * * * * $ * ## £*$***: $ *£ #********$*•*$#+•$
K

UJ

LAY. T I ME A6 6 ACC S Fn. A 1 rt T I ME 51 56

1 o . Id 7 . 772E + JJ 6.79 3.290E-JJ o . 79 7 .5 1 3 2+00

2 6.7o 7 . 7 2 9 c +00 0.74 1.462 2-02 o . 75 2 . 9 a b L + 01
3 6 . 78 7 . 51 JE+00 6 . 79 1.8772-02 6.79 6 . 5 6 >c + 01
4 6 . 73 7 . 0 4 5E + 0 0 a. 74 1 . 7 4 3 E—0 2 b.79 1 • 2o 3 b +02
3 6.7b 6 • 3 OOt + 0 o 6 . 79 2. 2 73E-J2 6 . 79 1.813E+02
6 5.46 b • 2 0 7E + 0 0 6 . 79 2.9212-02 o . 79 2.211E+J2
7 o . 32 6 . 3 0 IE + 0 0 a . 74 3.O5 7E-02 o.79 2 • 6 j 4 E + 02
3 0.32 6 . 4 4 5 E ♦ Oo 6 • a 7 4 • 4 6 1 2 “ 02 0.86 3 . 0 2 >2 + 0 2
9 0.32 6.7102+00 0.9 1 1 . 381E-01 0.91 3 . 9 i 3 E + 02
10 6 • 74 1 . O83E+0L 6.92 2 • o2o 2 - J I o.92 4 . 702F +J2
11 3 . ol 1 . / lot +ol 6.42 2 . bd 1 1 - 01 6.92 5 . 2b6C+02
12 5.61 1 . 1 1 IE+01 o . 35 J . 4 74 2 - 0 1 b . 35 6. 072t+02
13 I 0 a60 1 • 0 7 4E + 0 1 15.99 C• 4 1 4 E - j 1 i 6.94 7 . 3J2E+02
14 o.87 1 . 1 15E + 01 6 . 34 2 . 3 4 2 2 —0 i 6 . 34 9 . 5 7A t + 0 2
15 1 0 . 54 1 . 1 OoE + 0 1 o . 33 c . 2542-01 0.33 1 • 0 » 9 1 +0 3
lb 6.63 1 . 1 olE+01 o . 79 2.O54E-0i 0.73 1. 2 t 5 i : +J3
17 o.63 1.3342+01 o .76 2.243E-01 6.76 1.4152+03
13 . 6 • o2 1 . 5 9 JE + 0 1 6 . 74 2 • 5-> J E - J 1 6 . 74 1 . 6l3t+03
0 * * MAX bASE ACC = 1.930E+01 : T I ME = 6 . o 1 SECS **
.J * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 O
o

o
S O I L P R O F I L E CONF

CRS
o

cd

a
(FT)

O
LO
DEPTH

CD
CD
CD

o
o
CO

0
CD
CD
1
□
O
O

0. 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4. 0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

GMRX (K S F ) RND TMRX (P S F ) *103
 569
6MGI2SF) TMO ( t >SF )
CASE 5 1
1 2 . 430E+05 1 . 260E+02
2 2 . 63 UE+05 1.3 706+02
3 4 . 7oOE + o S 2 . 4 8 OE+ 0 2
A 9. 710E+05 3 • 0 5 OE + 0 2
5 1 . OuuE+u6 3 . 0 <J u i E + 0 2
6 1.0006+06 5 . 0 0 0 c +0 2
7 1 . 0 0 Jc +06 5 . 0 0 0E + 0 2
d I . O i u t +0o 5 . uOOE+02
9 1 . 0 0 OE + 0 6 5.2J0E+02
10 1 .090£+0o 5 . o 7 0c + 0 2
11 1 . 2 j O £ + oo o • 2* +0 E + 0 2
12 1 . 50uE+0o 6 . 76 0 E+0 2
13 1 . 7 7 5 E+0 o 9 . 2 3 JE+02
1* 2.25JE+0o 1 . 170E+03
15 2.600E+U6 1.352E+03
16 3 • OOOE + 0 o 1 • 560E +0 3
1 7 3 . AdJt+06 1 . 7ddE + 0 i
Id 3 . 750E+06 I.95OE+03

J********* *********************************************
* MAXI MUM VALJES GCCJRRED - 0.000 TO 37.840 SEC *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** ** ** *

LAY. T I ME ABS ACC T 1ME STRAIN T I ME STRESS

1 o . 79 7.393E+O0 6. 79 3.111E-03 6 . 79 7 . 1 3 3E + 0 J
2 6 . 7 » 7 . 3 7 OE + 0 j 6 . 79 1.338E-02 6 . 79 2 . 7 9 >6 + 0 1
3 6 . 79 7 . 2 0 Oh + 0 0 6.80 I.74oE-02 6.80 6 . 1 9 7E + 0 1
4 6 . 79 6.d7OE+0c* o *80 1.653E-J2 6.80 I.215E+02
5 6 . 80 6 . 5 1 3t +00 6.60 2 . 729E-02 6.80 1 . 7 6 5E + 0 2
6 6.81 o.481E+00 o • d 1 3 . 609E-02 8. d 1 2 . lo2E+02
7 6 . 82 6. 545E +j O o.d2 5 .3 5 1 E-02 6 . 82 2 . 5 S 5 £ + 02
8 6.6 3 6 . 53dE+uO 0.89 7.525E-02 6 . 89 3 . 0 1 66 + 02
9 0.84 o.362E+00 o.91 1 • 6 2 4 E7 0 1 6 . 1 1 3 . 9 0 9 E+ 0 2
10 o • 74 1 . 117E+JI o.92 2.649E-J1 6.92 4 . 709E+02
11 6.30 6 • 900E +00 9 . 14 2.ti20E-0l 9 . 14 5 • 2 6 8c + 02
12 6.29 7 . 5 8 0E+0J d• 35 4 . 013E-01 8 . 35 6. 0 7 7 6 + 02
l i lu .60 I.U75E+01 15. 99 2 .9 1 7E-01 I 5. 99 7 .8 3 3 E +02
14 1 0 . 56 1 . 112E+01 6 • 34 2.252E-01 6 . 34 9 . 5 3 5 c + 02
15 10. 5t 1 . 104E+01 6. 33 2.164E-01 0.33 1. 090L + 03
lo o.63 I . 1 5 5E + 0 1 o.79 2 . 0 6 7E-01 6.78 1 . 2toE+03
17 6.63 1 . 329E +01 6 . 7o 2.248E-01 6.76 1 • 43 6 t+ 03
13- o . 62 1 . 5 9 0 E + 0 1 6 . 74 2.539E-01 6 . 74 1.6136+0 3
0 * * MAX B A S E ACC = I . 93OE+0I : T I ME = 6 . 6 1 dEC S **
j * *****************************************************
 o

o
o'

o•
SO I L P R O F IL E OONFIGURRTI
0
CM
1
cns
o

o
o
***
(FT)

o
0
LP
1
DEPTH

a
0
CD
1
a
a
NI

Oi
0
00
1
a
0cn
1
□
o
o

0 . 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4. 0 5. 0 6.D 7.0 8.0 9. 0 10.0

GMRX ( K S F ) RND THRX (PSF) *103
 571
I UMUI P S f - ) T Mil ( P S F )
L 2.430E+05 1 . 260E+02
2 2.630E+05 1 .3 70E+02
3 4. 760E+05 2.480E+02
4 9 . 710E+05 5 . 050E+02
5 1.591E+06 l . * 4 8E+J3
6 1.469E+06 I. 337E +03
7 1 . 133E+Q6 1. 0 3 1 E + 0 3
6 1 . OiOb+06 9. 190E+02
9 7.35UE+05 4 . 0 8 OE + 0 2
10 1• 09 0 b +0o 5 . 6 / 0E + 0 2
11 1. 200b +J6 6 . 2 -tOE + 0 2
12 i« 30 0 E+0 6 6 . 7oUE+02
13 1 . 7 / 5 E + 0O 9.230E+02
L* 2 . 35GE+06 1.222E+03
15 3 . 1G0E+06 1.O21E+03
16 4.000E+0o 2 . 060E+03
17 5.0006+06 2 . oOOE+O i
18 6 . o O O E 4*06 3 . 4 2 3E+03

J * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* MAXI MUM VALJtS OCCJRREU - O.UuG 1U 37.640 SEC. *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

LAY. T I ME ABS ACC T I ME STRAIN T I ME S T tsE o S

1 6.35 7 . 1 7^E+00 o.35 3.016L-J3 6 . 35 fc.9 2 6 2 + 3 0

2 6 . 35 7 . idot+00 6 . 35 1 . 32UC-02 6.35 2. 7 70E+01
3 1 0 . 53 7 • 0 4 5 E+30 10 . 5o I. 722E-02 1 0 . 5o 6 . l b l E + Ol
4 I U.5o 6 • 904E +00 10.56 I.O49E-02 10.56 1.216E+02
5 1 0 . 58 o . 8 4 8E + 0 0 L0.5o 1 .293E-02 10. 56 I. 8 0 1 E + 02
o I o . 38 6 . 862E+00 10.57 1 . 650E-02 10.57 2 . 259E+02
7 1 0 . 58 6 . 6 8 OE + 0 0 10.58 3 . - >0 1 l ~ 0 2 10 . 58 2 . 7 8 1 E+02
a 10.58 6.657E+00 10.59 5. 111E-02 1 0 . 59 3 . 305E+02
9 1 0 . 58 o « 7<t 5 E + 0 0 9 . 15 4 . *♦ 1 9 E - 0 1 ■j . 1 5 3 . 6 5 1E+02
10 o . 30 9.21+E+00 9 . 12 2 . oU 1E - J 1 9.12 4.7252+02
1 L 10.49 9 . 3 1JE + 0 0 11.09 3.648E -Jl 11.09 5 . 4 6 2 E + 02
12 10.46 2.054E+01 I 1.08 6 . 701E-01 11.08 6 . 2 736 + 02
13 o . 01 I • o48E +0 1 11.05 3.726E-J1 I I . 05 8 . 1 00E+02
14 10.54 1. 53 7E+01 o . 79 2 . 710E-01 6 . 79 1 . U2 7 E + J 3
15 10.55 l.<*4lE +0 l 6 . 7o 2.225E-JI 6.75 1 . 311E+03
16 O . 64 1.579E+01 o. 73 I.820E-01 6 . 73 1.6182+03
17 6.63 I.O92E+01 6 . 71 1 . 59uE-01 6 . 71 I.959E+03
18 - 6 . 62 1 . 8 1 I f + 01 6.68 1.204E-01 6.66 2 . 392E+03
J * * MAX 6ASE ACC = 1 . 9 30E + 01 : 1 I ME = 6 . 6 1 SECS **
j* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .< * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 572

0.0
-10.0

SOI
-20.0

CRS
-30.0
-40.0
(FT)
-50.0
DEPTH
-60.0
-70.0
-80.0
- 1 0 0 .0 - 9 0 . Q

0 . 0 1.0 2.0 3. 0 4.0 5. 0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

GMRX (K S F ) RND TMRX (PS F) *103
 573

C A SE 7 i 6M0(PSFI TMJ ( P S F )
I 2.430E+05 l.26ofc+U2
2 2 . 630E *05 1 . 3 7 0 6 +0 2
3 *♦• 7 o OE + 0 5 2 . 4duE+02
4 9 . 7loE +05 5.050E+02
5 1 . 591E+06 1. <*43 6 +0 3
6 1 • 469E +0 6 1 . 3 3 7E +0 3
7 1 . 1 3 3 E +v<6 I •03 I t * 0 3
8 1 ■ O10E * 0 6 9.1906+02
9 I.000E*0o 5.200E+02
10 1.090E+J6 5 . 6 7 OE + 0 2
11 1 . 200E *06 6 . 2 4 0 6 +02
12 1 • 500E+06 6 . 7oG6 + 0 2
13 I • 7 78t +06 9.230E+02
14 2 . 3 50E+06 I • 222b +03
15 3 . 100E+06 1.6216+03
16 4 . 000E+06 2 » 0 3 OE + 0 3
17 5.000E+06 2.6006 +0 3
18 o.600E+06 3.423E+03

j * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* MAXI MUM VALUf c S UCCUf t KEJ - 0.000 TO 37.840 SEC *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ****** ****** * * * * * ** * ** *

LAY . T I ME AoS ACC r i -i e STRAIN T I ME ST R 6 S S

1 6.36 8 . 6 4 + E+ 0 0 o . 3o 3. 70/6 -0 3 6. 36 8 . ‘♦ 0 8 6 + 0 0
2 6 . 36 ' 3. 5 o +E + 0 J 6.36 1 • 0 6 s c —0 2 o . 3b 3 . 300E+0I
3 6.35 8 . 3 7 9 E + O0 6.36 2.1526-02 6 . 3b 7.2506+01
4 6.35 7 . 8 3 76 + 0 0 6. 36 1.9976-02 6 . 36 1 . 4 0 IE + 0 2
5 6.36 6 . 9 2 7E + 0 0 o . 3o 1.■♦756-02 6 .3 6 2.0196+02
6 5.45 6■7416 +00 6 . 36 2.O06E-02 6 . 36 2.415E+02
7 5.45 6.7216+00 6.36 3 • ‘♦ 6 9 6 - 0 2 6 . 36 2 . d4b6+02
8 5.45 b.O+8E+00 e . 37 4 . 9bjE-02 6 . 36 3.2406+02
9 6 . 39 6 . 60oE +00 6.91 1.909E-01 6.91 4.087E+02
10 6 . 30 8.4976+00 9. 12 2.3186-01 9 . 12 4 . 786E+02
11 o. 30 S.b+96+0J 9 . 13 3.7086-01 9.13 5.+726+02
12 6.28 9.22 3t +00 11.09 4.5966-01 1 1.09 6.1566+02
13 1 0 . 58 1 .2 6 1E+01 1 1 . Ob 3.5126-01 11.06 8 . 0 4 JE+02
14 10.54 1 . 33aE + j 1 6.3 3 2.5456-01 6.33 1 . 0 156+03
1 5 6.67 1.3216+01 6 . 77 2.O23E-0L 6 . 77 1•2d 96 + 03
16 6. 64 1 . 32 IE + 0 1 6 . 74 1. 7 9 4 6 - 0 1 6 . 74 l . o l 36+03
17 o .u i 1.639E+01 e . 71 l . o 2 9 6 “ 01 6 . 71 1.971E+J3
18. 6 . 62 1.809E+01 b. 69 1.2046-01 6. 69 2.3926+03
0 * * MAX B A S E ACC = 1.930E+01 J T I ME - 6 . 6 1 SECS * *
J*********** ******************** ***********************
 O"

o ■
o

o S O I L P R O F I L E DONF
ooo
cns
a
(FT)

o
LD
DEPTH

o
oCO

o
Cv

o
o
03

O «
0
O1)
o
oo

0 . 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
GMRX (K S F ) RND TMRX (PSF) *10'
 575
CASK S I G, MJ( P S F 1 TM U ( P o F J
i 2 • 4 3 0 E + u5 1.260E+J2
2 2 . 630C+05 1 . 3 70E + J 2
i 4 . 760E+o5 2. 48oE +02
4 9 . 7 1 JE+G5 5.G50E +02
3 1 • OOOE+ G6 9. 100E+02
6 i . 00UE+U6 9 . 1 JoE+o2
/ 1 • 9 0 0 E + Qb 9 . 1 O0 E + J 2
3 i.olOE+06 9 . 190E+G2
9 1 • Oo OE + 0 6 5.200E +02
1 • J90E+0b 5 . 6 7 JE+ 02
V
11 1. 200E +uo b.2tOE+02
12 1 • o OC E + 0 6 6 • 760E +02
13 i. . 7 7 5 E + 0 6 9.230E +02
11 2 . 350c + 0o 1.222E+03
15 3 . lOOt+Oo 1 .6 2 1C+03
16 0 JOE+ 0 6 2 . 0 dOE + 0 3
I 7 5 . 0 0 Jc + 06 2 . b00t+03
1 3 o ■600E +0 6 3.423E +J3

o*******************#**$#**#*****#*********************
* MAX 1 MJM VALJ f c S OCCJkKLJ - 0.000 TO 37.340 SEC *
****************#******% *******#*%

LAY . TI ME Adi ACC TI ME 3 T i\ A i .4 T I ME STr^tSS

1 6 . 36 8 . 5O3E+J0 0.36 3.6486-0 3 6.36 8 . 2d2E+00

2 6 . 36 d . 4 9 3E+0J 0 . 3o 1 •5d0£-02 0.36 3 . I d 9E + 0 1
3 0.36 8 . 2 5 tE + 00 o . 3o 2 .0398-02 b . 3o 0 . 9 7 o E + 01
4 6.36 7 . a OO E + OO 6 . 36 1.912E-02 6.36 1. 35 7E+J2
5 o . 3o 7. 2 79E+J0 0.36 2. 58dc-02 6 . 36 2 . 0 1 5E+02
6 3.4 5 6 . 70 5E+00 0.37 3.28oE-02 0.36 2 . 4o4E+02
7 5 .45 6 . 6 74E +oO 6.3 7 4 . 250E-02 0.36 2.882E+02
3 6.46 6 . 6 2 OE + 0 0 o.37 5 •063E-02 o . 37 3 • 2 8 6c +02
9 5. +5 o.o75E + 00 o .9 i I .9 18E -01 6.91 4.091E+02
10 6 . 30 3 . 7 1 1C+00 9.12 2 • 6 4 I E - 01 9 . 12 4 . 793E+02
11 6.30 3.765E+00 9 . 13 3. 734E -o I *. 13 5 . 4 7 7 E + 02
12 o.28 9 . 12 3 E + J 0 1 1.09 4.02+8-01 11.09 o . i o O E+ 0 2
13 1 0 . 5d l.2o2E+ul 1 1.06 3.513E-J1 1 1 . 06 8 • 0+0 E+02
14 10.54 1. 333E+0 1 6 . 33 2.558E-01 0.33 1.016E+03
15 0.67 1.322E+01 o . 77 2.023E-01 o . 77 1.239E+03
16 o . 64 I.522E+01 6 . 74 1.79 3E-01 o . 74 1 . 6 i 2 E + 03
17 o . 63 l.o4JE+01 6 . 71 1 • u 3 0 E - 01 o.71 I . 9 7 1 E+ 03
18 - 6 . o2 1 . 30 9E+OI u • 0 9 1. 2u 5 E - 0 1 6. o9 2 . 3 9 oE + 0 3
0 * * MAX B A S E ACC = 1.930E+01 : T I ME = o . O l ■SECS if*
 576

o
o.■4

o S O I L P R O F I L E OONF
orvj
CRS
o
□
to

o
o

'— - o

-I- d
LO
E -t I
Q_
I l2 o
□ •
0
CD
1
O
0
K1

O
0
GO
1
o
0cn
1
o
o
o

0 . 0 1. 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8. 0 9.0 10.0

GMRX ( K S F ) RND TMRX ( P S F ) *103
 577

I GMutPSb ) TMutPSb )
1 2. 4 3 J t +05 1 . 2aOE+02
2 2.630E+03 • 1 . 3 70E+02
i 4 . 7o0E+05 2.4d0b+02
4 9 . 71UE+03 5 . 0 5 0E+02
3 I . 0 0 0 t + Uo 9 . 1 JuE +0 2
6 1 . OOuE+06 9 . 1 0 0 6 + J2
7 I . J OOE + 0 6 9 . 10UE+02
3 1 . JlOE+06 9.190E+02
9 i .00'Jb+06 5 . 2 J OE + 0 2
10 l«090£+0a 5 . o 7 Ob + 0 2
11 1. 20UE+06 O.2-+0E+02
12 I • 5 JOE+OO o.750E+02
13 2 • 200E+06 1 . 1 it 4 E + 0 3
I* 5 . OuOE+Oo 1 . j b O E+ 0 3
15 4 . OU J E + Oto 2 . GduE + 0 3
lb 5.30JE+06 2 . 76ub+03
I 7 o . 7 0 OE + 0 6 3 . ‘t d ^ E + U 3
Id 9 . OuOE+Ob 4.6B0E+03

* MAXI MUM VALUES UuCUKRcO - 0.000 TO 37.340 SEC *

♦ a * * * * * * * * * * * # * * * * * * * # # * * # # * # * # * * * * '* * * * * * * * * * * * # * * * * * *

LAY . I I ME A Li6 ALl T I ME 3 TK A 1 N T I ME STRESS

1 o . 35 9 . 5 7 6 E + Oj o . Jo 4 . 0 6 J t —J-> 6.36 9 . ioJE+UO

2 6.35 9 . 5 3 5 L+0 U 6.3 6 1 . 0 7 j E—0 2 6.36 3.620E+01
3 0.33 9 . 2 5 7l + 0 0 J• 36 2 .4 73E-02 o . 3o 7 . 932E+01
4 u.3o d . 3 0 9 E+J 0 6.36 2.321E-02 u. Jo 1 . 5 3 JL + 0 2
5 6.36 d . 2 l 76+00 6 .36 3.037E-02 6.36 2 . 2 77E + 0 2
6 6.36 7 •868E+00 6.36 4 .0 l6 t - 0 2 6 . Jo 2 • 7doE+02
7 o.d3 7 . 3 2 IE + 0 0 u . 3o 3.012E-J2 0.36 3 . 232E+02
d 6 . d6 7 . 234E+00 0.37 6 . 124t-u2 6 . 3o 3 . 6 9 4 E + 02
9 6 . 86 7 . 1 72b + 0 0 6.90 2 . 6 3 5 b —0 1 o. 90 4 . 3 4 3 C+ 0 2
10 0.3 0 9 . o4 3E+j O 9 . 12 4. 127E-01 9. i2 5 . 033E+02
I 1 6.29 9 . dl7E+00 5 . 12 5 . 5oOE-0 I 9 . jfa 3 . 7 0 7 E+ 0 2
12 6.28 1.0566+01 11.07 0 . 9 8 9 E - 01 11.07 6 • 3 6 1 E+ J 2
13 . 5. 9d 1 . 73JE+J1 0.32 2 . 713E-J1 o. j2 9 • t i uO E + 0 2
14 6.65 1 . 4 1 OE + 0 1 o . 77 2 . 1 5 3 E - 01 6.77 1 . 2 5 7E + 0 3
15 6.65 1.607E+01 o . 74 1.812E-U1 6 . 74 1 • o 1 bE+03
16 0.66 1 . o d 4b + 0 1 o . 71 1.496E-J1 6.71 2 . U- t 3E + 6 3
17 6.63 1 . 76 5E + 0 1 6 . 70 1.30 ib - 0 1 6 • 69 2.489E+0J
18, 6 . 62 1 . od4E +01 6.67 9 . 142E-02 6 «o 7 2 . 5 b 3 E + J3
0 * * MAX B A S E A t e ■= 1 • 9 J OE + 0 1 : T I ME = 6 . 6 1 SECS 4c 4c
 578

0.0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
- 5 0 . Q -40.0
(FT)
DEPTH
-60.0
-70.0
-80.0
-100.0-90.0

0 . 0 1.0 2. 0 3.0 4. 0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9. 0 10.0

GMRX ( K S F ) AND TMAX ( P S F ) *103
 579

CASK lO I P OP ) MOM sF i
1 2 • tjOE+05 1 .2 a J £+02
2 2 . g3 0E + 0 5 i . 1 70E + g2
3 4. 7o0c+05 ? . 4 i o 5 + U2
4 4 . 71. ) t + 0 5 5. 0 302 + 0 2
5 i.54lE +0o i . +4 3 2 + o j
6 i .409£+0 6 1 . 3 3 7E + u 3
7 1 . 133E +JO l.0 31u+o3
a l.JlOb+06 9. 1 iJ5+02
9 I.0w9t+J6 0. 2 j d c + 0 2
IJ l • 0 90 E+ 06 5 . o 7 OE + 0 2
11 1 . 2 0 J b + Oo O.2+0E+O2
12 1 . 5 o jE+g6 o .76 02+02
i i 2.20JE+06 1 . 1 4 4 c +03
It 3 . ju Jt + Jc I. 0g0E+0 3
15 -+. 0 0 0 c + 0 6 2 • 0 50E + 03
10 0 . 30ob+0t 2 . 750E + 03
1 7 o . 70 J £ + 0 u 3 • 4dtE + 03
1 i 9 . OuoE+06 *t« Gd OE + 0 3

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* MAX I Oi l VALUf c S uCCUt ^Kc J - 0.000 TCl 37.340 SEC *
***************************************** *************

LAV . 1 1M Ado ALC 1 M l 5 T in A L I I ME jlkESS

1 t . 33 9.2-7 1 2 + 0 0 j . 03 j . 93 »E-o3 o . o5 d • 6 d o E + OO
2 o.33 9 . 2 7 I E <- 00 6.36 1 . 7 76 E- 0 2 6 . 36 3.4o3t+ 0l
3 o.35 3 . 9 ^4c + 0o 6 . 36
2 . 34 7 c - 0 2 6.36 7 . 7g2 2 + 0 I
4 0.33 6 . 3 >u E + 0 0 2 . 2 0 2 1 —0 2
o. 3j 6*30 1 . OO2E+02
5 o.35 t . 3o
7 . 6 3 j l +0 o 1.629E-02 6.36 2 . 17.32 + 02
6 0.36 7 . 5 7 6 u+Ou 5.36 2 . 3 12 E- 0 2 - J . 3 6 2 . 7 0 3 c + 02
7 o . 79 7 . 35it+0o o . 3 o 4 . 1 7 1 E - 0 2 0 . 3 6 3 . 2 4 oE+02
a o . 3 0 7 . 6 / 4 0 + 0 0 o . d 4 6 . j 1 2 E - o 2 5 . 5 4 3 . o5bt+02
0 O. 6 0 7• 3 9 9 E+ gu 6 . 90 2.0 755-01 6.39 4 . 402c+02
10 o . 72 1 . 3 d IE+01 7 . 12 4. 73 31- g I 9.10 3 . 1 i t E+ 0 2
11 o.29 9 . 4 d4 c +0 o 9.12 3 v4 6 4 £ - J L 9. 06 5. 7,,3E+d2
12 o• 2d i.U olt+01 11.07 o.od 5t-01 11.07 f c . 34 5 2 +0 2
1J 1 O• 30 1 . 4 j 7L+g1 I 1.02 2 . 390C-0 1 o . i o 9 . o 2 2 5+02
14 0. 36 1. 4 0 2 E +01 u . 77 2 . 0 3 0 E - 0 1 5 . 77 1 . 242C+03
13 O• 0 6 I . 6 1 0 2 + 0 1 6 . 7 4 1 . 7 a l c - 0 I 6 . 7 4 i . o l j F+03
16 6 . ob l . o 9 2E+Ol o • 71 1 . t d 9 E —u i 6.71 2 . Ot 3 u+ 0 3
I 7 6.63 I.770E+01 0.69 1.299E-J1 5.69 2.4605+03
13^ o • o2 1 . a a oE + o l 6 .6 / 9 . l4dc-02 a bo / 2 . y 34 1 + J 3
0 * * ;3AX o m S E ACC = 1.930E+01 : T I ME = o . o l SECS * *
j * *****************************************************
Eftergy T ra n s m ittin g v e r s u s Rigid Base B o u n d a ry
 581

Vs ■ 1200 ft/s«c

* 4.4X1.40.4 V A L U c i j C C J a -.c J — 0 • Jo 0 TO J7.d50 Sco ♦

LAI*. 'f Hi : Adi AoC n. - i E ofKAM 11 A t ilV.Cji

CASE 1
1 0.8/ A. 30 0 A J J l o . 73 2 • j 9 oe- 0 3 I J . 7b -4. 9 j 0 E 4 o O
2 o • 37 ■t • d o OE + o j o . d7 3 . j2 12-0 3 o.b7 l . J d 7 2 4 01
3 u.37 A. do 7c 4 d j j • od i . J 7uc-J2 6.39 A. 2 9 72 a J l
A . o.d? A. 3 4 ye 4 0 J 6.3d 1 . o 5oE-02 6 . 38 3 . '45 4C 4 J 1
9 o.37 •4. 3 3 yb a j o.dd 3 . 75 32 - J 3 o.33 1 .2 7124J2
6 m . oo - t . 3 3 9 6 4- j j o . 63 1 . 23 7 c - o 2 6.33 1 . oOJt4j2
7 0.37 4 . 3 2 9 c * JO 0 . dd 2 . 1 d o t - 02 6.3d 1 . 9 / oC 4 J 2
d 0.37 i . 5 1 j E 4- j j o.d3 3 . t2JE-02 6.33 2 . JAj £ a j 2
9 6.37 A . 7d dE 4-0'J 6. 91 1. 5 22t-J1 6.91 3 . 0 4 2 c 4 J2
10 1 1.09 3.99734-00 u.39 1.051C-JI 0.39 3.793=402
11 o « 30 3 . 43 9 t aj o i l . 13 2 . 063t-0 L 11.13 5 .olot4J2
12 o. o 7 0,Jt)E4ju 3 • 30 2. lo9E-dl 3 . 3o 9 . 4jJC4j2

CASE 2
1 9.49 p . A 7 o c Ad o I J. 7j 2.2o9c-'j3 U . 73 5 .3 2 754jj
2 b . Ay b . *t 5 72 4 0 0 5 .5 0 >. p - t i c - J 3 b. o 0 2 . 12 j c a j l
3 5 . 49 j.941L4ju p . pJ 1 . 2 -. tl— j 2 b . 50 A. 7 a j E a 11
A 5 . Ay 5 . 3 1 JC 4 o J 5• jj 1• 11/c-o2 b.bu 4.3olr>ol
3 o . >2 b . 32 ! : 4 o j o . A9 y • 7-4 1 2 - 0 3 5.-44 1 . 40 J C4 J2
0 6 • Jl 5.31 ) : 4 j ; o . >3 1 • j d 1 2 - 12 0.93 1 . 7 j 1 la 0 2
7 y2 p . 2 9 y:i a j j l.y 1 2. a2'»:- j 2 6.92 2 . 1 7 2 E 4 02
J o . /I b.cilrlAOi o . yJ j . p p 3 c- 0 2 0.92 2.bdjc4o2
y o • 9J i • 2 "> 7 c a . J - . 9p 2.o9dfc-Jl 0.55 3.2/oc4o2
10 o.?4 p . 1 ooE 40 J 6 • <3 1.-412E-01 6 • yd -4.lpy.:4j’
ll 6 . 12 p . j 1 7 c 4' Jj 6 . yo l.pJlc-O l 6.43 A . j A 2 c 4 12
12 o . 3J A. 72 3c a J J o . 42 2 . o t j E- J I 0.42 J . J 3 2 C4 12
13 1 o.61 7 • 7dAc 4 o 0 6.65 2 . 0 1-i c - 0 I 6 .0 5 6 . 4 0 yc 4 02
IA 1o . b3 3 . 9 / 7 E 4 J.j 1 i . 62 I . y 0 2 c - 01 11 . 0 2 7 . 3 j 1 2 a 02
15 <. • do d . 9 6 - t t 4 oO 11 • o 1 2 . I j p c - oI 11.ol d.jojcAyl
16 10.53 y. b l j c 4 j j d . 32 2. !2oE-ol 3 . 32 4 . 3 y 5 c 4 02
I 7 0.61 1 . d o 7c 4 0 1 :. j J 2 . i 5 oc-oI 0. 30 I. 7c4 0j
13 O. 5 5 1 . 2 a p E 40 I 6.75 2 . i j 5 1 - JI o. 7 p 1. I J2CAO 3

ASE 10
i 7 . 31 l.lb'vcAjl 7.01 b • 0 7 o £ —0 3 7. J l 1. 12 Ac 4 Jl
2 7.01 1 . 1 p2 c ad L 7. o 1 ’2 . 0 7 6 2 - J 2 7.01 -4. 2 9 1 C4 01
3 7.00 1 . 1 .1-4:= AJ l 7.01 3 . 0 6 y 2 —o 2 7.01 y . l o y c A Jl
A 7 . JO 1 . 0 2 7l a 0 1 7. Jl 2. 7 72E-02 7. ol 1 . 7 p oE a 02
b O. *9 d . 75 j 2 AJ 5 7.01 l.ooot-02 7.01 2 .-4 4 0 6 4 0 2
u O • •i'T J . uO t c 4 Jo ?.ol 2 . j -* 1 2 - 02 7.01 2 . d 9 0 c 4 02
7 O • if J 7 . 3- aoc Ado 7.01 A.ococ-J2 7.0 1 3 . 3 2 a c A 02
d 0*70 9 . 1 9 3c 4 ) j 7.ol •J.95lc-02 7.01 3 . jyjtAJ2
9 0 • S3 1 . 2 o Jc Ao l o • iJ c . 1li:-o l 5 . JO A. 1 7 2 = 4 0 2
10 'J.13 I • 0 0 0= AJ I 6 . 3<o 3.0o6E-Jl 5.40 A . 3 3AE402
11 a . 2S 7. 1322 a„ j 6 . ob 3 . o 7p C - J 1 9 . o4 b.AoocAj2
12 2.1 ri . o i 2 c 4- oo o. o3 3.12-4C-J1 0.03 6 . 2 1 3 2 a0 2
I i 3 • 3J 1 . O^o i C 4 0 1 1 1. 03 i . >2b e - y 1 11.03 y. JO 72- 402
1A 3 • <J0 I . o 7 PC4. 01 o . 7J 1. 0 52 c - 0 I 0 • 7d 1 . 12 7 = 4 j 3
15 J • Oo 1 . 2-tjfc A J I 1. 7 4 I . 0 I 0 E - 01 0 . 7A 1. 17oc4j )
16 w • 'j 1.2 Wt 4UI 6.71 7 . .1 7 9 t - 0 2 o.71 I . 6 p Ota j j
I 7 > • o*t I• 24oE a ji 9.70 0. 7O1E-02 0 . 70 1. » o 2 = a JJ
Id Ost)} I . 2 poE 4 0 1 o . od A• 3 * 4 3 2 - 0 2 6 • ob 2 .2 P d =40 3
 V * a l5 0 0 ft/s « c
* .dAXllOl i/ALJcj - O .O jd Id 5 7 . a 5 0 jcC *
9 ****** ********* *«* *** * *** ** *** * ** ******* *************

LAV. ri . At 9 [6 3 4 V.6 ri . - i c J 1 5. A I *1 r I. 9c a i de j j
C A SE 1
i 1 6 . /■> 9 . d 3 1 2 9 >Jo 1 0 . 75 2 . J j d E“ j 5 1 J.73 9 . 9J 6 C9 JJ
2 b.d 7 9 . a 3 o o 9 oO .3.35 5 . 5 6 3 2“ o 3 3 . aa 1. d9 5 6 9 J I
J <3,6 7 •9. 6 7o c 9 0^ j • dd L. O o 1 c - o 2 3 • d3 5 . 2 6 1 . . 9 Jl
o «a 7 9. O 1 3 0 9 Oo 3 • od 1. 955t-02 O . D'J 8 . 3 L6 C9 J 1
3 •j . a 7 4.d4jc9jj 3.07 3 . 7 j Oc - j 3 6. a 7 1. 2 7 0 u 9 6 2
6 o*30 9 • 0 4 0 C9 0 J ..do 6 . 2 5 5 Ef —J 2 3 . 6 (3 1• b J 4 u 9 j2
r o • J3 *t . a 3 2 d 9 j o . o2 2 . Io2c-02 a . ad I . » 7 9c 9 j 2
3 o . 59 9 . J i 6C 9 j d Oiio 3. 1322-02 o . dd 2 . 3 5 3l 9 j 2
9 o•6j 9. 73 /c 9J J 6. y1 1. 3252-01 3 . 91 3 . 6 55 c 9 02
10 1 1 . 09 •9. vi 2+f: 9j J 3 . 9J I . J32S-01 o . 90 5. 7 J'.t9 j t
u 6.30 *T.o5ju9ji 11.15 2 . J » 5 c - 01 11.14 5.6522962
12 o. o 7 3.595290 j 3.51 2.9042-01 o.Jl 9 . 5 9 3 c * 02

CASE 2
1 5 . 1? 7 . 6 1 i 5 9 J'j 6.17 5.6322-05 3. 1 7 7. 0o9 £ 9 j J
2 6• I 7 7 . 5 2 76 9 o 5 6.17 1.27 oc-02 5. 1 7 2 • 39 If 9 j l
J 3.17 7 • 0 5 j c 9 Jo 3.17 1.3515-J2 3. 1/ 5 . J j J L9 Jl
A 3 . 1 6 a . 1 -9 i J 9 j 6.17 1. to jC-J2 5 . 17 I. 11029j 2
5 6 . >2 6 . 3 5 7t 9 jO 3.17 1 .6 7. 3 - 0 2 3 . 17 I • 52 d e 9 0 2
o o . 92 5 • 3 93C 9 Jo 3.17 1 . 5 0 5 d - 02 5.17 I . 7 J 1J 9 J 2
7 0 . 1 2 3 . 5 3 - 9 6 9 . )J j . 95 2.-9-9 3 C - 6 2 j . 9j 2 . 1 JJL9JJ
i ;>. 91 5 . 31 7c o OJ ... 9 3 3.3352-62 6 . 9 3 2 • 3 9 3d 9 j 2
9 6 . 19 3. 5 5 2 1 9 Jj 0.93 2. 15 it-J I 6 . 9 3 j . 2 j oC 9 02
10 J . 19 5 . 5 2 o l 90 J 3.9 3 1. 9331.-0 1 0.95 9 . 1 7 60 9 J 2
11 5.15 3. 1 5 3 6 9 0 5 o . 13 1.3362-01 3.93 4 . 5 5 J c 9 J2
12 3. 1 7 6 . 3 7 96 9 . j o 6. 92 2. 5672-01 o . t i 3 . 3 9 5 l 9 02
1J - IJ . a l 7 . 9 5 1 1 . 9 J0 I J . 59 2.1202-01 1 0 . 39 6 . 4 73 = 9 6 2
i ■» 1 j . 5a 5 • o I 3 6 9 0 J t o . 02 2.6332-ol I b . u l 7 . 4 3 3 6 9 ..2
15 I J . 3b 9 . 5 I 96 9 J J 11.61 2 . j 0 j d - 0 1 1 1 . o l 8 . 4 i 3 c 9 0 2

16 10.55 1.0J2E.9J1 5.52 2 . 3 722-01 a . 32 1. 5 . 3 C 9 J 2

i r 0 . 3 3 1 a 0 5 2 2 901 o . 30 2 . 53 32 - J I a . 3o 1 . Jbbd9J3
10 a• o5 1 . 2 3 3 c 901 o . 75 2 . 5t4E-0 1 b . 75 1 . i 7 Jl 9 0 5

C A SE 1 0
1 3 . 7 3 3 . 7 1 7c 9 0 0 0 . 7 5 3 . 6 2 . 2 - 5 3 o • 7b n . 2 3 d L 9 j J
> o . 7o a . 6 7 3 L 9J J o . 7 7 1 . O 6 3 C - 0 2 6 . 7 b 3. 2 6 3 j 9 j l

3 o. 7b 6 . 3 0 2C96J o . 77 2 . 5 4 3 2 - 5 2 o . 77 7. 0 5 0 C 9 J 1

4 6 . 7o 7 . Oi l 6 C 9 J 6 o . 77 1 . 9 3 3 2 —6 2 o . 77 1 . 3 o 6 fc9 j 2

3 c . 03 7. 03 6 2 9 0 0 o . 7o 1 . 9 3 j c - o 2 b • 7b 1. 9 7 3c 9 J 2
3 . 0 3 7 •0 7 1 2 9 0 j 0 . 7 7 2 . 6 i j C —0 2 d . 77 2. 9 1 5C9 J 2

7 3 . 0 6 7. J J 2L9 JO - . 7 7 3. 3 7 5 2 -0 2 o . 7 7 2 • y ) a c 9 02

3 o . 50 7. 2 j J t 9 j j 3 . db 3 . 9 J 7c —5 2 '6.35 5. 4 2 b d 9 o 2
9 6 . 36 7 • 426C 9 j O ■3. 9 0 2 • 5 J J c - 0 I 5 . 9 0 4 . 2 3 J2 9 j 2

lo o . 7 2 2 . 2 1 dc 9 j 1 o . - 90 3 . 7 2 a t - J I b • 90 4. 9 7 ao9 j 2

U 0 . 7 2 1 • 32o£ 9 j l 3 . 6 3 9 .0 j 2 2 - 01 o . o3 3 . 52 7 29 62
12 3 . 2 a a . 4 J j l 9-j j 0 . 6 5 3 . 6 3 o c —0 1 b . b 3 0. 2 5 j £ 9 52

13 o . a a 1 • 1 5 a t 9 6 1 6 . 3 7 2 . 0 5 7 2 - 0 1 0 . 3 7 9. 1 3 1 6 9 0 2

1 5 o. bo 1 .1 j J L 9 51 0 . 3 3 1. . 9 2 0 2 - 0 1 0 . 5 3 1. 1 4 2 2 9 0 3
15 6 . bo I . 3 2 3c 9 0 1 5. 74 I . i 5 l d - Jl b • 74 1. 4 2 5 6 9 Jj

lo 0 . 0 3 1. 3 4 9 c 901 o. 72 d . 9 7 3 2 -0 2 a . 72 1. 74 3 c 9 5 5

17 0 . 0 9 I . 3 9 6 29 0 1 o. 70 7 . o 7 4 2 - 0 2 a . 70 2 . 0 7 7c9J 3

Id b . b 5 1 . 3 7 j£ 90 I fc.58 5 . 3 0 2 2 - 0 2 b . bd 2. 4obc 9 0 3
 APPENDIX G

WILDLIFE SITE CASE STUDY RESULTS

583
 584

2.0
1.0
l"A)
0.0

» A* i u. i T _T--.y ^
STRRIN
-1.0
-2.0

0.0 5.0 ! □. □ 15. 0 20 . 0 25.0 30. 0

I .□
0.8
U*
0.6
PP,
0.4
NORM.
.2

a
0. 0 5.0 15.0 2 5 .0 30. 0
TIME ( SEC)

LRYER 3
PAR RCCL 0 . 2 G

WILDLIFE

\
 585

i ’/A
a. a
STRR[N
-i.a
-2.a

O.P 10.0 20.0

l.o

5. 0 15. 0
a. 8
NORM. PP, U*
a . 2 a . 4 a.e
□ .a

0 .0 5.0 10.0 15. 0 20.0 30. 0

TIME ( SEC)

LAYER 5
PAR ACCL 0 . 2 G

WILDLIFE
 586

2.0
l.D
I*/.)

»- - . ¥\ - h /\a
0.0
STRAIN

\r
-[.□
-2.0

0.0 5.0 1 0 .0 1 5 .0 2 0 .0 2 5 .0 30.0

L.Q
0.0
U*
0.6
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

o
a
0. 0 5.0 15 .0
TIME (S E C )

LAYER 10

PAR ACCL 0 .2 G

WILDLIFE
 587

C/.l
0.0

^ ,A -
STRAIN
-1.0
L.O -2.0

O.D 5.0 10.□ 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0

0.8
Ux
O.G
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

a
0. 0 5.0 1 5.0 20.0 3 0 .0
T I N E (S E C )

LRYER 3

PAR. RCCL. 0 .5 Gi
 588

2.0l.n
STRAIN 17.)
a.o
-l.a
-2 .a

0.0 15.0 20.0 3 0 .0

l.q
a.* q.6 a.a
NORM. PP, U*
.2

□
a
0.0 5 .0 10.0 15.0 2 0 .0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
TIME ( S E C )

LRYER 4

PAR. PCCL. 0 .5 G

WILDLIFE
 589

2 .0
1.0
(7.)
0.0
STRAIN
-1.0
-2.0

0. 0 1 5 .0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
L.O
0.8
U*
0.6
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

a
a
0. 0 5 .0 1 5 .0 20.0 2 5 .0
TIME ( S E C )

LRYER 5

PRR. RCCL. 0 .5 G

WILDLIFE
 590

2.0 1.0
STRAIN (7.)
o.a
- 1.0
t.a -2.0

0.0 1 5 .0 20.0 3 0 .0
0.6 a.a
NORM. PP, U*
.2 a.a

q
a
0.0 5.0 1 5 .0 20.0 2 5 .0
TIME I S E C )

LRYER 6

PAR. RCCL. 0 .5 E

WILDLIFE
 591

2.0
1.0
C/A
a.o
STRRIN
- 1. 0
-2. 0

15.0 20.0 25.0 3 0 .0

i.a
o.a
U*
0.6
NORM. PP,
q .4
0-2
P -0

0.0 15.0 20.0 3 0 .0

TIME (S E C )
LRYER .10

PAR. flCCL. 0 .5 G

WILDLIFE
 592

2.0
.
1.0
STRAIN (7.)
Q.O

7
-1.0
1.0 -2.0

0.0 5 .0 15.0 20.0 25.□ 3 0 .0

.2 G.4 0.6 O.a
NORM. PP, Ux

q
a
5.0 15 .0 20.0 2 5 .0 30.0
TIME ( S E C )
LRYER 3

PRR RCCL 0 .8 G

WILDLIFE
 593

STRAIN l'/A
a.o
- 2 .a -l.a

□.D 10.0 20.0 3 0 .0

i.a
a.* a.6 a.a
NORM. PP, U*
.2

0.0 5.0 1 0 .0 1 5.0 20.0 25.0 3 0 .0

TIME ( S E C )

LRYER 5

PAR RCCL 0.8" G

WILDLIFE
 594

15.□ 20. Q 2 5 .0 30.0

X O"
3
Q. °
Q_

0.0 5 .0 10.0 1 5 .0 20.0 30.0

TIME ( S E C )

LRYER 10

fTIR RCCL 0 .8 G

WILDLIFE
 595

(7.)
0.0
STRRIN
-1.0
-2.0

0.0 5.0 10 .0 15 .0 20.0 25.0 3D.0

L.O
0.8
U*
0.6
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

□
□
5.0 1 5.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
T IME ( S E C )

LRYER 3

5RL ACC 0.2 G

WILDLIFE
 596

2.B 1.0
STRRIN 17A
0.0
-1.0
t.O -2.0

5.0 10.0 15.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0

J
1.2 0.1 0.6 0.8
NORM. PP, U*

0.0 5.0 1 0.0 1 5 .0 20.0 25 .0 3 0 .0

TIME ( S E C )
LRYER 5

5RL ACC 0 . 2 G

WILDLIFE
 597

2.0'
1.0
(X )
0.0

—^ v r \ / vyvi
STRfHN
-1.0
-2.0

0.0 5.0 1 0 .0 1 5 .0 20.0 25.0 30.0

l.Q
a.a
U*
O.S
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

u
O
a
0.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 30.0
TIME ( S E C )
LRYER 10

5RL RCC 0 . 2 G

WILDLIFE
 598

2. 0.
i.o
( ’/.)
o.o
STRAIN
-i.a
-2 .a

□ .a 5.0 10.□ 1 5 .0 2D.0 25.0 30.D

ua
a.a
Ux
o.b
NORM. PP,
a.*
.2

□
a
0.0 5.0 10.0 1 5.0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
TIME I S E C )
LRYER 3

5RL RCC 0 . 5 G

WILDLIFE
 599

2.0
1.0
(%)
o.o
STRAIN
-i.a
- 2. 0

5.0 1 5 .0 20.0 25.0 3 0 .0

uo
a.a
U*
o. b

J
NORM. PP,
a .4
1.2

0 .0 5 .0 10 .0 15 .0 20.0 25.0 3 0 .0
TIME ( S E C )
LRYER 4

5RL RCC 0 .5 G

WILDLIFE
 600

( /’.)
0.0
STRAIN
-I.Q
-2.0

0.0 1 5 .0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
1.0
O.B
Uh
0.6
NORM. PP,
0.*
.2

5.0 1 5 .0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
TIME ( S E C )
LAYER 5

SAL ACC 0 .5 G

WILDLIFE
 601
17.)
0 .0
STRAIN
-1.0
-2.0

0.0 1 5.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
1 .0
0.8
Ux
0.6
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

0.0 5.0 1 5.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

T IME ( S E C )
LRYER 6

5RL RCC 0-5 G

WILDLIFE
 602
2.0.
I.D
17.)
0.0
STRAIN
-1.0
-2.0

0.0 5 .0 10.0 15 .0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0

L.O
0.8
U*
0.6
NORM. PP,
0.4
.2

□
a
0.0 5.0 10.0 1 5.0 30.0
TIME I SEC)
LRYER 10

5RL RCC 0 . 5 G

WILDLIFE
 603

2.0
1.0
17.)

y n /] f V \ f l f* -i
VA“ f \vf
a.o

"v U U v 1
STRRIN
- 1. 0
-2 .a

□ 5 .D 10. □ 15. □ 2D. 0 25.0 30.0

l.o
q.a
Ux
Q-B
NORM. PP,
□.<
.2

w
q
a
5 .0 15.0 2 0 .0
time: I SEC)
LRYER 3

5RL RCC 0 . 8

WILDLIFE
 604

2.0 1.0
STRRIN C/.)
- 1.0 a.a
i.o -2.a

0.0 to.o 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 30.0

a.b a.a
NORM. PR, Ux
2 0.4

q
□
5.0 10.0 15.0 30.0
TIME ( S E C )
LRYER 5

5RL RCC 0 .8

WILDLIFE
 605

2.0 1.0
STRAIN C7.)
Q.O
-1.0
1.0 -2.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 30 .0

1.2 O.-l 0.6 0.8
NORM. PP, U*

y-f

f
0.0 5.0 10 .0 15.0 2 0 .0 2 5 .0 30 .0
TIME ( S E C )
LRYER 10

5RL RCC 0 .8

WILDLIFE
 606

15 .0 2 0 .0 2 5 .0 30.0

X a

CL =
CL

a:
O
z

0.0 5 .0 10.□ 1 5.0 2 0 .0 25.0 3 0 .0

T IME I SEC)
LRYER 3

BRfl ACC 0 .2 G

WILDLIFE
 607

STRRIN C/A
0.0
-1.0
l.Q -2.0

o.o 5 .0 10.0 15.0 2 5 .0 3 0.0

.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
NORM. PP, U*

LJ
o
o
5 .0 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 30 .0
TIME ( S E C )
LRYER 5

BRfl ACC 0 . 2 G

HILDLIFE
 608
2.0:
1.0
('/.)
0.0
STRRIN
-1.0
-2.0

0.0 5 .0 10.0 15.0 2 0 .0 25.0 30.0

1.0
0.8
NORM. PP, Ux
0.6
0.4
1.2

0.0 5.0 1 0 .0 15 .0 2 0 .0 25.0 30.0

TIME ( S E C )
layer 10

BRA ACC 0 . 2 G

WILDLIFE
 609

2 .al.a
STRRIN (7.)
-i.o a.a
a.a i.a - 2 .a

0.0 5.0 10 .0 15.0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0

NORM. PP, Uk
.2 a a a.6

a
a
5.0 10.0 1 5.0 20.0 2 5 .0 3 0 .0
TIME I S E C )
LRYER 3

BRfl RCC 0 .5 G

WILDLIFE
 610

2.8
1.0
('/.)
O.Q
STRRIN
- 1. 0
l.a -2.0

O.D 5 .0 10.0 15.D 2 5 .0 3 0 .0

0.4 0.6 0.8
NORM. PP, U*
.2

a
a
5 .0 10.0 1 5 .0 20.0 2 5 .0 30.0
TIME I S E C )
LRYER 4

BRfl ACC 0 . 5 G

WILDLIFE
 611

2 .0
1.0
17.)
0.0
STRRIN
-I.Q
-2.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 1 5 .0 20.0 30.0

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WILDLIFE
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WILDLIFE
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LRYER 10

BRR RCC 0 .5 G

WILDLIFE
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WILDLIFE
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LRYER 5

BRR RCC 0 .8 G

WILDLIFE
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WILDLIFE