 Annual Independence Day Celebration – June 12

 Before we celebrate it on July 4, 1946 – Independence from foreign power

 Diosdado Macapagal changed the date from July 4 to June 12 to emphasize that important
event.
 June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite (Cavite Viejo) – Independence day from Spanish colonization of
333 years.
 Kind of government created by General Emilio Aguinaldo – Dictatorial Government
 Currently, the Philippines is a democratic (government of the people, by the people, and for the
people) and republican state (the people choose their representative to government, why we
exercise our right to vote).
 The 2000-word document summarizes the reason behind the revolution against Spain, the war
for Independence, and the future of the new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.

Abuses during the Spanish Regime:

1. Arbitrary arrests – arrest without basis

2. Harsh treatment
3. Killing of prisoners under the pretext that they were attempting to escape
4. Unjust deportations without proper hearing.
5. Absence of due process
6. Abuses of the Civil Guards
7. Unequal protection of the law
8. Avarice and greed of the clergy

Why did the Proclamation begin with an enumeration of the abuses?

 The recollection of abuses under the Spanish Regime at the beginning of the Proclamation is
intended to reinforce the need for independence and to illustrate the experiences of Filipinos
under Spain; it also justifies the revolution against Spain.
 The recollection also provides a vision for the New Republic characterized by equality and peace.

Some Narrations in the Proclamation

 Historical narrative from Magellan’s arrival to the Philippine revolution

 Specific details about the Philippine Revolution especially after the Pact of Biak-na-bato had
collapsed.
 The spread of the movement (Katipunan) through different towns and provinces in Luzon
(Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Laguna, etc.) The spread of the revolt in the Visayas ensured the
success of the revolution
 Narration of the unjust execution of Dr. Jose Rizal, done to “please the greedy body friars in the
insatiable desire to seek revenge upon and exterminate all those who are opposed to their
Machiavellian purposes, which tramples upon the penal code prescribed for these islands.”
 The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the infamous execution of Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA) “whose innocent blood was shed through the intrigues of
those so-called religious orders” that incited the three secular priests in the said mutiny.

Emilio Aguinaldo
  Emilio Aguinaldo didn’t have a humble origin for he came from a wealthy family. Father was the
gobernadorcillo.
 Born in Kawit, Cavite on March 22, 1869.
 Educated in the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, but was not able to finish college due to an
outbreak of cholera in 1882.
 He joined the Katipunan in 1895 and used the call-sign Magdalo after Mary Magdalene.
 He became the supreme leader of the Dictatorial Government when the Philippines became
independent in 1898 and the president of the First Republic pursuant to the Malolos
Constitution of 1899.

The Philippine Flag

 We were taught that: white symbolizes purity, blue symbolizes peace, red symbolized courage
during war.
 White triangle – symbolizes the famous Katipunan society, can also mean the purity of the
purpose of the Katipunan.
 Three stars – three principal islands: Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay because Visayas is not an
island and the biggest island in the Visayas island is Panay.
 Sun – strides that have been made by the sons of this land towards progress and civilization.
 Eight rays – symbolizes the eight provinces of: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas.
 Blue, Red, and White – commemorate the flag of the United States of North America, gratitude.

Other Facts:

 Treaty of Paris- we were sold by the Spaniards to the Americans for 20 million dollars. The battle
against Spaniards with the American was staged.
 Aguinaldo was eventually captured by American troops led by Colonel Frederick Funston on
March 23, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed the hostilities in the Philippines over on July 4,
1902, although guerrilla resistance continued.
 Six days after the proclamation of independence, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation formalizing
the creation of a dictatorial government responsible for assessing the needs of the country. The
Dictatorial Government would last for only five days.
 Aguinaldo was eventually captured by American troops led by Colonel Frederick Funston on
March 23, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed the hostilities in the Philippines over on July 4,
1902, although guerrilla resistance continued.
 “Contrary to popular belief, on 12 June 1898, the Philippine flag was waved by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, not by Emilio Aguinaldo, and was done at the window of Aguinaldo’s Bahay
na Bato, not at the balcony which did not exist at the time,”


Analysis of the Document

 The document reveals some often-overlooked historical truths about this important event in
Philippine History.
 The document reflects the general revolutionary sentiment of that period. For example, the
abuses specifically mentioned in the proclamation like friar abuse, racial discrimination, and
 inequality before the law reflect the most compelling sentiments represented by the
revolutionary leadership.
 However, no mention was made about the more serious problem that affected the masses more
profoundly, that is, the land and agrarian crisis felt by the numerous Filipino peasants in the
nineteenth century.
 According to the renowned Philippine Revolution historian, Teodoro Agoncillo, the Philippine
revolution was an agrarian revolution. The common revolutionary soldiers fought In the
revolution for the hope of owning the lands that they were tilling.
 This agrarian aspect of the revolution must have been unfamiliar to the middle-class
revolutionary leaders or were intentionally left out because they were landholders themselves.
 The document mentioned the historical development, the struggle for independence narrating
past events such as the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the execution of the GOMBURZA. The
martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal was also mentioned. However, the Katipunan was also mentioned in
the end but there was no mention of its foundation and especially of Andres Bonifacio and his
co-founders.
 This shows us that the historical narration found in this document also reflects the politics of the
victors. This reminds us of the axiom that history is written by the victors.
 The point is, even official records and documents like the proclamation of independence, while
truthful most of the time, still exude the politics and biases of whoever is in power. This
manifests in the selectiveness of information that can be found in these records.
 The task of the historian, thus, is to analyze the content of these documents in relation to the
dominant politics and the contexts of the people and institutions surrounding it.

Who is the author and the background bat di sya pinasulat (who was the speech writer), bakit pumunta
si cory sa us congress (because this is what happened to us, nagkaroon edsa revolution., pinautang ba
tayo, why do we consider America as the real winner if pinautang man tayo o hindi? Was there a deal
between the Philippines and America?This proves that we aren’t in the golden era

10 pts primary or secondary 50 points essay regarding the document of Cory Aquino.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamira (December 7, 1830 – December 4, 1903), also known as Don
Bosyong, was a Filipino lawyer and author of the Declaration of Philippine Independence. A distant
relative to the Rizal family and the Bonifacio family, Bautista often gave advice to José Rizal, a Filipino
nationalist, while studying in Manila.[1]

Early life and career in the Malolos Congress

Bautista was born in Biñan, Laguna, to Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and Silvestra Altamira. He attended
preparatory school in Biñan and studied law at University of Santo Tomas, obtaining a degree in 1865. He
practiced law in Manila and offered free legal services to poor clients. Whilst practicing law, Bautista, on
his way to Malolos, Bulacan, was captured by a group of bandits, who subsequently learned that he
saved many of their friends as a defender of the poor in court cases against rich Filipinos and Spaniards.
The bandits apologized to Bautista and set him free.

Political activism
Bautista solicited funds to finance a campaign for reforms in the Philippines, later becoming a member of
the La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Propaganda. In 1896, the Spaniards arrested and
imprisoned him at Fort Santiago, as he was suspected of being involved in the Philippine Revolution;
Bautista elected to defend himself and was later released from prison.

In 1898, Bautista became the first adviser to President Emilio Aguinaldo and subsequently wrote the
Declaration of Philippine Independence.[2]

Contrary to common belief, it was Bautista, and not Aguinaldo, who waved the Philippine flag before the
jubilant crowd on June 12, 1898, during the Philippines Proclamation of Independence in Cavite.[3][2]

On July 14, 1899, Bautista was elected to the position of president in Tarlac's Revolutionary Congress and
was later appointed judge of the Court of First Instance of the province of Pangasinan.[4]

Bonifacio declared the proceedings of the Tejeros Convention null and void and established a new
government. This was seen as an act of treason by the others and Bonifacio was charged with refusing to
recognize newly established Revolutionary Government. He was arrested and sentenced to death in
Maragondon, Cavite.

The Revolutionary government, led by Aguinaldo, continued the revolution against the Spaniards. At this
point, the Spaniards were of the impression that the revolution was in decline and concentrated their
efforts on pursuing Aguinaldo and his companions. By the latter part of 1897, Aguinaldo was forced by
advancing Spanish forces to retreat to the mountains of Biak-na-Bato.

On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo, along with several revolutionaries, convened a citizen’s assembly in
order to draft a provisional constitution for the Philippines, which has come to be known as the
Constitution of Biak-na-Bato. The government established was to be headed by a Supreme Council
composed of a President, Vice President, and four Secretaries empowered to govern. However, this plan
never materialized because Aguinaldo entered into negotiations with the Spanish government. This
resulted in an agreement under which Philippine Revolutionaries would go into exile in Hong Kong and
surrender their arms in exchange for financial indemnities and pardons. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, as it
would later be called, was signed on December 15, 1897. Aguinaldo and the revolutionaries departed for
Hong Kong on December 24, 1897. In Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his companions established a Junta,
which worked toward continuing the revolution and gaining freedom from the Spaniards.

With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Aguinaldo, with members of the Hong Kong Junta,
returned to the Philippines in the middle of 1898, to continue the revolution. On May 28, 1898, the
Philippine Flag was unfurled for the first time at the battle of Alapan. Philippine Independence was
formally proclaimed on June 12, 1898, when Aguinaldo waved the flag in Kawit, Cavite, and was declared
dictator. There, the Philippine National Anthem was also played for the first time.

Six days after the proclamation of independence, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation formalizing the
creation of a dictatorial government responsible for assessing the needs of the country. The Dictatorial
Government would last for only five days. Upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo issued a
subsequent proclamation abolishing it and establishing a revolutionary government instead. Aguinaldo’s
title was changed from Dictator to the President of the Revolutionary Government and Captain-General
of its army. According to Mabini, this was done in order to prevent other provinces from viewing
Aguinaldo’s dictatorial authority with suspicion. The proclamation also created a Revolutionary Congress
to draft a constitution for the government. On August 1, 1898, the proclamation of independence was
ratified by provincial delegates in order to legitimize the Revolutionary Government.

our US independence has been a petty endeavor by the united states to match our independence date
with theirs as "july 4." This sends a message na kahit malaya na tayo, every time that we celebrate our
independence we are reminded na pati sa pagpili ng independence date natin di natin na kontrol,
posturing american superiority and their everlasting influence.

Elements of State:

A State stands identified with its four absolutely essential elements:

1. Population:

State is a community of persons. It is a human political institution. Without a population there can be no
State. Population can be more or less but it has to be there. There are States with very small populations
like Switzerland, Canada and others, and there are States like China, India and others, with very large
populations.

The people living in the State are the citizens of the State. They enjoy rights and freedom as citizens as
well as perform several duties towards the State. When citizens of another State are living in the
territory of the State, they are called aliens. All the persons, citizens as well as aliens, who are living in
the territory of the State are duty bound to obey the state laws and policies. The State exercises supreme
authority over them through its government.

There is no definite limit for the size of population essential for a State. However, it is recognised that the
population should be neither too large nor very small. It has to be within a reasonable limit. It should be
determined on the basis of the size of the territory of the State, the available resources, the standard of
living expected and needs of defence, production of goods and supplies. India has a very large and fast
growing population and there is every need to check population growth. It is essential for enhancing the
ability of India to register a high level of sustainable development.

2. Territory:

Territory is the second essential element of the State. State is a territorial unit. Definite territory is its
essential component. A State cannot exist in the air or at sea. It is essentially a territorial State. The size
of the territory of a State can be big or small; nevertheless it has to be a definite, well-marked portion of
territory.
States like Russia, Canada, U.S.A., India, China, Brazil and some others are large sized states whereas
Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldivies, Switzerland, Togo, Brundi and many others are States with small
territories. The whole territory of the state is under the sovereignty or supreme power of the State. All
persons, organisations, associations, institutions and places located within its territory are under the
sovereign jurisdiction of the State.

Further, it must be noted that the territory of the state includes not only the land but also, rivers, lakes,
canals inland seas if any, a portion of coastal sea—territorial waters or maritime belt, continental shelf,
mountains, hills and all other land features along with the air space above the territory.

The territory of the state can also include some islands located in the sea. For example Anadaman &
Nicobar and Daman and Diu are parts of India. State exercises sovereignty over all parts of its territory.
Ships of the State are its floating parts and Aero-planes are its flying parts. Even a States can lease out its
territory to another State e.g. India has given on lease the Teen Bigha corridor to Bangladesh.

3. Government:

Government is the organisation or machinery or agency or magistracy of the State which makes,
implements, enforces and adjudicates the laws of the state. Government is the third essential element of
the State. The state exercises its sovereign power through its government.

This sometimes creates the impression that there is no difference between the State and Government.
However it must be clearly noted that government is just one element of the State. It is the agent or the
working agency of the State. Sovereignty belongs to the State; the government only uses it on behalf of
the State.

Each government has three organs:

(1) Legislature—which formulates the will of State i.e. performs law-making functions;

(2) Executive— enforces and implements the laws i.e. performs the law-application functions; and

(3) Judiciary—which applies the laws to specific cases and settles the disputes i.e. performs adjudication
functions.

Government as a whole is the instrument through which the sovereign power of the State gets used.

In ancient times, the King used to perform all functions of the government and all powers of governance
stood centralized in his hands. Gradually, however, the powers of King got decentralized and these came
to be exercised by these three organs of the government: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

Each of these three organs of the government carries out its assigned functions. Independence of
Judiciary is also a settled rule. The relationship between the Legislature and Executive is defined by law
and it corresponds to the adopted form of government. In a Parliamentary form of government, like the
one which is working in India and Britain, the legislature and executive are closely related and the latter
is collectively responsible before the former.
In the Presidential form, as is in operation in the U.S.A., the legislature and executive are two
independent and separate organs with stable and fixed tenures, and the executive is not responsible to
legislature. It is directly responsible to the people.

Government is an essential element of State. However it keeps on changing after regular intervals.
Further, Government can be of any form—Monarchy or Aristocracy or Dictatorship or Democracy. It can
be either Parliamentary or Presidential or both. It can be Unitary or Federal or of mixture of these two in
its organisation and working. In contemporary times every civilized State has a democratic
representative, responsible transparent and accountable government.

4. Sovereignty:

Sovereignty is the most exclusive element of State. State alone posses sovereignty. Without sovereignty
no state can exit. Some institutions can have the first three elements (Population Territory and
Government) but not sovereignty.

State has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme power over all its people and territory.
In fact, Sovereignty is the basis on which the State regulates all aspects of the life of the people living in
its territory.

As the supreme power of the State, Sovereignty has two dimensions:

Internal Sovereignty and External Sovereignty.

Sovereignty has two aspects internal and external. Internally viewed, the state has supreme power over
all individuals and associations within its fixed area. It can compel obedience of its people to its laws and
commands. Externally viewed, the state is free from control of any foreign state or alien rule. Before
independence India was not a state as it was ruled by the British.

(i) Internal Sovereignty:

It means the power of the State to order and regulate the activities of all the people, groups and
institutions which are at work within its territory. All these institutions always act in accordance with the
laws of the State. The State can punish them for every violation of any of its laws.

(ii) External Sovereignty:

It means complete independence of the State from external control. It also means the full freedom of
the State to participate in the activities of the community of nations. Each state has the sovereign power
to formulate and act on the basis of its independent foreign policy.

We can define external sovereignty of the State as its sovereign equality with every other state. State
voluntarily accepts rules of international law. These cannot be forced upon the State. India is free to sign
or not to sign any treaty with any other state. No state can force it to do so.