ELEC4612 Topic Summary

Chapter 3: Per Unit System

Single Line Diagrams

One-line diagrams are a graphical single-phase representation of a balanced three phase power
system. Adding equivalent circuits of network elements gives a reactance / impedance diagram.

Single Line Diagram Reactance Diagram

The Per-Unit System

Simplifies analysis of a power system by representing everything in terms of base parameters.
Normally base parameters of |V| and |S| are chosen initially.

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑘𝑉 2
𝑏 𝑆𝑏
𝑝𝑢 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝐼𝑏 = 3𝑉
𝑏 √ 𝑏

In both ∆ and Y connected circuits |𝐼𝑝,𝑝𝑢 = 𝐼𝑙,𝑝𝑢 | and |𝑉𝑝,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑙,𝑝𝑢 |. In the per unit system, three
phase power becomes equivalent to single phase → 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑝𝑢 𝐼 ∗ 𝑝𝑢

To convert pu quantities to a different base quantity use:

𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑑 2
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤
)

Synchronous Machines
The generator ratings are typically chosen as the base quantities for the power system.

In the equivalent impedance circuit 𝑅𝑎 is considered negligible.

Transformers
Transformers have one VA base throughout the circuit. The voltage base changes across sides based
on the turns ratio of the transformer.

𝑁2
𝑉2,𝑏 = 𝑉 𝑆𝑏 = Constant
𝑁1 1,𝑏

This means that 𝑉1,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉2,𝑝𝑢 , 𝐼1,𝑝𝑢 = 𝐼2,𝑝𝑢 , 𝑆1,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑆2,𝑝𝑢 and 𝑍1,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍2,𝑝𝑢 . A transformer is
represented by a single impedance in pu analysis.

Three phase transformers have 4 possible arrangements based on combinations of ∆ and Y

connections. Base impedance transfers are the same as in single phase transformers. ∆-Y and Y-∆
transformers have an inherent phase shift of 30°, with Y side voltages and currents leading the ∆
side. If 3 single-phase transformers are connected to make a 3-phase transformer, add power rating
ratings together to get the base value of |𝑆𝑏 |

Transmission Lines
In equivalent circuits, all lines are short unless given a half-line charging susceptance. In this case
assume that specific line to be a medium line represented by the pi-model.

Reactance Diagrams
Created by replacing network components in an SLD by their equivalent circuit. It is assumed that
the system is balanced (𝐼𝑁 = 0) and that resistances are negligible. To construct:

1. Choose an appropriate common MVA base for the system.

2. Consider the system to be divided into a number of sections by transformers. Choose an
appropriate kV base in one of the sections. Calculate kV bases of other sections based on
transformer turns ratios.
3. Calculate per unit values of voltages and impedances in each section and connect them up
as per the topology of the OLD. The result is a single-phase per unit impedance diagram.