Classifications by Cancer Site

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,
IARC Monographs Volumes 1–134a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

sufficient evidence in humans in humans
Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx

Lip Hydrochlorothiazide
Solar radiation
Oral cavity Acetaldehyde associated with Bitumens, occupational exposure
consumption of alcoholic to hard bitumens and their
beverages emissions during mastic
Alcoholic beverages asphalt work
Betel quid with tobacco Bitumens, occupational exposure
to oxidized bitumens and their
Betel quid without tobacco
emissions during roofing
Human papillomavirus type 16
Tobacco, smokeless
Tobacco smoking
Salivary gland Acetaldehyde associated with Radioiodines, including iodine-131
consumption of alcoholic
beverages
X- and Gamma-radiation
Pharynx: oropharynx b Human papillomavirus type 16
Pharynx: tonsil b Human papillomavirus type 16
Pharynx: nasopharynx b Epstein–Barr virus Pickled vegetables (traditional
Formaldehyde Asian)
Salted fish, Chinese-style
Wood dust
Pharynx: all combined Acetaldehyde associated with Asbestos (all forms)
consumption of alcoholic Bitumens, occupational exposure
beverages to hard bitumens and their
Alcoholic beverages emissions during mastic
Betel quid with tobacco asphalt work
Tobacco smoking Bitumens, occupational exposure
Opium consumption
Tobacco smoke, secondhand
2


Digestive organs
Oesophagus Acetaldehyde associated with Bitumens, occupational exposure
Betel quid with tobacco Bitumens, occupational exposure
Betel quid without tobacco
Tobacco, smokeless
Dry cleaning
Tobacco smoking
Opium consumption
Pickled vegetables (traditional
Asian)
Rubber manufacturing industry
Very hot beverages (squamous
cell carcinoma)
Stomach Helicobacter pylori (infection with) Art glass, glass containers and
Rubber manufacturing industry pressed ware (manufacture
of)
Tobacco smoking
Asbestos (all forms)
Epstein–Barr virus
Lead compounds, inorganic
Nitrate or nitrite (ingested) under
conditions that result in
endogenous nitrosation
Opium consumption
Pickled vegetables (traditional
Asian)
Processed meat (consumption of)
Salted fish, Chinese-style
Colon Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms)
Processed meat (consumption of) Firefighter (occupational exposure
Tobacco smoking as a)
X- and Gamma-radiation Night shift work
Red meat (consumption of)
Schistosoma japonicum (infection
with)
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3


Rectum Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms)

Processed meat (consumption of) Night shift work
Tobacco smoking Red meat (consumption of)
with)
Anus Human immunodeficiency virus Human papillomavirus types 18
type 1 (infection with) and 33
Liver Aflatoxins Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
Alcoholic beverages Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
Estrogen–progestogen oral compounds
contraceptives (combined) Aspartame (hepatocellular
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection carcinoma)
with) Betel quid without tobacco
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection DDT (4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl-
with) trichloroethane)
Plutonium Human immunodeficiency virus
Thorium-232 and its decay products type 1 (infection with)
Tobacco smoking (in smokers and in Schistosoma japonicum (infection
smokers’ children) with)
Vinyl chloride Trichloroethylene
Bile duct Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
1,2-Dichloropropane Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) compounds
Plutonium Betel quid without tobacco
Thorium-232 and its decay products DDT (4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane)
Tobacco smoking (in smokers)
Dichloromethane (methylene
chloride)
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection
with)
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection
with)
with)
Trichloroethylene
4


Gall bladder Thorium-232 and its decay products

Pancreas Tobacco, smokeless Alcoholic beverages
Tobacco smoking Opium consumption
Thorium-232 and its decay
products
Digestive tract, unspecified Radioiodines, including iodine-131
Respiratory and intrathoracic organs
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using Carpentry and joinery
strong acids Chromium(VI) compounds
Leather dust Formaldehyde
Nickel compounds Textile manufacturing industry
Radium-226 and its decay products (work in)
Radium-228 and its decay products
Tobacco smoking
Wood dust
Larynx Acetaldehyde associated with Bitumens, occupational exposure
Acid mists, strong inorganic asphalt work
Alcoholic beverages Bitumens, occupational exposure
Asbestos (all forms)
Opium consumption
Human papillomavirus types 16
Tobacco smoking and 18
Sulfur mustard
Lung Acheson process, occupational Acid mists, strong inorganic
exposure associated with Art glass, glass containers and
Aluminium production pressed ware (manufacture
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic of)
compounds Benzene
Asbestos (all forms) Biomass fuel (primarily wood),
Beryllium and beryllium compounds indoor emissions from
household combustion of
Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl
methyl ether (technical grade) Bitumens, occupational exposure
to hard bitumens and their
5


Cadmium and cadmium compounds emissions during mastic

Chromium(VI) compounds asphalt work
Coal, indoor emissions from Bitumens, occupational exposure
household combustion to oxidized bitumens and their
Coal gasification
Carbon electrode manufacture
Coal-tar pitch
alpha-Chlorinated toluenes
Coke production
(benzal chloride,
Engine exhaust, diesel benzotrichloride, benzyl
Haematite mining (underground) chloride) and benzoyl chloride
Iron and steel founding (occupational (combined exposures)
exposure during) Cobalt metal with tungsten
MOPP and other combined carbide
chemotherapy including Creosotes
alkylating agents Diazinon
Nickel compounds Frying, emissions from high-
Opium consumption temperature
Outdoor air pollution Hydrazine
Outdoor air pollution, particulate Non-arsenical insecticides
matter in (occupational exposures in
Painter (occupational exposure as a) spraying and application of)
Plutonium Printing processes (occupational
exposures in)
Radon-222 and its decay products
Silicon carbide, fibrous
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of dioxin
quartz or cristobalite
Trivalent antimony
Soot (as found in occupational
exposure of chimney sweeps) Uranium, mixture of isotopes
Sulfur mustard
Tobacco smoking
Welding fumes
Upper aerodigestive tract
Upper aerodigestive tract (oral Acetaldehyde associated with Bitumens, occupational exposure
cavity, pharynx, larynx, consumption of alcoholic to hard bitumens and their
oesophagus) beverages emissions during mastic
Tobacco smoking Bitumens, occupational exposure
6


Bone
Bone Plutonium Radioiodines, including iodine-131
Skin
Skin (melanoma) Polychlorinated biphenyls Firefighter (occupational exposure
Solar radiation as a)
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices Petroleum refining (occupational
exposures in)
Skin (malignant non-melanoma) Arsenic and inorganic arsenic Creosotes
compounds Human immunodeficiency virus
Azathioprine type 1 (infection with)
Coal-tar distillation Human papillomavirus types 5
Cyclosporine and 8 (in patients with
epidermodysplasia
Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen)
verruciformis)
plus ultraviolet A radiation
Hydrochlorothiazide
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly
treated Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)
Shale oils Nitrogen mustard
Solar radiation Petroleum refining (occupational
exposures in)
Soot (as found in occupational
exposure of chimney sweeps) Ultraviolet-emitting tanning
devices
Mesothelium, endothelium, and soft tissue
Mesothelium (pleura, peritoneum, Asbestos (all forms)
and other) Erionite
Firefighter (occupational exposure as
a)
Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
Painter (occupational exposure as a)
Endothelium (Kaposi sarcoma) Human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 (infection with)
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
7


Soft tissue Polychlorophenols and their

sodium salts (combined
exposures)
Radioiodines, including iodine-131
dioxin
Breast
Breast Alcoholic beverages Dieldrin, and aldrin metabolized to
Diethylstilbestrol dieldrin
Estrogen–progestogen oral Digoxin
contraceptives (combined) Estrogen therapy,
Estrogen–progestogen menopausal postmenopausal
therapy (combined) Ethylene oxide
X- and Gamma-radiation Night shift work
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Tobacco smoking
Female genital organs
Vulva Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus
Human papillomavirus types 18,
and 33
Vagina Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human immunodeficiency virus
Human papillomavirus type 16 type 1 (infection with)
Uterine cervix Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human papillomavirus types 26,

Estrogen–progestogen oral 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, and 82
contraceptives (combined)
Human immunodeficiency virus
Human papillomavirus types 16, 18,
31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58,
and 59
Tobacco smoking
Endometrium Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal Diethylstilbestrol
Estrogen–progestogen menopausal
therapy (combined)
Tamoxifen
Ovary Asbestos (all forms) Talc-based body powder (perineal
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal use of)
8


Tobacco smoking X- and Gamma-radiation

Male genital organs
Penis Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus
Prostate Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
compounds
Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Firefighter (occupational exposure
as a)
Malathion
Night shift work
Thorium-232 and its decay
products
Testis DDT (4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane)
Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in
utero)
N,N-Dimethylformamide
as a)
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
9


Urinary tract
Kidney Tobacco smoking Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
Trichloroethylene compounds
X- and Gamma-radiation Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Welding fumes
Renal pelvis and ureter Aristolochic acid, plants containing Aristolochic acid
Phenacetin
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures
containing
Tobacco smoking
Urinary bladder Aluminium production 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine
4-Aminobiphenyl Coal-tar pitch
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic Dry cleaning (occupational
compounds exposures in)
Auramine production Engine exhaust, diesel
Benzidine Hairdresser or barber
Chlornaphazine (occupational exposure as a)
Cyclophosphamide 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
Firefighter (occupational exposure as Outdoor air pollution
a) Pioglitazone
Magenta production Printing processes (occupational
2-Naphthylamine exposures in)
Opium consumption Soot (as found in occupational
exposure of chimney sweeps)
Painter (occupational exposure as a)
Tetrachloroethylene
(Perchloroethylene)
Schistosoma haematobium (infection
Textile manufacturing industry
with)
(work in)
Tobacco smoking
ortho-Toluidine
10


Eye, brain, and central

nervous system
Eye Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Solar radiation
(infection with)
Ultraviolet emissions from welding
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Brain and central nervous system X- and Gamma-radiation Radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields (glioma and acoustic
neuroma)
Endocrine glands
Thyroid Radioiodines, including iodine-131
Lymphoid, haematopoietic, and related tissues c
Childhood leukaemia
Childhood acute lymphocytic Tobacco smoking (parental)
leukaemia d
Childhood acute myeloid Benzene
leukaemia d Teniposide
Tobacco smoking (parental)
Childhood leukaemia: all combined Fission products, including strontium- Chloramphenicol
90 Magnetic fields, extremely low-
Thorium-232 and its decay products frequency
X- and Gamma-radiation Painter (maternal occupational
exposure as a)
Tobacco smoking (parental
exposure)
11


Lymphoid, haematopoietic, and related tissues (contd) c

Leukaemia
Acute myeloid leukaemia e Benzene Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU)
Busulfan Etoposide
Chlorambucil Mitoxantrone
Cyclophosphamide Teniposide
Etoposide in combination with
cisplatin and bleomycin
Formaldehyde
Melphalan
MOPP and other combined
chemotherapy including
alkylating agents
Phosphorus-32, as phosphorus
Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-
methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea,
Methyl-CCNU]
Thorium-232 and its decay products
Tobacco smoking
Treosulfan
Other acute non-lymphocytic Benzene Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU)
leukaemia e Formaldehyde
Phosphorus-32, as phosphorus
Chronic myeloid leukaemia e Formaldehyde Benzene
Tobacco smoking
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia e Phosphorus-32, as phosphorus
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia e Benzene
Ethylene oxide
12


Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma Human T-cell lymphotropic virus

(ATLL) e type 1
Leukaemia: all combined 1,3-Butadiene Chloramphenicol
Fission products, including Diazinon
strontium-90 Nitrogen mustard
Rubber manufacturing industry Petroleum refining (occupational
Thiotepa exposures in)
Radon-222 and its decay products
Styrene
Lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma f Epstein–Barr virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
Primary effusion lymphoma f Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Epstein–Barr virus
immunosuppression-related
lymphoma f, g
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Epstein–Barr virus Malaria (caused by infection with
Burkitt lymphoma f, g Plasmodium falciparum in
holoendemic areas)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: extranodal Epstein–Barr virus
NK/T-cell lymphoma (nasal
type) f, g
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: low-grade Helicobacter pylori (infection with)
B-cell mucosa associated
lymphoid tissue (MALT) gastric
lymphoma f, g
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all Azathioprine Benzene
combined f Cyclosporine Chlorophenoxy herbicides
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection DDT (4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl-
with) trichloroethane)
Human immunodeficiency virus Diazinon
type 1 (infection with) Dichloromethane (methylene
Lindane chloride)
Pentachlorophenol Ethylene oxide
13



as a)
Glyphosate
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection
with)
Malathion
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polychlorophenols and their
sodium salts (mixed
exposures)
dioxin
Trichloroethylene
Multicentric Castleman disease f Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
Lymphoma: all combined 1,3-Butadiene Styrene
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma 1,3-Butadiene Benzene
Pentachlorophenol Ethylene oxide
Styrene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Multiple or unspecified sites
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma Epstein–Barr virus
(LELC)
Multiple sites (unspecified) Cyclosporine Chlorophenoxy herbicides
Fission products, including
strontium-90
X- and Gamma-radiation (exposure
in utero)
All cancer sites (combined) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-
dioxin
14


Footnotes
a
This table does not include factors not covered in the IARC Monographs, notably genetic traits, reproductive
status, and some nutritional factors.
b
See also Pharynx: all combined
c
For historical purposes, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has been included with leukaemias rather than as
CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma with non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
d
See also Childhood leukaemia: all combined
e
See also Leukaemia: all combined
f
See also Lymphoma: all combined
g
See also non-Hodgkin lymphoma: all combined
Adapted from Table 4 in Cogliano et al. (2011); available from:
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/11/jnci.djr483.short?rss=1 , and supplemented with new
information for more recent IARC Monographs evaluations and a more complete description of the evidence
for cancers of lymphoid, haematopoietic, and related tissues.
Last update: 19 July 2023

Classifications by Cancer Site

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Classifications by Cancer Site

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List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

IARC Monographs Volumes 1–134a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Rectum Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms)

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Gall bladder Thorium-232 and its decay products

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Cadmium and cadmium compounds emissions during mastic

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Soft tissue Polychlorophenols and their

Uterine cervix Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human papillomavirus types 26,

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Tobacco smoking X- and Gamma-radiation

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Eye, brain, and central

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Lymphoid, haematopoietic, and related tissues (contd) c

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma Human T-cell lymphotropic virus

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Firefighter (occupational exposure

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans,

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with Agents with limited evidence

Last update: 19 July 2023

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