UITM CAWANGAN PERAK SERI ISKANDAR

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

BULDING SURVEYING

BST161//ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

GROUP MEMBER MATRIC NO

NUR AUNI FATINI BINTI AHMAD RIZAM 2022454108

SYAZANA NAZURAH BINTI MOHD SHUKRI 2022610352

AHMAD ‘ISAMUDDIN BIN KHAIRUL FA’IZI 2022642112

DANISH ARIFF BIN KHAIRULHAFIZ 2022807612

GROUP: AP119/2F

LECTURE NAME: NOORAZLINA BINTI KAMARULZAMAN

CHAPTER 1 – LITERATURE REVIEW

CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS IN SELECTED AREA

The house we have chosen for this task is owned by one of the groupmates family members.
The house we chosen is located at No.55, Laluan Meru Permai 5, Halaman Meru Permai,
Bandar Meru Raya, 30020 Ipoh, Perak. This house is a 2-storey terrace house that has been
renovated. The climates in this area are characteristic by high temperature, low humidity, and
abundant rainfall throughout the year.

In Ipoh, the winters are long and warm, the summers are brief and hot, and the weather is
uncomfortable, rainy, and cloudy all year round. The average annual temperature is between
23°C and 33°C, rarely falling below 22°C or reaching over 35°C.

LOCAL FACTORS

1) Topography

Ipoh is located at 4.584 degrees latitude, 101.083 degrees longitude, at a height of 45 meters.

The highest elevation change of 76 meters and an average elevation above sea level of 43
meters may be found in the topography within 3 kilometers of Ipoh. There are very minor height
changes (1,050 meters) within 16 kilometers. There are also significant height fluctuations
(2,175 meters) within 80 kilometers.

Artificial surfaces (69%) and cropland (28%), agriculture (41%) and trees (40%), and trees
(53%) and cropland (25%), respectively, covers the areas that are three kilometers and sixteen
kilometers from Ipoh.

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2) Data Sources

Based on a statistical study of historical hourly weather observations and model projections
from January 1, 1980, to December 31, 2016, this report depicts the typical weather in Ipoh.

3) Temperature and Dew Point

Two weather observatories that are close enough to Ipoh allow us to estimate the temperature
and dew point there.

The records are adjusted for each station's elevation difference from Ipoh in accordance with
the International Standard Atmosphere as well as for the relative change between the two
locations found in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis.

The weighted average of the individual contributions from each station is used to get the
estimated value for Ipoh, with weights equal to the opposite of the distance between Ipoh and
each station.

The stations contributing to this reconstruction are:

• Sultan Azlan Shah Airport (WMKI, 100%, 2.1 km, southeast, -6 m elevation change)

3
• Penang International Airport (WMKP, 0.2%, 120 km, northwest, -42 m elevation
change)

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CLIMATIC ELEMENTS

A climatic data element is a measured parameter, such as precipitation, temperature, wind

speed, or humidity, that aids in describing the climate of a particular place or region.

1. Temperature at our place

From February 6 to April 6 is the hot season, which lasts for two months and has an average
daily high temperature of over 33°C. May is the hottest month in Ipoh, with an average high
temperature of 33°C and low temperature of 24°C.

From September 13 to January 5, the chilly season, which has an average daily maximum
temperature below 32°C, lasts for 3.8 months. In Ipoh, December is the coldest month of the
year, with average lows of 23°C and highs of 31°C.

Average High and Low Temperature in Ipoh

2. Clouds

The average percentage of clouds in the sky in Ipoh varies seasonally and somewhat
throughout the year. Ipoh experiences 3.2 months of clearer weather, which starts about
December 18 and ends around March 26. In Ipoh, February is the clearest month of the year,
with the sky remaining clear, mostly clear, or partly overcast 25% of the time on average.
Beginning around March 26 and lasting for 8.8 months, the cloudier period of the year ends
around December 18. In Ipoh, October is the month with the greatest clouds, with the sky
being overcast or mostly cloudy 93% of the time.

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 Cloud Cover Categories in Ipoh

3. Precipitation

A day that has at least one millimetre of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation is considered
to be wet. Ipoh experiences a wide range of wet days throughout the year.

Between September 6 and December 30, which is the length of the wetter season, there is a
greater than 53% chance that any given day would be rainy. In Ipoh, November has an
average of 21.2 days with at least 1 millimetre of precipitation, making it the month with the
most wet days.

8.2 months, or from December 30 to September 6, comprise the dry season. With an average
of 9.5 days with at least 1 millimetre of precipitation, February has the least amount of rain in
Ipoh.

We categorise rainy days into those that only involve rain, those that only involve snow, and
those that combine the two. With an average of 21.2 days, November is the month in Ipoh
with the rainiest days. According to this classification, rain alone has a peak probability of 73%
on November 9 and is the most frequent type of precipitation throughout the year.

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 Daily Chance of Precipitation in Ipoh

4. Rainfall

We display the total amount of rainfall recorded over a sliding 31-day window centred around
each day of the year in order to highlight variance within the months as well as the monthly
totals. Extreme seasonal variations in monthly rainfall can be found in Ipoh.

In Ipoh, it rains all year long. November, with an average rainfall of 268 millimetres, is the
wettest month in Ipoh.

With an average rainfall of 94 millimetres, June is the month in Ipoh with the least amount of
precipitation.

Average Monthly Rainfall in Ipoh

5. Sun

Ipoh's day duration does not significantly change throughout the year, remaining within 23
minutes of 12 hours. 2023's shortest and longest days are December 22 and June 21,
respectively, with 11 hours, 52 minutes and 12 hours, 23 minutes of daylight.

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 Hours of Daylight and Twilight in Ipoh

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in Ipoh

The earliest sunrise this year is on October 27 at 7:00 AM, while the latest is on February 5 at
7:31 AM, 31 minutes later. The earliest sunset is on November 10 at 6:57 PM, and the latest
sunset is on July 19 at 7:32 PM, which is 35 minutes later.

6. Humidity

The dew point, which controls whether sweat will drain from the skin and cool the body, is the
basis on which we base the comfort degree of humidity. Higher dew points make it feel more
humid, and lower dew points make it feel drier. Dew point changes more slowly than
temperature, which frequently varies dramatically between day and night. As a result, even if
the temperature may decrease at night, a humid day is frequently followed by a humid night.

When expressed as a percentage of time when the humidity comfort level is oppressive,
oppressive, or terrible, the perceived humidity level in Ipoh is almost consistent throughout the
year, remaining at 100%.

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 Humidity Comfort Levels in Ipoh

7. Wind

The wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 metres above the
ground is covered in this section. Instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more
considerably than hourly averages, and the wind experienced at any given site is strongly
dependent on the local topography and other factors.

Over the course of the year, Ipoh's average hourly wind speed fluctuates just slightly, staying
within 0.6 kilometres per hour of 5.0 kilometres per hour.Ipoh has seasonal variations in the
location of the prevailing hourly average wind.

For 3.1 months, from August 14 to November 18, and for 2.3 months, from March 25 to June
3, the wind is most frequently from the west, with a peak proportion of 47% on September 29.
For 2.4 months, from June 3 to August 14, the wind is most frequently from the south, reaching
a peak percentage of 48% on July 27. For 4.2 months, from November 18 to March 25, the
wind is most frequently from the east, reaching a peak percentage of 62% on January 1.

Average Wind Speed in Ipoh

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SELECTED HOUSE TYPE

Our house of choice is located in Meru, Ipoh. It is a 2-story corner house. This house has a
combination of a sub-modern Malaysian culture house and a foreign house. This house has
been renovated and changed several forms the house. The house has land area space for
landscape. we can see that the house is cream coloured, the fence is grey and the house has
a small land area space for landscape and a two space car porch. further, this house has 3
bedrooms and 2 bathrooms upstairs, while 1 bedroom and 1 bathroom.

Chapter 2

2.1 Building Background

-Our group has selected double-storey house from Bandar Meru Raya from owner miss Puteri
Izzati

2.2 Location site survey

No.55, Laluan Meru Permai 5, Halaman Meru Permai, Bandar Meru Raya, 30020 Ipoh.

Figure 2.1

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2.3 House layout

Figure 2.2
2.4 Building element

2.4.1 Floor

-Ceramic tile is one of the most versatile flooring options. Its varied colours, textures, forms,
and sizes make it a versatile alternative that might work in any space of your house.The tiles
are created by blending clay and shale and burning it in a kiln to solidify the ceramic.

Figure 2.3

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2.4.2 Window

-The aluminium window performs excellently in Malaysia's environment. Unlike wood or

synthetic materials, the alloy is long-lasting and weather resistant. The outside frame will be
built of aluminium, and you will be able to select a suitable glass to complement it.

Figure 2.4
2.4.3 Door

-Hinged doors are typically constructed of a solid wooden panel door or a hollow-cored door
attached to a door frame with two or more hinges.

Figure 2.5

2.4.4 Wall

-Brick wall is simple to use and inexpensive, brick is commonly utilised as a wall material.A
modern brick wall is often constructed of clay, concrete, or calcium-silicate bricks.215mm (L)
x 102.5mm (W) x 65mm (H) is the most popular brick size.

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 Figure 2.6

Chapter 3

Relations of climatic elements and building elements

The relations between climatic elements and building elements is crucial in the design and
performance of buildings. Various climatic elements, such as temperature, humidity, air
movement, cloudiness, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation and sunshine
duration. Building design criteria include building form and elements, selection of material,
planning and orientation. Here are some examples of climatic parameter that we need to
measure to achieve a good quality of building relate to sustainable climate:

1. Temperature: the amount of heat energy in the air. Air temperature measured in degree
Celsius, using thermometer, Dry bulb temperature or current air temperature taken
from a place shielded from the sun radiation. Influence by topography (every 100m
increase in altitude, temperature drop 1C)
2. Humidity: the water vapour contained in the air. The amount varies according to rainfall
and solar radiation in a zone. Influence by water vapour and temperature (watery
surface or vegetation covered, evaporation increased higher humidity (RH 40% - 60%)
3. Air movement (m/s) - the moving air. It causes variations in climate by drying humidity,
causing storms, and contributing to water evaporation Influence by surface texture: a)
Topography that change wind direction. b) Land and sea breezes 3km kilometres from
coastal area.

It is very important to measure climatic parameters to identify built environment features that
are appropriate in the area. As an example of our case study, this house uses many windows
in the living room and bedroom to ensure natural lighting from the outside enters the house.
Next, in the Malaysian home, these factors must be controlled besides the control of rain,

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floods and occasional strong winds. In most terrace houses today, comfort equals round the
clock air-conditioning. Various features and components are not considered in the thermal
comfort of a house. Roofs for example are not designed with ventilation louver to disperse
trapped heat. Thus, house owners would rather close all doors and windows and to turn on
the air conditioner to achieve coolness.

Relations of climatic elements and building elements also involve thermal comfort to ensure
human health in good condition by contributing to general discomfort, respiratory difficulties,
heat cramps and exhaustion, nonfatal heat stroke and heat related mortality.

• Temperature and air movement factor will cause someone to feel hot, very hot, neutral,
cold, or very cold.
• It will trigger different reactions from us, such as sweating profusely, or shivering.
• Human sense receptor (i.e., skin, eyes, nose etc) will receive the signal and send it to
the brain to trigger response towards the change in environmental temperature.
• Assessed by subjective evaluation – human comfort is the occupants’ satisfaction with
the surrounding a thermal condition and is essential to consider when designing a
structure that will be occupied by people.
• The need for comfortable heat in a building does not only depend on air temperature
factor, but also the level of air movement, the effect of sun ray, relative humidity,
environment surface temperature, type of activity and clothing or attire.
• The study of comfortable heat and body mechanism, and how they are influenced by
environmental changes should also be considered.
• A country with a tropical climate like Malaysia faces the problem of excess heat that is
the main contributor to body heat stress.

EXAMPLE:

• Temperature: Hot during daytime (32 Celsius),little cool down at night (26 Celsius)
• Humidity: Very humid (RH > 80%)
• Mean annual precipitation of 3085.5 mm.
• Two monsoon seasons: the Southwest Monsoon (April-September) and the Northeast
Monsoon (October-March)
• 6 hours of direct sunlight per day, with cloud cover most likely during the
afternoon/evening.

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DESIGN STRATEGIES (HOT-HUMID CLIMATE)

• Single-banked building plan with large openings to maximize air movement at the
occupant level. Typically, and elongated plan on an east-west axis.
• Since external air is used for cooling purposes - internal building temperature cannot
be lower than the external air temperature in the shade.
• Lightweight construction with more than 50% of wall openings.
• Thermal insulation is required only in surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation (east,
west and roof).
• Sun shading devices are recommended for south walls (north walls in southern
hemisphere).
• Facilitate the air movement between north and south walls - avoid physical
obstructions.
• Homes often raised at some height above ground level to maximize air movement
(wind slightly reduced at ground level owing to vegetation)

In conclusion, climatic elements and building elements are two interconnected factors that
play a significant role in the design, construction, and performance of buildings. Characteristic
climatic elements and building elements will influence human activity in building. It is important
to design building with-nature-approach in order to provide comfortable shelter for human
being in this planet.

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RESULT
AFTERNOON (TUESDAY 20/6/2023)

ADA KIPAS TIADA KIPAS

RUANG TAMU 1 : 52.3 RUANG TAMU 1 : 53.6
RUANG TAMU 2 : 51.7 RUANG TAMU 2 : 53.6
DAPUR: 49.0 DAPUR: 53.2
TANDAS 1 : 54.4 TANDAS 1 : -
RH TANDAS 2 : 52.5 TANDAS 2 : -
(%) TANDAS 3 : 53.6 TANDAS 3 : -
BILIK 1: 49.5 BILIK 1 : 50.3
BILIK 2: 49.4 BILIK 2 : 53.2
BILIK 3 : 50.5 BILIK 3 : 55.6
BILIK 4 : 51.0 BILIK 4 : 53.1
RUANG TAMU 1 : 33.9 RUANG TAMU 1 : 33.9
RUANG TAMU 2 : 34.9 RUANG TAMU 2 : 34.2
DAPUR : 34.3 DAPUR : 34.3
TANDAS 1 : 34.0 TANDAS 1 : 34.0
TEMPERATURE TANDAS 2 : 33.9 TANDAS 2 : 33.9
(*C) TANDAS 3 : 34.4 TANDAS 3 : 34.4
BILIK 1 : 32.5 BILIK 1 : 33.7
BILIK 2 : 33.9 BILIK 2 : 34.1
BILIK 3 : 33.6 BILIK 3 : 34.0
BILIK 4 : 33.5 BILIK 4 : 34.3
RUANG TAMU 1 : 0.6 RUANG TAMU 1 : 0.0
RUANG TAMU 2 : 1.0 RUANG TAMU 2 : 0.0
DAPUR : 0.0 DAPUR : 0.0
TANDAS 1 : 0.0 TANDAS 1: 0.0
AIR TANDAS 2 : 0.0 TANDAS 2 : 0.0
VENTILATION TANDAS 3 : 0.0 TANDAS 3 : 0.0
(m/s) BILIK 1 : 0.6 BILIK 1 : 0.0
BILIK 2 : 1.0 BILIK 2 : 0.0
BILIK 3 : 1.2 BILIK 3 : 0.0
BILIK 4 : 0.0 BILIK 4 : 0.0

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EVENING (TUESDAY 20/6/2023)

ADA KIPAS TIADA KIPAS

RUANG TAMU 1 : 52.0 RUANG TAMU 1 : 61.1
RUANG TAMU 2 : 56.5 RUANG TAMU 2 : 65.3
DAPUR : 57.8 DAPUR : 67.3
TANDAS 1 : 60.0 TANDAS 1 : -
RH TANDAS 2 : 61.0 TANDAS 2 : -
(%) TANDAS 3 : 62.2 TANDAS 3 : -
BILIK 1 : 46.1 BILIK 1 : 51.5
BILIK 2 : 59.0 BILIK 2 : 61.2
BILIK 3 : 57.2 BILIK 3 : 61.1
BILIK 4 : 56.3 BILIK 4 : 58.5
RUANG TAMU 1 : 29.8 RUANG TAMU 1 : 31.5
RUANG TAMU 2 : 34.9 RUANG TAMU 2 : 31.7
DAPUR : 31.2 DAPUR : 30.2
TANDAS 1 : 32.3 TANDAS 1 : -
TEMPERATURE TANDAS 2 : 32.1 TANDAS 2 : -
(*C) TANDAS 3 : 31.2 TANDAS 3 : -
BILIK 1 : 32.7 BILIK 1 : 32.5
BILIK 2 : 32.9 BILIK 2 : 31.9
BILIK 3 : 33.1 BILIK 3 : 32.2
BILIK 4 : 30.7 BILIK 4 : 31.3
RUANG TAMU 1 : 0.0 RUANG TAMU 1 : 0.0
RUANG TAMU 2 : 1.1 RUANG TAMU 2 : 0.0
DAPUR : 0.0 DAPUR : 0.0
AIR TANDAS 1 : 0.0 TANDAS 1 : -
VENTILATION TANDAS 2 : 0.0 TANDAS 2 : -
(m/s) TANDAS 3 : 0.0 TANDAS 3 : -
BILIK 1 : 1.1 BILIK 1 : 0.0
BILIK 2 : 1.2 BILIK 2 : 0.0
BILIK 3 : 0.7 BILIK 3 : 0.0
BILIK 4 : 1.1 BILIK 4 : 0.0

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NIGHT (TUESDAY 20/6/2023)

ADA KIPAS TIADA KIPAS

RUANG TAMU 1 : 64.8 RUANG TAMU 1 : 61.3
RUANG TAMU 2 : 63.5 RUANG TAMU 2 : 65.3
DAPUR : 65.8 DAPUR : 67.3
TANDAS 1 : 59.0 TANDAS 1 : -
RH TANDAS 2 : 67.0 TANDAS 2 : -
(%) TANDAS 3 : 68.2 TANDAS 3 : -
BILIK 1 : 50.0 BILIK 1 : 47.1
BILIK 2 : 65.3 BILIK 2 : 65.6
BILIK 3 : 64.0 BILIK 3 : 66.0
BILIK 4 : 63.5 BILIK 4 : 60.4
RUANG TAMU 1 : 31.0 RUANG TAMU 1 : 30.7
RUANG TAMU 2 : 31.7 RUANG TAMU 2 : 30.8
DAPUR : 31.2 DAPUR : 30.9
TANDAS 1 : 31.4 TANDAS 1 : -
TEMPERATURE TANDAS 2 : 31.3 TANDAS 2 : -
(*C) TANDAS 3 : 31.3 TANDAS 3 : -
BILIK 1 : 31.3 BILIK 1 : 31.6
BILIK 2 : 31.5 BILIK 2 : 31.2
BILIK 3 : 31.8 BILIK 3 : 31.4
BILIK 4 : 31.2 BILIK 4 : 31.2
RUANG TAMU 1 : 1.2 RUANG TAMU 1 : 0.7
RUANG TAMU 2 : 0.0 RUANG TAMU 2 : 0.0
DAPUR : 0.0 DAPUR : 0.0
AIR TANDAS 1 : 0.0 TANDAS 1 : -
VENTILATION TANDAS 2 : 0.0 TANDAS 2 : -
(m/s) TANDAS 3 : 0.0 TANDAS 3 : -
BILIK 1 : 0.0 BILIK 1 : 0.0
BILIK 2 :1.0 BILIK 2 : 0.0
BILIK 3 : 0.9 BILIK 3 : 0.0
BILIK 4 : 0.3 BILIK 4 : 0.1

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MORNING (WEDNESDAY 21/6/2023)

WITH FAN NO FAN

LIVING ROOM 1: 59.8 LIVING ROOM 1: 66.0
LIVING ROOM 2: 68.0 LIVING ROOM 2: 65.9
KITCHEN: 59.5 KITCHEN: 56.0
TOILET 1: 59.0 TOILET 1: -
RH TOILET 2: 67.0 TOILET 2: -
(%) TOILET 3: 68.2 TOILET 3: -
BEDROOM 1: 50.0 BEDROOM 1: 72.0
BEDROOM 2: 69.2 BEDROOM 2: 73.6
BEDROOM 3: 69.3 BEDROOM 3: 73.2
BEDROOM 4: 54.6 BEDROOM 4: 59.7
LIVING ROOM 1: 22.9 LIVING ROOM 1: 29.0
LIVING ROOM 2: 38.4 LIVING ROOM 2: 26.7
KITCHEN: 26.0 KITCHEN: 26.7
TOILET 1: 29.9 TOILET 1: -
TEMPERATURE TOILET 2: 30.7 TOILET 2: -
(*c) TOILET 3: 31.0 TOILET 3: -
BEDROOM 1: 21.5 BEDROOM 1: 22.0
BEDROOM 2: 28.9 BEDROOM 2: 27.0
BEDROOM 3: 29.2 BEDROOM 3: 28.5
BEDROOM 4: 25.5 BEDROOM 4: 26.0
LIVING ROOM 1: 0.8 LIVING ROOM 1: 0.0
LIVING ROOM 2: 0.0 LIVING ROOM 2: 0.0
KITCHEN: 1.0 KITCHEN: 1.0
AIR TOILET 1: 0.0 TOILET 1: -
VENTILATION TOILET 2: 0.0 TOILET 2: -
(m/s) TOILET 3: 0.0 TOILET 3: -
BEDROOM 1: 0.3 BEDROOM 1: 0.0
BEDROOM 2: 0.7 BEDROOM 2: 0.0
BEDROOM 3: 0.0 BEDROOM 3: 0.0
BEDROOM 4: 1.0 BEDROOM 4: 0.0

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RECOMMENDATION

NUR AUNI FATINI BINTI AHMAD RIZAM (2022454108)

NAME PARTICIPATION ATTENDANCE CO-OPERATION

SYAZANA NAZURAH
BINTI MOHD SHUKRI
10 10 10
AHMAD ‘ISAMUDDIN
BIN KHAIRUL FA’IZI
10 10 10
DANISH ARIFF BIN
KHAIRULHAFIZ
10 10 10

Firstly, I would like to say a lot of thankyous to Madam NoorAzlina binti Kamarulzaman for
imparting me with her wealth of knowledge, valuable, guidance and experience also helped
us to finish this project. She thought me a lot about this subject and help me a lot until this
project was done. My appreciation and thanks are also dedicated to all my friends for their
helpful insight, cooperation, and simulating comments. To end with, I am truly delighted, for
this research would bring benefits to others.

DANISH ARIFF BIN KHAIRULHAFIZ (2022807612)

NAME PARTICIPATION ATTENDANCE CO-OPERATION

SYAZANA NAZURAH
BINTI MOHD SHUKRI
10 10 10
AHMAD ‘ISAMUDDIN
BIN KHAIRUL FA’IZI
10 10 10
NUR AUNI FATINI BINTI
AHMAD RIZAM
10 10 10
Firstly, all praise be to Allah s.w.t, the owner of all the worlds. I want to thank you to our
madam, NOORAZLINA BINTI KAMARULZAMAN for give us chance to doing this assignment
group for our code BST161- Environmental Technology I. Thank to my groupmate that really
help for this assignment and hope that we can do other assignment again together.

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AHMAD ‘ISAMUDDIN BIN KHAIRUL FA’IZI

NAME PARTICIPATION ATTENDANCE CO-OPERATION

SYAZANA NAZURAH
BINTI MOHD SHUKRI
10 10 10
DANISH ARIFF BIN
KHAIRULHAFIZ
10 10 10
NUR AUNI FATINI BINTI
AHMAD RIZAM
10 10 10

SYAZANA NAZURAH BINTI MOHD SHUKRI

NAME PARTICIPATION ATTENDANCE CO-OPERATION

AHMAD ‘ISAMUDDIN
BIN KHAIRUL FA’IZI
10 10 10
AHMAD ‘ISAMUDDIN
BIN KHAIRUL FA’IZI
10 10 10
NUR AUNI FATINI BINTI
AHMAD RIZAM
10 10 10

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the relationship between climatic elements and building elements is

essential for sustainable building design. By considering the local climate, architects can
incorporate appropriate building elements to optimize energy efficiency and occupant comfort.
For example, in hot climates, buildings may incorporate shading devices, high-performance
insulation, and natural ventilation systems to reduce the reliance on air conditioning. In colder
climates, buildings may have well-insulated walls and roofs, efficient heating systems, and
minimal air leakage to conserve heat.

Next, climatic parameter such as temperature data, wind velocity, and relative humidity
are critical components of climatic analysis, providing valuable insights for various sectors and
influencing the design, operation, and management of systems and structures in our daily
lives.

Furthermore, building elements can also interact with climatic elements to enhance or
mitigate their effects. For instance, orientation and placement of windows can maximize solar
gain during the winter while minimizing overheating during the summer. Building materials with
high thermal mass can help absorb and store heat, moderating temperature fluctuations.

In conclusion, the integration of climatic elements and building elements is essential for
creating sustainable, energy-efficient, and comfortable buildings. By considering the local
climate and strategically incorporating appropriate building elements, architects and designers
can create structures that minimize environmental impact, optimize energy performance, and
enhance the well-being of occupants.

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Reference
1.(type of windows,2019) <https://chiefway.com.my/type-of-window-in-malaysia/>
2.(type of doors,2017) <https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-doors>
3.(topographic map) <https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-nq18/Malaysia/>
4.<https://ejounal.um.edu.my>
5.<https://core.ac.uk>
6.<https://.com/y/113831/Average-Weathweathersparker-in-Ipoh-Malaysia>

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