Animals Gas Exchange, Fluids Transport and Circulation
General Biology 2
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the major parts of respiratory, circulatory and
urinary system;
2. trace the flow of blood to and from the heart; and
3. describe the different ways by which animals undergo
respiration
Respiration is usually confused with breathing.
Respiration is the overall exchange of gases (how the body
gets oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide) amng the
atmosphere, the blood, and the cells.
It consist of four phases
Breathing - the act of taking air in and out of the body
External respiration - exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the air and the blood within the lungs
Internal respiration - exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the air and the blood and body cells.
Human Respiratory System
Nose
the air breath enters the here, and it is filtered through two
opening called nostrils
Nasal Cavity
filter and warm the air, and make it moist before it goes
into the lungs
coarse hair traps large dust and dirt particles which is
coated with mucus from the nasal glands (Anterior serous
glands, Seromucous glands and Bowman glands)
Pharynx
this is where the warmed, moistened and filtered air
moves, it is a tube-like structure and lead to two
passageway - the esophagus and trachea
Epiglottis
when your breath it stays to open, allowing the air to enter
the respiratory system, but when you swallow the
epiglottis closes sending the particles down to the
esophagus
Larynx (voice box)
connects the pharynx and trachea
it contains vocal cords which vibrate when air flows over
it
it is supported by several cartilage, then two pieces are
connected by a ridge known as Adams’ apple
Trachea (windpipe)
air moves down in trachea, it has cilia lining and mucus
where it can trap dust particles and bacteria that have
managed to get past the nose
Bronchi, Bronchioles and Alveoli
the bronchi carry air between trachea and the lungs, it
becomes narrower each time until they appear like tiny
tubes the size of twigs called bronchioles
at the end of these tiny tubes are hundred of round airs that
resemble clusters of grapes called alveoli
alveoli inflate during inhalation and deflate during
exhalation, these are the gateways for oxygen into the
body
the alveoli serve as the site of respiration in the lungs
each alveolus is covered by a net of tiny blood vessels
called capillaries
Your heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs. This is
blood that is carrying carbon dioxide rather than oxygen.
As the blood passes through the tiny, thin-walled
capillaries, they get oxygen from the alveoli. They return
carbon dioxide through the thin walls to the alveoli.
The oxygen-rich blood from your lungs is sent back to
your heart, where it’s pumped to your entire body. The
carbon dioxide is breathed out of the lungs and alveoli
through your mouth and nose.
Respiration of Different Animals
Gill Breathing
the water streams into the gills via the mouth. The oxygen
is absorbed from the water by the lamellae. The mouth
closes, the gill cover opens and the water is pressed out of
the body – together with the carbon dioxide as a by-
product
Skin Breathing
skin has to be moist and thin, only then it is permeable
enough to absorb the oxygen and transport it to all parts of
the body through delicate blood vessels through the
process called “diffusion”
Tracheal systems
when breathing in through the spiracles, the tracheae
expand, are filled with air, and transport the oxygen to the
cells, when breathing out, the carbon dioxide leaves the
body via the tracheae and the tubes contract again
The main function of the circulatory system is to carry out
oxygen to every cell of the body and to remove carbon
dioxide and other waste from the cells.
The movement of any materials from the blood to cells
and vice versa happens through diffusion.
Human Circulatory System
Heart
it pumps blood through the blood vessels, it is divided into
four chambers, the upper two chambers are the right and
left atria, right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from
the body and pumps it to the right ventricle, left atrium
receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to
the left ventricle.
right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs,
left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body
A one-way valve separates each atrium from ventricle, as
a result blood only flows from an atrium to a ventricle. It
cannot flow in the opposite direction.
A wall of tissue called septum that divides the heart in
half, preventing blood from flowing between the two atria
or two ventricles and it also separates the flow of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
When the heart pumps, two atria contracts, forcing blood Capillaries
into the ventricles, the atria relax and the two ventricles help to connect your arteries and veins in addition to
contract pushing the blood into the blood vessels. The facilitating the exchange of certain elements between your
process works in a perfect rhythm to circulate blood blood and tissues, it also the smallest blood vesses, it
throughout the body. transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your
organs and body systems
Blood
transport of variety of of essential elements through out
the body
Blood Plasma
main functions is to remove waste from cellular functions
that help to produce energy, it accepts and transports this
waste to other areas of the body, such as the kidneys or
liver, for excretion.
plasma also helps maintain body temperature by absorbing
and releasing heat as needed

Red Blood Cells Pulmonary Circulation

also called erythrocyctes, it carries oxygen through out the
body. It contain red pigment called hemoglobin, a kind of
protein containing iron.
the said pigments allows the RBC to transport oxygen
from the lungs to all cells in the body.
it also helps carrying the carbon dioxide from the
capillaries back to the lungs where it is exhaled
White Blood Cells
also called leukocyctes, each WBC is irregularly shaped, it
can move, change its shape and squeeze through the walls
of the fine blood capillaries
its main task is to protect the body from diseases/infection,
its number dramatically increases when the body becomes
infected, there are different types of WBC and each have
different roles as well.
Lymphocyctes - active against various pathogens; (B
lymphocyctes) virus-infected cells and (T lymphocyctes)
cancer cells
Monocyctes - kills pathogens through phagocytosis
Eosinophil - active against parasites
Basophil - defend thebody from allergens, pathogens and
parasites, basophils release enzymes (histamine and
heparin) to improve blood flow and prevent blood clots
Neutrophil - active against bacteria and fungi also capable
of phagocyctosis
-transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Steps in Pulmonary Circulation
1. RV contracts, the blood is force through
2. the two PA into the lungs
3. gas exchange happens in the capillaries of the lungs,
where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is exhaled
4. the blood becomes rich with fresh oxygen and flows
into PV
5. and LA, contraction of LA forces blood into the
6. LV
Systematic Circulation
-carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the organ and
tissues
Steps in Systematic Circulation
7. LV contracts where oxygenated blood is forced into
aorta
8. aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to
the smaller arteries and allows to flow into the different
body organs
9. blood from the abdomen and the lower parts of the body
flows back to the IVC and SVC, this is where the
systematic circulation brings back deoxygenated blood to
the heart specifically to
10. RA, as the RA contracts, the blood is forced into the
RV repeating the process

Blood Platelets
also called thrombocyctes, it plays an important role in
blood clotting
when the blood vessels is damage, fibrinogen(protein in
the blood plasma) forms fibrin
the fibrin traps platelets, which collect to form a clot and
seal the wound

Blood Vessels
vast network that carries blood, it resembles a series of
pipeline that tha delivers water in the household
Arteries
blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood away from
your heart to all of your body’s cells, it play a crucial role
in distributing oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout
your body
Veins
collect deoxygenated blood throughout your body and
carry it back to your heart, the other role is to carry
oxygenated blood from your lungs to your heart