John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
-was born on May 20, 1806, in London, England.
-He was an English Philosopher, economist, and
exponent of utilitarianism.
-He was well-known throughout the 19th
century's reform movement as a publicist, and
his theories on ethics and logic remain relevant
today.
Early life and career:
-The eldest son of the British historian,
economist, and philosopher, James Mill.
-His father, who was a strict disciplinarian, was
his only teacher.
At eight years old, he had read Herodotus,
Xenophon's Anabasis, and Aesop's Fables, as
well as Isocrates, Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius,
and Plato's dialogues.
He also studied Latin, Euclidean geometry, and
algebra, tutoring younger family members.
-By the age of ten, he could read Plato and
Demosthenes easily.
-At twelve, he studied Scholastic logic and
political economics, reading works by David
Ricardo and Adam Smith.
Time and Place
After the French and American Revolution, Mill's
anti-slavery beliefs were influenced by
Enlightenment political philosophers like
Rousseau and Locke. He believed in pursuing
happiness without infringing on others' liberty.
His experiences with colonization and British
imperialism led him to develop the belief that
"savages" need to be controlled until they
develop the intelligence to govern themselves.
Also that time was the success of Palmerston
(Liberal) and the defeat of Derby (Conservative).
Palmerston subsequently formed a new
government from this alliance which is now
considered to be the first Liberal Party
administration. Mill also witnessed the rise of
women's suffrage in Europe and America,
although it wasn't widely popular until later in his
life.
-kaya niya nasulat yung sa the subjection of
women, dahil sa women’s suffrage sa
Europe and America.
JS Mill’s Most important Works
-Principles of Political Economy (1848)
-On Liberty (1859)
-Utilitarianism (1861)
-The Subjection of Women (1869)
POLITICAL IDEAS
John Stuart Mill's On Liberty (1859) is a key text
in classical political liberalism, arguing that
individuals are in charge of their own body and
mind, and the only goal that makes interference
with another person's freedom acceptable is
self-protection.
-Ano nga ba yung liberty? Liberty means
freedom which represents the belief in the
importance of liberty and equal rights.
Mill defined liberty as the protection against
the tyranny of political rulers
-yung on liberty na ginawa ni Mill ay
nagpapahayag about sa freedom natin, kung
saan, may kalayaan ang individual na
kumilos, gawin ang responsibilidad,
magbigay opinion para protektahan ang
sarili or sa makatuwid magkaroon ng
Kalayaan laban sa paniniil ng mga may
kapangyarihan.
POLITICAL IDEAS
Negative Liberty
According to Mill, "the only reason that authority
can legitimately be used against the will of any
member of a civilized community is to prevent
harm to others." According to Mills' "harm
principle," democratic majorities are not allowed
to restrict an adult's freedom unless the
individual in question poses a danger to others.
In society, liberty is limited when it infringes on
the liberty of others.
-sa community or sa ating society, yung
Kalayaan natin ay limitado lalo kung yung
action na gagawin ay nakaka harm sa ibang
tao or naaabuso natin sila.
As a result, the only permissible justification for
interfering with an individual's enjoyment of
liberty is to protect others.
The exercise of freedom must be regulated...
by people in relation to other persons,
-kasi it will harm other people kapag gumawa
ka ng action na makakasakit sa kanila,
especially if you are corrupted sa power,
wealth and if you have resources ng power.
by governments in relation to those they rule,
-when it comes sa justice and policy,
syempre mangengealam ang gobyerno,
because they are the ones na may authority
for the people to unite and prevent harm to
individual.
and
by society in relation to the demands put on the
government.
-also sa mga opinion ng indibidwal o grupo
sa gobyerno, hindi lahat ng hinihingi ng mga
tao sa gobyerno ay mabuti or may
magandang idudulot sa iba, bagkus dapat
kontrolado rin ang bawat suhestiyon also to
prevent harm especially sa society.
Freedom of thought and Expression
-According to Mill, human being cannot develop
their personality without freely exercise of liberty.
Sinabi ni Mill na imposible para sa isang tao
na paunlarin ang kanilang pagkatao nang
walang pagkakataon na malayang gamitin
ang kanilang kalayaan.
-mahirap naman kung hindi mo gagawin
yung gusto mo diba, hindi ka uunlad, like
kung gusto mo mag-aral, syempre mag-aaral
ka kasi may Kalayaan kang mag-aral, and
yun ang gusto mo para ka umunlad.
-The government may be evaluated on the basis
of such liberty that provided to the people.
Ang mga kalayaang ibinibigay ng
pamahalaan sa mga tao ay maaaring gamitin
upang hatulan ito.
-syempre may Kalayaan ang bawat tao, and
we need to exercise our freedom para
magkaroon ng opinion at magbigay ng
kaalaman sa mga namumuno sa atin. Isa sa
mga halimbawa nalang ay yung sa pagboto
natin sa mga gusto nating mamuno, diba,
karapatan natin yun at may Kalayaan tayong
mamili kung sino ang gusto natin mamuno.
If all mankind minus (-) one opinions and only
one person were of contrary opinion, mankind
would be no more justified in silencing that one
person then if he had the power would be
justified in silencing mankind.
-we need also contrary opinion,
pinapahalagahan ni JS. Mill na wag natin
isilence yung opinion ng individual kasi if
that one contrary opinion ay pinatahimik or
ni reject ay wala nang living opinion.
Example: Ang shape ng earth ay oblate
spheroid, yun ang pinaniniwalaan natin, pero
may mga taong against doon at sinasabi nila
na, hindi, flat ang earth, so syempre may
sarili silang opinion, and that is living truth
kaya hanggang ngayon, may mga missions
pa rin na ginagawa outside the earth to give
information and study to verify and provide
evidence, at yung sa contrary opinion naman
na sinasabing flat ang earth, yun ang
tinatawag na dead dogma.
And yun ang pinapahalagahan ni Mill.
LIBERTY OF ACTION
-He has also divided the freedom of action
into two parts:
-Self regarding action: Self affected activities
should be allowed.
-Dapat i-allow yung mga activities na makaka
impact sa atin, or yung mga activities na
magbebenefit tayo yung individual.
-Other regarding action: The liberty of the
individual must not make himself nuisance to the
other people.
Ang kalayaan ng indibidwal ay hindi dapat
gawing istorbo/sagabal o nakakasama ang
kanyang sarili sa ibang tao.
In the realm of self-regarding acts, Mill
believes that “there should be perfect
freedom” from coercion . We may be able to
attempt to convince others that their self-
regarding conduct is harmful or unwise by
offering “considerations to aid his judgment
and exhortations to strengthen his will”. But
ultimately, the individual is the final judge.
To this end Mill is wholly opposed to
paternalism.
(Paternalism means the policy or practice on the
part of people in positions of authority of
restricting the freedom and responsibilities of
those subordinate to them in the subordinates'
supposed best interest.)
-PATAKARAN OR NAKASANAYANG GAWIN
NG MGA TAONG NASA POSITION OR MAY
AUTHORITY SA PAGHIHIGPIT SA
KALAYAAN AT RESPONSIBILIDAD NG MGA
TAONG NASASAKUPAN NIYA.
However, any action pertaining to matters
other than that may be governed by societal
laws and regulations. For instance, selling
alcohol and consuming alcohol are entirely
distinct activities. Society, according to Mill,
has a valid interest in regulating trade to
prevent deceitful marketing practices.
However, it is possible that these regulations
will never lead to a complete prohibition.
While Mill might have supported the
inclusion of health warnings on cigarette
packets if he were alive today, he would
never have advocated for a complete ban on
cigarettes.
DESPOTISM OF CUSTOM
“The despotism of custom is everywhere the
standing hindrance to human advancement,
being in unceasing antagonism to that
disposition to aim at something better than
customary, which is called, according to
circumstances, the spirit of liberty, or that of
progress or improvement.”
Mill warns against the despotism of custom,
which suppresses self-expression and is
contrary to a liberal society. To combat this,
we should encourage diverse lifestyles and
avoid forcing opinions on others unless
certain of their truth. Assumptions should be
subject to the marketplace of ideas, and the
truth emerges from discussion and
experience. Mill also emphasizes that 'facts'
must face open debate, especially in the
context of religion, as conversions often
result in bloodshed and repression.
Mill's opposition to custom is nuanced,
arguing that people act based on custom
without making decisions or fine-tuning their
perception and judgement.
He believes that those who do anything
because it is custom make no choice.
-IBA ANG OPPOSITION NI MILL SA
CUSTOM, HE ARGUED THAT KUMIKILOS
ANG TAO BASE SA NAKASANAYANG
BEHAVIOR. HE ALSO BELIEVES NA KUNG
SINO ANG GUMAGAWA NG ACCEPTABLE
ACTION IN SOCIETY AY WALANG CHOICE
KUNDI SUMUNOD SA CUSTOM NA YUN.
LIMITS OF AUTHORITY
However, Mill’s simple principle is not the only
focus of On Liberty. He also discusses the
struggle between liberty and authority, the
importance of individuality, the limits of state
authority, and the practical application of the
harm principle. It is a small yet dense essay with
many questions about how a free society ought
to treat its citizens. Mill’s answers provide the
bedrock of what we today call liberalism.
To achieve liberty, limits on state authority ought
to be imposed, which would eventually lead to
those in power becoming more akin to tenants
than perpetual rulers. By Mill’s time, the old
orders of monarchy and aristocracy were
waning, and democratic republics began to
predominate the European political landscape.
Mill addresses the legality of state-
sanctioned compulsion in the last chapter of
his book. He places an emphasis on the
reciprocal duties of people to the state and
society, including the responsibility to pay
taxes, respect the rights of others, and
acknowledge the existence of some
boundaries.
Mill argues that legal coercion is society's
deep-seated disapproval of egregious
actions, intended to prevent apparent harms,
but not all harmful or immoral activities
should be punished.
ANALYSIS: The Industrial Revolution
significantly influenced liberalism, a political
ideology emphasizing individual rights,
limited government, and free markets. It
began with emancipation and freedom of
speech, grew into a small central
government, and advocated for equality.
John Stuart Mill's essay, "On Liberty,"
defended individual liberties against
conformity and social pressure, emphasizing
the importance of freedom in thought,
emotion, and unity And his political thought
aligned in Liberalism.
ALEXANDER IVANOVICH HERZEN
(hiyertzen)
Biography
-was born on April 6, 1012, in Moscow, died in
Paris on January 21, 1870.
-Political Thinker, activist and radical writer who
originated the theory of a unique Russian path to
socialism known as peasant populism.
- His father, Ivan Alekseyevich Yakovlev, came
of an ancient, wealthy and aristocratic Moscow
family.
- Herzen made the shift from romanticism to
idealism when he was a student at the
University of Moscow. He was also a student of
Friedrich Schelling's Naturphilosophie.
-Herzen returned to Moscow in 1842 and
immediately joined the camp of the
Westernizers.
-He developed these themes in two brilliant but
rather confused works, Pisma iz Frantsii i Italii
(“Letters from France and Italy”) and S togo
berega (From the Other Shore).
- He, while exiled in London, wrote influential
works to influence Russia, contributing to the
political climate that led to the emancipation of
serfs in 1861.
-In 1869 Herzen wrote letters K staromu
tovarishchy (“To an Old Comrade”; Bakunin),
in which he expressed new reservations
about the cost of revolution. Still, he was
unable to accept liberal reformism
completely, and he expressed interest in the
new force of the First International, Karl
Marx’s federation of working-class
organizations. This wavering position
between socialism and liberalism, which
characterized so much of his career, proved
to be his political testament.
DESCRIPTION OF TIME AND PLACE
-The abortive 1848 revolutions in Europe caused
him to re-evaluate his faith in socialist
movements, which had failed liberty and justice.
After his father's death in 1846, Herzen
petitioned for foreign travel, which was
granted the following year. He traveled to
Italy and France, and managed to have most
of his money brought out of Russia with
Baron Rothschild's help. Herzen believed
money was independence, power, and a
weapon.
His perspective on human nature was
likewise altered by the revolutions.
FROM THE OTHER SHORE
-by Herzen, an eyewitness to the 1848
Revolution in Paris. It analyzes the
Revolution's failure and Herzen's political
testament, rejecting appeals to history for
guidance and suppressing individual liberty.
POLITICAL IDEAS
HUMAN DIGNITY AND FREEDOM
"Outside us everything changes, everything
vacillates. We are standing on the edge of a
precipice and we see it crumbling. … We shall
find no haven but in ourselves, in the
consciousness of our unlimited freedom, of our
autocratic independence"
-ayaw ni Herzen ng collective freedom, he
focuses on individual liberty, or yung
Kalayaan lang ng isang tao.
Unlike kay Mill, na he respects the liberty of
the society to prevent harm.
-For Herzen, the liberty of the individual is
the greatest thing of all.
-Mas pinapahalagahan ni Herzen yung
individual freedom.
-Man must respect liberty in himself, and he
must esteem it in himself no less than in his
neighbour, than in the entire nation.
-sinasabi lang naman niya dyan na human
dignity is about having your own freedom.
Nature and Freedom
Therefore, the world as it is thus presented,
which encompasses both nature and nurture,
rejects the idea of a higher purpose. However, it
does allow the idea of need to meaningfully
contribute to the conversation about the world,
particularly in light of the past. What occurred
must have happened is the governing premise.
That being said, it should be noted that there
isn't just one whole historical worldview. Herzen
emphasizes that reality is always seen
selectively, which means that there are many
different historical narratives available.
The guiding principle is as follows: what
happened, must have happened. Note that this
does not mean that there is only one, all-
encompassing, vision of the past.
-stay at the present because the real end
goal of life is just dead,
-live in the present, future is not exist kasi
ang future base sa essay ni Herzen ay
consequence of what you have done in the
present, history was not repeat itself, it does
not repeat itself.
-Nature means the naturality of things,
natural thing about freedom, nature is just,
letting things happen and that’s freedom for
Herzen.
-For Herzen also, yung Catholicism and
Protestantism ay hindi siya nagbibigay ng
freedom, kasi sa catholic the end goal for
them ay mapupunta sila sa langit,
makakapiling nila ang Diyos, and to achieve
that, they need to love other, and for Herzen,
parang tinatali nun yung freedom ng tao.
Kasi nga for him, human is human and ang
end non kamatayan. Sa kamatayan natatapos
yung buhay ng tao.
THE NEED FOR FREE CHOICE
-Man is freer than is usually believed.
-A large part of our destiny lies in our hands.
-We shall find no haven but in ourselves, in the
consciousness of our unlimited freedom, of our
autocratic independence.
-mas Malaya siya than sa pinapaniwalaan
niya,
-free actually, because he depends on his
external environment, pwede siyang hindi
mangialam.
-it is not selfishness but individualism.
-you should not let your external
environment, you should not let the outside
world affect you.
-we should not care about saving the world,
it should be about saving yourself.
Ang nangyayari sa humanity, instead of
humanity taking control of the outside world,
he lets the outside world control him. And
even submit to the outside world, when well
in fact you are free because you’re an
individual.
AN END TO SACRIFICE
-The submission of the individual to society, to
the people, to humanity, to the idea, is merely a
continuation of human sacrifice.

-Leave man free in his emotions.
-My advice is not to quarrel with the world, but to
begin an independent, self-reliant life, which
would find salvation within itself even were the
whole world around us to perish
-You should rely on yourself, not on the
outside.
-As an individual you can make your own
moral law.
Problem with the individualism- you become
your own judge, jury and executioner.
PURA LUKA VEGA- ang paniniwala niya, he
can do it because its freedom, but in fact it is
an abused in freedom.
Naturally man strives to love and to be loved,
but at the same time, you don’t need to
follow and do commandments.
ANALYSIS:
For Herzen, his political thought focuses on
individual liberty, whereas kung makikita
natin ay, more on individualistic siya. And
his political thought aligned in the
Aristocratic Conservatism. And during the
Industrial Revolution, dahil nga nag boom
yung mga industries people can now
become more free kasi they can generate
their own funds without relying much on the
government. the Industrial Revolution
fostered the growth of individualism and the
belief in the inherent value of the individual.
And this is the reason why Herzen wrote his
idea.
REFERENCE:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
s11212-019-09346-1
https://www.britannica.com/topic/From-the-
Other-Shore
https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/
encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/herzen-aleksandr-ivanovich-1812-1870
During the Industrial revolution many people
started to believe in the idea of Liberalism. At
times it was difficult. People were
imprisoned or persecuted because of their
ideas. Riots even occurred because the
government and some of the upper class
would not stand for the Liberalists’ new ways
to improve society. Aristocrats refused to
change their ways. But through it all,
liberalists persevered and brought about one
of the largest changes in society that we are
still experiencing even today.
Liberalism started with the ideas of the
Enlightenment. Two of these ideas were
freedom of speech and freedom of the
individual, and kept growing from there.
Liberalism is the belief in a small central
government and no monarchy. The
liberalists defended the ideas of the
definitive rights of an individual’s liberty,
equality and property. The liberalists wanted
their government to be established on
written laws and a constitution based on
equality.
Throughout the whole Liberalism movement,
there were many men who stepped forward
to debate the idea of a free society. The
aristocrats fought back saying that the lower
class could not handle taking care of them
selves and were not intelligent enough to
make important decisions involving
government. Others claimed that all men
were created equal and should have the
same rights and be free to express their
ideas.
The Industrial Revolution had a profound
impact on liberalism, which is a political
ideology that emphasizes individual rights,
limited government, and free markets. The
Industrial Revolution brought about
significant economic and social changes,
such as the growth of capitalist economies,
the expansion of the middle class, and the
rise of industrial production. These changes
laid the groundwork for the development of
liberal ideas and helped to shape the modern
liberal political tradition.

In particular, the Industrial Revolution

fostered the growth of individualism and the
belief in the inherent value of the individual.
This challenged traditional ways of thinking
about society and the role of the state, and
paved the way for the development of liberal
ideas about personal freedom and the
protection of individual rights. Additionally,
the economic changes brought about by the
Industrial Revolution, such as the growth of
trade and the rise of capitalist markets,
helped to promote the liberal belief in free
markets and limited government intervention
in the economy.