lseay 比

2023 . 10 .
and
Consider obserrable a
phgsical
= X
, whereX
(
O
O
, X 2 ,X . . XN
3 ) , t 2. XiN are

also
physical observables

directty
o
aphyeical
observable
isnte can we

measure . For example ,

area we measure the

length and thewidth and then

multiplythem
the
to
get area ,

w 时 A ( 6 .w
7 = L

Im tbis Case θ =
x. = L
X2 = w

Since O is afunction of X , X
2
XN ,

the of o thedbe
relate
uncertainty must to

uncertainty of
itu
tite .
which is so called
记

the of the 弜

propagation uncertainty
 That is Uo =
lo ( U. Uxz Ux3 . Uxn )
, , ,

So the what formalaion of lo

question is is ,

s
In Seatistics he of
.

usewe
average
,

the
square wot of the variana to

theundetine Uo
aintycer s0
-
can

be written as

U0 ≡
!
Oatuxitto Qixittn )
-

/
Dixitotuan iti ) Oixitzitn . -

+
:
%
2
( Ocx . te . .XivtUxN ) - θ ix, xtN ) )
(
eqn .
λ )

If are familiar with Caculus

you ,

cantoll
you

U. =

N ? Iiuxis whm
^ 1 q )
uxot
eqnt
In alass onlyuse
our , we

uncertanty of
to calalate the 0 .

Ler ' sdosome exercise 典

×上 ,

θ = X , + X 2

Uo '

N < titux ) eta xtt p - )

+
( X 1 + X2
-

( X , + Xz + Ux 我
2

uif
ux +

ε× 2
θ=
.

× .
X2

Uo -

) tilkr 11
tlie
Xitua Ita - tit t . a"

-
dxtelpeuntiI
=

巡
如災 i
εx 3

σ :
µ 焱)

o:
Nln
tit (× + Ux 7 X
, .
2
( h ,

lulimle-
hxt
州

( X + ux 7 x
-
)

qx &.
.

V =☆ QD

=√☆ ualip jo
-
d
( 0 D

+
( π

。
eD
1 +
un ) * &D 明

:
√
√ (2 唱P .
( % 》
( 10 in teathook )
page youn
Ex 5 .

θ= θ ( x , x2 X
,
3 .
)

U0 ≡
! Qixt
Oixtuaiteto ) -

)
Dcxitztum tu Oixititn .
-

+
:
%
2
( Oix - Oix
. t2 . .XNtUtN )

,x 2 tvi ) 。