Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 300 children died in
Gambia, Indonesia, and Uzbekistan after they used cough syrups.

The (1) ……….. had dangerous chemicals which caused serious kidney problems. These
………. were so dangerous that small amounts were deadly, and they should not be in any
medicines. People bought the syrups without prescriptions from a doctor. The WHO said
that the syrups were on sale in the Philippines, Senegal, and Cambodia, too.

The WHO asked all 194 member groups to take action. Governments and regulators need to
watch drug manufacturers to confirm that they test their(3) ………… well, and people also
should take(4)............. before buying the drugs, otherwise the (5)............. will take actions
against drug (6) ………… .

Part 2
Read the texts 7-14 and the statements A-J. Decide which text matches with the situation
described in the statements.
Each statement can be used ONCE only. There are TWO extra statements which you do
not need to use.
Mark your answers on the answer sheet.

A) Speacialists plumbers are wanted for this organisation.

B) You should rise up your finger to show your comprehension.
C) You are not allowed to drive a vehicle which reseeds the height limit.
D) Students are asked to be accompanied by their parents during the assembly.
E) This course enables you to learn specific areas of communication.
F) You should mind the length when you commute through this area
G) You are asked to apply by yourself for this position.
H) You are required to be a member of the organization to get in the building.
I) The toilet is not operating temporarily.
J) This area is intended only for sellers.
 Part 3
Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. There
are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use any heading more
than once.

List of headings
A. Courses that require a high level of commitment
B. A course title with two meanings
C. The equal importance of two key issues
D. Applying a theory in an unexpected context
E. The financial benefits of studying
F. A surprising course title
G. Different names for different outcomes
H. The possibility of attracting the wrong kind of student

15.Paragraph 1___
16.Paragraph 2___
17.Paragraph 3___
18.Paragraph 4___
19.Paragraph 5___
20.Paragraph 6___

What’s the purpose of gaining knowledge?

1. I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any subject' That was the founders
motto for Cornell University, and it seems an apt characterization of the different university, also in the
USA, where I currently teach philosophy. A student can prepare for a career in resort management,
engineering, interior design, accounting, music, law enforcement, you name it. But what would the
founders of these two institutions have thought of a course called Arson for Profit’? I kid you not: we have
it on the books. Any undergraduates who have met the academic requirements can sign up for the course in
our program in 'fire science’.
2. Naturally, the course is intended for prospective arson investigators, who can learn all the tricks of the
trade for detecting whether a fire was deliberately set, discovering who did it, and establishing a chain of
evidence for effective prosecution in a court of law. But wouldn’t this also be the perfect course for
prospective arsonists to sign up for? My point is not to criticize academic programs in fire science: they are
highly welcome as part of the increasing professionalization of this and many other occupations. However,
it’s not unknown for a firefighter to torch a building. This example suggests how dishonest and illegal
behavior, with the help of higher education, can creep into every aspect of public and business life.
3. I realized this anew when I was invited to speak before a class in marketing, which is another of our
degree programs. The regular instructor is a colleague who appreciates the kind of ethical perspective I can
bring as a philosopher. There are endless ways I could have approached this assignment, but I took my cue
from the title of the course: 'Principles of Marketing’. It made me think to ask the students, 'Is marketing
principled?’ After all, a subject matter can have principles in the sense of being codified, having rules, as
with football or chess, without being principled in the sense of being ethical. Many of the students
immediately assumed that the answer to my question about marketing principles was obvious: no. Just look
at the ways in which everything under the sun has been marketed; obviously it need not be done in a
principled (=ethical) fashion.
4. Is that obvious? I made the suggestion, which may sound downright crazy in light of the evidence, that
perhaps marketing is by definition principled. My inspiration for this judgement is the philosopher
Immanuel Kant, who argued that any body of knowledge consists of an end (or purpose) and a means.
5. Let us apply both the terms 'means' and ‘end' to marketing. The students have signed up for a course in
order to learn how to market effectively. But to what end? There seem to be two main attitudes toward that
question. One is that the answer is obvious: the purpose of marketing is to sell things and to make money.
The other attitude is that the purpose of marketing is irrelevant: Each person comes to the program and
course with his or her own plans, and these need not even concern the acquisition of marketing expertise as
such. My proposal, which I believe would also be Kant's, is that neither of these attitudes captures the
significance of the end to the means for marketing. A field of knowledge or a professional endeavor is
defined by both the means and the end;hence both deserve scrutiny. Students need to study both how to
achieve X, and also what X is.
6. It is at this point that ‘Arson for Profit’ becomes supremely relevant. That course is presumably all about
means: how to detect and prosecute criminal activity. It is therefore assumed that the end is good in an
ethical sense. When I ask fire science students to articulate the end, or purpose, of their field, they
eventually generalize to something like, ‘The safety and welfare of society,’ which seems right. As we
have seen, someone could use the very same knowledge of means to achieve a much less noble end, such
as personal profit via destructive, dangerous, reckless activity. But we would not call that firefighting. We
have a separate word for it: arson. Similarly, if you employed the ‘principles of marketing’ in an
unprincipled way, you would not be doing marketing. We have another term for it: fraud. Kant gives the
example of a doctor and a poisoner, who use the identical knowledge to achieve their divergent ends. We
would say that one is practicing medicine, the other, murder.

Part 4
Read the following text for questions 21-29
AUSTRALIA'S MEGAFAUNA CONTROVERSY
Just how long did humans live side by side with megafauna in Australia? Barry Brook, Richard Gillespie
and Paul Martin dispute previous claims of a lengthy coexistence Over the past 50 millennia, Australia has
witnessed the extinction of many species of large animals, including a rhinoceros-sized wombat and goannas
the size of crocodiles Debate about the possible cause of these extinctions has continued for more than 150
years and one the crucial questions raised is how long humans and megafauna coexisted in Australia. We
need to know the overlap of time to make an informed choice between the two main theories regarding the
causes of these extinctions. If humans and megafauna coexisted for a protracted period then climate change
is the more likely cause. However, if the megafauna became extinct shortly after the arrival of humans, then
humans are the likely culprits The archaeological site at Cuddie Springs in eastern Australia appears to be
well preserved. This dusty claypan holds within its sediments a rich cache of flaked stone and seed-grinding
tools, and side by side with these clear signals of human culture are the bones of a dozen or more species of
megafauna. Drs Judith Field and Stephen Wroe of the University of Sydney, who excavated the site, claim
that it provides unequivocal evidence of a long overlap of humans and megafauna, and conclude that aridity
leading up to the last Ice Age brought about their eventual demise. In the long-standing explanation of this
site, artefacts such as stone tools and extinct animals remain were deposited over many thousands of years
in an ephemeral lake- a body of water existing for a relatively short time - and remained in place and
undisturbed until the present day. There is no disputing the close association of bones and stones at Cuddie
Springs, as both are found 1 to 1.7 metres below the modern surface. The dating of these layers is accurate:
ages for the sediments were obtained through radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments and luminescence
dating of sand grains from the same levels (revealing when a sample was last exposed to sunlight).
Intriguingly, some of the stone show surface features indicating their use for processing plants, and a few
even have well-preserved blood and hair residues suggesting they were used in butchering animals. But is
the case proposed by Field aside Wroe clear-cut? We carried out a reanalyse of the scientific data from
Cuddie Springs that brings into question their conclusions. The amount of anthropological evidence found
at the site is remarkable: we estimate there are more than 3 tonnes of charcoal and more than 300 tonnes of
stone buried there. Field and Wroe estimate that there are approximately 20 million artefacts. This plethora
of tools is hard to reconcile with a site that was only available for occupation when the lake was dry.
Furthermore, no cultural features such as oven pits have been discovered. If the sediment layers have
remained undisturbed since being laid down, as Field and Wroe contend, then the ages of those sediments
should increase with depth. However, our analysis revealed a number of inconsistencies. First, the charcoal
samples are all roughly 36,000 years old. Second, sand in the two upper levels is considerably younger than
charcoal from the same levels. Third, Field and Wroe say that the tools and seed-grinding stones used for
plant and animal processing are accient, yet they are very similar to implements found elsewhere that were
in use only a few thousand years ago. Also interest is the fact that a deep drill core made a mere 60 metres
from the site recovered no stone artefact or fossil bones whatsoever. These points suggests strongly that the
sediments have been moved about and some of the old charcoal has been re-deposited in younger layers.
Indeed, one sample of cow bone found I metre below the surface came from sediments where charcoal dated
at 6,000 and 23,000 years old is mixed with 17,000-year-old sand. The megafauna bones themselves have
not yet dated, although new technological developments make this a possibility in the near future. We
propose that the archaeologists have actually been sampling the debris carried by ancient flood channels
beneath the site, including charcoal transported from bushfires that intermittently occurred within the
catchment. Flood events more likely explain the accumulation of megafauna remains, and could have mixed
old bones With fresh deposits. European graziers also disturbed the site in 1876 by constructing a well to
provide water their cattle. Given the expense of well-digging, we speculate that the graziers made sure it was
protected from the damage caused by cattle hooves by lining the surface with small stones collected from
further afield, including prehistoric quarries. This Idea Is consistent with the thin layer of stones spread over
a large area, with cattle occasionally breaking through the gravel surface and forcing the stone and even cattle
bones deeper into the waterlogged soil. The lack of conclusive evidence that humans and megafauna
coexisted for a lengthy period casts doubt on Field and Wroe's assertion that climate change was responsible
for the extinction of Australia's megafauna. However, we do not suggest that newly arrived, well armed
hunters systematically slaughtered all the large beasts they encountered. Recent studies based on the biology
of modern-day large Mammals, combined with observations of people who still practise a traditional hunter
gatherer lifestyle, reveal an unexpected paradox and suggest a further possible explanation as to what
happened. Using a mathematical model, It was found that a group of 10 people killing only one juvenile
Diprotodon each year would be sufficient to bring about the extinction of that spaces within 1,000 years.
This suggests that here, as in other parts of the word, the arrival of humans in lands previously inhabited only
by animals created a volatile combination in which large animals fared badly. Note: The Diprotodon (a
rhinoceros-sized wombat), an example of Australia’s now extinct megafauna
Questions 21-24
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?

21.Field and Wroe argue that findings at the Cuddie Springs site show that people lived in this area at
the same time as megafauna.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

22.Field and Wroe believe it is likely that smaller megafauna species survived the last Ice Age
A) True B) False C) Not Given

23.The writers believe that the dating of earth up to 1.7m below the present surface at Cuddie Springs
is unreliable.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

24.Some artefacts found at Cuddie Springs were preserved well enough to reveal their function
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Questions 25-29 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D

25.What conclusions did the writers reach about the inconsistencies in the data from Cuddie Springs?
A. The different layers of sediment have been mixed over time.
B. The sand evidence is unhelpful and should be disregarded.
C. The area needs to be re-examined when technology improves.
D. The charcoal found in the area cannot be dated.

26.According to the writers, what impact could a natural phenomenon have had on this site?
A. Floods could have caused the death of the megafauna.
B. Floods could have disturbed the archaeological evidence.
C. Bushfires could have prevented humans from settling in the area for any length of time
D. Bushfires could have destroyed much of the evidence left by megafauna and humans.

27. What did the writers speculate about the people who lived at this site in 1876?
A. They bred cattle whose bones could have been confused with megafauna
B. They found that the soil was too waterlogged for farming
C. They allowed cattle to move around freely at the site
D. They brought stones there from another area

28. In the final paragraph what suggestion do the writers hide about Australia’s megafauna?
A. A rapid change in climate may have been responsible for the extinction of the megafauna.
B. Megafauna could have died out as a result of small numbers being killed year after year.
C. The population of humans at that time was probably insufficient to cause the extinction of the megafauna.
D. The extinction of ancient animals should not be compared to that of modern-day species.

29. Which of the following best represents the writers' criticism of Field and Wroe?
A. Their methods were not well thought out
B. Their excavations did not go deep enough.
C. Their technology failed to obtain precise data.
D. Their conclusions were based on inconsistent data.
 Part 5
Changes in International Commerce How ethics and fair trade can make a difference The purpose of
international commerce is to buy things from and sell things to people in other countries. Hundreds, and
indeed thousands, of years ago, this actually worked quite well. People who travelled to foreign lands, often
by ship, would take with them items for trade. Agricultural countries would, for example, trade olive oil or
wine for weapons or other worked items. All that needed to be negotiated was a fair’price’for the items.
(How many axes is a barrel of oil worth, for example?) Currency did not enter into the first deals but, even
when it did, few problems existed to complicate matters barring disagreements over the value of goods.
Today, fixing a fair price remains at the centre of international commerce. When we look at the deal from
the point of view of the seller, market research must determine the price at which the goods will be sold. This
may vary greatly from country to country and people are often surprised to see exactly the same item for sale
at two or three times the price it sells for in another country.Taxation and local government controls are
sometimes behind this, but often it comes down to the fact that people in poor countries simply cannot afford
to pay the same amount of money as those in rich countries. These are the things a seller has to bear in mind
when preparing a price list for goods in each country. In most cases, the purpose of setting a suitable price is
to sell the maximum number of units. Usually, this is the way to guarantee the biggest profit. One exception
is in the selling of luxury or specialist goods. These are often goods for which there is a limited market Here,
slightly different rules apply because the profit margin (the amount of money a producer makes on each item)
is much higher. For instance, nearly everyone wants to own a television or a mobile phone, and there is a lot
of competition in the area of production, forcing the prices to be competitive too. The producers have to sell
a large number of items to make a profit because their profit margin is small. But not everyone wants to buy
handmade jewellery, or a machine for sticking labels onto bottles. This enables the producer to charge a price
much higher than the cost of making the item, increasing the profit margin. But at the heart of any sale,
whether they sell many items for a small profit, or a few items for a large profit the prime motivation for the
producer is to make as much profit as possible. At least, that was the case until relatively recently when, to
the great surprise of many, companies started trading without profit as their main objective. Ethical trade
began as an attempt to cause as little damage as possible to the producers of raw materials and manufactured
goods in poor countries. This movement put pressure on the industry to see to it that working conditions and
human rights were not damaged by the need for poorer people to produce goods. In short, it drew to the
world’s attention the fact that many poor people were being exploited by big businesses in their drive to
make more profit. There have been many examples throughout the developing world where local producers
were forced by economic pressure to supply cash crops such as tea, coffee and cotton to major industries.
These people are frequently not in a position to fix their prices, and are often forced by market conditions to
sell for a price too low to support the producers and their community. Worse still, while the agricultural land
is given over to cash crops, it robs the local people of the ability to grow their own food. In time, through
over-production, the land becomes spent and infertile, leading to poverty, starvation, and sometimes the
destruction of the whole community. Fair trade policies differ from ethical trade policies in that they take the
process a stage further. Where ethical policies are designed to keep the damage to a minimum, fair trade
organisations actually work to improve conditions among producers and their communities. Fair trade
organisations view sustainability as a key aim. This involves implementing policies where producers are
given a fair price for the goods they sell, so that they and their communities can continue to operate. Although
many big businesses are cynical about an operation that does not regard profit as a main driving force, the
paradox is that it will help them too. With sustainability as their main aim, fair trade organisations not only
help the poorer producers obtain a reasonable standard of living, but they also help guarantee a constant
supply of raw materials. This form of sustainability benefits everyone, whether their motive is making a
profit or improving the lives of the world’s poorer people.
Questions 30-34 Complete the flow chart below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Companies carry out 30________________ to decide the price that their goods are sold at in each country.
The prices of the same goods can vary in different countries because of 31________________ or taxes. The
32________________ is finalised, depending on how much customers in a particular market can afford. To
ensure a profit, manufacturers aim to sell the 33________________ of a particular item. Manufacturers can
have a higher profit margin on luxury or specialist goods which often have a 34________________.

Questions 35 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

35. According to the writer, what might early traders have disagreed about?
A. the comparative values of the goods
B. which currency to use for their deal
C. which items they wanted as exchange
D. the quality of the goods being traded