MODULE 05 - Equations of Order One - Exact Differential Equations

DE 213 – Differential Equations
MODULE 05 – EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE – EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

C. EXACT ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Equations of order one which could be written as

( ) ( )
o Separating the dependent and independent variables is not possible
o Suppose that a function ( ) can be found that has the expression ( )
( ) for its differential; that is
o Then, a function that defines implicitly a set of solutions to this differential equation is given
by
( )
o From here, it follows that
Two things then are needed:

1. To find out under what conditions on and a function exists such that its total
differential is exactly ; and
2. If those conditions are satisfied, to determine the function .
o If exists such that is exactly the total differential of , we call the given
differential equation ( ) ( ) as an exact equation.
Testing for Exactness

From calculus,
The expression for and could be defined.
These two equations lead to
provided that these partial derivatives are continuous. Therefore if ( ) ( ) is

an exact equation, then
Example 1:
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact equation.
( ) ( )
Solution:
Knowing that a differential equation can be written in the form , the expressions
for and could be determined
Differentiate and partially with respect to and , respectively.
Since ; then, the given differential equation is an exact equation.
Example 2:
( ) ( )
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Solution:
First, determine the expressions for and ,
( )
( )
Since ; then, the differential equation is an exact equation.
Example 3:
( ) ( )
Solution:
Since ; then, the given differential equation is considered as an exact equation.
Example 4:
( ) ( )
Solution:
( )
( )
Since ; then, the given differential equation is considered as an exact

equation.
Example 5:
( ) ( )
Solution:
Since ; then, the given differential equation is an exact equation.
Example 6:
( ) ( )
Solution:
( )
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NOTE: Use product rule on which is ( ) .
( )( ) ( )( )
Simplifying the expression for ,
Since ; then, the given differential equation is

considered as an exact equation.
Solving Exact Differential Equations

Consider the exact differential equation ( ) ( )
A. One way to solve this is by starting with ( ).
1. INTEGRATE partially ( ) with respect to . Instead of adding a constant of
integration , add an unknown function ( ). Let this be to ( ).
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ( )—the result obtained from STEP 1—with respect to .
In line with this differentiation process, [ ( )] will become ( ).
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ( ), to determine the
corresponding expression for ( ).
4. INTEGRATE ( ) with respect to to et the expression for ( ), use the constant of
integration for this process.
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ( ) to ( )—the result obtained from STEP 1.
B. The other way to solve this is by starting with ( ).
1. INTEGRATE partially ( ) with respect to . Instead of adding a constant of
integration , add an unknown function ( ). Let this be to ( ).
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ( )—the result obtained from STEP 1—with respect to .
In line with this differentiation process, [ ( )] will become ( ).
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ( ), to determine the
corresponding expression for ( ).
Example 1:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then, solve the equation.
( ) ( )
Solution:
Based on Example 1 in the previous section, we have already proven that the differential
equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the given exact differential
equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1. INTEGRATE partially ( ) with respect to . Instead of adding a constant of integration
, add an unknown function ( ). Let this be to ( ).
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )
Simplifying,
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( ) ( )
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ( )—the result obtained from STEP 1—with respect to . In
line with this differentiation process, [ ( )] will become ( ).
( ) ( ( )) ( )
By principle, we know that ( ) ( ). So,
( ) ( ) ( )
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ( ), to determine the corresponding
expression for ( ).
( ) ( ) ( )
By comparison,
( )
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫
Rewriting,
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at the same answer.
Example 2:
( ) ( )
Solution:
Based on Example 2 on the previous section, we have already proven that the differential
equation.
( )
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )
Simplifying,
) ( ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( )
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( ) ( ) ( )
expression for ( ).
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
By comparison,
( )
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫
Rewriting,
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Example 3:
( ) ( )
Solution:
Based on Example 3 on the previous section, we have already proven that the differential
equation.

( ) ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )
Simplifying,
)( ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
expression for ( ).
( ) ( ) ( )
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By comparison,
( )
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫
Rewriting,
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Example 4:
( ) ( )
Solution:
Based on Example 1.3.1.4, we have already proven that the differential equation is exact. With
this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the given exact differential equation.
( )
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )
Simplifying,
( ) ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
expression for ( ).
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
By comparison,
( )
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( ) ∫ ( ) ∫
Rewriting,
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Example 5:
( ) ( )
Solution:
Based on Example 5 from the previous section, we have already proven that the differential
equation.

( ) ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )
Simplifying,
( ) ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
expression for ( ).
( )
( ) ( )
By comparison,
( )
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫
Rewriting,
( )
( ) ( )
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( ) ( )
Example 6:
( ) ( )
Solution:
Based on Example 6 from the previous section, we have already proven that the differential
equation.
( )
Simplifying,
1. INTEGRATE partially ( ) with respect to . Instead of adding an arbitrary constant ,

add an unknown function ( ). Let this be to ( ).
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )
Simplifying,
( ) ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
expression for ( ).
( )
( ) ( )
By comparison,
( )
( ) ∫ ( ) ∫
Rewriting,
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8|Page

MODULE 05 - Equations of Order One - Exact Differential Equations

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DE 213 – Differential Equations

MODULE 05 – EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE – EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Equations of order one which could be written as

Two things then are needed:

Testing for Exactness

The expression for and could be defined.

These two equations lead to

provided that these partial derivatives are continuous. Therefore if ( ) ( ) is

Differentiate and partially with respect to and , respectively.

Since ; then, the given differential equation is an exact equation.

Since ; then, the differential equation is an exact equation.

Differentiate and partially with respect to and , respectively.

Since ; then, the given differential equation is considered as an exact equation.

Since ; then, the given differential equation is considered as an exact

Differentiate and partially with respect to and , respectively.

Since ; then, the given differential equation is an exact equation.

NOTE: Use product rule on which is ( ) .

Simplifying the expression for ,

Since ; then, the given differential equation is

Solving Exact Differential Equations

By principle, we know that ( ) ( ). So,

By principle, we know that ( ) ( ). So,

1. INTEGRATE partially ( ) with respect to . Instead of adding a constant of integration

By principle, we know that ( ) ( ). So,

By principle, we know that ( ) ( ). So,

1. INTEGRATE partially ( ) with respect to . Instead of adding a constant of integration

By principle, we know that ( ) ( ). So,

1. INTEGRATE partially ( ) with respect to . Instead of adding an arbitrary constant ,

By principle, we know that ( ) ( ). So,

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