A SURVEY OF HORTICULTURAL THERAPY PROFESSIONAL ISSUES

Author(s): Penny L. Stober and Richard H. Mattson

Source: Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture , 1993, Vol. 7 (1993), pp. 23-40
Published by: American Horticultural Therapy Association

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44024967

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 VOLUME VII 1993

A SURVEY OF HORTICULTURAL THERAPY

PROFESSIONAL ISSUES

Penny L. Stober, HTR-Prov. and Richard H. Mattson, Ph.D., HTM

The Horticultural Therapy Professional Information

(HTPI) questionnaire was sent to a sample of 214 Kansas State
University (KSZJ) graduates and 204 non-KSU graduates who
were American Horticultural Therapy Association (AHTA)
members randomly chosen from the AHTA 1990 Annual
Membership Directory . Forty-nine percent responded by
providing information on demographics and job characteristics .
Results indicated that academic training and AHTA registration
significantly increased salary base. Respondents indicated the
need for additional professional training and development of a
certification test

Introduction

In the late 1960 's, Rhea McCandliss, the first horticultural therapist at
Menningers, Topeka, Kansas, completed a survey of psychiatric hospitals in the
United States and reported that a need existed for professionally trained
horticultural therapists. McCandliss (1971) defined the job responsibilities of
the horticultural therapy occupation. Working with Kansas State University,
McCandliss assisted in developing, by 1971, the first curriculum in horticultural
therapy in the U.S. (Odom, 1973). In the last 23 years, over 250 horticultural
therapy students have graduated from the Kansas State University program.

The National Council for Therapy and Rehabilitation through Horticulture

(NCTRH) was established in 1973, to later become the American Horticultural
Therapy Association (AHTA). Of the 700 AHTA membership, approximately
100 are KSU graduates.

Penny L. Stober completed this manuscript as partial fulfillment of the

Master of Science in Horticultural Therapy; Richard H. Mattson, Ph.D., HTM,
Professor, Horticultural Therapy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

An undergraduate survey of horticultural therapy job development a

KSU Horticultural Therapy graduates was conducted in 1978 (Mattson, 1
This survey examined factors such as job placement, starting salaries, len
employment, race, and gender. At that time, the majority of horticult
therapy jobs were in the central states, and salaries were competitive wit
health care professions and slightly higher than those of other agricul
professions.

In the early 1980's, a National Institute of Mental Health grant received

by KSU allowed further examination of professional issues in horticultural
therapy. This grant allowed for a determination of commonalities among
horticultural therapist occupational and personality traits (Czerkies, 1982), a
description of actual horticultural therapy job performance skills (Kuhnert et al,
1982), and the identification of competencies required by horticultural therapy
professionals (Murphy, 1982).

Professional registration was established by the AHTA in 1975. This

equivalency-based system has been periodically revised. In 1985, the AHTA
adapted a horticultural therapy curriculum, largely modeled after the KSU
curriculum. A future professional advancement issue is competency testing
through a national certification examination.

A recent U.S. Department of Labor job description of the horticultural

therapy profession (1991) listed this career within a medical model. However,
horticultural therapists are employed in non-medical settings as well, including
community gardens, botanical gardens and arboreta, correctional facilities,
schools, and wellness programs. Detailed descriptions are needed for all of
these employment situations.

A salary study of people employed in the grounds industry (Abrahamson,

1990), research on certified professionals in horticulture (Storey, 1990 and
1992), and a paper on earnings of College of Agriculture graduates at KSU
(Barkley, 1992), all contributed ideas on professional issues to include in this
research. A salary survey conducted in 1992 by AHTA will further add to the
base of knowledge on horticultural therapy professional issues.

The purpose of this study was to examine existing horticultural therapy

occupational parameters and to identify factors needed to advance the profession.
Participants were asked to provide opinions on questions concerning professional
advancement issues.

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 VOLUME vn 1993

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The sample: Comparisons were made between two equal-sized

populations; 214 of the nearly 250 graduates of the Kansas State University
program and 204 American Horticultural Therapy Association members who
were not KSU graduates. A sample from the AHTA 1990 Annual Membership
Directory was randomly chosen. Within the KSU and AHTA groups, an
approximately equal number of registered and non-registered participants were
selected.

The questionnaire: The two Horticultural Therapy Professional

Information (HTPI) questionnaire components studied were employment history
and current issues concerning professional development. In the employment
history section, questions requested information on salaries, registration, length
of present job and career, job responsibilities, job availability, and client group
served. The current issues section requested opinions on issues relating to
registration, certification, salaries, and professional issues.

The research procedure: Comparisons were made of survey responses

from the four sub-groups: KSU-registered, KSU-nonregistered, AHTA-
registered, AHTA-nonregistered. These comparisons were made to determine
the influence of KSU academic training and AHTA registration on professional
development. The KSU curriculum is the only undergraduate Horticultural
Therapy curriculum in the U.S., and the AHTA registration process is the only
peer-review system available for professional recognition. Higher career
achievement should be attained by those horticultural therapists with the
combination of academic training and registration.

Data comparisons were made of five geographic areas: the northeast (11
states, 2 chapters), the southeast (9 states, 3 chapters), the northcentral (7 states,
2 chapters), the central (10 states, 2 chapters), and the west (13 states, 3
chapters). These geographic divisions were arbitrarily set to compare regions
with at least two AHTA chapters. This was done to determine if response
differences among geographic regions might reflect the activity level of local
chapters, as well as population base, geographic distance, availability of training
programs, and other professional development issues.

Data analysis: Frequency distribution tables are presented to compare

demographic information with job related conditions. The Chi-square statistic
was calculated to determine differences between registered and non-registered
respondents and among geographic and other demographic characteristics.

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Respondent information: From the original 418 questionnaires se

203 were returned for a 48.6% response. Ninety-seven of 204 AHTA m
(47.5%) and 106 of 214 KSU alumni (49.5%) responded. Follow-up
and/or telephone contacts were not attempted with survey non-respon

Geographic location: A significantly higher number of regi

AHTA respondents were from the northeast (23), while the largest n
non-registered respondents were in the central states (Table 1). T
population density and longer history of horticultural therapy progr
account for this larger number. In the central states, a large number
alumni have not become active in the AHTA and many are occup
raising families. The largest number of survey respondents (28.6%) w
the central states even though this area has relatively low population
Perhaps the agriculture-based economy of this region is supporti
development of horticultural therapy programs.

Table 1. Geographic locations of survey participants.

Region in Registered Non- Registered Non- Percent

U.S. AHTA Registered KSU Registered of
AHTA KSU Total

Northeast 23 6 9

Southeast 9 10 8 2 14.3

Northcentral 11 4 7 4 12.8

Central 8 5 12 33 28.6

Western 8 13 10 11 20.6

Chi-square = 32.48 with 12 d.f

Gender: Eighty-one percent

(Table 2). Their distribution in
expected. Equal numbers of wom
(82). Men were equally distribut
a tendency for more to be regi

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 VOLUME vn 1993

Table 2. Distribution of survey respondents by gender.

Gender Registered Non- Registered Non- Percent

AHTA Registered KSU Registered of Total

Female

Male 12 8

Percent 29.1 18.7 22.7 29.5

of Total

Chi-square = 2.03 with 3 d.f., n.s.

Age factor: Significant differences a

3). Seventy-one percent of the responden
the majority being KSU graduates. AHTA
example, ten AHTA respondents were in
of the KSU respondents were in this cate

Table 3. Distributions of survey respond

Age Registered Non-Reg. Registered Non-Reg. Percent

(Years) AHTA AHTA KSU KSU of total
20-30 6 2 21 10 21.8

31-40 21 9 20 38

41-50

51-60 8 2 0

Over 60 2 7 1

Chi-square =

Racial and et
represent a di
Respondents
extremely low

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

ages of minorities are found in other health care professions. P

horticultural occupations lack visibility and salaries are too low t
minorities. By addressing the human values of horticulture and
minority recruitment program, this deficiency in the profession can be c
The AHTA profession needs to provide recognition of minorities and e
their entrance into this profession.

Marital status: Two out of every three horticultural therap

married, with an even higher 80 percent of non-registered KSU alum
married (Table 5). The non-registered KSU alumni are less than 40 yea
and most have not entered the horticultural therapy profession. This
academically trained professionals are mostly women with families to
Many may eventually enter the job market, but they will need a
training before being competitive in the job market.

Disabilities: Less than ten percent of respondents reported a dis

condition (Table 6). Slightly more disabilities were reported from the
groups, which were also slightly older than the KSU group. As a grou
it would be expected that more disabling conditions might exist. Onc
the AHTA must be aware that recruitment efforts should continue t
talented and experienced members. For example, it has been suggeste
network be established specifically for people with disabilities who wish
and communicate gardening ideas and methods.

Table 4. Racial distribution of survey respondents.

Racial/ Registered Non- Registered Non- Percent

Ethnic AHTA Registered KSU Registered of Total
Status AHTA KSU

White 48 29 44

Asian 0 0 0

American 1 0 0 0 .55
Indian

Hispanic 0

Other 4 0 1

Chi-square =

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 VOLUME VII 1993

Table 5. Marital status distribution of survey respondents.

Marital Registered Non- Registered Non- Percent

Status AHTA Registered KSU Registered of Total

Married 34

Single 20 9 16

Chi-square = 5.

Table 6. People

Disability Registered Non- Registered Non- Percent

Status AHTA Registered KSU Registered of Total
AHTA

Non- 50 19 44 32 91.8
disabled

Disabled 4 6 1 2 8.2

Chi-square = 11.06 with

Registration issues: T
survey were at the Reg
The frequencies among
distribution. It is of conc
become registered with
graduates has recently
registration applicants. A
prior to applying for HT
beginning the registratio

Salary comparisons: R
salaries (Table 8). The m
19,999 range; HTRs were
HTMs received $30,000
as reflected by education
earned increase.

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

Slightly more than one-third of the respondents received salaries w

the $20,000 to 29,999 range. Another thirty percent of respondents were e
in excess of $30,000 per year. This study did not address starting salari
it is clear from this data that the majority of programs represented by this
are willing to pay reasonable salaries.

Table 7. Distribution of registered horticultural therapists.

Level of Registration Registered Registered Percent

Horticultural Therapist 13 5 18.0

Technician (HTT)

Horticultural Therapist 36 32 68.0

Registered (HTR)

Horticultural Therapist 8 6 14.0

Master (HTM)

Chi-square = 11.33 with 8 d.f., n.s.

Table 8. Salary comparisons among AHTA regist

Salary Range Registered Registered Registered Percent of

($) HTT

Below 10,000

10,000-19,999 8

20,000-29,999

30,000-39,999

Above 40,000 1

Percent 17.8 67.3 14.9

Registered

Chi-square = 16.16 with 8 d.f., p = 0.05

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 VOLUME VII 1993

The influence of educational training and salaries is equally intere

(Table 9). One factor that may be suppressing high salary payment
relatively high percentage of respondents (82 percent) holding only A.
B.S./B.A. degrees. Only 14.5 percent held Masters degrees and 3.2 had a

While significant at the 0.15 level, respondents generally earn hig

salaries with additional educational degrees. The mode of this data set w
group of B.S. graduates earning $20,000 to 29,999. Only one Ph.D. was e
less that $30,000, but there were nearly as many A.A. graduates ear
excess of $30,000 as Ph.Ds.

Table 9. Salary comparisons as influenced by college degrees.

Salary Range A.A. B.S. M.S. Ph.D. Percent

($) of Total

Below 10,000 6

10,000-19,999 9

20,000-29,999 1 1

30,000-39,999 7 47 16

Above 40,000 1 13 3 1 5.8

Percent of 10.9 71.4 14.5 3.2 100.0
Total

A.A. = Associate Arts, B.S. = Bachelor of Science, M.S. = Master of Science,

Ph.D. = Doctor of Philosophy

Chi-square = 15.55 with 12 d.f., p = 0.15

Gender and salary: Women were two to three times more likely to
receive salaries within the lower ranges as compared to men (Table 10). In the
$30,000 and above categories, men were twice as likely to receive these salaries
as women. Information was not collected in this survey to determine if men
were more likely to be in administrative positions or promoted sooner than
women. Further research is needed to aid practicing professionals in their quests
for higher salaries.

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

One of the major faults of this study was the failure to identify or equate s
to full-time work. It is entirely likely that a higher percentage of wome
have been employed on a part-time basis, working as consultants, o
seasonal basis, while also working as homemakers.

Table 10. Salary comparison of respondents based on gender.

Salary Range Female Male Female Male Percent of

($) (no.) (no.) (% of (% of Grand Total
total) total)

Below 10,000 14

10,000-19,999 41

20,000-29,999 39 15 32.2 41.7 34.4

30,000-39,999 21 11 17.4 30.6

Above 40,000

Percent of Total 121 36 100.0

Chi-square = 10.99 with 4 d.f., p = 0.0

CURRENT ISSUES: Ten questions

the survey. The responses were report
"strongly disagree" to "strongly agree

Job availability: Nearly two-thirds

of horticultural therapy jobs existed
horticultural therapy jobs were plenti
0.10 level due to the differences in
registered respondents. More registere
registered.

The ease of finding the first job was similar for registered and non-
registered respondents (Table 12). Many horticultural therapy jobs apparently
do not require a person with AHTA registration, so non-registered people are
just as likely to be hired.

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 VOLUME VII 1993

As the horticultural therapy profession becomes more recognize

nationally, the need for registration and professional credentials should incre
At that time, it may become more difficult for non-registered people to
employed as horticultural therapists. Today, a large number of profession
trained people from related H.T. professions are being hired as H.T.s within
training necessary to manage and/or effectively run programs.

Table 11. Likert ratings on the availability of horticultural therapy jo

Survey statement: Horticultural therapy jobs are plentiful.
i. i i ■ i i ii

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Registered 19 46 24 16 0
Non- 18 16 11 5 2
Registered

Percent of 23.5 39.5 22.3 13.4 1.3

Total

Chi-square = 9.42 with 4 d.f., p = 0.10.

Table 12. Likert ratings on ease of finding employment. Survey statement:

Finding employment as a horticultural therapist was easy.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Registered 13 26 19 27 19
Non- 8 12 11 16 4
Registered

Percent of 13.6 24.5 19.4 27.7 14.8

Total

Chi-square =3.10 with 4 d.f., n.s.

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

Salaries: Nearly 70 percent of respondents felt that horticultural the

salaries were below those paid in comparable helping professions (Tab
This was true for registered and non-registered respondents. Salarie
increase as recognition occurs by medical professionals and health
providers. Certification testing, licensure, and other forms of professio
recognition are needed to increase salary base.

Table 13. Likert ratings on comparability of salaries. Survey statement: H

salaries are comparable with other helping professions.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Registered 33 41 14 16 1
Non- 19 15 9 8 0
Registered

Percent of 33.3 35.9 14.7 15.4 0.6

Total

Chi-s

Acad
in ag
profe
requi

A m
lack
than
study
mult
have
acade
huma

Alth
num
prog

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 VOLUME vn 1993

should be done by qualified and/or registered horticultural therapists. P

of intern stipends is important, but does not occur across all types of int
training. Botanical gardens and arboreta are the primary funded internsh
With the exception of V.A. Medical Centers, few psychiatric or vo
rehabilitation programs provide stipends to interns.

At the present time, the accepted length of an internship is 6 m

(1,000 hours), as approved by academic programs and the AHTA Regist
Review Committee. No change in internship length is recommended.

Table 14. Likert ratings on the value of academic degrees. Survey state
Academic degrees prepare more competent H.T. professionals.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Registered 2 7 10 34 52
Non- 2 8 8 14 20
Registered

Percent of 2.6 9.6 11.4 30.6 45.9

Total

Chi-square = 4.71 with 4 d.f., n.s.

Table 15. Likert ratings on the need for internships. Survey statement:
Internships should be required for all H.T. professionals.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
Registered 3 6 12 24 60
Non- 1 3 7 16 25
Registered

Percent of 2.6 5.7 12.1 25.5 54.1

Total

Chi-s

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

AHTA registration: Unlike previous issues concerning professio

advancement where respondents were more polarized, the majority
respondents rated the importance of registration in the neutral category (
16). Approximately an equal number agreed as disagreed on the adequa
the current AHTA registration system.

Registration and academic programs are both important in profession

advancement, but it is not clear why respondents differ on these issues. Per
the AHTA registration procedures in the past have caused some dissatisfa
among membership. Recent improvements in the registration process
improve the application procedure.

Table 16. Likert ratings on the adequacy of AHTA registration. Sur

statement: AHTA Registration is adequate for H.T. professionals.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
Registered 10 25 35 28 5
Non- 5 9 25 9 0
Registered

Percent of 9.9 22.5 39.7 24.5 3.3

Total

Chi-s

Cert
natio
thera
certi

Regi
job op
be re
an ex

Resp
work

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 VOLUME vn 1993

exist for national certification testing. The AHTA may establish an ind
testing board to administer the examination, or they might work with an
certification testing group, such as the group being used by the A
Society for Horticultural Science (Storey, 1992).

Identification of job skills and domains of knowledge have

previously defined (Murphy, 1981). Study manuals, test questions, cos
other issues are yet to be resolved.

Table 17. Likert ratings on the need for a competency test. Survey sta
Horticultural therapists need a national certification examination.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Registered 9 17 23 32

Non- 3 5 20 19 4
Registered

Percent of 7.7 14.1 27.6 32.7 17.9

Total

Chi-s

Table
state

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree

Registered 9 14 29 29

Non- 2 7 16 21 5
Registered

Percent of 7.0 13.5 28.9 32.0 18.6

Total

Chi-s

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JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

Maintaining competencies: Half of the respondents felt that continu

education units are needed (Table 19). This is the same number as though
certification testing was needed. Another thirty percent disagreed that
would be needed to maintain competencies.

Cost and availability of CEUs may be a factor, and certainly would

influenced by salaries and funds available to attend training programs,
Attendance at national conferences and regional chapter meetings may
hundreds of dollars annually, thus exceeding budget allowances perm
people to attend these events.

Table 19. Likert ratings on the need for continuing education units. Sur
statement: Continuing Education Units are needed to maintain competen

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Registered 18 14 20 29 24
Non- 3 11 11 17 6
Registered

Percent of 13.7 16.3 20.3 30.1 19.6

Total

Chi-s

Table
state

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Registered 8 9 19 35 32
Non- 2 9 17 7 14

Registered

Percent of 6.6 11.8 23.7 27.6 30.3

Total

Chi-s

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 VOLUME vn 1993

AHTA membership: Although significant differences in agr

occurred between registered and non-registered respondents, the ma
that AHTA membership was important to professional development (
AHTA is the only national organization providing professional service
to professional horticultural therapists. Newsletters, an annual journal
conference, a network of referral information, and other pr
advancement issues continue to improve the reputation of AHTA.

Conclusions: Neutrality on professional issues such as regist

certification examinations, CEUs, and/or AHTA membership can occur
reasons. These issues will influence the future of the horticultural
profession, so it is especially important for each person to reso
problems.

The HTPI questionnaire provided a descriptive analysis of the people

who practice the occupation of horticultural therapy. The majority of
respondents were college educated white women between the ages of 3 1 and 40
years. Survey results indicate higher salaries for men. The potential for job
advancement and higher salaries increases with academic training and AHTA
registration. Although respondents felt that academic training, internships, and
registration are important factors, certification testing is needed for optimal
professional advancement.

References

Abrahamson, S. 1990. Grounds maintenance 25 (10): 26-32.

Anonymous. 1978. Procedures and information regarding voluntary registration

with NCTRH. NCTRH Newsletter 5 (9): 1-3.

Barkley, A. 1992. Earnings of Kansas State University agriculture graduates:

1978-1988. Amer. J. Agri. Econ. 74 (1): 215-222.

Czerkies, V. 1982. The horticultural therapy vocational interest inventory, pp

9-16. In R. Mattson and J. Shoemaker (eds.), Part 1: Defining horticulture as
a therapeutic modality. Department of Horticulture, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS.

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Kuhnert, K., J. Shoemaker, R. Mattson. 1982. Job analysis of the horticultu

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McCandliss, R. 1971. The horticultural therapist student. 7 pp. Unpubl

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Murphy, P. 1982. Testing objective knowledge of professional horticul

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Storey, J. 1992. Certification of horticulturists is now a reality. Amer. Soc.

Hort. Sci. Newsletter 8 (10): 1-2.

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