ENGLISH FINAL SYLLABUS

SE College Administration, “We are thankful to “Hasan Akram” for the assignment.”

1- Parts of essay writing: -

When it comes to essay writing, there are several key parts that you need to include to ensure a well-structured and
coherent piece of writing. Here are the essential parts of an essay:

1. Introduction: The introduction serves to grab the reader's attention and provide background information on the topic.
It typically includes an opening hook, a brief overview of the subject matter, and a thesis statement that states the main
argument or purpose of the essay.

2. Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is a concise, clear, and arguable statement that presents the main argument
or central idea of the essay. It should be located at the end of the introduction and guide the rest of the essay.

3. Body Paragraphs: The body paragraphs form the main body of the essay and develop the ideas or arguments
presented in the thesis statement. Each body paragraph should focus on a single main idea and provide evidence,
examples, or analysis to support it. Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main point,
followed by supporting sentences and relevant evidence.

4. Topic Sentences: Topic sentences are typically found at the beginning of each body paragraph. They introduce the
main point or argument of the paragraph and help maintain the overall flow and organization of the essay.

5. Supporting Evidence: To strengthen your arguments, it is important to include supporting evidence such as facts,
statistics, examples, or expert opinions. This evidence should be relevant, credible, and properly cited.

6. Analysis and Explanation: After presenting your evidence, it is crucial to analyze and explain its significance. Clearly
demonstrate how the evidence supports your main argument and provide your interpretation or commentary on its
meaning and implications.

7. Counterarguments: Acknowledge and address counterarguments or opposing viewpoints to strengthen your

position. Present counterarguments fairly and refute them with logical reasoning and additional evidence to reinforce
your own argument.

8. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main points discussed in the essay and restates the thesis statement in a
new and compelling way. Avoid introducing new information or arguments in the conclusion. Instead, provide a sense
of closure by highlighting the significance of your argument and leaving the reader with a final thought or call to action.

9. References or Citations: If you use external sources in your essay, it is important to include proper references or
citations to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism. Follow the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA,
Chicago) and include a bibliography or works cited page if necessary.
2- Parts of formal letter: -
When writing a formal letter, it's important to include specific parts to maintain a professional tone and effectively
convey your message. Here are the key parts of a formal letter:
1. Sender's Address: Start the letter by including your full name, address, and contact information at the top of the
page. Place it either at the top right corner or aligned with the left margin, followed by a line break.
2. Date: Add the current date below your address, aligned with the left margin. Write it in a formal format,
including the month, day, and year (e.g., May 17, 2023).
3. Recipient's Address: Skip a line and then include the recipient's full name, designation, company or organization
name, and address. Align it with the left margin.
4. Salutation: Begin the letter with a formal salutation, such as "Dear Mr./Ms./Dr. [Last Name]," followed by a colon.
Use the recipient's last name unless you have a personal relationship or have been instructed otherwise.
5. Opening Paragraph: The opening paragraph should introduce the purpose of the letter and provide a clear and
concise statement of your intent. It should grab the reader's attention and set the tone for the rest of the letter.
6. Body Paragraphs: The body of the letter elaborates on the main points, provides necessary details, and supports
your purpose. Organize your thoughts into separate paragraphs, each focusing on a specific topic or idea. Use clear
and concise language, and maintain a formal tone throughout.
7. Closing Paragraph: In the final paragraph, summarize your main points and clearly state any action or response
you expect from the recipient. Express gratitude if appropriate, and maintain a polite tone.
8. Closing and Signature: End the letter with a formal closing, such as "Sincerely," followed by a comma. Leave
enough space to sign your name by hand between the closing and your typed full name. If you're sending a digital
letter, you can type your name below the closing.
9. Enclosures or Attachments: If you are including any additional documents, such as a resume, invoice, or report,
mention them in the letter by writing "Enclosure" or "Attachment" below your typed name. This notifies the
recipient of the accompanying documents.
10. Postscript (optional): A postscript (P.S.) can be added after the signature if you want to emphasize an important
point or add something that you may have forgotten to include in the main body of the letter. However, it is
generally advisable to include all relevant information in the body of the letter itself.

3- Basic rhetoric: -

Basic rhetoric refers to the fundamental principles and techniques used in persuasive communication. Rhetoric is the
art of using language effectively and persuasively to influence an audience's beliefs, attitudes, and actions. Here are
some key elements of basic rhetoric:
1. Ethos: Ethos refers to the credibility, trustworthiness, and authority of the speaker or writer. It involves establishing
expertise, demonstrating integrity, and building a connection with the audience. Establishing a strong ethos helps to
gain the audience's confidence and make the message more persuasive.
2. Pathos: Pathos appeals to the emotions and feelings of the audience. It involves using vivid language, storytelling,
and engaging imagery to evoke specific emotions and create a connection with the audience. Appeals to pathos can be
used to elicit empathy, compassion, fear, or excitement to support the persuasive message.
3. Logos: Logos appeals to reason and logic. It involves presenting evidence, facts, statistics, and logical arguments to
support the main message. Using clear and logical reasoning helps to convince the audience by presenting a rational
and coherent argument.
4. Structure: Effective rhetoric often follows a clear and organized structure. This includes an introduction to capture
attention, a thesis statement to express the main argument, supporting points or evidence in the body, and a conclusion
that summarizes the key points and reinforces the main message.
5. Rhetorical devices: Rhetorical devices are techniques used to enhance the persuasiveness and impact of the message.
These include figures of speech like metaphors, similes, analogies, hyperbole, and rhetorical questions. Rhetorical
devices can make the message more memorable, engaging, and persuasive.
6. Audience awareness: Effective rhetoric takes into account the characteristics, values, and beliefs of the intended
audience. Understanding the audience helps in tailoring the message to their needs, interests, and concerns, increasing
the likelihood of acceptance and persuasion.
7. Counterarguments: Addressing and refuting potential counterarguments is an important aspect of rhetoric.
Anticipating opposing viewpoints and addressing them strengthens the argument and demonstrates a thorough
understanding of the topic. Acknowledging counterarguments and providing a persuasive response enhances the
overall credibility and effectiveness of the message.
8. Style and language: The choice of language, tone, and style plays a significant role in rhetoric. Using appropriate
language, employing rhetorical devices, and adopting a tone that matches the purpose and audience help to create a
compelling and persuasive message.
4- Fundamentals of persuasive essay: -
The fundamentals of a persuasive essay involve effectively presenting arguments and evidence to convince the reader
to adopt your viewpoint or take a specific action. Here are the key elements to consider when writing a persuasive
essay:

1. Clear Thesis Statement: Start your essay with a strong, clear, and debatable thesis statement that expresses your
main argument or position. The thesis statement should be concise and placed within the introduction to provide a
roadmap for your essay.

2. Research and Evidence: Conduct thorough research to gather relevant and credible evidence to support your
arguments. This can include facts, statistics, expert opinions, examples, and logical reasoning. Use evidence that is
current, reliable, and directly supports your thesis statement.

3. Organized Structure: Organize your essay in a logical and coherent manner. Typically, a persuasive essay follows the
five-paragraph structure, including an introduction, three body paragraphs (each discussing a separate supporting
point), and a conclusion. Ensure that each paragraph focuses on one main idea and flows smoothly into the next.

4. Address Counterarguments: Acknowledge and address potential counterarguments or opposing viewpoints. This
shows that you have considered alternative perspectives and strengthens your position. Address counterarguments
honestly and provide compelling reasons why your viewpoint is more valid or preferable.

5. Persuasive Language and Tone: Use persuasive language and a confident tone throughout your essay. Choose words
and phrases that are strong and impactful, and consider using rhetorical devices such as repetition, parallelism, and
emotional appeal to engage the reader and make your arguments more compelling.

6. Appeal to Emotions (Pathos): Connect with the reader on an emotional level by appealing to their values, beliefs, and
emotions. Use storytelling, vivid descriptions, personal anecdotes, or real-life examples to create an emotional impact
and make your arguments more relatable.

7. Logical Reasoning (Logos): Utilize logical reasoning to make your arguments sound and rational. Present a clear line
of reasoning, use logical transitions between ideas, and make sure your arguments follow a logical progression.

8. Ethical Appeal (Ethos): Establish your credibility and trustworthiness as a writer. Demonstrate your knowledge,
expertise, and fairness on the topic. Provide evidence of your research and cite credible sources to enhance your
credibility.

9. Call to Action: Conclude your essay with a strong call to action, urging the reader to take a specific step or adopt your
viewpoint. This can be a call for further research, a change in behavior, or a specific action related to the topic discussed
in your essay.

10. Revision and Editing: After writing your essay, revise and edit it thoroughly. Check for clarity, coherence, grammar,
and spelling errors. Ensure that your arguments are well-supported, your evidence is strong, and your essay is
persuasive overall.

5- Cover letter: -

A cover letter is a document that accompanies your resume or job application. It provides an opportunity to introduce
yourself to the employer, highlight your relevant qualifications and experiences, and express your interest in the position
you are applying for. Here are the key components of a cover letter:

1. Contact Information: Include your full name, address, phone number, and email address at the top of the letter. Also,
include the date of writing and the employer's contact information if available.

2. Salutation: Address the letter to a specific person if possible. If you don't have a specific contact name, use a generic
salutation such as "Dear Hiring Manager" or "Dear [Company Name] Recruiter."
3. Introduction: Begin your cover letter with a strong and engaging opening paragraph that states the position you are
applying for and how you learned about it. Mention the company name and express your interest and enthusiasm for
the opportunity.

4. Body Paragraphs: The body of your cover letter should consist of one or two paragraphs that highlight your
qualifications and experiences that make you a strong candidate for the position. Focus on the most relevant skills,
experiences, and achievements that align with the job requirements. Use specific examples to demonstrate your
abilities and provide measurable results when possible.

5. Connection to the Company: Show your knowledge and understanding of the company by highlighting specific
aspects that interest you or align with your values. Mention any research you have done about the company and explain
why you believe you would be a good fit.

6. Closing Paragraph: In the closing paragraph, reiterate your interest in the position and express your enthusiasm for
the opportunity to contribute to the company. Mention that you have attached your resume or application for their
review. Also, include your willingness to provide additional information or references if necessary.

7. Closing and Signature: Use a professional closing such as "Sincerely" or "Best regards" followed by your full name.
Leave space for your handwritten signature if you are submitting a printed copy. If you are sending the cover letter via
email, you can simply type your name.

8. Formatting and Length: Keep your cover letter concise, typically no more than one page. Use a professional and
consistent font, such as Arial or Times New Roman, and a font size between 10 and 12 points. Ensure that your cover
letter is well-organized and easy to read, with clear paragraph breaks and sufficient white space.

9. Proofreading: Before sending your cover letter, carefully proofread it for any spelling or grammar errors. It's also
helpful to have someone else review it to catch any mistakes or provide feedback on the content and structure.
6- Active passive: -
Active and passive voice are two different ways of constructing sentences, depending on whether the subject is
performing the action or receiving the action. Here's an explanation of each:

Active Voice:

In active voice sentences, the subject of the sentence is performing the action. The structure of an active voice sentence
is typically: Subject + Verb + Object.

Example:

Active Voice: The cat chased the mouse.

In this example, "the cat" is the subject, "chased" is the verb, and "the mouse" is the object. The subject ("the cat") is
performing the action of chasing.

Passive Voice:

In passive voice sentences, the subject of the sentence is receiving the action. The structure of a passive voice sentence
is typically: Object + Verb (past participle) + Subject (optional).

Example:

Passive Voice: The mouse was chased by the cat.

In this example, "the mouse" is the object, "was chased" is the verb in the past participle form, and "by the cat" indicates
the doer of the action (optional). The subject ("the mouse") is receiving the action of being chased.

When to Use Active and Passive Voice:

Active voice is generally preferred in writing as it is more direct, concise, and engaging. It emphasizes the subject as the
doer of the action and provides a clear flow of information.

Passive voice is used in certain situations when the focus is on the receiver of the action or when the doer is unknown
or unimportant. It can also be used to vary sentence structure or to deliberately shift focus.

It's important to note that excessive use of passive voice can make writing appear weak or impersonal. Therefore, it is
advisable to use active voice whenever possible, but there may be specific cases where passive voice is appropriate or
necessary.
7- Types of sentences: -

There are four main types of sentences based on their function and structure: declarative, interrogative, imperative,
and exclamatory sentences. Let's explore each type:

1. Declarative Sentences:

Declarative sentences make statements or provide information. They express facts, opinions, or thoughts and typically
end with a period (full stop).

Example: "The sun is shining."

2. Interrogative Sentences:

Interrogative sentences ask questions and seek information. They typically begin with a question word (who, what,
when, where, why, how) or an auxiliary verb and end with a question mark.

Example: "Where are you going?"

3. Imperative Sentences:

Imperative sentences give commands, make requests, or offer instructions. They are often in the form of a verb phrase,
and the subject (you) is usually implied but not explicitly stated. Imperative sentences usually end with a period, but
they can also end with an exclamation mark for strong commands.

Example:

- "Please close the door."

- "Sit down!"

4. Exclamatory Sentences:

Exclamatory sentences express strong emotions, surprise, or excitement. They often begin with "what" or "how" and
end with an exclamation mark.

Example: "What a beautiful sunset!"

It's worth noting that these four types of sentences can be combined or modified to create more complex sentences.
For example, a sentence can be both interrogative and exclamatory, such as "How amazing is this!" Additionally,
sentences can be classified as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex based on their structure and the
presence of multiple clauses.