Artificial Intelligence

Lab Manual 2023

Prolog
Superior College, Gujrat
GCUF
 1. Water Jug Problem:
 Program:
min(X,Y,X):-X<Y,!.

min(_,Y,Y).

rev(L,R):-revacc(L,[],R).

revacc([],R,R):-!.

revacc([H|T],A,R):-revacc(T,[H|A],R).

%Solve water jug problem using DFS

%X,Y are initial contents, Nx,Ny are final contents of jug1 of capacity _ and jug2 of capacity My
respectively after pouring from jug1 into jug2

chk(_,X,My,Y,Nx,Ny):- X>0,Y<My,Ey is My-Y,min(X,Ey,P),

Nx is X-P,Ny is Y+P.

%Given 3 jugs of capacities Mx,My,Mz and filled with X,Y,Z units of a liquid respectively,give steps so
that finally they contain Fx,Fy,Fz units of the liquid respectively.

jug(Mx,My,Mz,X,Y,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz):-jug(Mx,X,My,Y,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,[],['Initially']).

jug(_,Fx,_,Fy,_,Fz,Fx,Fy,Fz,T,R):-!,rev([[Fx,Fy,Fz],[Fx,Fy,Fz]|T],TR),rev(['Finally'|R],RR),display(TR,RR).

jug(Mx,X,My,Y,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,T,R):-chk(Mx,X,My,Y,Nx,Ny),not(member([Nx,Ny,Z],T))
,jug(Mx,Nx,My,Ny,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,[[X,Y,Z]|T],['Pour liquid from jug1 into jug2'|R]).

jug(Mx,X,My,Y,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,T,R):-chk(Mx,X,Mz,Z,Nx,Nz),not(member([Nx,Y,Nz],T))
,jug(Mx,Nx,My,Y,Mz,Nz,Fx,Fy,Fz,[[X,Y,Z]|T],['Pour liquid from jug1 into jug3'|R]).

jug(Mx,X,My,Y,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,T,R):-chk(My,Y,Mz,Z,Ny,Nz),not(member([X,Ny,Nz],T))
,jug(Mx,X,My,Ny,Mz,Nz,Fx,Fy,Fz,[[X,Y,Z]|T],['Pour liquid from jug2 into jug3'|R]).

jug(Mx,X,My,Y,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,T,R):-chk(My,Y,Mx,X,Ny,Nx),not(member([Nx,Ny,Z],T))
,jug(Mx,Nx,My,Ny,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,[[X,Y,Z]|T],['Pour liquid from jug2 into jug1'|R]).

jug(Mx,X,My,Y,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,T,R):-chk(Mz,Z,Mx,X,Nz,Nx),not(member([Nx,Y,Nz],T))
,jug(Mx,Nx,My,Y,Mz,Nz,Fx,Fy,Fz,[[X,Y,Z]|T],['Pour liquid from jug3 into jug1'|R]).

jug(Mx,X,My,Y,Mz,Z,Fx,Fy,Fz,T,R):-chk(Mz,Z,My,Y,Nz,Ny),not(member([X,Ny,Nz],T))
,jug(Mx,X,My,Ny,Mz,Nz,Fx,Fy,Fz,[[X,Y,Z]|T],['Pour liquid from jug3 into jug2'|R]).
display([],[]):-!.

display([T1|T],[R1|R]):-write(R1),write(' : '),write(T1),nl,display(T,R).

 Sample Output:
?- jug(8,5,3,8,0,0,4,4,0).

Initially : [8,0,0]

Pour liquid from jug1 into jug2 : [3,5,0]

Pour liquid from jug1 into jug3 : [0,5,3]

Pour liquid from jug2 into jug1 : [5,0,3]

Pour liquid from jug3 into jug2 : [5,3,0]

Pour liquid from jug1 into jug3 : [2,3,3]

Pour liquid from jug3 into jug2 : [2,5,1]

Pour liquid from jug2 into jug1 : [7,0,1]

Pour liquid from jug3 into jug2 : [7,1,0]

Pour liquid from jug1 into jug3 : [4,1,3]

Pour liquid from jug3 into jug2 : [4,4,0]

Finally : [4,4,0]

true

2. Travelling Salesman Problem

 Program:
road("tampa","houston",200).

road("gordon","tampa",300).

road("houston","gordon",100).

road("houston","kansas_city",120).

road("gordon","kansas_city",130).

route(Town1,Town2,Distance):-

road(Town1,Town2,Distance).
route(Town1,Town2,Distance):-

road(Town1,X,Dist1),

route(X,Town2,Dist2),

Distance=Dist1+Dist2,!.

 Sample Output:
?- route("tampa", "kansas_city", X).

X = 200+120.

3. 8-Queens problem
 Program:
% Solve the 8 Queens problem

solve_queens(Board) :-

Board = [_, _, _, _, _, _, _, _],

valid_board(Board),

place_queens(Board).

% Check if the board is valid

valid_board([]).

valid_board([X|Xs]) :-

valid_board(Xs),

member(X, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]).

% Place the queens on the board

place_queens([]).

place_queens([X|Xs]) :-

place_queens(Xs),

member(X, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]),

no_attack(X, Xs, 1).

% Check if a queen at column X attacks any queens in the previous columns

no_attack(_, [], _).

no_attack(X, [Y|Ys], N) :-

X =\= Y,

X + N =\= Y,

X - N =\= Y,

N1 is N + 1,

no_attack(X, Ys, N1).

% Print the board

print_board([]).

print_board([X|Xs]) :-

print_row(X),

print_board(Xs).

print_row(X) :-

print_row(X, 1).

print_row(_, 9) :- nl.

print_row(X, N) :-

(X =:= N -> write('Q ') ; write('. ')),

N1 is N + 1,

print_row(X, N1).

 Sample Output:
?- solve_queens(Board), print_board(Board).

...Q....

.Q......

......Q.
..Q.....

.....Q..

.......Q

....Q...

Q.......

Board = [4, 2, 7, 3, 6, 8, 5, 1]

4. Monkey-Banana Problem:
 Program:
% Define the initial state of the problem

initial_state(state(at_door, on_floor, at_window, has_not)).

% Define the goal state of the problem

goal_state(state(_, _, _, has)).

% Define the available actions

action(climb, state(on_floor, on_floor, on_floor, Has), state(on_box, on_floor, on_floor, Has)).

action(push_box, state(at_window, on_floor, at_window, Has), state(at_window, on_floor, at_window,

Has)).

action(grab_banana, state(at_window, on_box, at_window, has_not), state(at_window, on_box,

at_window, has)).

action(walk, state(P, on_floor, P, Has), state(P1, on_floor, P1, Has)) :- can_walk(P, P1).

% Define the possible positions

position(at_window).

position(at_door).

position(on_floor).

position(on_box).

% Define the valid movements

can_walk(P, P1) :- walkable(P), walkable(P1), P \= P1.

walkable(on_floor).

walkable(on_box).

% Define the possible states after performing an action

possible_states(State, NewState) :- action(_, State, NewState).

% Define the path to the goal state

path_to_goal(State, Path) :- path_to_goal(State, [], Path).

path_to_goal(State, Path, Path) :- goal_state(State).

path_to_goal(State, AccPath, Path) :-

possible_states(State, NewState),

\+ member(NewState, AccPath),

path_to_goal(NewState, [NewState|AccPath], Path).

% Print the path to the goal state

print_path(Path) :- reverse(Path, ReversedPath), print_path(ReversedPath, 0).

print_path([], _).

print_path([State|States], Step) :-

Step1 is Step + 1,

format('Step ~w: ~w~n', [Step1, State]),

print_path(States, Step1).

 Sample Output:
?- initial_state(InitialState), path_to_goal(InitialState, Path), print_path(Path).

false.

5. Medical diagnosis:
 Program:
% Define the symptoms
symptom(fever).

symptom(cough).

symptom(sore_throat).

symptom(rash).

% Define the diseases and their associated symptoms

disease(measles, [fever, cough, rash]).

disease(cold, [cough, sore_throat]).

disease(influenza, [fever, cough]).

% Define the rules for diagnosis

diagnose(Disease) :-

symptom(Symptom),

\+ has_symptom(Disease, Symptom),

!,

fail.

diagnose(Disease) :- disease(Disease, _).

% Define the predicate to check if a disease has a symptom

has_symptom(Disease, Symptom) :- disease(Disease, Symptoms), member(Symptom, Symptoms).

% Define the predicate to get all possible diagnoses

possible_diagnoses(Diagnoses) :- findall(Disease, diagnose(Disease), Diagnoses).

% Define the predicate to print the possible diagnoses

print_diagnoses([]).

print_diagnoses([Diagnosis|Diagnoses]) :-

format("~w~n", [Diagnosis]),

print_diagnoses(Diagnoses).
  Sample Output:
?- possible_diagnoses(Diagnoses), print_diagnoses(Diagnoses).

measles

cold

influenza

Diagnoses = [measles, cold, influenza].

6. 8-Puzzle Problem:
 Program:
% Simple Prolog Planner for the 8 Puzzle Problem

% This predicate initialises the problem states. The first argument

% of solve/3 is the initial state, the 2nd the goal state, and the

% third the plan that will be produced.

test(Plan):-

write('Initial state:'),nl,

Init= [at(tile4,1), at(tile3,2), at(tile8,3), at(empty,4), at(tile2,5), at(tile6,6), at(tile5,7), at(tile1,8),

at(tile7,9)],

write_sol(Init),

Goal= [at(tile1,1), at(tile2,2), at(tile3,3), at(tile4,4), at(empty,5), at(tile5,6), at(tile6,7), at(tile7,8),

at(tile8,9)],

nl,write('Goal state:'),nl,

write(Goal),nl,nl,

solve(Init,Goal,Plan).

solve(State, Goal, Plan):-

solve(State, Goal, [], Plan).

%Determines whether Current and Destination tiles are a valid move.

is_movable(X1,Y1) :- (1 is X1 - Y1) ; (-1 is X1 - Y1) ; (3 is X1 - Y1) ; (-3 is X1 - Y1).

% This predicate produces the plan. Once the Goal list is a subset

% of the current State the plan is complete and it is written to

% the screen using write_sol/1.

solve(State, Goal, Plan, Plan):-

is_subset(Goal, State), nl,

write_sol(Plan).

solve(State, Goal, Sofar, Plan):-

act(Action, Preconditions, Delete, Add),

is_subset(Preconditions, State),

\+ member(Action, Sofar),

delete_list(Delete, State, Remainder),

append(Add, Remainder, NewState),

solve(NewState, Goal, [Action|Sofar], Plan).

% The problem has three operators.

% 1st arg = name

% 2nd arg = preconditions

% 3rd arg = delete list

% 4th arg = add list.

% Tile can move to new position only if the destination tile is empty & Manhattan distance = 1

act(move(X,Y,Z),

[at(X,Y), at(empty,Z), is_movable(Y,Z)],

[at(X,Y), at(empty,Z)],
 [at(X,Z), at(empty,Y)]).

% Utility predicates.

% Check is first list is a subset of the second

is_subset([H|T], Set):-

member(H, Set),

is_subset(T, Set).

is_subset([], _).

% Remove all elements of 1st list from second to create third.

delete_list([H|T], Curstate, Newstate):-

remove(H, Curstate, Remainder),

delete_list(T, Remainder, Newstate).

delete_list([], Curstate, Curstate).

remove(X, [X|T], T).

remove(X, [H|T], [H|R]):-

remove(X, T, R).

write_sol([]).

write_sol([H|T]):-

write_sol(T),

write(H), nl.

append([H|T], L1, [H|L2]):-

 append(T, L1, L2).

append([], L, L).

member(X, [X|_]).

member(X, [_|T]):-

member(X, T).

 Sample Output:
?- test(Plan).

Initial state:

at(tile7,9)

at(tile1,8)

at(tile5,7)

at(tile6,6)

at(tile2,5)

at(empty,4)

at(tile8,3)

at(tile3,2)

at(tile4,1)

Goal state:

[at(tile1,1),at(tile2,2),at(tile3,3),at(tile4,4),at(empty,5),at(tile5,6),at(tile6,7),at(tile7,8),at(tile8,9)]

false.

7. Factorial of a given Number

 Program:
% Define the base case: factorial of 0 is 1

factorial(0, 1).
% Define the recursive case: factorial of N is N multiplied by factorial of N-1

factorial(N, Result) :-

N > 0,

N1 is N - 1,

factorial(N1, SubResult),

Result is N * SubResult.

 Sample Output:
?- factorial(5, Result).

Result = 120

8. Converting Temperature
 Program:
% Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

celsius_to_fahrenheit(Celsius, Fahrenheit) :-

Fahrenheit is (Celsius * 9/5) + 32.

% Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius

fahrenheit_to_celsius(Fahrenheit, Celsius) :-

Celsius is (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9.

% Convert Celsius to Kelvin

celsius_to_kelvin(Celsius, Kelvin) :-

Kelvin is Celsius + 273.15.

% Convert Kelvin to Celsius

kelvin_to_celsius(Kelvin, Celsius) :-

Celsius is Kelvin - 273.15.

% Convert Fahrenheit to Kelvin

fahrenheit_to_kelvin(Fahrenheit, Kelvin) :-

Celsius is (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9,

Kelvin is Celsius + 273.15.

% Convert Kelvin to Fahrenheit

kelvin_to_fahrenheit(Kelvin, Fahrenheit) :-

Celsius is Kelvin - 273.15,

Fahrenheit is (Celsius * 9/5) + 32.

 Sample Output:
?- celsius_to_fahrenheit(25, Result).

Result = 77.

?- fahrenheit_to_celsius(77, Result).

Result = 25.

?- celsius_to_kelvin(25, Result).

Result = 298.15.

?- kelvin_to_celsius(298.15, Result).

Result = 25.0.

?- fahrenheit_to_kelvin(77, Result).

Result = 298.15.

?- kelvin_to_fahrenheit(298.15, Result).

Result = 77.0.