Electrical Machine I- EEE-221

Second stage

Transformer
Losses & Efficiency

Dr. Manal Hussein Nawir

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Losses of Transformer

The losses that occur in transformers have to be accounted for in any accurate model of
transformer behaviour.

1. Copper (I2R) losses :-Copper losses are the resistive heating losses in the primary and
secondary windings of the transformer. They are proportional to the square of the
current in the windings, these loss vary with load current and produce HEAT

2. Eddy current losses :- Eddy current losses are resistive heating losses in the core of the
transformer. They are proportional to the square of the voltage applied to the transformer.

3. Hysteresis losses :- Hysteresis losses are associated with the rearrangement of the
magnetic domains in the core during each half-cycle. They are a complex, nonlinear function
of the voltage applied to the transformer.

4. Leakage flux :- The fluxes which escape the core and pass through only one of the
transformer windings are leakage fluxes. These escaped fluxes produce a self-inductance in
the primary and secondary coils, and the effects of this inductance must be accounted for.

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Efficiency of Transformer

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Power Power
In Out

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡=𝑉2𝐼2𝑐𝑜𝑠ɸ2
Overcome Overcome 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠=𝑃𝑐𝑢+𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛

Some Power Copper Iron

is used to: Losses Losses 4
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 Maximum Efficiency
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
The maximum efficiency occurs when: Copper losses= Iron losses.
The maximum efficiency occur at the load current is maximum, value is denoted as 𝐼2𝑀 .
» Load Current 𝐼2𝑀 at Maximum Efficiency:

For 𝜂𝑀 , (𝐼2 )2 𝑅2𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖 but 𝐼2 = 𝐼2𝑀

(𝐼2𝑀 )2 𝑅2𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖

𝑃𝑖
𝐼2𝑀 = Load current at 𝜂𝑀
𝑅2𝑒

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐼2𝐹𝐿 = 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐼2𝑀 1 𝑃𝑖
= ∗
𝐼2𝐹𝐿 𝐼2𝐹𝐿 𝑅2𝑒

𝐼2𝑀 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖
= =
𝐼2𝐹𝐿 𝑅2𝑒 (𝐼2𝐹𝐿 )2 𝑃𝑐𝑢(𝐹𝐿)
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 𝑃𝑖
𝐼2𝑀 = 𝐼2𝐹𝐿 ∗ Load current at 𝜂𝑀
𝑃𝑐𝑢(𝐹𝐿)

This is the load current at maximum efficiency in terms of full load current

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Ex.: A 250 kVA single phase transformer has iron loss of 1.8 kW. The full load cupper loss is
2000W. Calculate:
a. Efficiency at full load, 0.8 lagging p.f.
b. KVA supplied at maximum efficiency.
c. Maximum efficiency at 0.8 lagging p.f.

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Variation of Efficiency with Power Factor:

The efficiency of a transformer is given by.

When the power factor increasing the efficiency also will be increasing

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 Transformer Voltage Regulation
The voltage regulation (VR) of a transformer is defined as the difference between the
no-load terminal voltage to full load terminal voltage)and is expressed as a percentage
of full load terminal voltage. It is therefore can be expressed as,

Because a real transformer has series impedance within it, the output voltage of a
transformer varies with the load even if the input voltage remains constant.

Usually it is a good practice to have as small a voltage regulation as possible. For an

ideal transformer, Voltage Regulation = 0 percent. It is not always a good idea to have a
low-voltage regulation, sometimes high-impedance and high-voltage regulation
transformers are deliberately used to reduce the fault currents in a circuit.
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 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝐼2 𝑅2𝑒 cos 𝜃 ± 𝐼2 𝑋2𝑒 sin 𝜃

𝐼2 𝑅2𝑒 cos 𝜃 ± 𝐼2 𝑋2𝑒 sin 𝜃

%𝑉𝑅 = ∗ 100
𝑉2

(+) for lagging power factor and (-) for leading power factor load

The regulation further expressed in terms of 𝐼1 , 𝑅1𝑒 and 𝑋1𝑒

𝐼1 𝑅1𝑒 cos 𝜃 ± 𝐼1 𝑋1𝑒 sin 𝜃

%𝑉𝑅 = ∗ 100
𝑉1

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A10 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 80 turns on the secondary. The primary
and secondary resistances are 0.3 Ω and 0.01 Ω respectively and the corresponding leakage
reactance are 1.1 and 0.035 Ω respectively. The supply voltage is 2200 V. Calculate a.
Equivalent impedance referred to primary. b. The voltage regulation and the secondary
terminal voltage for full load having a power factor of 0.8 leading.

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EXAMPLE: Determine the efficiency of a 15 kVA transformer for the following conditions:
(i) full-load, unity power factor (ii) 0.8 full-load, unity power factor (iii) half full-load,
0.8 power factor. Assume that iron losses are 200 W and the full-load copper loss is 300 W

SOLUTION

(i) Full load power output = V I cos ɸ = (15)(1) = 15 kW

Losses = 200 + 300 = 500 W or 0.5 kW
Input power at full load = output power + losses = 15 + 0.5 = 15.5 kW
Hence, efficiency, = 0.9677 or 96.77%

(ii) At 0.8 full load, unity power factor, output power = 0.8 * 15 = 12 kW
Losses = = 392 W or 0.392 kW
Input power at 0.8 full load = output power at 0.8 full load + losses
= 12 + 0.392 = 12.392 kW
Hence, efficiency, = 0.9684 or 96.84%

(iii) At 0.5 full load and 0.8 power factor, output power = 0.5 * 15 * 0.8= 6 kW
Losses = = 275 W or 0.275 kW
Input power at 0.5 full load = output power at 0.5 full load + losses
= 6 + 0.275 = 6.275 kW
Hence, efficiency, = 0.9562 or 95.62%

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EXAMPLE: A 250 kVA transformer has a full load copper loss of 3 kW and an iron loss of 2 kW.
Calculate (a) the output kVA at which the efficiency of the transformer is a maximum, and
(b) the maximum efficiency, assuming the power factor of the load is 0.80.

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Example: A single-phase transformer has 500 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net
cross-sectional area of core is 60 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to 50 Hz supply at
400 V, calculate (a) the peak value of flux density in core, (b) the voltage induced in the
secondary winding and (c) the turns ratio.

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