ORA000008 ATM Principle

(BSS)
ISSUE 3.0

Wireless
Wireless Curriculum
Curriculum Development
Development Section
Section
 Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be familiar with:

¾ ATM theory & concepts

¾ ATM cell format
¾ Protocol stack of ATM especially AAL2 and AAL5 processing
¾ Application of ATM in a CDMA2000 System
 Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 Why do we need a new technology?

To provide a high-speed, low delay

multiplexing and switching network to any type of
user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video
applications.
 What is ATM?

z ATM for Telecommunications is Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (not

Automatic Teller Machine!).
z ATM is a technology that has transport, switching, network
management, and customer services built into it right from the start.
z In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in small, fixed-length
packets called cells.
z A technology that integrates advantages of circuit switch and packet
switch.
z ATM can support any type of user services, such as voice, data, or
video service.
 ATM Overview

5-Bytes 48-Bytes 53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell

Header Payload
header+48Bytes payload.

ATM must set up virtual connection before

communication.

Contract
ATM network will confer with terminal on
parameter of QoS before the connection is
set up.
ATM can provides both CBR and VBR transport
 Connectionless & Connection-oriented

Connection-oriented : All packets

are transferred from the same
route , so the receiving order of
packets depends on the sending
order. Time delay is fixed.

et u p
S

t u p
Se

Setu
Connectionless: Every packet is

p
transferred from different routes, so
the receiving order of packets
doesn’t possibly depend on the Setu
sending order.
p
 Traditional Switch Model’s Characteristic

Circuit Switching
Î Data is sent from the same route, so time delay is fixed
Î High-speed switching
Î Fixed rate

z Packet Switching
Î Support multi-rate switching
Î Take full advantage of bandwidth/waste of bandwidth
Î Time delay is not fixed
 ATM Switch Model’s Characteristic

z Any user’s cell will not be send periodically, and

bandwidth will be shared and statistically
multiplexed.
z Many types of service can be transferred in the
same time and Quality of Service is supported in
an ATM network.
z Fixed length cell, so switch can be controlled by
hardware and high-speed switching is easy to be
realized.
 ATM’s Advantage

z Integration of various services such as voice, image, video, data

and multimedia.
z Standardization of network structures and components. This
results in cost savings for network providers.
z Transmission that is independent of the medium used PDH, SDH,
SONET and other media can be used to transport ATM cells.
z ATM is scaleable, i.e. the bandwidth can be adapted extremely
flexibly to meet user requirements.
z Guaranteed transmission quality to match the service required by
the user (quality of service, QoS).
 ATM’s Application

z In Switching:
Î Traditional Exchange is evolving into Broadband
Exchange by ATM’s application

z In Transmission:
Î ATM virtual path exchange node and ATM
Add/Drop Multiplexer

z In Internet:
Î ATM router applied in IP Switching, Multi-Protocol
Label Switching
 Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 ATM Network Model

UNI NNI NNI

NNI

UNI
NNI
PNNI

PNNI
ICI Other
UNI NNI Network

NNI
NNI：Network Node Interface
UNI：User Node Interface
ICI：Inter-carrier Interface NNI
PNNI：Private Network Node Interface
ATM Cell
 ATM Cell

z GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible bus

system at the user interface and is not used at the moment.
z VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the
addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI.
z VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path section
between switching centers or between the switching center and the subscriber.
z PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the information
field.
z CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be preferentially
deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck.
z HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to some extent,
correct errors in the header data that may occur. The HEC is used to
synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.
 VP and VC

Why two fields?

Î think VPI as a bundle of virtual
channels. (256 VPI on one link)
Î the individual virtual channels have
unique VCIs. The VCI values may
be reused in each virtual path.
 ATM Cell Switching
ATM Network Node
User B ATM Terminal
Cell and user’s
VPI=2 VCI=37 ATM Switch
data change Port 1
each other UNI
Port VPI VCI
VPI=1 VCI=51
Port 2 1 2 37
2 1 51

NNI
ATM Network Node

Port 1 ATM Switch

User A ATM Terminal
Port VPI VCI
Cell and user’s UNI
data change Port 2 1 1 51
each other VPI=3 VCI=39
2 3 39
ATM Connections
 ATM Virtual Connection
Port VPI VCI
1 1 1
UNI cell UNI cell
2 26 44
A VPI =1 VPI =20 B
VCI =1 1 3 1 3
VCI =30
NNI cell NNI cell
2 2
VPI =26 VPI =6
VCI =44 VCI =44 Port VPI VCI
NNI cell
2 6 44
3 VPI =2 3 2
1 VCI =44 3 20 30
2 1
Port VPI VCI
ATM Virtual Connection Port VPI VCI
1 26 44
2 2 44 1 2 44
2 6 44

In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up

in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set
up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called
Virtual Connection.
 Signaling In ATM

Permanent Virtual Channel (PVC):

The connections are analogous to leased lines that are switched between
certain users. A change can only be made by the network provider. This
type of ATM network often forms the initial stage in the introduction of this
technology.

Switch Virtual Channel (SVC):

Users connected to this type of network can set up a connection to the
user of their own choice by means of signaling procedures. This can be
compared with the process of dialing a telephone number.
 Types of ATM Virtual Connection

According to the switching mode, ATM

Virtual Connection can be classified :
Î VPC (Virtual Path Connection)

Î VCC (Virtual Channel Connection)

According to connection establishment,

ATM Virtual Connection can be classified:
Î SVC(Switching Virtual Connection)

Î PVC(Permanent Virtual Connection)

 VPC and VCC
ATM terminal A C
VCC
VPC
UNI cell ATM network node G UNI cell

E F
UNI cell NNI cell NNI cell UNI cell
VC VP VC
switching switching switching
VCC D
B

For example: When E receives cells from A or B, which would be

transferred to C or D, the VPI of these cells would be set to
uniform value in E. These cells would be received by G and
switched to F by VP switching. Then the cells will be delivered to
C or D at F. It means that VPC has been set up between E and F,
while VCC has been set up among A, B, C and D.
 Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 Features of ATM

Voice

Data

Video Cells

9 Connection oriented
9 Fast packet switching
9 Statistical multiplexer
9 Supports voice, data and video service
9 Provides QoS
 ATM Protocol Structure Model

Call connection User information、Flow

and Control Control and Error Recovery

Interface Management
Layer Management
Control interface User interface
Independent
Service and signaling
of user USER USER management
of every layer
Information of user
and cell conversion SAAL AAL

Cell exchange and Impartible

multiplexing or ATM Layer
demultiplexing management
of all layer
Frame structure
physical medium Physical Layer
 Three Communications Planes

z The user plane transports the user data for an application. It

uses the physical, ATM and ATM adaptation layers to do this.
z The control plane takes care of establishing, maintaining and
clearing down user connections in the user plane. The key word
here is signaling.
z The management plane includes layer management and plane
management. Layer management monitors and coordinates the
individual layer tasks. Plane management handles monitoring
and coordination tasks in the network.
 ATM Sublayer Model

ATM Protocol Stack Model OSI Reference Model

User 7 Application
CS
AAL 6 Presentation
SAR
Interface
manage 5 Session
ment ATM
4 Transport

3 Network
TC
PHY 2 Data link

PMD 1 Physical
 Function of ATM Physical Layer

Two sublayers:
AAL z Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TC)
Î transmission frame generation/recovery
Î Processing HEC
ATM Î cell delimiting
Î transmission frame adaptation

z Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer

PHY
(PMD)
Î Link coding
Î Network physical medium
 Function of ATM Layer

z Cell switch
AAL
z Quality of Service

z Processing the cell header

ATM
z Types of payload

z Multiplexing /Demultiplexing of
PHY different connection cell
 Function of AAL layer

AAL z Support services for user

z Segment and reassemble

ATM z Complete the change between
User-PDU and ATM payload

PHY
 Function of ATM AAL Overview

Function of ATM AAL:

Constant Data Variable
Bit Rate Bursts Bit Rate

Provide a high-speed,
low delay multiplexing
AAL SDU
and switching network
ATM Payload to support any type of
ATM Cell
user service, such as
Multiplexing voice, data,or video
applications.
 Types of AAL

Service type A B C D
Bit rate constant variable variable variable
Real time YES YES NO NO
Connection mode Connection oriented connectionless

AAL AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5

In order to support different types of user services, there are

five types of AAL.

In Huawei’s BSS, voice is transferred over AAL2 and rest

signals are transferred over AAL5.
 Logic Structure of AAL Layer
AAL-SAP
CS sublayer：
AAL-PDU
Provide service to upper layer
at AAL-SAP.
SSCS SSCS-PDU

The concrete function is

AAL layer
CPCS-SDU depending on the service type.
CPCS
CPCS-PDU
CS can be further divided into
SSCS and CPCS.
SAR-SDU
SAR
SAR sublayer:
SAR-PDU
Chop CCS-PDU into ATM
payload with size of 48 bytes or
ATM-SAP
assemble ATM payload into
ATM-SDU ATM layer CPCS-PDU.
 AAL2 Structure

AAL-SAP

AAL-PDU
AAL2 contains two sub-layer, CPS
SSCS SSCS-PDU
and SSCS.

AAL layer
The function of SAR is performed
CPS-SDU by CPS, SAR sub-layer is null
CPCS
CPS-PDU
For AAL2，CPS is changeless no
matter which type of service is. But
it is different for SSCS. Sometimes
ATM-SAP
SSCS maybe null.

ATM-SDU ATM layer

 AAL2 Process
AAL-SAP
SSCS AAL-SDU

SSCS-PDU Header SSCS-PDU SSCS-PDU Tail

Payload
SSCS-PDU 45Bit Max
876543218765432187654321
CPS CPS-SDU
CID LI UUI HEC
CPS-PH CPS-PP CPS-PH AAL
87654321
1# 2# 3#
Layer
CPS-Packet CPS-Packet CPS-Packet OSF P
1# 2# 3# STF SN
STF CPS-Packet
CPS-Packet STF CPS-Packet C STF PS-Packet PAD
CPS-PDU CPS-PDU
Payload 47 Bit
ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU ATM
ATM-Header
Layer
ATM Payload
 AAL5 Structure
AAL-SAP

AAL-PDU

AAL5 contains two sub-layers,

SSCS SSCS-PDU
CS and SAR sublayer.
CS sublayer is further divided

AAL layer
CPCS-SDU
CPCS into SSCS and CPCS.
CPCS-PDU
In order to enhance the effect
of AAL3/4, CPCS and SAR are
SAR-SDU appropriately simplified. AAL5
SAR
doesn’t support multi-user
SAR-PDU
multiplexing mode.
ATM-SAP

ATM-SDU ATM layer

 AAL5 Process
AAL-SAP
CPCS 8 1 8 116 132 1
AAL-SDU UU CPI Length CRC

CPS-PDU Payload PAD CPS-PDU Tail PAD

CPS-PDU N%48 Bytes 0i47Bits AAL
SAR Layer
SAR-SDU

SAR-PDU #1 SAR-PDU #2 SAR-PDU #3 SAR-PDU #4

ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU #1 Cell #1 3 2 1
AUU
ATM-SDU #2 Cell #2
PTI ATM
:ATM Header (AUU=0) ATM-SDU #3 Cell #3 Layer
:ATM Header (AUU=1) ATM-SDU #4 Cell #4
ATM Payload
 Service Types of ATM layer

z CBR (Constant bit rate)

z VBR-RT (Variable bit rate-real time)
z VBR-NRT (VBR-non real time)
z UBR (Unspecified bit rate)
z ABR (Available bit rate)
ATM Service Categories
 CBR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance

low high
PCR
Cell loss
Cell delay and cell delay variation

Voice and video

 VBR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance
PCR
LOW HIGH
SCR

MBS
Cell lose
Cell lose (RT) (NRT)

Voice and video

 UBR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance

low high
No QoS

Cell relay variation

Cell lose

WAN
 ABR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance

PCR
low high

MCR

Cell loss
Cell delay variation

Overhead

5 Byte LAN
• No cell
Header overhead
• Uses
48 Byte congestion
Payload feedback
instead
ATM Service Categories and their
Parameters
ATM Service Categories and Applications
 Communication Contract

Contract

Contract

ATM network

zCommunication Contract
ÎServiceTypes
ÎParameter of Flow
ÎParameter of QoS
 Service type in CDMA2000 BSS System

z Variable bit rate real time( VBR-RT), such as voice

service in CDMA2000 BSS System. It is realized by
AAL2.

z Variable bit rate non real time (VBR-NRT), such as

signaling and other service in CDMA2000 BSS System.
It is realized by AAL5.
 Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 IPOA Protocal Stack

User application User application

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

IP IP
IP packet is transferred to
AAL ATM Payload AAL
IP address is mapped to PVC
ATM or SVC ATM

ATM network Physical layer

 TCP/IP Process

TCP TCP Header App Data

IP IP Header TCP header App Data

SNAP/LLC LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data

CS LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data PAD CPCS-PDU Tail

AAL5
SAR SAR-SDU#1 SAR-SDU#2 SAR-SDU#3 SAR-PDU#4 SAR-PDU#5

Cell header will be added to SAR-PDU, whose VPI and VCI depends on
ATM the map table of IP address to PVC/SVC. Then ,the cells will be sent to
Physical Layer.

PHY Perform the transmission of ATM cells via physical media.

 INARP in IPOA—Network Model（SVC
mode）

ATM Network
ARP Server

Router Ethernet
WAN
 INARP in IPOA—Network Model （PVC
mode）

ATM Network

Router Ethernet
WAN
 INARP in IPOA—PVC Mode
Any IPOA terminal that wants to communicate with other terminal
must know the destination IP address. But how to know the IP address?
PVC connecting the source and destination terminals should be set up
first. For example: Terminal A must set up a PVC to B in order to know
the IP address of B.
ATM Network

PVC

Terminal A IP:192 .168 .1 .1 Terminal B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

 ARP in IPOA—PVC Mode

Terminal A will send InvATMARP information to request remote IPOA

client ’s (such as computer B) IP address. So does computer B.

ATM Network

InvATMARP PVC
InvATMARP

Computer A IP:192 .168 .1 .1 Computer B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

VPI VCI IP Address VPI VCI IP Address

1 33 ？.？.？.？ 2 33 ？.？.？.？

XX YY ？.？.？.？ ZZ YY ？.？.？.？
 ARP in IPOA—PVC Mode
Thereby, A and B establish the map table of IP address to PVC. Similarly, all
the IPs of the computers that answered the InvATMARP will be set to the
map table.

ATM Network

ACK PVC
ACK

Computer A IP:192 .168 .1 .1 Computer B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

VPI VCI IP Address VPI VCI IP Address

1 33 192 .168 .1.2 1 33 192 .168 .1.1

XX YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx ZZ YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

 ARP in IPOA—PVC Mode
For example: A will transfer a IP packet to B, and the IP packet
will be changed to AAL-PDUs first. When ATM layer receives AAL-
PDU,it can find the PVC by map table and set VPI/VCI of ATM cell.
Thereby, cells could be transferred to B by ATM network.
ATM Network

ATM cell stream ATM cell stream

PVC

Computer A IP:192.168.1.1 Computer B IP:192.168.1.2

VPI VCI IP Address VPI VCI IP Address
1 33 192 .168 .1.2 1 33 192 .168 .1.1

XX YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx ZZ YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

 Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM

Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA

Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS system（Large
Capacity Configuration ）
Abis interface:
BTS baseband frame •signal-in-band/service：AAL2
• service/ signal-in-band ：AAL2 •signal-out-band /maintenance：AAL5 IPOA
• maintenance / signal-out- If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables,
band ：AAL5 IMA mode will be adopted to transfer ATM cells.

Integrated Connected to
BTS Processing
Subrack (CIPS)
MSC

Optical fiber or
several E1 Optic
cables fiber

Resource
Management & Optic Switch GPS/Glonass
Packet Processing fiber receiver
Subrack
Subrack (CRPS)
BSC inside
Voice：AAL2 Ethernet Optic
signal/data service:AAL5 cable fiber
maintenance：AAL5 IPOA Integrated
Management
Data Service cBSC Connected to
Processing
Subrack (BAM) Subrack (CPMS) PDSN
 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS System（Small
Capacity Configuration）
Abis interface:
BTS baseband frame •signal-in-band/service：AAL2
• service/ signal-in-band ：AAL2 •signal-out-band /maintenance：AAL5 IPOA
• maintenance / signal-out- If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables,
band ：AAL5 IMA mode will be adopted to transfer ATM cells.

Integrated
cBSC Connected
BTS Processing
Subrack to MSC

several E1
cables
several E1
cables or
Ethernet Optic fiber GPS/Glonass
cable Receiver

BSC inside
Voice：AAL2 Integrated Resource &
signal/data service:AAL5 Management Packet Connected to
maintenance：AAL5 IPOA Subrack Subrack
PDSN
(BAM)

LAN
 IMA Mode
If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables, IMA mode
will be adopted to transfer ATM cells. In this way, cells of high speed
ATM link could be transferred on several low speed physical links.

IMA Group IMA Group

PHY PHY
Physical Link #0

PHY PHY
ATM Layer Physical Link #1 ATM Layer

PHY PHY
Physical Link #2

Virtual ATM Link

 Summary

z ATM Basics
Î ATM switching is cell switching,it has advantage
of circuit switch and packet switch, connection
oriented .
Î ATM cell:53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell
header+48Bytes payload
z ATM switching
Î ATM switching has two types:VP and VC switch.
As a rule: only VPI has been changed in VP
switch,Both VCI and VPI have been changed in
VC switch. VPI and VCI is only of effect between
the two ATM physical nodes.
 Questions

z StateATM application in CDMA2000 BSS

system?
z What is the difference between SVC and PVC?
z Whatis the difference between VP switch
and VC switch?