Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial
Solutions Manual
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Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual
364 Chapter 5 Factoring and Applications
Chapter 5 Factoring and 2. (a) Write each number in prime factored form.
Applications 16r 9 = 24 ⋅ r 9 , 10r15 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ r15 ,

8r12 = 23 ⋅ r12
5.1 The Greatest Common Factor; The greatest common factor of the
Factoring by Grouping coefficients 16, 10, and 8 is 2. The greatest
common factor of the terms r9, r15, and r12 is
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises r9 since 9 is the least exponent on r. Thus,
the GCF of these terms is the product of 2
1. (a) Write each number in prime factored form. and r9, that is, 2r9.
50 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5, 75 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5
(b) The least exponent on s is 3, and the least
Use each prime the least number of times it
exponent on t is 2. Thus, the GCF is s3t2.
appears in all the factored forms. The
primes 2 and 3 do not appear in all the N2. (a) Write each number in prime factored form.
factored forms, so they will not appear in 25k 3 = 52 ⋅ k 3 , 15k 2 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ k 2 ,
the greatest common factor. The greatest
common factor (GCF) is 5 ⋅ 5 = 25. 35k 5 = 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ k 5
The greatest common factor of the
(b) Write each number in prime factored form. coefficients 25, 15, and 35 is 5. The greatest
12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3, 18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3, common factor of the terms k3, k2, and k5 is
26 = 2 ⋅13, 32 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 k2 since 2 is the least exponent on k. Thus,
Use each prime the least number of times it the GCF of these terms is the product of 5
appears. The greatest common factor is 2. and k2, that is, 5k2.
(c) Write each number in prime factored form. (b) The least exponent on m is 3, and the least
22 = 2 ⋅11, 23 = 23, 24 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 exponent on n is 2. Thus, the GCF is m3n2.
Use each prime the least number of times it 3. (a) 6 is the greatest common factor of 6 and 12,
appears. Since no prime appears in all the and 2 is the least exponent on x. Hence,
factored forms, the GCF is 1. 6 x 2 is the GCF.
N1. (a) Write each number in prime factored form.
24 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3, 36 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
( )
6 x 4 + 12 x 2 = 6 x 2 x 2 + 6 x 2 ( 2 )
Use each prime the least number of times it = 6x ( x + 2)

2 2
appears in all the factored forms. The least

number of times 2 appears in all the (b) 5 is the greatest common factor of 30, 25,
factored forms is 2, and the least number of and 10, so 5 can be factored out. Since t
times 3 appears is 1. The GCF is occurs in every term, and the least exponent
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 12. on t is 4, t4 can be factored out. Hence, 5t4 is
the GCF.
(b) Write each number in prime factored form.
30t 6 − 25t 5 + 10t 4
54 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3, 90 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5,
108 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ( )
= 5t 4 6t 2 − 5t 4 ( 5t ) + 5t 4 ( 2 )
appears. The greatest common factor is
= 5t 4 ( 6t − 5t + 2)
2
2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 18.
(c) r occurs in every term, and 10 is the least
(c) Write each number in prime factored form. exponent on r, so r10 is the GCF.
15 = 3 ⋅ 5, 19 = 19, 25 = 5 ⋅ 5 ( )
r12 + r10 = r10 r 2 + r10 (1)
appears. Since no prime appears in all the = r10 ( r + 1)
2
factored forms, the GCF is 1.
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5.1 The Greatest Common Factor; Factoring by Grouping 365
(d) 8 p5 q 2 + 16 p 6 q 3 − 12 p 4 q 7 N4. −14b 2 − 21b3 + 7b

4 is the greatest common factor of 8, 16, and
12. The least exponents on p and q are 4 and
( )
= −7b ( 2b ) − 7b 3b 2 − 7b ( −1)
2, respectively. Hence, 4p4q2 is the GCF. (
= −7b 2b + 3b 2 − 1)
8 p 5 q 2 + 16 p 6 q 3 − 12 p 4 q 7
The monomial −7b is the greatest common
= ( 4 p 4 q 2 ) ( 2 p ) + ( 4 p 4 q 2 )( 4 p 2 q ) factor.
− ( 4 p 4 q 2 )( 3q 5 ) 5. (a) 6( p + q) − r ( p + q)
= 4 p q ( 2 p + 4 p q − 3q
4 2 2 5
) The binomial p + q is the greatest common
factor here.
N3. (a) 7t 4 − 14t 3 6( p + q) − r ( p + q) = ( p + q)(6 − r )
7 is the greatest common factor of 7 and 14,
and 3 is the least exponent on t. Hence, 7t3 (b) y 4 ( y + 3) − 7 ( y + 3)
is the GCF. The binomial y + 3 is the greatest common
7t 4 − 14t 3 = 7t 3 ( t ) − 7t 3 ( 2 ) factor.
= 7t 3 ( t − 2 ) (
y 4 ( y + 3 ) − 7 ( y + 3) = ( y + 3) y 4 − 7 )
(b) 8 x 6 − 20 x5 + 28 x 4 N5. (a) x ( x + 2 ) + 5 ( x + 2 )
4 is the greatest common factor of 8, 20, The binomial x + 2 is the greatest common
and 28, so 4 can be factored out. Since x factor here.
occurs in every term and the least exponent x ( x + 2 ) + 5( x + 2) = ( x + 2 ) ( x + 5)
on x is 4, x4 can be factored out. Hence, 4x4
is the GCF. (b) a (t + 10) − b(t + 10)
8 x 6 − 20 x5 + 28 x 4 The binomial t + 10 is the greatest common
( )
= 4 x 4 2 x2 − 4 x4 ( 5x ) + 4 x 4 ( 7 ) factor.
a (t + 10) − b(t + 10) = (t + 10)(a − b)
= 4 x4 ( 2x − 5x + 7)
2
6. (a) pq + 5q + 2 p + 10
(c) 30m n − 42m n
4 3 2 2 = ( pq + 5q ) + ( 2 p + 10 ) Group terms.
6 is the greatest common factor of 30 and = q ( p + 5) + 2 ( p + 5) Factor each group.
42. The least exponents on m and n are 2 = ( p + 5 )( q + 2 ) Factor out p + 5.
and 2, respectively. Hence, 6m2n2 is
the GCF. (b) 2 xy + 3 y + 2 x + 3
30m 4 n3 − 42m 2 n2 = ( 2 xy + 3 y ) + ( 2 x + 3) Group terms.
(
= 6m n 2 2
)( 5m n ) − ( 6m n ) ( 7 )
2 2 2 = y ( 2 x + 3) + 1( 2 x + 3) Factor each group.
= ( 2 x + 3)( y + 1) Factor out 2 x + 3.
= 6m 2 n 2 ( 5m n − 7 )
2
(c) 2a 2 − 4a + 3ab − 6b
4. −2 x5 − 8 x 4 + 4 x3
( )
= 2a 2 − 4a + ( 3ab − 6b )
= −2 x 3
( x ) − 2x ( 4x) − 2x
2 3 3
( −2 )
= 2a ( a − 2 ) + 3b ( a − 2 )
= −2 x 3 ( x + 4x − 2)
2
= ( a − 2 )( 2a + 3b )
The monomial −2x is the greatest common
3
(d) x3 + 3x 2 − 5 x − 15
factor.
( )
= x3 + 3x 2 + ( −5 x − 15 )
= x 2 ( x + 3) − 5 ( x + 3)
(
= ( x + 3) x 2 − 5 )

N6. (a) ab + 3a + 5b + 15 This does not lead to a common factor, so

= (ab + 3a ) + (5b + 15) Group terms. we try rearranging the terms.
= a(b + 3) + 5(b + 3) Factor each group. ( )
= 12 p 2 − 16 pq + ( 21 p − 28q )
= (b + 3)(a + 5) Factor out b + 3. = 4 p ( 3 p − 4q ) + 7 ( 3 p − 4q )
= ( 3 p − 4q )( 4 p + 7 )
(b) 12 xy + 3 x + 4 y + 1
Here's another rearrangement.
= (12 xy + 3x) + (4 y + 1)
= 3 x ( 4 y + 1) + 1( 4 y + 1) ( )
= 12 p 2 + 21 p + ( −16 pq − 28q )
= ( 4 y + 1)( 3x + 1) = 3 p ( 4 p + 7 ) − 4q ( 4 p + 7 )
= ( 4 p + 7 )( 3 p − 4q )
(c) x 3 + 5 x 2 − 8 x − 40
This is an equivalent answer.
= ( x3 + 5 x 2 ) + ( −8 x − 40 )
(b) 5 xy − 6 − 15 x + 2 y
= x 2 ( x + 5) − 8 ( x + 5 ) = ( 5 xy + 2 y ) + ( −15 x − 6 )
= ( x + 5 ) ( x 2 − 8) = y ( 5x + 2 ) − 3 ( 5 x + 2 )
= ( 5 x + 2 )( y − 3)
7. (a) 6 y 2 − 20w + 15 y − 8 yw
Factoring out the common factor 2 from the
first two terms and the common factor y
Exercises
from the last two terms gives 1. To factor a number or quantity means to write it
6 y 2 − 20w + 15 y − 8 yw as a product. Factoring is the opposite, or
inverse, process of multiplying.
( )
= 2 3 y 2 − 10w + y (15 − 8w ) .
2. An integer or variable expression that is a
This does not lead to a common factor, so factor of two or more terms is a common factor.
we try rearranging the terms. For example, 12 is a common factor of both 36
6 y 2 − 20 w + 15 y − 8 yw and 72 because it divides evenly into both
( )
integers.
= 6 y 2 + 15 y + ( −20w − 8 yw )
3. Find the prime factored form of each number.
= 3 y ( 2 y + 5 ) − 4w ( 5 + 2 y ) 12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
= ( 2 y + 5)( 3 y − 4w ) 16 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
Here's another rearrangement. The least number of times 2 appears in all the
6 y 2 − 20w + 15 y − 8 yw factored forms is 2. There is no 3 in the prime
factored form of 16, so the
( )
= 6 y 2 − 8 yw + (15 y − 20 w ) GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4
= 2 y ( 3 y − 4w ) + 5 ( 3 y − 4w ) 4. Find the prime factored form of each number.
18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
= ( 3 y − 4w )( 2 y + 5 )
24 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
This is an equivalent answer.
The least number of times a 2 and 3 appears in
(b) 9mn − 4 + 12m − 3n all the factored forms is once, so the
= (9mn + 12m) + (−4 − 3n) GCF = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
= 3m(3n + 4) − 1(4 + 3n) 5. Find the prime factored form of each number.
40 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
= (3n + 4)(3m − 1)
20 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
N7. (a) 12 p 2 − 28q − 16 pq + 21 p 4 = 2⋅2
Factoring out the common factor 4 from the The least number of times 2 appears in all the
first two terms and the common factor p factored forms is 2. There is no 5 in the prime
from the last two terms gives factored form of 4, so the
12 p 2 − 28q − 16 pq + 21 p GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4.
( )
= 4 3 p 2 − 7 q + p ( −16q + 21) .

6. Find the prime factored form of each number. 12. Write each term in prime factored form.
50 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 18w = 2 ⋅ 32 ⋅ w
30 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 27 = 33
5=5 There is no w in the second term, so w will not
The prime number 5 appears once in the three appear in the GCF. Thus, the GCF of 18w and
factored forms (and no other primes are in all 27 is 32 = 9.
three forms), so the GCF = 5.
7. Find the prime factored form of each number. 13. 30 x3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x3
18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 40 x 6 = 23 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x 6
24 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 50 x 7 = 2 ⋅ 52 ⋅ x 7
36 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 The GCF of the coefficients, 30, 40, and 50, is
48 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 21 ⋅ 51 = 10. The smallest exponent on the
The least number of times the primes 2 and 3 variable x is 3. Thus, the GCF of the given
appear in all four factored forms is once, so the terms is 10x3.
GCF = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6.
14. 60 z 4 = 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ z 4
8. Find the prime factored form of each number.
15 = 3 ⋅ 5 70 z 8 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ z 8
30 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 90 z 9 = 2 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 5 ⋅ z 9
45 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 The GCF of the coefficients, 60, 70, and 90, is
75 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 21 ⋅ 51 = 10. The smallest exponent on the
The least number of times the primes 3 and 5 variable z is 4. Thus, the GCF of the given
appear in all four factored forms is once, so the terms is 10z 4.
GCF = 3 ⋅ 5 = 15.
15. x 4 y 3 = x 4 ⋅ y 3 ; xy 2 = x ⋅ y 2
9. 6, 8, 9
Find the prime factored form of each number. The GCF is xy2.
6 = 2⋅3 16. a 4 b5 = a 4 ⋅ b5 ; a 3b = a3 ⋅ b
8 = 2⋅2⋅2 The GCF is a3b.
9 = 3⋅3
17. 42ab3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ b ⋅ b
There are no primes common to all three
numbers, so the GCF is 1. 36a = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a
90b = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ b
10. 20, 22, 23
Find the prime factored form of each number. 48ab = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b
20 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 The GCF is 2 ⋅ 3 = 6.
22 = 2 ⋅11 18. 45c3 d = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ c ⋅ c ⋅ c ⋅ d
23 = 23 75c = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ c
There are no primes common to all three 90d = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ d
numbers, so the GCF is 1.
105cd = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ c ⋅ d
11. Write each term in prime factored form. The GCF is 3 ⋅ 5 = 15.
16 y = 24 ⋅ y
19. 12m3 n 2 = 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m3 ⋅ n2
24 = 23 ⋅ 3
18m5 n 4 = 2 ⋅ 32 ⋅ m5 ⋅ n 4
There is no y in the second term, so y will not
appear in the GCF. Thus, the GCF of 16y and 36m8 n3 = 22 ⋅ 32 ⋅ m8 ⋅ n3
24 is 23 = 8. The GCF is 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m3 ⋅ n2 = 6m3 n2 .

20. 25 p5 r 7 = 52 ⋅ p5 ⋅ r 7 34. 18 p + 36 = 18 ⋅ p + 18 ⋅ 2
30 p 7 r 8 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ p 7 ⋅ r 8 = 18 ( p + 2 )
50 p5 r 3 = 2 ⋅ 52 ⋅ p5 ⋅ r 3 35. 10a 2 − 20a = 10a ( a ) − 10a ( 2 )

= 10a ( a − 2 )
5 3
The GCF is 5 p r .
21. 2k 2 (5k ) is written as a product of 2k2 and 5k, 36. 15 x 2 − 30 x = 15 x ( x ) + 15 x ( −2 )

and hence, it is factored. = 15 x ( x − 2 )
22. 2k 2 ( 5k + 1) is written as a product of 2k and 2
37. 8 x 2 y + 12 x3 y 2 = 4 x 2 y ( 2 ) + 4 x 2 y ( 3xy )
( 5k + 1) , and hence, it is factored.
= 4 x 2 y ( 2 + 3xy )
23. 2k 2 + ( 5k + 1) is written as a sum of 2k2 and
( 5k + 1), and hence, it is not factored.
2
( )
38. 18s t + 10st = 2st 9s t + 2st ( 5)
3 2
= 2st ( 9s t + 5 )
2
24. ( 2k 2
)
+ 5k + 1 is written as a sum of
39. The greatest common factor is x.
( 2k 2
+ 5k ) and 1, and hence, it is not factored. x 2 − 4 x = x ( x ) + x ( −4 )
25. The correct factored form is = x ( x − 4)
18 x3 y 2 + 9 xy = 9 xy 2 x 2 y + 1 . ( ) 40. The greatest common factor is m.
If a polynomial has two terms, the product of m 2 − 7 m = m ( m ) + m ( −7 )
the factors must have two terms. = m (m − 7)
( )
9 xy 2 x 2 y = 18 x3 y 2 has just one term.
41. The greatest common factor is 3t.
26. First, verify that you have factored completely. 6t 2 + 15t = 3t ( 2t ) + 3t ( 5)
Then multiply the factors. The product should = 3t ( 2t + 5 )
be the original polynomial.
42. The greatest common factor is 2 x.
27. 9m 4 = 3m 2 3m 2 ( ) 8 x 2 + 6 x = 2 x(4 x) + 2 x(3)
Factor out 3m2 from 9m4 to obtain 3m2. = 2 x(4 x + 3)
28. 12 p 5 = 6 p3 2 p 2 ( ) 43. The GCF is 9m.
Factor out 6p3 from 12p5 to obtain 2p2. ( )

27m3 − 9m = 9m 3m 2 + 9m ( −1)
= 9m ( 3m − 1)
( )
2
29. −8 z 9 = −4 z 5 2 z 4
44. The GCF is 4 p.
Factor out −4z 5 from −8z 9 to obtain 2 z 4 .
( )
12 p 3 − 4 p = 4 p 3 p 2 − 4 p (1)
30. −15k 11
= − 5k 8
( 3k ) 3
= 4 p ( 3 p − 1)
2
Factor out −5k 8 from −15k 11 to obtain 3k 3 .
31. 6m 4 n5 = 3m3 n 2mn 4 ( ) 45. The GCF is m 2 .

m3 − m 2 = m 2 ( m ) − m 2 (1)
3 4 5 4
Factor out 3m n from 6m n to obtain 2mn .
= m 2 ( m − 1)
32. 27a b = 9a b ( 3ab )
3 2 2
Factor out 9a2b from 27a3b2 to obtain 3ab. 46. The GCF is p 2 .
p3 − p 2 = p 2 ( p ) − p 2 (1)
33. 12 y + 24 = 12 ⋅ y + 12 ⋅ 2
= 12 ( y + 2 ) = p 2 ( p − 1)

47. The GCF is 8 z 2 . 57. The GCF is 13 y 2 .

( )
16 z 4 + 24 z 2 = 8 z 2 2 z 2 + 8 z 2 ( 3) 13 y8 + 26 y 4 − 39 y 2
= 8z2 ( 2 z + 3)
2
( ) ( )
= 13 y 2 y 6 + 13 y 2 2 y 2 + 13 y 2 ( −3)
48. The GCF is 5k 2 . = 13 y 2

( y + 2 y − 3)
6 2
( )
25k 4 + 15k 2 = 5k 2 5k 2 + 5k 2 ( 3) 58. The GCF is 5x3 .
= 5k 2 ( 5k + 3 )
2 5 x5 + 25 x 4 − 20 x3
49. The GCF is −6 x 2 .

( )
= 5 x 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 ( 5 x ) + 5 x 3 ( −4 )
−12 x 3 − 6 x 2 = −6 x 2 ( 2 x ) − 6 x 2 (1) = 5 x3 ( x + 5x − 4 )
2
= −6 x 2 ( 2 x + 1) 59. The GCF is −2 x.

50. The GCF is −7b 2 . −4 x3 + 10 x 2 − 6 x
−21b3 − 7b2 = −7b 2 ( 3b ) − 7b2 (1) ( )
= −2 x 2 x 2 − 2 x ( −5 x ) − 2 x ( 3 )
= −7b ( 3b + 1) = −2 x ( 2 x − 5 x + 3 )
2 2
51. The GCF is 5 y 6 .

60. The GCF is −3z.
( )( ) ( )
65 y10 + 35 y 6 = 5 y 6 13 y 4 + 5 y 6 ( 7 ) −9 z 3 + 6 z 2 − 12 z
= 5 y (13 y + 7 )
6 4
( )
= −3 z 3 z 2 − 3 z ( −2 z ) − 3 z ( 4 )
52. The GCF is 4a 3 . = −3 z ( 3 z − 2 z + 4 )

2
( )
100a5 + 16a 3 = 4a3 25a 2 + 4a3 ( 4 )
61. The GCF is 9 p 3 q.
= 4a 3
( 25a + 4)
2
36 p 6 q + 45 p5 q 4 + 81 p3 q 2
53. The two terms of this expression have no ( ) ( )
= 9 p 3 q 4 p 3 + 9 p 3 q 5 p 2 q 3 + 9 p 3 q ( 9q )
common factor (except 1), so 11w3 − 100 is in
factored form. = 9 p q ( 4 p + 5 p q + 9q )
3 3 2 3
54. The two terms of this expression have no 62. The GCF is 5a3 z 2 .
common factor (except 1), so 13z 5 − 80 is in
125a 3 z 5 + 60a 4 z 4 + 85a5 z 2
factored form.
55. The GCF is 8mn3 .

( ) ( )
= 5a3 z 2 25 z 3 + 5a 3 z 2 12az 2 + 5a 3 z 2 17a 2 ( )
8mn3 + 24m 2 n3 = 5a z 3 2
( 25z + 12az + 17a )
3 2 2
( ) (
= 8mn3 (1) + 8mn3 ( 3m ) ) 63. The GCF is a 3 .
= 8mn3 (1 + 3m ) a 5 + 2a3b 2 − 3a5b 2 + 4a 4 b3
56. The GCF is 19 p 2 y. ( ) ( ) ( )

= a3 a 2 + a3 2b2 + a3 −3a 2 b 2 + a 3 4ab3 ( )
19 p y + 38 p y
2 2 3
= a3 ( a + 2b − 3a b + 4ab )
2 2 2 2 3
= 19 p 2 y (1) + 19 p 2 y 2 y 2( ) 64. The GCF is x.

(
= 19 p 2 y 1 + 2 y 2 ) x 6 + 5 x 4 y 3 − 6 xy 4 + 10 xy
(
= x x5 + 5 x3 y 3 − 6 y 4 + 10 y )

65. The GCF is the binomial x + 2. 77. The student should factor out −2, instead of 2,
c ( x + 2) − d ( x + 2) in the second step to obtain
= ( x + 2 )( c ) + ( x + 2 )( − d ) x 2 ( x + 4 ) − 2( x + 4), which can be factored as
= ( x + 2 )( c − d ) ( x + 4)( x 2 − 2).
66. The GCF is the binomial x + 5. 78. The terms need to be rearranged.
r ( x + 5 ) − t ( x + 5 ) = ( x + 5 )( r ) − ( x + 5 )( t ) 10 xy + 18 + 12 x + 15 y
= ( x + 5 )( r − t ) = 10 xy + 12 x + 15 y + 18
67. The GCF is the binomial m + 2n. = (10 xy + 12 x ) + (15 y + 18 )
m ( m + 2n ) + n ( m + 2n ) = 2x (5 y + 6) + 3(5 y + 6)
= ( m + 2n )( m ) + ( m + 2n )( n ) = ( 5 y + 6 )( 2 x + 3)
= ( m + 2n )( m + n )
79. The first two terms have a common factor of p,
68. The GCF is the binomial q + 4 p. and the last two terms have a common factor of
q (q + 4 p) + p (q + 4 p) q. Thus,
= ( q + 4 p )( q ) + ( q + 4 p )( p ) p 2 + 4 p + pq + 4q
= ( q + 4 p )( q + p ) ( )
= p 2 + 4 p + ( pq + 4q )
69. The GCF is p − 4. = p ( p + 4) + q ( p + 4) .
q 2
( p − 4 ) + 1( p − 4 ) = ( p − 4 ) ( q 2
+1 ) Now we have two terms that have a common
binomial factor of p + 4. Thus,
70. The GCF is x − 9.
p 2 + 4 p + pq + 4q
(
y 2 ( x − 9 ) + 1( x − 9 ) = ( x − 9 ) y 2 + 1 ) = p ( p + 4) + q ( p + 4)
71. This expression is the sum of two terms, = ( p + 4 )( p + q ) .
8 ( 7t + 4 ) and x ( 7t + 4 ) , so it is not in factored 80. The first two terms have a common factor of m,
form. We can factor out 7t + 4. and the last two terms have a common factor of
8 ( 7t + 4 ) + x ( 7t + 4 ) n. Thus,
= ( 7t + 4 )( 8 ) + ( 7t + 4 )( x ) m 2 + 2m + mn + 2n
= ( 7t + 4 )( 8 + x ) ( )
= m 2 + 2m + ( mn + 2n )
72. This expression is the sum of two terms, = m ( m + 2) + n ( m + 2) .
3r (5 x − 1) and 7(5 x − 1), so it is not in factored Now we have two terms that have a common
form. We can factor out 5 x − 1. binomial factor of m + 2. Thus,
3r (5 x − 1) + 7(5 x − 1) m 2 + 2m + mn + 2n
= ( 5 x − 1)( 3r ) + (5 x − 1) ( 7 ) = m ( m + 2) + n ( m + 2)
= (5 x − 1)(3r + 7) = ( m + 2 )( m + n ) .
73. This expression is the product of two factors,
81. a 2 − 2a + ab − 2b
8 + x and 7t + 4, so it is in factored form.
74. This expression is the product of two factors, ( )
= a 2 − 2a + ( ab − 2b ) Group the terms.
3r + 7 and 5 x − 1, so it is in factored form. = a ( a − 2) + b ( a − 2) Factor each group.
75. This expression is the sum of two terms, = ( a − 2 )( a + b ) Factor out a − 2.
18 x 2 ( y + 4) and 7( y − 4), so it is not in
82. y 2 − 6 y + yw − 6w
( )
factored form.
= y 2 − 6 y + ( yw − 6w ) Group the terms.
76. This expression is the sum of two terms,
12k 3 ( s − 3) and 7( s + 3), so it is not in = y ( y − 6) + w ( y − 6) Factor each group.
factored form. = ( y − 6 )( y + w ) Factor out y − 6.

83. 7 z 2 + 14 z − az − 2a 91. 16m3 − 4m 2 p 2 − 4mp + p3

( )
= 7 z 2 + 14 z + ( −az − 2a ) Group the terms. ( ) (
= 16m3 −4m 2 p 2 + −4mp + p3 )
= 7 z ( z + 2) − a ( z + 2) Factor each group. = 4m ( 4m − p ) − p ( 4m − p )
2 2 2
= ( z + 2 )( 7 z − a ) Factor out z + 2.
= ( 4m − p )( 4m − p )
2 2
84. 5m + 15mp − 2mr − 6 pr

2
( )
= 5m 2 + 15mp + ( −2mr − 6 pr )
92. 10t 3 − 2t 2 s 2 − 5ts + s 3
= 5m ( m + 3 p ) − 2 r ( m + 3 p ) ( ) (
= 10t 3 − 2t 2 s 2 + −5ts + s 3)
= ( m + 3 p )( 5m − 2r ) = 2t ( 5t − s ) − s ( 5t − s )
2 2 2
85. 18r 2 + 12ry − 3xr − 2 xy = ( 5t − s )( 2t − s )

2 2
( )
= 18r 2 + 12ry + ( −3xr − 2 xy )
93. y 2 + 3x + 3 y + xy
= 6r ( 3r + 2 y ) − x ( 3r + 2 y ) = y 2 + 3 y + xy + 3 x Rearrange.
= ( 3r + 2 y )( 6r − x )
( )
= y 2 + 3 y + ( xy + 3 x )
86. 8s − 4st + 6 sy − 3 yt
2
= y ( y + 3) + x ( y + 3)
( )
= 8s − 4 st + ( 6 sy − 3 yt )
2
= ( y + 3)( y + x )
= 4s ( 2s − t ) + 3 y ( 2 s − t ) 94. m 2 + 14 p + 7m + 2mp
= ( 2s − t )( 4s + 3 y )
= m 2 + 7m + 2mp + 14 p Rearrange.
87. 3a + 3ab + 2a b + 2b
3 2 2 3
( )
= m 2 + 7 m + ( 2mp + 14 p )
(
= 3a + 3ab3 2
) + ( 2a b + 2b )
2 3
= m ( m + 7) + 2 p ( m + 7)
= ( m + 7 )( m + 2 p )
(
= 3a a 2 + b 2 ) + 2b ( a + b ) 2 2
( )
= a 2 + b 2 ( 3a + 2b )
95. 5m − 6 p − 2mp + 15
We need to rearrange these terms to get two
groups that each have a common factor. We
88. 4 x3 + 3x 2 y + 4 xy 2 + 3 y 3
could group 5m with either −2mp or 15.
= x2 ( 4 x + 3 y ) + y2 ( 4 x + 3 y ) 5m + 15 − 2mp − 6 p Rearrange.
(
= ( 4x + 3 y ) x + y 2 2
) = ( 5m + 15 ) + ( −2mp − 6 p ) Group the terms.
= 5 ( m + 3) − 2 p ( m + 3 ) Factor each group.
89. 12 −4a − 3b + ab
= ( m + 3)( 5 − 2 p ) Factor out m + 3.
= (12 − 4a ) + ( −3b + ab ) Group the terms.
= 4 (3 − a ) − b (3 − a ) Factor each group. 96. 7 y − 9 x − 3 xy + 21
= ( 3 − a )( 4 − b ) Factor out 3 − a. We need to rearrange these terms to get two
groups that each have a common factor. We
90. 6 − 3x − 2 y + xy could group 7y with either −3xy or 21.
= ( 6 − 3x ) + ( −2 y + xy ) 7 y − 3xy + 21 − 9 x Rearrange.
= 3( 2 − x ) − y ( 2 − x ) = ( 7 y − 3 xy ) + ( 21 − 9 x ) Group the terms.
= ( 2 − x )( 3 − y ) = y ( 7 − 3 x ) + 3 ( 7 − 3 x ) Factor each group.
= ( 7 − 3x )( y + 3) Factor out 7 − 3x.

97. 18r 2 − 2ty + 12ry − 3rt 103. 2 p 2 q 2 − 2 p 2 q + 2 p3 − 2 pq3

We'll rearrange the terms so that 18r2 is
grouped with another term containing r.
(
= 2 p pq 2 − pq + p 2 − q3 )
18r 2 + 12ry − 3rt − 2ty = 2 ( q ( p − q ) + p ( p − q ))
2
( )
= 18r 2 + 12ry + ( −3rt − 2ty ) = 2 p ( p + q )( p − q)
2
= 6r ( 3r + 2 y ) − t ( 3r + 2 y )
= (3r + 2 y ) ( 6r − t ) 104. 4m 2 n2 − 4mn 2 − 4m3 n + 4n3
98. 12a 2 − 4bc + 16ac − 3ab

(
= 4n m 2 n − mn − m3 + n 2 )
= 4n ( m n − m + n − mn )
2 3 2
= 12a 2 + 16ac − 3ab − 4bc
( )
= 12a 2 + 16ac + ( −3ab − 4bc ) = 4n ( m ( n − m ) + n ( n − m ) )
2
= 4a ( 3a + 4c ) − b ( 3a + 4c ) = 4n ( m + n ) ( n − m )
2
= ( 3a + 4c )( 4a − b )
5.2 Factoring Trinomials
99. a − 3 + 2a b − 6b
5 5
= a5 + 2a 5b − 3 − 6b Rearrange. Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises

( 5 5
)
= a + 2a b + ( −3 − 6b ) Group the terms. 1. Find factors of 18 and the sum of the factors.
= a5 (1 + 2b ) − 3 (1 + 2b ) Factor each group. Factors of 18 Sums of Factors

(
= (1 + 2b ) a − 35
) Factor out 1 + 2b. 18, 1 18 + 1 = 19
9, 2 9 + 2 = 11
100. b3 − 2 + 5ab3 − 10a
6, 3 6+3= 9 ←
= b3 + 5ab3 − 2 − 10a Rearrange.
( )
The pair of integers whose product is 18 and
= b3 + 5ab3 + ( −2 − 10a ) Group the terms. whose sum is 9 is 6 and 3. Thus,
= b3 (1 + 5a ) − 2 (1 + 5a ) Factor each group. x 2 + 9 x + 18 = ( x + 6 )( x + 3) .
(
= (1 + 5a ) b3 − 2 ) Factor out 1 + 5a. N1. Find factors of 10 and the sum of the factors.
101. 16a 2 + 40ab 2 + 16ab + 40b3 Factors of 10 Sums of Factors
(
= 8 2a 2 + 5ab 2 + 2ab + 5b3 ) 10, 1 10 + 1 = 11
5+ 2 = 7←
(( ) ( ))
5, 2
= 8 a 2a + 5b 2 + b 2a + 5b 2
(
= 8 2a + 5b2 ) ( a + b) whose sum is 7 is 5 and 2. Thus,
p 2 + 7 p + 10 = ( p + 5)( p + 2).
102. 18 x 2 + 12 xy 2 + 18 xy + 12 y 3
2. Find factors of 24 and the sum of the factors.
(
= 6 3x 2 + 2 xy 2 + 3xy + 2 y 3 ) Factors of 24 Sums of Factors
((
= 6 x 3x + 2 y 2
) + y ( 3x + 2 y ) )
2
−24, − 1 −24 + ( −1) = −25
(
= 6 3x + 2 y 2
)( x + y) −12, − 2 −12 + ( −2 ) = −14
−8, − 3 −8 + ( −3) = −11
−6, − 4 −6 + ( −4 ) = −10 ←

5.2 Factoring Trinomials 373
7 + ( −6 ) = 1 ←
The pair of integers whose product is 24 and 7, − 6
whose sum is −10 is −6 and −4. Thus,
y 2 − 10 y + 24 = ( y − 6 )( y − 4 ) . −42, 1 −42 + 1 = −41
N2. Find factors of 18 and the sum of the factors. −21, 2 −21 + 2 = −19
Factors of 18 Sums of Factors −14, 3 −14 + 3 = −11

−18, −1 −18 + ( −1) = −19 −7, 6 −7 + 6 = − 1
The required integers are −6 and 7, so
−9, − 2 −9 + ( −2 ) = −11
x 2 + x − 42 = ( x − 6 ) ( x + 7).
−6, − 3 −6 + ( −3) = −9 ←
4. Find the two integers whose product is −22
The pair of integers whose product is 18 and and whose sum is −9. Because the last term is
whose sum is −9 is −6 and −3. Thus, negative, the pair must include one positive and
t 2 − 9t + 18 = ( t − 3)( t − 6 ) . one negative integer.
3. Find the two integers whose product is −30 Factors of −22 Sums of Factors
and whose sum is 1. Because the last term is 22, − 1 22 + ( −1) = 21
negative, the pair must include one positive and
one negative integer. 11, − 2 11 + ( −2 ) = 9
Factors of −30 Sums of Factors −22, 1 −22 + 1 = −21
30, − 1 30 + ( −1) = 29 −11, 2 −11 + 2 = −9 ←
15, − 2 15 + ( −2 ) = 13 The required integers are −11 and 2, so
a 2 − 9a − 22 = ( a − 11)( a + 2 ) .
10, − 3 10 + ( −3) = 7
N4. Find the two integers whose product is −21
6, − 5 6 + ( −5 ) = 1 ← and whose sum is −4. Because the last term is
negative, the pair must include one positive and
−30, 1 −30 + 1 = −29 one negative integer.
−15, 2 −15 + 2 = −13 Factors of −21 Sums of Factors
−10, 3 −10 + 3 = −7 21, − 1 21 + ( −1) = 20
−6, 5 −6 + 5 = − 1 7, − 3 7 + ( −3 ) = 4
The required integers are −5 and 6, so
−21, 1 −21 + 1 = −20
z 2 + z − 30 = ( z − 5 )( z + 6 ) .
−7, 3 −7 + 3 = −4 ←
N3. Find the two integers whose product is −42
and whose sum is 1. Because the last term is The required integers are −7 and 3, so
negative, the pair must include one positive and x 2 − 4 x − 21 = ( x − 7 ) ( x + 3).
one negative integer.
5. (a) There is no pair of integers whose product
Factors of −42 Sums of Factors is 14 and whose sum is −8, so
42, − 1 42 + ( −1) = 41 m 2 − 8m + 14 is a prime polynomial.
21 + ( −2 ) = 19
21, − 2 (b) There is no pair of integers whose product
is 2 and whose sum is 1, so y 2 + y + 2 is a
14, − 3 14 + ( −3) = 11 prime polynomial.

N5. (a) There is no pair of integers whose product The pair of integers whose product is 32 and
is 8 and whose sum is 5, so m 2 + 5m + 8 is whose sum is −12 is −8 and −4 . Therefore,
a prime polynomial. the correct factored form is choice C,
(b) There is no pair of integers whose product

( x − 8)( x − 4 ) .
is −24 and whose sum is 11, so
4. The first step in factoring 2 x3 + 8 x 2 − 10 x
t 2 + 11t − 24 is a prime polynomial. would be to factor out the GCF, 2x, to get
6. Two expressions whose product is 8 s2 and 2 x( x 2 + 4 x − 5).
whose sum is −6s are −4s and −2s, so
5. Multiply the factors using FOIL to determine
r 2 − 6rs + 8s 2 = (r − 4s ) (r − 2s ). the polynomial.
(a + 9)(a + 4)
N6. Two expressions whose product is −15b 2 and
F O I L
whose sum is 2 b are 5 b and −3b, so
= a ( a ) + a ( 4) + 9 ( a ) + 9 ( 4)
a 2 + 2ab − 15b2 = (a + 5b) (a − 3b).
= a 2 + 4a + 9a + 36
(
7. 3x 4 − 15 x3 + 18 x 2 = 3x 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6 ) = a 2 + 13a + 36
Factor x 2 − 5 x + 6. The integers −3 and −2 6. Multiply the factors using FOIL to determine
have a product of 6 and a sum of −5, so the polynomial.
x 2 − 5 x + 6 = ( x − 3)( x − 2). ( y − 7 )( y + 3)
The completely factored form is F O I L
3x 4 − 15 x3 + 18 x 2 = 3 x 2 ( x − 3)( x − 2). = y ( y ) + y ( 3) + ( −7 )( y ) + ( −7 )( 3)
= y 2 + 3 y − 7 y − 21
(
N7. 3 y 4 − 27 y 3 + 60 y 2 = 3 y 2 y 2 − 9 y + 20 )
= y 2 − 4 y − 21
Factor y 2 − 9 y + 20. The integers −5 and −4
have a product of 20 and a sum of −9, so 7. List all pairs of integers whose product is 48,
and then find the sum of each pair.
y 2 − 9 y + 20 = ( y − 5 ) ( y − 4).
The completely factored form is Factors of 48 Sums of Factors
3 y 4 − 27 y 3 + 60 y 2 = 3 y 2 ( y − 5)( y − 4). 1, 48 1 + 48 = 49
Exercises
−1, − 48 −1 + ( −48) = −49
1. If the coefficient of the last term of the 2, 24 2 + 24 = 26

trinomial is negative, then a and b must have
different signs, one positive and one negative.
−2, − 24 −2 + ( −24 ) = −26
2. If the coefficient of the last term of the 3, 16 3 + 16 = 19

trinomial is positive, then a and b must have the
same sign, either both positive or both negative. −3, − 16 −3 + ( −16 ) = −19 ←
3. Factor x 2 − 12 x + 32. 4, 12 4 + 12 = 16
Factors of 32 Sums of Factors −4, − 12 −4 + ( −12 ) = −16

−32, − 1 −32 + ( −1) = −33 6, 8 6 + 8 = 14
−16, − 2 −16 + ( −2 ) = ( −18 )

−6, − 8 −6 + ( −8 ) = −14
−8, − 4 −8 + ( −4 ) = ( −12 ) whose sum is −19 is −3 and −16.

4 + ( −9 ) = −5
8. List all pairs of integers whose product is 18, 4, − 9
−4, 9 −4 + 9 = 5
Factors of 18 Sums of Factors
1, 18 1 + 18 = 19 6, − 6 6 + ( −6 ) = 0
−1, − 18 −1 + ( −18) = −19 The pair of integers whose product is −36 and
whose sum is −16 is 2 and −18.
2, 9 2 + 9 = 11
11. To factor y 2 + 12 y + 20, find two integers
−2, − 9 −2 + ( −9 ) = −11 whose product is 20 and whose sum is 12.
3, 6 3+ 6 = 9 ← Factors of 20 Sums of Factors
−3, − 6 −3 + ( −6 ) = −9 1, 20 1 + 20 = 21
The pair of integers whose product is 18 and 10, 2 10 + 2 = 12
whose sum is 9 is 3 and 6.
5, 4 5+4 = 9
9. List all pairs of integers whose product is −24,
and then find the sum of each pair. The pair of factors whose product is 20 and
whose sum is 12 is 10 and 2.
Factors of −24 Sums of Factors y 2 + 12 y + 20 = ( y + 10 )( y + 2 )
1, − 24 1 + ( −24 ) = −23
12. To factor t 2 − 12t + 32, find two integers whose
−1, 24 −1 + 24 = 23 product is 32 and whose sum is −12.
2, − 12 2 + ( −12 ) = −10 Factors of 32 Sums of Factors

−32, − 1 −32 + ( −1) = −33
−2, 12 −2 + 12 = 10
3, − 8 3 + ( −8 ) = −5 ←
−16, −2 −16 + ( −2 ) = ( −18 )
−3, 8 −3 + 8 = 5 −8, −4 −8 + ( −4 ) = ( −12 )

The pair of factors whose product is 32 and
4, − 6 4 + ( −6 ) = −2
whose sum is −12 is −8 and −4.
−4, 6 −4 + 6 = 2 t 2 − 12t + 32 = ( t − 8 )( t − 4 )
The pair of integers whose product is −24 and 13. Look for an integer whose product with 5 is 30
whose sum is −5 is 3 and −8. and whose sum with 5 is 11. That integer is 6.
10. List all pairs of integers whose product is −36, p 2 + 11 p + 30 = ( p + 5)( p + 6)
14. Look for an integer whose product with 7 is 21
Factors of −36 Sums of Factors and whose sum with 7 is 10. That integer is 3.
x 2 + 10 x + 21 = ( x + 7 ) ( x + 3)
1, − 36 1 + ( −36 ) = −35
−1, 36 −1 + 36 = 35 and whose sum with 4 is 15. That integer is 11.
x 2 + 15 x + 44 = ( x + 4 ) ( x + 11)
2, − 18 2 + ( −18 ) = −16 ←
−2, 18 −2 + 18 = 16
and whose sum with 7 is 15. That integer is 8.
3, − 12 3 + ( −12 ) = −9 r 2 + 15r + 56 = ( r + 7 )( r + 8 )
−3, 12 −3 + 12 = 9

17. Look for an integer whose product with −1 is 8 26. Look for two integers whose product is 20 and
and whose sum with −1 is −9. That integer whose sum is 9. Both integers must be positive
is −8. since b and c are both positive.
x 2 − 9 x + 8 = ( x − 1)( x − 8) Factors of 20 Sums of Factors
18. Look for an integer whose product with −2 is 1, 20 21
24 and whose sum with −2 is −14. That
integer is −12. 2, 10 12
t − 14t + 24 = (t − 2)(t − 12)
2
4, 5 9 ←
19. Look for an integer whose product with 3 is Thus, a 2 + 9a + 20 = ( a + 4 )( a + 5 ) .

−15 and whose sum with 3 is −2. That integer
is −5. 27. Look for two integers whose product is 15 and
whose sum is 8. Both integers must be positive
(
y 2 − 2 y − 15 = ( y + 3) y − 5 ) because b and c are both positive.
20. Look for an integer whose product with 6 is Factors of 15 Sums of Factors
1, 15 16
is −7.
t 2 − t − 42 = (t + 6)(t − 7) 3, 5 8←
21. Look for an integer whose product with −2 is Thus, b 2 + 8b + 15 = ( b + 3)( b + 5 ) .

−22 and whose sum with −2 is 9. That integer
28. Look for two integers whose product is 8 and
is 11.
x 2 + 9 x − 22 = ( x − 2)( x + 11) because b and c are both positive.
22. Look for an integer whose product with −3 is Factors of 8 Sums of Factors
−27 and whose sum with −3 is 6. That integer
is 9. 1, 8 9
x 2 + 6 x − 27 = ( x − 3)( x + 9) 2, 4 6←
23. Look for an integer whose product with 2 is Thus, x 2 + 6 x + 8 = ( x + 2 ) ( x + 4).
is −9. 29. Look for two integers whose product is −20
(
y − 7 y − 18 = ( y + 2 ) y − 9
2
) and whose sum is 1. Since c is negative, one
integer must be positive and one must be
negative.
24. Look for an integer whose product with 4 is
−24 and whose sum with 4 is −2. That integer Factors of −20 Sums of Factors
is −6.
−1, 20
(
y 2 − 2 y − 24 = ( y + 4 ) y − 6 ) 19
1, − 20 −19
25. Look for two integers whose product is 8 and
whose sum is 9. Both integers must be positive −2, 10 8
because b and c are both positive.
2, − 10 −8
−4, 5 1←
1, 8 9←
4, − 5 −1
2, 4 6
Thus, m 2 + m − 20 = (m − 4) ( m + 5) .
Thus, y 2 + 9 y + 8 = ( y + 8 )( y + 1) .

30. Look for two integers whose product is −5 and 35. Find two integers whose product is 56 and
whose sum is 4. Since c is negative, one integer whose sum is −15. Since c is positive and b is
must be positive and one must be negative. negative, both integers must be negative.
Factors of −5 Sums of Factors Factors of 56 Sums of Factors

1, −5 −4 −1, − 56 −57
−1, 5 4← −2, − 28 −30

Thus, p + 4 p − 5 = ( p −1) ( p + 5 ) .
2
−4, − 14 −18
31. Find two integers whose product is 15 and −7, − 8 −15 ←
whose sum is −8. Since c is positive and b is
negative, both integers must be negative. Thus, z 2 − 15 z + 56 = ( z − 7) ( z − 8).
Factors of 15 Sums of Factors 36. Find two integers whose product is 36 and
whose sum is −13. Since c is positive and b is
−1, − 15 −16 negative, both integers must be negative. The
required integers are −4 and −9. Thus,
−3, − 5 −8 ←
x 2 − 13 x + 36 = ( x − 4) ( x − 9).
Thus, y − 8 y + 15 = ( y − 5) ( y − 3).
2
37. Look for two integers whose product is −30
32. Find two integers whose product is 8 and and whose sum is −1. Because c is negative,
whose sum is −6. Since c is positive and b is one integer must be positive and the other must
negative, both integers must be negative. be negative.
Factors of 8 Sums of Factors Factors of −30 Sums of Factors

−1, − 8 −9 −1, 30 29
−2, − 4 −6 ← 1, − 30 −29
Thus, y 2 − 6 y + 8 = ( y − 4) ( y − 2 ) . −2, 15 13
33. Look for two integers whose product is 5 and 2, − 15 −13

since b and c are both positive. −3, 10 7
Factors of 5 Sum of Factors 3, − 10 −7
5 ⋅1 = 5 5 +1 = 6
−5, 6 1
There is no other pair of positive integers
whose product is 5. Since there is no pair of 5, − 6 −1 ←
integers whose product is 5 and whose sum is
4, x 2 + 4 x + 5 is a prime polynomial. Thus, r 2 − r − 30 = (r + 5) (r − 6).
34. Look for two integers whose product is 12 and 38. Find two integers whose product is −42 and
whose sum is 11. Both integers must be whose sum is −1. Since c is negative, one
positive since b and c are both positive. The integer must be positive and one must be
pairs of positive integers whose product is 12 negative. The integers are 6 and −7. Thus,
are 1 and 12, 2 and 6, and 3 and 4. None of q 2 − q − 42 = (q + 6) (q − 7).
these pairs has a sum of 11, so the polynomial
cannot be factored. We say that this polynomial
is prime.

39. Find two integers whose product is −48 and −3, 13 10

whose sum is −8. Since c is negative, one
integer must be positive and one must be 3, − 13 −10
negative.
This list does not produce the required integers,
Factors of − 48 Sums of Factors and there are no other possibilities to try.
Therefore, x 2 + 3 x − 39 is prime.
−1, 48 47
42. There is no pair of integers whose product is
1, − 48 −47 −30 and whose sum is 10, so this polynomial
is prime.
−2, 24 22
2, − 24 −22 and whose sum is 14. Since c is negative, one
−3, 16 13 negative.
3, − 16 −13 Factors of −32 Sums of Factors
−4, 12 8 −1, 32 31
4, − 12 −8 ← 1, − 32 −31
−6, 8 2 −2, 16 14 ←
6, − 8 −2 2, − 16 −14
Thus, a − 8a − 48 = ( a + 4 ) (a − 12).
2
−4, 8 4
40. Look for two integers whose product is −45 4, − 8 −4

and whose sum is −4. Since c is negative, one
integer must be positive and one must be Thus, −32 + 14 x + x 2 = ( x − 2) ( x + 16).
negative.
Factors of −45 Sums of Factors and whose sum is 10. Since c is negative, one
−1, 45 44 negative.
1, − 45 −44 Factors of −39 Sums of Factors

−3, 15 12 −1, 39 38
3, − 15 −12 1, − 39 −38
−5, 9 4 −3, 13 10 ←
5, − 9 −4 ← 3, − 13 −10
Thus, d 2 − 4d − 45 = (d + 5) (d − 9). Thus, −39 + 10 x + x 2 = ( x − 3)( x + 13).

41. Look for two integers whose product is −39 45. Look for two expressions whose product is
and whose sum is 3. Because c is negative, one
integer must be positive and one must be 2a 2 and whose sum is 3a. They are 2a and a,
negative. so r 2 + 3ra + 2a 2 = ( r + 2a )( r + a ) .
Factors of −39 Sums of Factors 46. Look for two expressions whose product is
4a 2 and whose sum is 5a. They are 4a and a,
−1, 39 38
so x 2 + 5 xa + 4a 2 = ( x + 4a )( x + a ) .
1, − 39 −38

47. Look for two expressions whose product is −6 n, 2 n −4n

3y 2 and whose sum is 4y. The expressions are
6 n, − 2 n 4n ←
3y and y, so x 2 + 4 xy + 3 y 2 = ( x + 3 y )( x + y ) .
48. Look for two expressions whose product is −4n, 3n −n

8q 2 and whose sum is 9q. The expressions are
4n, − 3n n
q and 8q, so p 2 + 9 pq + 8q 2 = ( p + q )( p + 8q ) .
49. Look for two expressions whose product is Thus, m 2 + 4mn − 12n2 = ( m + 6n )( m − 2n ) .
−6z 2 and whose sum is − z. They are 2z and 54. Look for two expressions whose product is
−3z , so t 2 − tz − 6 z 2 = ( t + 2 z ) (t − 3z ). −16 y 2 and whose sum is 6 y.
50. Look for two expressions whose product is
Factors of −16 y 2 Sums of Factors
−12b 2 and whose sum is −b. They are 3b and
−4b, so a 2 − ab − 12b2 = ( a + 3b )( a − 4b ) . −16 y, y −15 y
16 y, − y 15y
51. Look for two integers whose product is 30w2
and whose sum is −11w. −8 y , 2 y −6 y
Factors of 30w 2 Sums of Factors 8 y, − 2 y 6y ←
−30 w, − w −31w
−4 y , 4 y 0
−15w, − 2 w −17w
Thus, x 2 + 6 xy − 16 y 2 = ( x + 8 y )( x − 2 y ) .
−10 w, − 3w −13w
−5w, − 6 w −11w ←
18b 2 and whose sum is −9b.
Therefore, v 2 − 11vw + 30w2 = (v − 5w)(v − 6 w). Sums of Factors
Factors of 18b 2
−18b, − b −19b
24x 2 and whose sum is −11x.
−9b, − 2b −11b
Factors of 24x 2 Sums of Factors
−6b, − 3b −9b ←
−24 x, − x −25x
−12 x, − 2 x −14x Thus, a 2 − 9ab + 18b 2 = ( a − 6b )( a − 3b ) .
− 8 x, − 3 x −11x ← 56. Look for two expressions whose product is

28k 2 and whose sum is −11k .
−6 x , − 4 x −10x
Factors of 28k 2 Sums of Factors
Therefore, v − 11vx + 24 x = ( v − 8 x )( v − 3x ) .
2 2
−28k , − k −29k
−14k , − 2k −16k
−12n 2 and whose sum is 4n.
−7 k , − 4 k −11k ←
Factors of −12n 2 Sums of Factors
Thus, h 2 − 11hk + 28k 2 = ( h − 7k )( h − 4k ) .
−12n, n −13n
12n, − n 11n

57. First, factor out the GCF, 4. 63. Factor out the GCF, 6 z 2 .
(
4 x 2 + 12 x − 40 = 4 x 2 + 3x − 10 ) (
6 z 4 − 24 z 3 + 18 z 2 = 6 z 2 z 2 − 4 z + 3 )
Then factor x + 3x − 10. The integers −2 and
2
The integers −3 and −1 have a product of 3
5 have a product of −10 and a sum of 3. and a sum of −4. The completely factored form
Thus, x 2 + 3 x − 10 = ( x − 2) ( x + 5 ) . is 6 z 4 − 24 z 3 + 18 z 2 = 6 z 2 ( z − 3)( z − 1) .
The completely factored form is
4 x 2 + 12 x − 40 = 4( x − 2)( x + 5). 64. Factor out the GCF, 5 x 2 .
58. First, factor out the GCF, 5.

(
5 x 4 − 35 x 3 + 30 x 2 = 5 x 2 x 2 − 7 x + 6 )
5 y 2 − 5 y − 30 = 5( y 2 − y − 6) 65. Factor out the GCF, 5m 2 .
Now factor y 2 − y − 6. The integers 2 and −3 5m5 − 25m 4 + 40m 2 = 5m 2 m3 − 5m 2 + 8 ( )
have a product of −6 and a sum of −1. The
completely factored form is 66. Factor out the GCF, 2k 2 .
5 y 2 − 5 y − 30 = 5 ( y + 2 )( y − 3) . (
12k 5 − 6k 3 + 10k 2 = 2k 2 6k 3 − 3k + 5 )
59. First, factor out the GCF, 2t.
67. Factor out the GCF, x.
2t 3 + 8t 2 + 6t = 2t (t 2 + 4t + 3)
Then factor t + 4t + 3.
2
(
x3 − 7 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 = x x 2 − 7 xy + 12 y 2 )
The integers −4 y and −3y have a product of
t 2 + 4t + 3 = ( t + 1)( t + 3)
12 y 2 and a sum of −7 y. The completely
factored form is
2t 3 + 8t 2 + 6t = 2t ( t + 1)( t + 3) .
x3 − 7 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 = x ( x − 4 y )( x − 3 y ) .
60. First, factor out the GCF, 3t.
(
3t 3 + 27t 2 + 24t = 3t t 2 + 9t + 8 ) 68. Factor out the GCF, p.
The integers 8 and 1 have a product of 8 and a (

p3 − 8 p 2 q + 15 pq 2 = p p 2 − 8 pq + 15q 2 )
sum of 9. The completely factored form is The integers −5q and −3q have a product of
3t 3 + 27t 2 + 24t = 3t ( t + 8 )( t + 1) . 15q 2 and a sum of −8q. The completely
factored form is
61. First, factor out the GCF, 2 x 4 .
p3 − 8 p 2 q + 15 pq 2 = p ( p − 5q )( p − 3q ) .
2 x 6 + 8 x5 − 42 x 4 = 2 x 4 ( x 2 + 4 x − 21)
Now factor x 2 + 4 x − 21. The integers −3 and 69. The GCF is a 3 .
7 have a product of −21 and a sum of 4. Thus, (
a 5 + 3a 4b − 4a 3b 2 = a 3 a 2 + 3ab − 4b 2 )
x 2 + 4 x − 21 = ( x − 3) ( x + 7).
Now factor a 2 + 3ab − 4b 2 . The expressions
4b and −b have a product of −4b2 and a sum
2 x 6 + 8 x5 − 42 x 4 = 2 x 4 ( x − 3)( x + 7).
of 3b. The completely factored form is
62. First, factor out the GCF, 4 y 3 . a 5 + 3a 4 b − 4a 3b 2 = a 3 ( a + 4b )( a − b ) .
(
4 y 5 + 12 y 4 − 40 y 3 = 4 y 3 y 2 + 3 y − 10 ) 70. The GCF is k 5 .
The integers −2 and 5 have a product of −10
and a sum of 3. The completely factored form
(
k 7 − 2k 6 m − 15k 5 m 2 = k 5 k 2 − 2km − 15m 2 )
is 4 y 5 + 12 y 4 − 40 y 3 = 4 y 3 ( y − 2 )( y + 5 ) . Now factor k 2 − 2km − 15m 2 .
k 2 − 2km − 15m 2 = ( k − 5m )( k + 3m ) .
Thus,
k 7 − 2k 6 m − 15k 5 m 2 = k 5 ( k − 5m )( k + 3m ) .

5.3 More on Factoring Trinomials 381
71. First, factor out the GCF, z 8 . 77. The GCF is (a + b), so
z − 4 z y − 21z y = z
10 9 8 2 8
(z 2
− 4 zy − 21y 2
) ( a + b ) x 2 + ( a + b ) x − 12 ( a + b )
The expressions −7 y and 3y have a product = ( a + b ) ( x 2 + x − 12 ) .
of −21y 2 and a sum of −4 y. The completely Now factor x 2 + x − 12.
factored form is x 2 + x − 12 = ( x + 4)( x − 3)
z10 − 4 z 9 y − 21z 8 y 2 = z 8 ( z − 7 y )( z + 3 y ) . The completely factored form is
(a + b) x 2 + (a + b) x − 12 ( a + b )
72. First, factor out the GCF, x 7 .
(
x9 + 5 x8 w − 24 x 7 w2 = x 7 x 2 + 5 xw − 24w2 ) = (a + b)( x + 4)( x − 3).
The expressions 8w and −3w have a product 78. The GCF is ( x + y ), so

of −24w and a sum of 5w. The completely
2
( x + y ) n2 + ( x + y ) n − 20 ( x + y )
= ( x + y ) ( n 2 + n − 20 ) .
factored form is
x9 + 5 x8 w − 24 x 7 w2 = x 7 ( x + 8w )( x − 3w ) .
Now factor n 2 + n − 20.
73. First, factor out the GCF, mn.
n 2 + n − 20 = (n + 5)(n − 4)
m3 n − 10m 2 n 2 + 24mn3
(
= mn m 2 − 10mn + 24n 2 ) ( x + y )n 2 + ( x + y )n − 20( x + y )
The expressions −6n and −4n have a product = ( x + y )( n + 5 )( n − 4 ) .
of 24n and a sum of −10n. The completely
2
79. The GCF is (2 p + q), so
factored form is
m3 n − 10m 2 n2 + 24mn3 = ( 2 p + q ) r 2 − 12 ( 2 p + q ) r + 27 ( 2 p + q )
mn ( m − 6n )( m − 4n ) . = ( 2 p + q ) ( r 2 − 12r + 27 ) .
74. First, factor out the GCF, yz. Now factor r 2 − 12r + 27.
(
y 3 z + 3 y 2 z 2 − 54 yz 3 = yz y 2 + 3 yz − 54 z 2 ) r 2 − 12r + 27 = (r − 9)(r − 3)
The expressions −6z and 9z have a product of The completely factored form is
−54z 2 and a sum of 3z. The completely (2 p + q)r 2 − 12(2 p + q)r + 27(2 p + q)
factored form is = (2 p + q) ( r − 9 )( r − 3) .
y 3 z + 3 y 2 z 2 − 54 yz 3 = yz ( y − 6 z ) ( y + 9 z ).
80. The GCF is (3m − n), so
75. The GCF is yz, so ( 3m − n ) k 2 − 13 ( 3m − n ) k + 40 ( 3m − n )
(
y 3 z + y 2 z 2 − 6 yz 3 = yz y 2 + yz − 6 z 2 . ) = ( 3m − n ) ( k 2 − 13k + 40 ) .
Now factor y 2 + yz − 6 z 2 . The expressions 3z
Now factor k 2 − 13k + 40.
and −2 z have a product of −6 z and a sum of 2
k 2 − 13k + 40 = (k − 5)(k − 8).
z. The completely factored form is
y 3 z + y 2 z 2 − 6 yz 3 = yz ( y + 3 z )( y − 2 z ) .
(3m − n)k 2 − 13(3m − n)k + 40(3m − n)
76. The GCF is mn, so = (3m − n)(k − 5)(k − 8).
(
m3 n − 2m 2 n 2 − 3mn3 = mn m 2 − 2mn − 3n 2 . )
5.3 More on Factoring Trinomials
Now factor m 2 − 2mn − 3n 2 .
m 2 − 2mn − 3n 2 = ( m − 3n )( m + n ) Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
Thus, 1. Find the two integers whose product is 12 and
m3 n − 2m 2 n 2 − 3mn3 = mn ( m − 3n )( m + n ) . whose sum is 8. The integers are 2 and 6. Use
these integers to write the middle term 8 x as
2 x + 6 x.

3x 2 + 8 x + 4 = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 6 x + 4 N2. (a) Find the two integers whose product is

2 ( 3) = 6 and whose sum is 5. The integers
( )
= 3x2 + 2 x + ( 6 x + 4 )
are 2 and 3. Write the middle term, 5z, as
= x ( 3x + 2 ) + 2 ( 3 x + 2 ) 2 z + 3 z.
= ( 3 x + 2 )( x + 2 ) 2 z 2 + 5 z + 3 = 2 z 2 + 2 z + 3z + 3
N1. Find the two integers whose product is 6 and ( )

= 2 z 2 + 2 z + (3z + 3)
= 2 z ( z + 1) + 3 ( z + 1)
whose sum is 7. The integers are 6 and 1. Use
these integers to write the middle term 7m as
6m + m. = ( z + 1)( 2 z + 3)
2m 2 + 7 m + 3 = 2m 2 + 6m + m + 3 (b) Find two integers whose product is
(
= 2m + 6m + ( m + 3 )
2
) 15 ( −2 ) = −30 and whose sum is 1. The
= 2 m ( m + 3 ) + 1( m + 3 ) integers are 6 and −5.
= ( 2m + 1)( m + 3) 15m 2 + m − 2 = 15m 2 + 6m − 5m − 2
2. (a) Find the two integers whose product is ( )

= 15m 2 + 6m + ( −5m − 2 )
3 (1) = 3 and whose sum is −4. The = 3m ( 5m + 2 ) − 1( 5m + 2 )
integers are −1 and −3. Write the middle = ( 5m + 2 )( 3m − 1)
term, −4 p, as −1 p − 3 p. Note that if we had written −5m + 6m
3 p2 − 4 p + 1 = 3 p2 − 1p − 3 p + 1 instead of 6m − 5m, the order of the factors
( )
= 3 p 2 − p + ( −3 p + 1)
in the final expression would be reversed,
that is, ( 3m − 1)( 5m + 2 ) .
= p ( 3 p − 1) − 1( 3 p − 1)
= ( 3 p − 1)( p − 1) (c) Find two integers whose product is
8 ( −3) = −24 and whose sum is −2. The
(b) Find two integers whose product is integers are −6 and 4.
8 x 2 − 2 xy − 3 y 2
integers are −18 and 2.
= 8 x 2 − 6 xy + 4 xy − 3 y 2
12 z 2 − 16 z − 3 = 12 z 2 − 18 z + 2 z − 3
= (12 z 2 − 18 z ) + (2 z − 3) ( ) (
= 8 x 2 − 6 xy + 4 xy − 3 y 2 )
= 6 z ( 2 z − 3 ) + 1( 2 z − 3) = 2x (4x − 3y ) + y (4x − 3y )
= ( 2 z − 3) (6 z + 1) = ( 4 x − 3 y )( 2 x + y )
Note that if we had written 2 z − 18 z instead 3. First factor out the greatest common
of −18 z + 2 z , the order of the factors in the
factor, 3 p 2 .
final expression would be reversed, that is,
( 6 z + 1)( 2 z − 3) . (
6 p 4 + 21 p3 + 9 p 2 = 3 p 2 2 p 2 + 7 p + 3 )
Find two integers whose product is 2 ( 3) = 6
(c) Find two integers whose product is
8 ( −5 ) = −40 and whose sum is −6. The and whose sum is 7. The integers are 1 and 6.
integers are −10 and 4. 2 p2 + 7 p + 3 = 2 p2 + p + 6 p + 3
8r 2 − 6rt − 5t 2 ( )
= 2 p 2 + p + ( 6 p + 3)
= 8r − 10rt + 4rt − 5t
2 2
= p ( 2 p + 1) + 3 ( 2 p + 1)
= (8r − 10rt ) + (4rt − 5t )
2 2
= ( 2 p + 1)( p + 3)
= 2r (4r − 5t ) + t ( 4r − 5t ) The completely factored form is
= (4r − 5t )(2r + t ) 6 p 4 + 21 p3 + 9 p 2 = 3 p 2 ( 2 p + 1)( p + 3) .

N3. First factor out the greatest common N5. The factors of 8 y 2 are 2y and 4y, or 8y and y.
factor, 3z 4 . The factors of 5 are 5 and 1. Try various
(
15 z 6 + 18 z 5 − 24 z 4 = 3z 4 5 z 2 + 6 z − 8 ) combinations, checking to see if the middle
term is 22y in each case.
Find two integers whose product is
5 ( −8 ) = −40 and whose sum is 6. The integers
( 4 y + 5 )( 2 y + 1) = 8 y 2 + 14 y + 5 Incorrect
are −4 and 10. ( 4 y + 1)( 2 y + 5 ) = 8 y 2 + 22 y + 5 Correct
5 z 2 + 6 z − 8 = 5 z 2 − 4 z + 10 z − 8 Thus, 8 y 2 + 22 y + 5 = ( 4 y + 1)( 2 y + 5 ) .
( )
= 5 z 2 − 4 z + (10 z − 8 )
6. The factors of 10m 2 are 10m and m, or 5m and
= z ( 5z − 4) + 2 ( 5z − 4 )
2m. Try 10m and m. Since the last term is
= ( 5 z − 4 )( z + 2 ) positive and the coefficient of the middle term
The completely factored form is is negative, only negative factors of 12 should
be considered. The factors of 12 are −12 and
15 z 6 + 18 z 5 − 24 z 4 = 3z 4 ( 5 z − 4 )( z + 2 ) .
−1, −6 and −2, or −4 and −3.
(10m − 12 )( m − 1)
4. Find two integers whose product is 24 and
whose sum is 14. The integers are 2 and 12. = 10m 2 − 22m + 12 Incorrect
8 x 2 + 14 x + 3 = 8 x 2 + 2 x + 12 x + 3 ( 2m − 3)( 5m − 4 )
( )
= 8 x 2 + 2 x + (12 x + 3) = 10m 2 − 23m + 12 Correct
Thus, 10m − 23m + 12 = ( 2m − 3)( 5m − 4 ) .
2
= 2x ( 4 x + 1) + 3 ( 4 x + 1)
= ( 4 x + 1)( 2 x + 3)
N6. The factors of 10x 2 are 10x and x, or 5x and 2x.
Try 5x and 2x. Since the last term is positive
8 x 2 + 14 x + 3 = ( 4 x + 1)( 2 x + 3) . and the coefficient of the middle term is
negative, only negative factors of 2 should be
N4. Find two integers whose product is 18 and considered. The factors of 2 are −2 and −1.
whose sum is 9. The integers are 6 and 3. (5 x − 1)(2 x − 2) = 10 x 2 − 12 x + 2 Incorrect
2 p + 9 p + 9 = 2p + 6p + 3p + 9
2 2
(5 x − 2)(2 x − 1) = 10 x 2 − 9m + 2 Correct
( 2
)
= 2 p + 6 p + (3 p + 9) Thus, 10 x − 9 x + 2 = (5 x − 2)(2 x − 1).
2
= 2p ( p + 3) + 3 ( p + 3)
= ( 2 p + 3)( p + 3) 7. The factors of 5 p 2 are 5p and p. Some factors
The completely factored form is of −6 are 6 and −1, or 3 and −2. Try various
2 p 2 + 9 p + 9 = ( 2 p + 3)( p + 3) . possibilities.
( 5 p − 6 )( p + 1) = 5 p 2 − p − 6 Incorrect
5. The factors of 6 p 2 are 2p and 3p, or 6p and p. ( 5 p − 2 )( p + 3) = 5 p 2 + 13 p − 6 Correct
The factors of 10 are 10 and 1, or 5 and 2. Try Thus, 5 p 2 + 13 p − 6 = ( 5 p − 2 )( p + 3) .
various combinations, checking to see if the
middle term is 19p in each case.
N7. The factors of 10a 2 are 5a and 2a, or 10a and
( 3 p + 5 )( 2 p + 2 ) = 6 p 2 + 16 p + 10 Incorrect a. Some factors of −14 are 14 and −1, or 7 and
( 3 p + 2 )( 2 p + 5 ) = 6 p 2 + 19 p + 10 Correct −2. Try various possibilities.
Thus, 6 p 2 + 19 p + 10 = ( 3 p + 2 )( 2 p + 5 ) . ( 5a − 14 )( 2a + 1) = 10a 2 − 23a − 14 Incorrect
( 5a − 2 )( 2a + 7 ) = 10a 2 + 31a − 14 Correct
Thus, 10a 2 + 31a − 14 = ( 5a − 2 )( 2a + 7 ) .

8. Try various possibilities. Factor 2 x 2 + 9 x − 18 by trial and error to obtain

( 3m + 2n )( 2m − 5n ) = 6m2 − 11mn − 10n2 2 x 2 + 9 x − 18 = ( 2 x − 3)( x + 6 ) .
This is incorrect. The completely factored form is
The middle terms differ only in sign, so reverse
the signs of the two factors. −10 x3 − 45 x 2 + 90 x = −5 x ( 2 x − 3)( x + 6 ) .
( 3m − 2n )( 2m + 5n ) = 6m2 + 11mn − 10n 2

Exercises
This is correct.
Thus, 1. 10t 2 + 5t + 4t + 2
6m 2 + 11mn − 10n 2 = ( 3m − 2n )( 2m + 5n ) .
( )
= 10t 2 + 5t + ( 4t + 2 ) Group terms.
N8. Try various possibilities. = 5t ( 2t + 1) + 2 ( 2t + 1) Factor each group.

= ( 2t + 1)( 5t + 2 ) Factor out 2t + 1.
( 4 z + 5w ) (2 z − 3w) = 8 z 2 − 2 wz − 15w2
This is incorrect. 2. 6 x 2 + 9 x + 4 x + 6
The middle terms differ only in sign, so reverse
the signs of the two factors. = (6 x 2 + 9 x ) + ( 4 x + 6 ) Group terms.
(4 z − 5w)(2 z + 3w) = 8 z 2 + 2wz − 15w2 = 3 x ( 2 x + 3) + 2 ( 2 x + 3) Factor each group.
This is correct. = (2 x + 3)(3x + 2) Factor out 2 x + 3.
Thus, 8 z 2 + 2wz − 15w2 = (4 z − 5w)(2 z + 3w).
3. 15 z 2 − 10 z − 9 z + 6
= (15 z 2 − 10 z ) + (−9 z + 6) Group terms.
9. (a) Factor out the common factor, 2 x 2 .
= 5 z (3z − 2) − 3(3 z − 2)
(
28 x 4 − 58 x3 − 30 x 2 = 2 x 2 14 x 2 − 29 x − 15 ) = (3z − 2)(5 z − 3)
Factor each group.
Factor out 3z − 2.
Factor 14 x 2 − 29 x − 15 by trial and error to
obtain 4. 12 p 2 − 9 p − 8 p + 6
14 x 2 − 29 x − 15 = (7 x + 3)(2 x − 5). ( )
= 12 p 2 − 9 p + ( −8 p + 6 ) Group terms.
= 3 p ( 4 p − 3) − 2 ( 4 p − 3) Factor each group.
28 x 4 − 58 x3 − 30 x 2 = 2 x 2 (7 x + 3)(2 x − 5).
= ( 4 p − 3)( 3 p − 2 ) Factor out 4 p − 3.
(b) The common factor could be 2x or −2 x. If
we factor out −2 x, the first term of the 5. 8s 2 − 4st + 6 st − 3t 2
trinomial factor will be positive, which
makes it easier to factor.
( ) (
= 8s 2 − 4 st + 6 st − 3t 2 ) Group terms.
−24 x3 + 32 x 2 y + 6 xy 2 = 4s ( 2s − t ) + 3t ( 2s − t ) Factor each group.

= ( 2s − t )( 4s + 3t ) Factor out 2s − t.
(
= −2 x 12 x 2 − 16 xy − 3 y 2 )
Factor 12 x − 16 xy − 3 y by trial and error
2 2 6. 3x 2 − 7 xy + 6 xy − 14 y 2
to obtain ( ) (
= 3 x 2 − 7 xy + 6 xy − 14 y 2 ) Group terms.
12 x 2 − 16 xy − 3 y 2 = ( 6 x + y )( 2 x − 3 y ) . = x ( 3x − 7 y ) + 2 y ( 3x − 7 y ) Factor.
The completely factored form is = ( 3 x − 7 y )( x + 2 y )
−24 x3 + 32 x 2 y + 6 xy 2
7. (a) Find two integers whose product is
= −2 x ( 6 x + y )( 2 x − 3 y ) .
2 ⋅ 12 = 24 and whose sum is 11.
N9. The common factor could be 5x or −5 x. If we
factor out −5 x, the first term of the trinomial (b) The required integers are 3 and 8 . (Order
factor will be positive, which makes it easier to is irrelevant.)
factor.
(c) Write the middle term, 11m, as 3m + 8m .
−10 x3 − 45 x 2 + 90 x
(
= −5 x 2 x 2 + 9 x − 18 )
(d) Rewrite the given trinomial as 11. Multiply the factors in the choices together to
2m 2 + 3m + 8m + 12 . see which ones give the correct product. Since
( 2 x − 1)( x + 1) = 2 x 2 + x − 1
( )
(e) 2m 2 + 3m + ( 8m + 12 ) Group terms. and ( 2 x + 1) ( x − 1) = 2 x 2 − x − 1,
= m(2m + 3) + 4(2m + 3) Factor. the correct factored form is choice B,
= (2m + 3)(m + 4) ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1) .
(f) Use the FOIL method. 12. Multiply the factors in the choices together to
(2m + 3)(m + 4) see which ones give the correct product. Since
= 2 m ( m ) + 2m ( 4 ) + 3 ( m ) + 3 ( 4 ) ( 3a + 1)( a − 2 ) = 3a 2 − 5a − 2
= 2m 2 + 8m + 3m + 12 and ( 3a − 1)( a + 2 ) = 3a 2 + 5a − 2,
= 2m + 11m + 12
2 the correct factored form is choice A,
( 3a + 1)( a − 2 ) .
8. (a) Find two integers whose product is
6 ⋅ 10 = 60 and whose sum is − 19 . 13. Multiply the factors in the choices together to
see which ones give the correct product. Since
(b) The required integers are − 4 and − 15 . ( y + 5 )( 4 y − 3) = 4 y 2 + 17 y − 15
(Order is irrelevant.)
and ( 2 y − 5 )( 2 y + 3) = 4 y 2 − 4 y − 15,
(c) Write the middle term, −19 y, as the correct factored form is choice A,
− 4 y + ( −15 y ) . ( y + 5 )( 4 y − 3) .
(d) Rewrite the given trinomial as 14. Multiply the factors in the choices together to
6 y 2 − 4 y − 15 y + 10. see which ones give the correct product. Since
( 6c − 2 ) (2c + 6) = 12c 2 + 32c − 12
( )
(e) = 6 y 2 − 4 y + ( −15 y + 10 ) and (4c + 3)(3c − 4) = 12c 2 − 7c − 12,
= 2 y (3 y − 2) − 5 (3 y − 2) the correct factored form is choice B,
= ( 3 y − 2 ) + ( 2 y − 5) (4c + 3)(3c − 4).
(f) Use the FOIL method. 15. ( 4x + 4) cannot be a factor because its terms
( 3 y − 2 ) + ( 2 y − 5) have a common factor of 4, but those of the
polynomial do not. The correct factored form is
= 3 y ( 2 y ) + 3 y ( −5 ) + ( −2 )( 2 y ) + ( −2 )( −5 )
( 4 x − 3)( 3x + 4 ) .
= 6 y 2 − 15 y − 4 y + 10
16. The student forgot to include the common
= 6 y 2 − 19 y + 10
factor 35 in her answer. The correct answer is
9. To factor 12 y 2 + 5 y − 2, we must find two 3k ( k − 5 )( k + 1) .
integers with a product of 12 ( −2 ) = −24 and a 17. The first term in the missing expression must
sum of 5. The only pair of integers satisfying be 2a since ( 3a )( 2a ) = 6a 2 . The second term
those conditions is 8 and −3, choice B. in the missing expression must be 5b since
10. To factor 20b 2 − 13b + 2, we must find two ( −4b )( 5b ) = −20b2 . Checking our answer by
integers with a product of 20 ( 2 ) = 40 and a multiplying, we see that
sum of −13. The only pair of integers ( 3a − 4b ) (2a + 5b) = 6a 2 + 7ab − 20b2 , as
satisfying those conditions is −8 and −5, desired.
choice D.

18. The first term in the missing expression must 25. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two
be 3m since ( 3m )( 3m ) = 9m 2 . The second term integers whose product is 2 ( 6 ) = 12 and whose
in the missing expression must be +4n since sum is 7. The integers are 3 and 4.
( −2n )( +4n ) = −8n2 . Checking our answer by 2 y2 + 7 y + 6
multiplying, we see that = 2 y2 + 3y + 4 y + 6 7 y = 3y + 4 y
( 3m − 2n ) (3m + 4n) = 9m 2 + 6mn − 8n2 , as ( )
= 2 y + 3 y + ( 4 y + 6)
2
Group terms.
desired.
= y ( 2 y + 3) + 2 ( 2 y + 3) Factor each group.
19. 2 x 2 + 6 x − 8 = 2( x 2 + 3x − 4) = ( 2 y + 3)( y + 2 ) Factor out 2 y + 3.
To factor x 2 + 3 x − 4, we look for two integers
26. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two
whose product is −4 and whose sum is 3. The
integers whose product is 5 ( 4 ) = 20 and whose
integers are 4 and −1. Thus,
sum is 12. The integers are 2 and 10.
2 x 2 + 6 x − 8 = 2( x + 4)( x − 1).
5 z 2 + 12 z + 4
20. 3x + 9 x − 30 = 3( x + 3x − 10)
2 2
= 5 z 2 + 2 z + 10 z + 4 12 z = 2 z + 10 z
To factor x + 3x − 10, we look for two
( )
2
= 5 z 2 + 2 z + (10 z + 4 ) Group terms.
integers whose product is −10 and whose sum
is 3. The integers are 5 and −2. Thus, = z (5z + 2) + 2 (5z + 2) Factor each group.
3x + 9 x − 30 = 3( x + 5)( x − 2).
2 = ( 5 z + 2 )( z + 2 ) Factor out 5 z + 2.
21. 4 z 3 − 10 z 2 − 6 z = 2 z (2 z 2 − 5 z − 3) 27. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two

integers whose product is 15 ( −2 ) = −30 and
= 2 z ( 2 z + 1)( z − 3)
whose sum is 1. The integers are 6 and –5.
22. 15r 3 − 39r 2 − 18r = 3r (5r 2 − 13r − 6) 15m 2 + m − 2
= 3r (5r + 2)(r − 3) = 15m 2 + 6m − 5m − 2 m = 6 m − 5m
23. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two ( )
= 15m 2 + 6m + ( −5m − 2 ) Group the terms.
= 3m ( 5m + 2 ) − 1( 5m + 2 ) Factor.
= ( 5m + 2 )( 3m − 1)
sum is 10. The integers are 3 and 7. Use these
Factor out 5m + 2.
integers to rewrite the middle term, 10a, as
3a + 7 a, and then factor the resulting four-term 28. Factor by trial and error.
polynomial by grouping. Possible factors of 6x 2 are 6x and 1x, or 3x and
3a 2 + 10a + 7 2x. Factors of −1 are −1 and 1.
= 3a 2 + 3a + 7a + 7 10a = 3a + 7a (6 x + 1)( x − 1) = 6 x 2 − 5 x − 1 Incorrect
( )
= 3a 2 + 3a + ( 7a + 7 ) Group the terms. ( 3x + 1)( 2 x − 1) = 6 x 2 − x − 1 Incorrect
= 3a ( a + 1) + 7 ( a + 1) Factor each group. ( 2 x + 1)( 3x − 1) = 6 x 2 + x − 1 Correct
= ( a + 1)( 3a + 7 ) Factor out a + 1. 29. Factor by trial and error.
24. Factor by trial and error. Possible factors of 12s 2 are s and 12s, 2s and
6s, or 3s and 4s. Factors of −5 are −1 and 5, or
Possible factors of 7r 2 are 7r and r.
−5 and 1.
Possible factors of 1 are 1 and 1.
( 7r + 1)( r + 1) = 7r 2 + 8r + 1 Correct ( 2s − 1) (6s + 5) = 12 s 2 + 4 s − 5 Incorrect
( 2s + 1) (6 s − 5) = 12 s 2 − 4 s − 5 Incorrect
( 3s − 1) (4s + 5) = 12 s 2 + 11s − 5 Correct

30. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two 35. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two
integers whose product is 20 ( −3) = −60 and integers whose product is 20 ( −11) = −220 and
whose sum is 11. The integers are 15 and −4. whose sum is − 39. The integers are −44
20 x + 11x − 3
2 and 5.
= 20 x 2 + 15 x − 4 x − 3 11x = 15 x − 4 x 20 y 2 − 39y − 11 = 20y 2 − 44y + 5 y − 11
( )
= 20 x + 15 x + ( −4 x − 3) Group the terms.
2 ( )
= 20 y 2 − 44 y + ( 5 y − 11)
= 5 x(4 x + 3) − 1(4 x + 3) Factor each group. = 4 y ( 5 y − 11) + 1( 5 y − 11)

= ( 4 x + 3)( 5 x − 1) Factor out 4 x + 3. = ( 5 y − 11)( 4 y + 1)
31. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two 36. Both 10x 2 and −6 have many factors. Try
integers whose product is 10 (12 ) = 120 and ( 5 x ) (2 x ).
whose sum is −23. The integers are −8 (5 x − 2) (2 x + 3) = 10 x 2 + 11x − 6 Incorrect
and −15.
(5 x + 2) (2 x − 3) = 10 x 2 − 11x − 6 Correct
10m 2 − 23m + 12 = 10m 2 − 8m − 15m + 12
( )
= 10m 2 − 8m + ( −15m + 12 )
integers whose product is 3 (16 ) = 48 and
= 2m ( 5m − 4 ) − 3 ( 5m − 4 ) whose sum is −15. The negative factors and
= ( 5m − 4 )( 2m − 3) their sums are:
−1 + ( −48 ) = −49
−2 + ( −24 ) = −26
−3 + ( −16 ) = −19
whose sum is −17. The integers are −8
−4 + ( −12 ) = −16
and −9.
−6 + ( −8 ) = −14
6 x 2 − 17 x + 12
So there are no integers satisfying the
= 6 x 2 − 8 x − 9 x + 12 −17 x = −8 x − 9 x conditions, and the polynomial is prime.
= (6 x 2 − 8 x ) + (−9 x + 12) Group the terms. 38. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two
= 2 x(3 x − 4) − 3(3x − 4) Factor each group. integers whose product is 2 (15 ) = 30 and
= ( 3 x − 4 )( 2 x − 3) Factor out 3x − 4. whose sum is −14. The possible pairs and their
sums are:
33. Factor by trial and error. Possible factors of
−1 + ( −30 ) = −31
8w2 are w and 8w, or 2w and 4w.
−2 + ( −15 ) = −17
Factors of 3 are −1 and −3 (since b = −14 is
negative). −3 + ( −10 ) = −13
(4w − 3)(2w − 1) = 8w − 10 w + 3 Incorrect
2 −5 + ( −6 ) = −11
So there are no integers satisfying the
(4w − 1)(2 w − 3) = 8w2 − 14 w + 3 Correct
conditions, and the polynomial is prime.
34. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two 39. First, factor out the greatest common factor, 2.
sum is −18. The integers are −6 and −12.
(
20 x 2 + 22 x + 6 = 2 10 x 2 + 11x + 3 )
Now factor 10 x + 11x + 3 by trial and error to
2
9 p 2 − 18 p + 8
obtain 10 x 2 + 11x + 3 = (5 x + 3)(2 x + 1). The
= 9 p − 6 p − 12 p + 8
2
−18 p = −6 p − 12 p complete factorization is
( )
= 9 p − 6 p + ( −12 p + 8) Group the terms.
2
20 x 2 + 22 x + 6 = 2(5 x + 3)(2 x + 1).
= 3 p (3 p − 2) − 4 (3 p − 2) Factor each group.
= ( 3 p − 2 )( 3 p − 4 ) Factor out 3 p − 2.

40. First, factor out the greatest common factor, 9. The integers are 12 and 10.
(
36 y + 81y + 45 = 9 4 y + 9 y + 5
2 2
) −15a 2 b − 22ab − 8b
Now factor 4 y + 9 y + 5 by trial and error to

2 (
= −b 15a 2 + 12a + 10a + 8 )
obtain 4 y 2 + 9 y + 5 = ( 4 y + 5 )( y + 1) . = −b ⎡⎣3a ( 5a + 4 ) + 2 ( 5a + 4 ) ⎤⎦
The complete factorization is = −b ( 5a + 4 )( 3a + 2 )
36 y 2 + 81y + 45 = 9 ( 4 y + 5 )( y + 1) .
45. First, factor out the GCF, 3n 2 .
41. First, factor out the GCF, 3.
(
15n4 − 39n3 + 18n 2 = 3n 2 5n 2 − 13n + 6 )
(
24 x 2 − 42 x + 9 = 3 8 x 2 − 14 x + 3 )
Factor 5n − 13n + 6 by the trial and error
2
Use the grouping method to factor
method. Possible factors of 5n 2 are 5n and n.
8 x 2 − 14 x + 3. Look for two integers whose
Possible factors of 6 are −6 and −1, or −3
product is 8 ( 3) = 24 and whose sum is −14.
and −2.
The integers are −12 and −2.
( 5n − 6 )( n − 1) = 5n2 − 11n + 6
( )
Incorrect
24 x − 42 x + 9 = 3 8 x − 12 x − 2 x + 3
2 2
( 5n − 3)( n − 2 ) = 5n2 − 13n + 6 Correct
⎣ ( )
= 3 ⎡ 8 x 2 − 12 x + ( −2 x + 3) ⎤
⎦
= 3 ⎡⎣ 4 x ( 2 x − 3) − 1( 2 x − 3) ⎤⎦ 15n4 − 39n3 + 18n 2 = 3n 2 ( 5n − 3)( n − 2 ) .
= 3 ( 2 x − 3)( 4 x − 1) 46. First, factor out the GCF, 2a 2 .

42. First, factor out the GCF, 2. (
24a 4 + 10a 3 − 4a 2 = 2a 2 12a 2 + 5a − 2 )
2
(
48b − 74b − 10 = 2 24b − 37b − 5 2
) Now factor 12a 2 + 5a − 2 by grouping. Look
Use the grouping method to factor for two integers whose product is
24b 2 − 37b − 5. Look for two integers whose 12 ( −2 ) = −24 and whose sum is 5. The
product is 24 ( −5 ) = −120 and whose sum is integers are 8 and −3.
−37. The integers are −40 and 3. 12a 2 + 5a − 2
(
48b 2 − 74b − 10 = 2 24b 2 − 40b + 3b − 5 ) = 12a 2 + 8a − 3a – 2
= 4a ( 3a + 2 ) − 1( 3a + 2 )
⎣ (
= 2 ⎡ 24b 2 − 40b + ( 3b − 5) ⎤
⎦ ) = ( 3a + 2 )( 4a − 1)
= 2 ⎡⎣8b ( 3b − 5 ) + 1( 3b − 5 ) ⎤⎦ The completely factored form is
= 2 ( 3b − 5 )( 8b + 1) 24a 4 + 10a 3 − 4a 2 = 2a 2 ( 3a + 2 )( 4a − 1) .
43. First, factor out the GCF, q. 47. First, factor out the GCF, y 2 .
−40m q − mq + 6q = − q 40m + m − 6
2
( 2
) (
15 x 2 y 2 − 7 xy 2 − 4 y 2 = y 2 15 x 2 − 7 x − 4 )
Now factor 40m + m − 6 by trial and error to
2
Factor 15 x − 7 x − 4 by the grouping method.
2
obtain Look for two integers whose product is
40m 2 + m − 6 = ( 5m + 2 )( 8m − 3) . 15 ( −4 ) = −60 and whose sum is −7. The
The complete factorization is integers are −12 and 5.
−40m 2 q − mq + 6q = − q ( 5m + 2 )( 8m − 3) . 15 x 2 y 2 − 7 xy 2 − 4 y 2
44. First, factor out the GCF, b. = y 2 (15 x 2 − 12 x + 5 x − 4)
−15a 2 b − 22ab − 8b = −b 15a 2 + 22a + 8 ( ) = y 2 [3x(5 x − 4) + 1(5 x − 4)]
Use the grouping method to factor = y 2 ( 5 x − 4 )( 3x + 1)
15a 2 + 22a + 8. Look for two integers whose
product is 15 ( 8 ) = 120 and whose sum is 22.

48. First, factor out the GCF, b3 . 53. Factor out the greatest common factor.
14a b + 15ab − 9b = b 14a + 15a − 9
2 3 3 3 3
( 2
) 6 m 6 n + 7 m5 n 2 + 2 m 4 n 3
Factor 14a 2 + 15a − 9 by using trial and error to (

= m 4 n 6m 2 + 7mn + 2n 2 ) GCF = m 4 n
obtain Now factor 6m 2 + 7mn + 2n 2 by trial and error.
14a 2 + 15a − 9 = ( 7 a − 3)( 2a + 3) . Possible factors of 6m 2 are 6m and m or 3m
The completely factored form is and 2m. Possible factors of 2n 2 are 2n and n.
14a 2 b3 + 15ab3 − 9b3 = b3 ( 7 a − 3)( 2a + 3) . ( 3m + 2n )( 2m + n ) = 6m2 + 7mn + 2n 2 Correct
49. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two The completely factored form is
integers whose product is 5 ( −6 ) = −30 and 6m 6 n + 7 m 5 n 2 + 2m 4 n3
whose sum is −7. The integers are −10 and 3. = m 4 n(3m = 2n)(2m + n).
5a 2 − 7ab − 6b2
54. Factor out the greatest common factor.
= 5a 2 − 10ab + 3ab − 6b 2 12k 3 q 4 − 4k 2 q5 − kq 6
( ) (
= 5a 2 − 10ab + 3ab − 6b2 ) (
= kq 4 12k 2 − 4kq − q 2 ) GCF = kq 4
= 5a ( a − 2b ) + 3b ( a − 2b )
Factor 12k 2 − 4kq − q 2 by the trial and error
= ( a − 2b )( 5a + 3b )
method. Possible factors of 12k 2 are 12k and k,
50. Possible factors of 6x 2 are 6x and x or 3x and 6k and 2k, or 4k and 3k. Possible factors of
2x. Possible factors of − y 2 are − y and y. −q 2 are − q and q.
( 6 x − y ) ( x + y) = 6 x 2 + 5 xy − y 2 Incorrect (12k − q )( k + q ) = 12k 2 + 11kq − q2

Since the middle terms differ only in sign, Incorrect
reverse the middle signs of the two factors. ( 6k − q )( 2k + q ) = 12k 2 + 4kq − q 2
( 6 x + y ) ( x − y) = 6 x 2 − 5 xy − y 2 Correct Incorrect
51. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two Since the middle terms differ only in sign,
integers whose product is 12 ( −5 ) = −60 and reverse the middle signs of the two factors.
whose sum is 11. The integers are 15 and −4. ( 6k + q )( 2k − q ) = 12k 2 − 4kq − q 2
12s 2 +11st − 5t 2 Correct
= 12s 2 + 15st − 4st − 5t 2
12k 3 q 4 − 4k 2 q5 − kq 6 = kq 4 ( 6k + q )( 2k − q ) .
( ) (
= 12 s 2 + 15st + −4st − 5t 2 ) 55. The problem cannot be factored. It is prime.
= 3s ( 4 s + 5t ) − t ( 4 s + 5t )
56. The problem cannot be factored. It is prime.
= ( 4s + 5t ) (3s − t )
57. 16 + 16 x + 3x 2 = 3x 2 + 16 x + 16
52. Use the grouping method. Find two integers Factor by the grouping method. Find two
whose product is ( 25 )( 6 ) = 150 and whose integers whose product is ( 3)(16 ) = 48 and
sum is 25. The numbers are 15 and 10. whose sum is 16. The numbers are 4 and 12.
25a 2 + 25ab + 6b 2 3x 2 + 16 x + 16 = 3 x 2 + 4 x + 12 x + 16
= 25a 2 + 15ab + 10ab + 6b2
( )
= 3x 2 + 4 x + (12 x + 16)
( ) (
= 25a + 15ab + 10ab + 6b
2 2
) = x(3 x + 4) + 4 ( 3x + 4 )
= 5a ( 5a + 3b ) + 2b ( 5a + 3b ) = (3x + 4) ( x + 4 )
= ( 5a + 3b )( 5a + 2b )

58. 18 + 65 x + 7 x 2 = 7 x 2 + 65 x + 18 66. Factor by using trial and error.

Factor by using trial and error. Only positive ( )(
36 x 4 + 59 x 2 y + 24 y 2 = 9 x 2 + 8 y 4 x 2 + 3 y )
factors of 18 should be considered: 1 and 18, 2
and 9, or 3 and 6. The only possible factors of 67. 48a 2 − 94ab − 4b 2
7x 2 are 7x and x. The correct factorization is
7 x 2 + 65 x + 18 = (7 x + 2)( x + 9).
(
= 2 24a 2 − 47ab − 2b 2 ) GCF = 2
Now factor 24a 2 − 47ab − 2b 2 by the grouping

59. First, factor out −5 x; then complete the method. Look for two integers whose product is
24 ( −2 ) = −48 and whose sum is −47. The
factoring by trial and error, using FOIL to test
various possibilities until the correct one is
found. integers are 1 and −48.
(
−10 x3 + 5 x 2 + 140 x = −5 x 2 x 2 − x − 28 ) 24a 2 − 47 ab − 2b 2
= −5 x(2 x + 7)( x − 4) = 24a 2 + ab − 48ab − 2b 2

( ) (
= 24a 2 + ab + −48ab − 2b 2 )
60. −18k − 48k + 66k
3 2
= a(24a + b) − 2b ( 24a + b )
(
= −6k 3k 2 + 8k − 11 ) GCF = −6k
= (24a + b) ( a − 2b )
Now factor 3k + 8k − 11 by the grouping
2
method. Look for two integers whose product is 48a 2 − 94ab − 4b 2 = 2 ( 24a + b )( a − 2b ) .
3 ( −11) = −33 and whose sum is 8. The integers
are −3 and 11. 68. 48t 2 − 147ts + 9 s 2
−18k 3 − 48k 2 + 66k (
= 3 16t 2 − 49ts + 3s 2 ) GCF = 3
(
= −6k 3k + 8k − 11
2
) Now factor 16t 2 − 49ts + 3s 2 by the grouping
= −6k ( 3k ) method. Look for two integers whose product is
2
− 3k + 11k − 11
16 ( 3) = 48 and whose sum is −49. The
= −6k ⎡⎣3k ( k − 1) + 11( k − 1) ⎤⎦ integers are −1 and −48.
= −6k ( k − 1)( 3k + 11) 16t 2 − 49ts + 3s 2
61. The problem cannot be factored. It is prime. = 16t 2 − ts − 48ts + 3s 2
62. The problem cannot be factored. It is prime. ( ) (
= 16t 2 − ts + −48ts + 3s 2 )
63. Factor by using trial and error. Only positive = t (16t − s ) − 3s (16t − s )
factors of 24 should be considered: 1 and 24, 2 = (16t − s )( t − 3s )
and 12, 3 and 8, or 4 and 6. The factors of −14
include 7 and −2. The correct factorization is The completely factored form is
24 y 2 − 41xy − 14 x 2 = ( 24 y + 7 x )( y − 2 x ) . 48t 2 − 147ts + 9 s 2 = 3 (16t − s )( t − 3s ) .
64. Factor by using trial and error. Only positive 69. 10 x 4 y 5 + 39 x3 y 5 − 4 x 2 y 5

factors of 24 should be considered: 1 and 24, 2
and 12, 3 and 8, or 4 and 6. The factors of −5 (
= x 2 y 5 10 x 2 + 39 x − 4 ) GCF = x 2 y 5
are 5 and −1, and −5 and 1. The correct Now factor 10 x 2 + 39 x − 4 by the grouping
factorization is method. Look for two integers whose product is
24 x 2 + 19 xy − 5 y 2 = ( 24 x − 5 y )( x + y ) . 10 ( −4 ) = −40 and whose sum is 39. The
65. Factor by using trial and error. For 15 y 2 ,
consider only − y and −15 y, and −3y
and −5 y.
( )(
36 x 4 − 64 x 2 y + 15 y 2 = 18 x 2 − 5 y 2 x 2 − 3 y )

10 x 2 + 39 x − 4 Now factor 12 p 2 + 43 p − 20 by the grouping

= 10 x 2 − x + 40 x − 4 method. Look for two integers whose product is
12 ( −20 ) = −240 and whose sum is 43. The
( )
= 10 x 2 − x + ( 40 x − 4 )
= x (10 x − 1) + 4 (10 x − 1) 12 p 2 + 43 p − 20
= (10 x − 1)( x + 4 )
= 12 p 2 − 5 p + 48 p − 20
10 x 4 y 5 + 39 x3 y 5 − 4 x 2 y 5 (
= 12 p 2 − 5 p ) + ( 48 p − 20 )
= x 2 y 5 (10 x − 1) ( x + 4 ) . = p (12 p − 5) + 4 (12 p − 5 )

= (12 p − 5 )( p + 4 )
70. 14 x y − 31x y + 6 x y
7 4 6 4 5 4
(
= x5 y 4 14 x 2 − 31x + 6 ) GCF = x5 y 4 36 p 4 q + 129 p3 q − 60 p 2 q
Now factor 14 x 2 − 31x + 6 by the grouping = 3 p 2 q (12 p − 5 )( p + 4 ) .

method. Look for two integers whose product is 73. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two
14 ( 6 ) = 84 and whose sum is −31. The integers whose product is 24 (15 ) = 360 and
integers are −3 and −28. whose sum is −46. The integers are −10
14 x 2 − 31x + 6 and −36.
= 14 x 2 − 3 x − 28 x + 6 24 x 2 − 46 x + 15
( )
= 14 x 2 − 3x + ( −28 x + 6 ) = 24 x 2 − 10 x − 36 x + 15
= x (14 x − 3) − 2 (14 x − 3) ( )
= 24 x 2 − 10 x + (−36 x + 15)
= (14 x − 3)( x − 2) = 2 x (12 x − 5 ) − 3 (12 x − 5)
The completely factored form is = (12 x − 5)(2 x − 3)
14 x 7 y 4 − 31x 6 y 4 + 6 x5 y 4
= x5 y 4 (14 x − 3)( x − 2 ) . integers whose product is 24 ( 35 ) = 840 and
71. 36a 3b2 − 104a 2 b 2 − 12ab2 whose sum is −94. The integers are −10
and −84.
(
= 4ab2 9a 2 − 26a − 3 ) GCF = 4ab 2 24 x 2 − 94 x + 35
Now factor 9a 2 − 26a − 3 by the grouping = 24 x 2 − 10 x − 84 x + 35
( )
method. Look for two integers whose product is
= 24 x 2 − 10 x + ( −84 x + 35 )
integers are 1 and −27. = 2 x (12 x − 5 ) − 7(12 x − 5)
9a − 26a − 3 = 9a + a − 27a − 3
2 2 = (12 x − 5)(2 x − 7)
( )
= 9a 2 + a + (−27a − 3) 75. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two
= a ( 9a + 1) − 3 ( 9a + 1)
whose sum is 55. The integers are −9 and 64.
= ( 9a + 1)( a − 3)
Note the x 2 -term.
36a 3b2 − 104a 2 b 2 − 12ab2 24 x 4 + 55 x 2 − 24
= 4ab 2 ( 9a + 1)( a − 3) . = 24 x 4 − 9 x 2 + 64 x 2 − 24
72. 36 p q + 129 p q − 60 p q
4 3 2 ( ) (
= 24 x 4 − 9 x 2 + 64 x 2 − 24 )
(
= 3 p 2 q 12 p 2 + 43 p − 20 ) GCF = 3 p 2 q
= 3x2 ( 8 x − 3) + 8 ( 8 x
2 2
−3 )
= (8 x 2 − 3)(3x 2 + 8)

76. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two 83. −2a 2 − 5ab − 2b 2
whose sum is 17. The integers are −15 and 32.
(
= −1 2a 2 + 5ab + 2b 2 )
Note the x 2 -term. = −1( 2a + 4ab + ab + 2b )
2 2
24 x 4 + 17 x 2 − 20 = −1 ⎡( 2a + 4ab ) + ( ab + 2b ) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦
= 24 x − 15 x + 32 x − 20
4 2 2
= −1 ⎡⎣ 2a ( a + 2b ) + b ( a + 2b ) ⎤⎦
( ) (
= 24 x 4 − 15 x 2 + 32 x 2 − 20 ) = −1( a + 2b )( 2a + b )
= 3x 2
(8 x − 5) + 4 (8 x
2 2
−5 ) 84. −3 p 2 + 13 pq − 4q 2
= (8 x − 5)(3 x + 4)
( )
2 2
= −1 3 p 2 − 13 pq + 4q 2
77. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two = −1( p − 4q )( 3 p − q )
85. First, factor out the GCF, ( m + 1) ; then factor
3
whose sum is 38. The integers are 18 and 20.
Note the xy-term. the resulting trinomial by trial and error.
24 x 2 + 38 xy + 15 y 2 25q 2 ( m + 1) − 5q ( m + 1) − 2 ( m + 1)
3 3 3
= 24 x + 18 xy + 20 xy + 15 y
( )
2 2
= ( m + 1) 25q 2 − 5q − 2
3
(
= 24 x + 18 xy + 20 xy + 15 y
2
) ( 2
) = ( m + 1) ( 5q − 2 )( 5q + 1)
3
= 6 x(4 x + 3 y ) + 5 y ( 4 x + 3 y )
= (4 x + 3 y ) ( 6 x + 5 y ) 86. First, factor out the GCF, ( y − 3) ; then factor
2
78. Factor by the grouping method. Look for two the resulting trinomial by trial and error.
integers whose product is 24 ( 33) = 792 and 18 x 2 ( y − 3) − 21x( y − 3) 2 − 4 ( y − 3)
2 2
whose sum is 62. The integers are 44 and 18.

Note the xy-term.
(
= ( y − 3) 2 18 x 2 − 21x − 4 )
24 x 2 + 62 xy + 33 y 2 = ( y − 3) 2
( 6 x + 1) (3x − 4)
= 24 x 2 + 44 xy + 18 xy + 33 y 2 87. 9 x (r + 3) + 12 xy ( r + 3) + 4 y ( r + 3)
2 3 2 3 3
(
= 24 x 2 + 44 xy + 18 xy + 33 y 2 ) ( ) (
= (r + 3)3 9 x 2 + 12 xy + 4 y 2 )
= 4 x(6 x + 11 y ) + 3 y ( 6 x + 11 y )
= ( r + 3) ( 3 x + 2 y )( 3x + 2 y )
3
= (6 x + 11 y ) ( 4 x + 3 y )
= ( r + 3) ( 3 x + 2 y )
3 2
79. − x 2 − 4 x + 21 = −1 x 2 + 4 x − 21 ( ) 88. 4t ( k + 9 ) + 20ts ( k + 9 ) + 25s ( k + 9 )

2 7 2 7 7
= −1( x + 7 )( x − 3)
= ( k + 9)
7
( 4t 2
+ 20ts + 25s 2 )
80. − x + x + 72 = −1 x − x − 72
2
( 2
) = ( k + 9) ( 2t + 5s )( 2t + 5s )
7
= −1( x + 8 ) ( x − 9)
= ( k + 9 ) ( 2t + 5s )
7 2
81. −3x 2 − x + 4 = −1 3x 2 + x − 4 ( ) 89. Look for two integers whose product is

= −1(3x + 4)( x − 1) 5 ( −1) = −5 and whose sum is 5.
82. −5 x 2 + 2 x + 16 = −1(5 x 2 − 2 x − 16) Factors of −5 Sums of Factors

= −1( 5 x + 8 )( x − 2 ) −5, 1 −4
5, − 1 4

5.4 Special Factoring Techniques 393
Thus, there are two possible integer values for 5.4 Special Factoring Techniques
k : − 4 and 4.
90. Look for two integers whose product is

Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
2 ( −3) = −6 and whose sum is k. 1. (a) t 2 − 81 = t 2 − 92
= ( t + 9 )( t − 9 )
Factors of −6 Sums of Factors
−6, 1 −5 (b) The two terms do not have a common
factor. Because 10 is not the square of an
6, − 1 5 integer, this binomial is not a difference of
squares. It is a prime polynomial.
−3, 2 −1
(c) This binomial is the sum of two squares and
3, − 2 1 the terms have no common factor. Unlike
the difference of two squares, it cannot be
Thus, there are four possible integer values for factored. It is a prime polynomial.
k : − 5, − 1, 1, and 5. N1. (a) x 2 − 100 = x 2 − 102
91. Look for two integers whose product is = ( x + 10) ( x − 10)
2 ( 5) = 10 and whose sum is k.
(b) This binomial is the sum of two squares and
the terms have no common factor. Unlike
Factors of 10 Sums of Factors the difference of two squares, it cannot be
−10, − 1 −11 factored. It is a prime polynomial.
(c) The two terms do not have a common
10, 1 11
factor. Because 32 is not the square of an
−5, − 2 −7 integer, this binomial is not a difference of
squares. It is a prime polynomial.
5, 2 7
2. (a) 49 x 2 − 25 = ( 7 x ) − 52
2
Thus, there are four possible integer values for

= ( 7 x + 5 )( 7 x − 5)
k: −11, − 7, 7, and 11.
(b) 64a 2 − 81b 2 = ( 8a ) − ( 9b )
2 2
92. Look for two integers whose product is
3 ( 4 ) = 12 and whose sum is k . = ( 8a + 9b )( 8a − 9b )
N2. (a) 9t 2 − 100 = ( 3t ) − 102

2
−12, − 1 −13 = ( 3t + 10 )( 3t − 10 )
(b) 36a 2 − 49b2 = ( 6a ) − ( 7b )

12, 1 13 2 2
−6, − 2 −8 = ( 6a + 7b )( 6a − 7b )
6, 2 8
(
3. (a) 50r 2 − 32 = 2 25r 2 − 16 )
−4, − 3 −7
= 2[( 5r ) − 4 ]
2 2
4, 3 7 = 2 ( 5r + 4 )( 5r − 4 )
Thus, there are six possible integer values for
( ) − 10
2
k: −13, − 8, − 7, 7, 8, and 13. (b) z 4 − 100 = z 2 2
= ( z + 10 )( z
2 2
− 10 )

( ) −9
2
(c) z 4 − 81 = z 2 5. (a) x 2 − 24 x + 144 = ( x − 12 )
2 ? 2
= ( z + 9 )( z − 9 )
2 2 2 ⋅ x ⋅12 = 24 x, so this is a perfect square
trinomial, and x 2 − 24 x + 144 = ( x − 12 ) .
2
= ( z + 9 )( z − 3 )
2 2 2
= ( z + 9 ) ( z + 3)( z − 3) (b) 25 x 2 − 30 x + 9 = ( 5 x − 3)
2 ? 2
2 ⋅ 5 x ⋅ 3 = 30 x, so this is a perfect square

N3. (a) 16k 2 − 64 = 16 k 2 − 4( ) trinomial, and 25 x 2 − 30 x + 9 = ( 5 x − 3) .
2
= 16 ( k 2
− 22 )
(c) 36a 2 + 20a + 25 = ( 6a + 5)
? 2
= 16 ( k + 2 )( k − 2 )
2 ⋅ 6a ⋅ 5 = 60a ≠ 20a, so this is not a perfect
(b) m 4 − 144 = m ( ) − 12
2 2 2 square trinomial. The trinomial cannot be
factored even with the methods of the
= ( m + 12 )( m ) previous sections. It is prime.
2 2
− 12
(d) Factor out the greatest common factor, 2 x.
(c) v − 625 = v
4
( ) − 25
2 2 2
(
18 x 3 + 84 x 2 + 98 x = 2 x 9 x 2 + 42 x + 49 )
= ( v + 25 )( v − 25)
2 2
= 2 x (3x + 7 )
? 2
= ( v + 25 )( v − 5 )
2 2 2 2 ⋅ 3x ⋅ 7 = 42 x, so this is a perfect square
trinomial, and
= ( v + 25 ) ( v + 5 )( v − 5 )
( )
2
2 x 9 x 2 + 42 x + 49 = 2 x ( 3 x + 7 ) .
2
4. The term k 2 is a perfect square, and so is 100.

N5. (a) t 2 − 18t + 81 = ( t − 9 )
? 2
Try to factor the trinomial as
k 2 + 20k + 100 = ( k + 10 ) .
2 2 ⋅ t ⋅ 9 = 18t , so this is a perfect square
trinomial, and t 2 − 18t + 81 = ( t − 9 ) .
2
To check, take twice the product of the two
terms in the squared binomial.
2 ⋅ k ⋅ 10 = 20k (b) 4 p 2 − 28 p + 49 = ( 2 p − 7 )
? 2
Since 20k is the middle term of the trinomial, 2 ⋅ 2 p ⋅ 7 = 28 p, so this is a perfect square
the trinomial is a perfect square and can be
trinomial, and
factored as ( k + 10 ) . Thus,
2
4 p 2 − 28 p + 49 = ( 2 p − 7 ) .
2
k 2 + 20k + 100 = ( k + 10 ) .
2
(c) 9 x 2 + 6 x + 4 = ( 3x + 2 )
? 2
N4. The term y 2 is a perfect square, and so is 49.
2 ⋅ 3 x ⋅ 2 = 12 x ≠ 6 x, so this is not a perfect
Try to factor the trinomial as
square trinomial. The trinomial cannot be
y 2 + 14 y + 49 = ( y + 7 ) .
2
factored even with the methods of the
To check, take twice the product of the two previous sections. It is prime.
terms in the squared binomial.
2 ⋅ y ⋅ 7 = 14 y (d) 80 x3 + 120 x 2 + 45 x
Since 14 y is the middle term of the trinomial, Factor out the greatest common factor, 5 x.
the trinomial is a perfect square and can be 80 x3 + 120 x 2 + 45 x = 5 x(16 x 2 + 24 x + 9)
factored as ( y + 7 ) . Thus,
2
?
= 5 x(4 x + 3) 2
y + 14 y + 49 = ( y + 7 ) .
2
2 ⋅ 4 x ⋅ 3 = 24 x, so this is a perfect square
2
trinomial, and
( )
5 x 16 x 2 + 24 x + 9 = 5 x ( 4 x + 3) .
2

6. (a) x3 − 216 = x3 − 63 (c) 3k 3 − 192 = 3 k 3 − 64( )

Let x = x and y = 6 in the pattern for the
= 3(k −4 )3 3
difference of cubes.
(
x3 − y 3 = ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = 3( k − 4) ( k 2
+ k ⋅ 4 + 42 )
x3 − 63 = ( x − 6) ( x 2
+ x ⋅ 6 + 62 ) = 3( k − 4) ( k 2
+ 4k + 16 )
= ( x − 6) ( x 2
+ 6 x + 36 ) 125 x3 − 343 y 6
( )
3
= (5x ) − 7 y2
3
(b) 27 x3 − 8 = ( 3x ) − 23
3
(d) = ( 5 x − 7 y ) ⎡⎢( 5 x ) + 5 x ( 7 y ) + ( 7 y ) ⎤⎥
Let x = 3 x and y = 2 in the pattern for the 2 2 2 2 2
difference of cubes. ⎣ ⎦
x3 − y 3 = ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y 2 ( ) = ( 5 x − 7 y )( 25 x + 35 xy + 49 y )
2 2 2 4
( 3x )3 − 23 = ( 3x − 2 ) [( 3x )2 + 3x ⋅ 2 + 22 ] 7. (a) p3 + 64 = p 3 + 43
= (3x − 2 ) ( 9 x2 + 6 x + 4 ) Let x = p and y = 4 in the pattern for the
sum of cubes.
(c) 5 x3 − 5 = 5 x3 − 1 ( ) (
x3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) x 2 − xy + y 2 )
= 5( x −1 ) 3 3
p 3 + 43 = ( p + 4) ( p 2
− p ⋅ 4 + 42 )
= 5 ( x − 1) ( x 2
+ x ⋅1 + 12 ) = ( p + 4) ( p 2
− 4 p + 16 )
= 5 ( x − 1) ( x 2
+ x +1 ) (b) 27 x3 + 64 y 3
= ( 3x ) + ( 4 y )
3 3
(d) 64 x3 − 125 y 6
= ( 3 x + 4 y ) ⎡( 3 x ) − 3x ( 4 y ) + ( 4 y ) ⎤
( )
3 2 2
= ( 4x) − 5 y2
3
⎣ ⎦
= ( 4 x − 5 y ) ⎡⎢( 4 x ) + 4 x ( 5 y ) + ( 5 y ) ⎤⎥
2 2 2 2 2 (
= ( 3 x + 4 y ) 9 x 2 − 12 xy + 16 y 2 )
⎣ ⎦
(c) 512a 6 + b3
= ( 4 x − 5 y )(16 x + 20 xy + 25 y )
2 2 2 4
( ) +b
3
= 8a 2 3
N6. (a) a − 27 = a − 3
3 3 3
Let x = a and y = 3 in the pattern for the = (8a + b ) ⎡⎢( 8a ) − 8a ( b ) + b

2 2 2 2 2⎤
⎥⎦
⎣
= ( 8a + b )( 64a − 8a b + b )
difference of cubes. 2 4 2 2
(
x3 − y 3 = ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y 2 )
a −3
3 3
= ( a − 3) ( a 2
+ a ⋅3 + 3 ) 2 N7. (a) x3 + 125 = x3 + 53
Let x = x and y = 5 in the pattern for the
= ( a − 3) ( a 2
+ 3a + 9 ) sum of cubes.
(b) 8t 3 − 125 = ( 2t ) − 53
3 (
x3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) x 2 − xy + y 2 )
Let x = 2t and y = 5 in the pattern for the x3 + 53 = ( x + 5) ( x 2
− x ⋅5 + 5 ) 2
= ( x + 5) ( x − 5 x + 25 )
difference of cubes. 2
x 3 − y 3 = ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y 2 ( )
( 2t ) 3
− 5 = ( 2t − 5 ) [( 2t ) + 2t ⋅ 5 + 52 ]
3 2
= ( 2t − 5 ) 4t 2 + 10t + 25( )

(b) 27a 3 + 8b3 5. The student forgot that the terms both have a
factor of 4 that can be pulled out. The binomial
= ( 3a ) + ( 2b )
( )
3 3
can be factored as 4 x 2 + 16 = 4 x 2 + 4 . After
= ( 3a + 2b ) ⎡( 3a ) − 3a ( 2b ) + ( 2b ) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦ the common factor is removed, it is then a sum
( )
of squares and cannot be factored further.
= ( 3a + 2b ) 9a 2 − 6ab + 4b 2
6. The student's answer is not a complete
factorization because x 2 − 9 can be factored
Section Exercises
further. The correct complete factorization is
1. 12 = 1 22 = 4 32 = 9 ( )
k 4 − 81 = k 2 + 9 ( k + 3)( k − 3) .
4 = 16
2
5 = 25
2
6 = 36
2
7. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
7 = 49
2
8 = 64
2
92 = 81 factoring a difference of squares.
102 = 100 112 = 121 122 = 144 a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b) ( a − b)
132 = 169 142 = 196 152 = 225 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
162 = 256 17 2 = 289 182 = 324 y 2 − 25 = y 2 − 52 = ( y + 5) ( y − 5)
192 = 361 202 = 400 8. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
factoring a difference of squares.
2. The following powers of x are all perfect
a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b) ( a − b)
squares: x 2 , x 4 , x 6 , x8 , x10 . On the basis of this
observation, we may make a conjecture (an ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
educated guess) that if the power of a variable t − 36 = t − 6 = (t + 6) (t − 6)
2 2 2
is divisible by 2 (with 0 remainder), then we

have a perfect square. 9. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
3. The binomial in A is a difference of squares. x 2 − 144 = x 2 − 122
x 2 − 4 = x 2 − 22 = ( x + 12) ( x − 12)
= ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
The binomial in B is the sum of two squares
and the terms have no common factor. Unlike
the difference of two squares, it cannot be x 2 − 400 = x 2 − 202
factored. It is a prime polynomial. = ( x + 20) ( x − 20)
The two terms in the binomial in C do not have
a common factor. This binomial is not a 11. The two terms do not have a common factor.
difference of squares. It is a prime polynomial. Because 12 is not the square of an integer, this
The binomial in D is a difference of squares. binomial is not a difference of squares. It is a
9m 2 − 1 = 9m 2 − 12 prime polynomial.
= ( 3x + 1)( 3x − 1) 12. The two terms do not have a common factor.

Because 18 is not the square of an integer, this
4. Choice A cannot be factored since it is the sum binomial is not a difference of squares. It is a
of two squares. It is a prime polynomial. prime polynomial.
B can be factored.
13. This binomial is the sum of squares and the
(
x3 + x = x x 2 + 1 ) terms have no common factor. Unlike the
C can be factored. difference of squares, it cannot be factored. It is
( )
a prime polynomial.
3x 2 + 12 = 3 x 2 + 4
D cannot be factored since the two terms are terms have no common factor. Unlike the
the sum of squares and have no common difference of squares, it cannot be factored. It is
factors. a prime polynomial.

15. Factor out the GCF, 4. The resulting sum of 25. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
squares cannot be factored further. factoring a difference of squares.
4m 2 + 16 = 4(m 2 + 4) 81x 2 − 49 y 2 = ( 9 x ) − ( 7 y )
2 2
16. Factor out the GCF, 9. The resulting sum of = ( 9 x + 7 y )( 9 x − 7 y )

squares cannot be factored further.
9 x 2 + 81 = 9( x 2 + 9) factoring a difference of squares.
36 y 2 − 121z 2 = ( 6 y ) − (11z )
2 2
factoring a difference of squares. = ( 6 y + 11z )( 6 y − 11z )
9r 2 − 4 = (3r )2 − 22
= (3r + 2) (3r − 2) factoring a difference of squares.
18. To factor this binomial, use the rule for (
54 x 2 − 6 y 2 = 6 9 x 2 − y 2 )
= 6 ⎡( 3x ) − (1 y ) ⎤
2 2
4 x 2 − 9 = (2 x) 2 − 32 ⎣ ⎦
= (2 x + 3) (2 x − 3) = 6 ( 3 x + y )( 3 x − y )
19. First factor out the GCF, 4; then use the rule for 28. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
factoring the difference of squares. factoring a difference of squares.
36 x 2 − 16 = 4(9 x 2 − 4) (
48m 2 − 75n 2 = 3 16m 2 − 25n 2 )
= 4[(3x 2 ) − 22 ]
= 3 ⎡ ( 4 m ) − ( 5n ) ⎤
2 2
= 4(3x + 2) (3x − 2) ⎣ ⎦
= 3 ( 4m + 5n )( 4m − 5n )
20. First factor out the GCF, 8; then use the rule for
factoring the difference of squares. 29. This binomial is the sum of squares and the
32a − 8 = 8(4a − 1)
2 2 terms have no common factor. Unlike the
difference of squares, it cannot be factored. It is
= 8[(2a) 2 − 12 ] a prime polynomial.
= 8(2a + 1) (2a − 1)
21. To factor this binomial, use the rule for terms have no common factor. Unlike the
factoring a difference of squares. difference of squares, it cannot be factored. It is
a prime polynomial.
196 p 2 − 225 = (14 p )2 − 152
= (14 p + 15)(14 p − 15) 31. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
22. To factor this binomial, use the rule for 4 − x2 = ( 2) − ( x )
2 2
= ( 2 + x )( 2 − x )
361q 2 − 400 = (19q )2 − 202
= (19q + 20) (19q − 20) 32. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
25 − x 2 = ( 5 ) − ( x )
2 2
16r 2 − 25a 2 = (4r ) 2 − (5a )2 = ( 5 + x )( 5 − x )
= (4r + 5a) (4r − 5a) 33. To factor this binomial, use the rule for
36 − 25t 2 = ( 6 ) − ( 5t )
2 2
49m 2 − 100 p 2 = (7m)2 − (10 p)2 = ( 6 + 5t )( 6 − 5t )
= (7m + 10 p ) (7m − 10 p)

34. To factor this binomial, use the rule for 42. To factor this binomial completely, factor the
factoring a difference of squares. difference of squares twice.
16 − 49 p 2 = ( 4 ) − ( 7 p ) ( ) − 100
2 2 2
y 4 − 10, 000 = y 2 2
= ( 4 + 7 p )( 4 − 7 p )
= ( y + 100 )( y − 100 )
2 2
35. First factor out the GCF, x; then use the rule for
factoring the difference of squares. = ( y + 100 )( y − 10 )
2 2 2
(
x3 + 4 x = x x 2 + 4 ) = ( y + 100 ) ( y + 10 )( y − 10 )
2
36. First factor out the GCF, z. The resulting sum 43. To factor this binomial completely, factor the
of squares cannot be factored further.
difference of squares twice.
(
z 3 + 25 z = z z 2 + 25 ) ( ) − 16
p 4 − 256 = p 2
2 2
37. First factor out the GCF, x 2 , and then use the = ( p + 16 )( p − 16 )
2 2
rule for factoring the difference of squares.

= ( p + 16 )( p − 4 )
( )
2 2 2
x 4 − x2 = x 2 x 2 − 1
= x 2 ⎡( x ) − (1) ⎤
2 2 = ( p + 16 ) ( p + 4 )( p − 4 )
2
⎣ ⎦
= x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) 44. To factor this binomial completely, factor the
difference of squares twice.
38. First factor out the GCF, y 2 , and then use the
( ) −9
2
k 4 − 81 = k 2 2
rule for factoring the difference of squares.

= ( k + 9 )( k − 9 )
( )
2 2
y4 − 9 y2 = y2 y2 − 9
= ( k + 9 )( k − 3 )
2 2 2
= y 2 ⎡( y ) − ( 3) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦
= ( k + 9 ) ( k + 3)( k − 3)
2
= y 2 ( y + 3)( y − 3)
45. y 2 − 13y + 36 = ( y + 6 )
39. To factor this binomial, use the rule for ? 2
2 ⋅ y ⋅ 6 = 12 y ≠ −13 y, so A is not a perfect
p 4 − 49 = ( p 2 ) 2 − 7 2
square trinomial. The trinomial cannot be
= ( p 2 + 7 ) ( p 2 − 7) factored. It is prime.
B is a perfect square trinomial.
factoring a difference of squares. x 2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3)( x + 3) since
r 4 − 25 = ( r 2 ) 2 − 52 ( x + 3)( x + 3) = x 2 + 3x + 3x + 9
= (r 2 + 5) (r 2 − 5) = x2 + 6 x + 9
C is a perfect square trinomial.
41. To factor this binomial completely, factor the
difference of squares twice. 4 z 2 − 4 z + 1 = ( 2 z − 1)( 2 z − 1) since
( ) ( 2 z − 1)( 2 z − 1) = 4 z 2 − 2 z − 2 z + 1
2
x4 − 1 = x2 − 12
= 4z2 − 4z + 1
= (x 2
)( )
+ 1 x2 − 1
16m 2 + 10m + 1 = ( 4m + 1)
? 2
= (x 2
+ 1)( x − 1 ) 2 2
2 ⋅ m ⋅ 4 = 8m ≠ 10m, so D is not a perfect
= (x 2
+ 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1) square trinomial. The trinomial cannot be
factored. It is prime.
46. No, it is not a perfect square trinomial because
the middle term would have to be 30 y.

47. Find b so that x 2 + bx + 25 = ( x + 5) 2 . 57. First, factor out the GCF, 2.

Since ( x + 5)2 = x 2 + 10 x + 25, b = 10. (
2 x 2 + 24 x + 72 = 2 x 2 + 12 x + 36 )
Now factor x + 12 x + 36 as a perfect square
2
48. Find c so that 4m 2 − 12m + c = (2m − 3)2 .
trinomial.
Since (2m − 3) 2 = 4m 2 − 12m + 9, c = 9.
x 2 + 12 x + 36 = ( x + 6 )
2
49. Find a so that ay 2 − 12 y + 4 = (3 y − 2) 2 . The final factored form is

2 x 2 + 24 x + 72 = 2 ( x + 6 ) .
2
Since ( 3 y − 2 ) = 9 y 2 − 12 y + 4, a = 9.
2
58 First, factor out the GCF, 3.

50. Find b so that 100a 2 + ba + 9 = (10a + 3) 2 .
(
3 y 2 + 48 y + 192 = 3 y 2 + 16 y + 64 )
Since (10a + 3) = 100a 2 + 60a + 9, b = 60.
2
Now factor y 2 + 16 y + 64 as a perfect square

2 trinomial.
51. The first and last terms are perfect squares, w
y 2 + 16 y + 64 = ( y + 8 )
2
and 12. This trinomial is a perfect square, since
the middle term is twice the product of w and 1, The final factored form is
or 2 ⋅ w ⋅ 1 = 2 w. Therefore,
3 y 2 + 48 y + 192 = 3 ( y + 8 ) .
2
w + 2w + 1 = ( w + 1) .
2 2
59. The first and last terms are perfect squares,

52. The first and last terms are perfect squares, p 2 (2 x)2 and (3) 2 . The middle term is
and 22. This trinomial is a perfect square, since 2 ( 2 x )( 3) = 12 x. Therefore, the final factored
the middle term is twice the product of p and 2,
form is 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 = ( 2 x + 3) .
2
or 2 · p · 2 = 4 p. Therefore,
p 2 + 4 p + 4 = ( p + 2) 2 . 60. The first and last terms are perfect squares,
(5 x) 2 and (1) 2 . The middle term is
53. The first and last terms are perfect squares, x 2
2 ( 5 x )(1) = 10 x. Therefore, the final factored
and (−4) 2 . This trinomial is a perfect square,
form is 25 x 2 + 10 x + 1 = ( 5 x + 1) .
2
since the middle term is twice the product of x
and −4, or 2 ⋅ x ⋅ (−4) = −8 x. Therefore,
61. The first and last terms are perfect squares,
x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4) 2 . (4 x)2 and (−5)2 . The middle term is
54. The first and last terms are perfect squares, x 2 2(4 x)(−5) = −40 x. Therefore,
and (−5) . This trinomial is a perfect square,
2 16 x 2 − 40 x + 25 = (4 x − 5) 2 .
since the middle term is twice the product of x 62. The first and last terms are perfect squares,
and −5, or 2 ⋅ x ⋅ (−5) = − 10 x. Therefore,
(6 y )2 and (−5)2 . The middle term is
x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5)2 . 2(6 y )(−5) = − 60 y. Therefore,
36 y 2 − 60 y + 25 = ( 6 y − 5 ) .
2
55. x 2 − 10 x + 100 = ( x + 10 )
? 2
2 ⋅ x ⋅10 = 20 x ≠ −10 x, so this is not a perfect 63. The first and last terms are perfect squares,
square trinomial. The trinomial cannot be ( 7x )2 and ( −2 y )2 . The middle term is
factored even with the methods of the previous
sections. It is prime. 2 ( 7 x )( −2 y ) = − 28 xy. Therefore,
49 x 2 − 28 xy + 4 y 2 = ( 7 x − 2 y ) .
2
56. x 2 − 18x + 36 = ( x + 6 )
? 2
64. 4 z 2 − 12 zw + 9w2 = ( 2 z ) − 2 ( 2 z )( 3w ) + ( 3w )
2 2
2 ⋅ x ⋅ 6 = 12 x ≠ −18 x, so this is not a perfect
square trinomial. The trinomial cannot be = (2 z − 3w) 2
factored even with the methods of the previous
sections. It is prime.

65. 64 x 2 + 48 xy + 9 y 2 73. 13 = 1 23 = 8 33 = 27
= ( 8 x ) + 2 ( 8 x )( 3 y ) + ( 3 y ) 43 = 64 53 = 125 63 = 216
2 2
= (8 x + 3 y )2 73 = 343 83 = 512 93 = 729

103 = 1000
66. 9t 2 + 24tr + 16r 2 = ( 3t ) + 2 ( 3t )( 4r ) + ( 4r )
2 2
74. The following powers of x are all perfect cubes:

= ( 3t + 4r )
2
x3 , x 6 , x9 , x12 , x15 . On the basis of this
67. 50h 2 − 40hy + 8 y 2 observation, we may make a conjecture that if
( )
the power of a variable is divisible by 3 (with
= 2 25h 2 − 20hy + 4 y 2
0 remainder), then we have a perfect cube.
= 2 ⎡( 5h ) − 2 ( 5h )( 2 y ) + ( 2 y )
2 2⎤
⎣ ⎦ 75. The two terms in the binomial in A do not have
a common factor. This binomial is not a
= 2 ( 5h − 2 y )
2
difference of cubes. It is a prime polynomial.
The two terms in the binomial in B do not have
68. 18 x 2 − 48 xy + 32 y 2 a common factor. This binomial is not a
(
= 2 9 x 2 − 24 xy + 16 y 2 ) difference of cubes. It is a prime polynomial.
C is a difference of cubes.
= 2 ⎡( 3 x ) − 2 ( 3x )( 4 y ) + ( 4 y ) ⎤ x3 − 1 = ( x ) − (1)
2 2 3 3
⎣ ⎦
= 2 (3x − 4 y )
2 (
= ( x − 1) x 2 + x + 1 )
D is a difference of cubes.
69. First, factor out the GCF, k.
8 x3 − 27 y 4 = ( 2 x ) − ( 3 y )
3 3
4k − 4k + 9k = k 4k − 4k + 9
3 2
( 2
)
Since 4k 2 – 4k + 9 cannot be factored,
(
= ( 2 x − 3 y ) 4 x 2 + 6 xy + 9 y 2 )
( )
k 4k 2 – 4k + 9 is the final factored form. 76. A is a sum of cubes.
x3 + 1 = ( x ) + (1)
3 3
( )
70. First, factor out the GCF, r.
= ( x + 1) x 2 − x + 1
9r 3 − 6r 2 + 16r = r 9r 2 − 6r + 16 ( ) B does not have any common factors and 36 is
Since 9r 2 − 6r + 16 cannot be factored, not a perfect cube. It is not a sum of cubes.
( )
r 9r 2 − 6r + 16 is the final factored form.
The binomial C can be factored into the form of
( )
12 x3 + 27 = 3 4 x3 + 9 , but cannot be factored
2
71. First, factor out the GCF, z . anymore. 4 and 9 are not perfect cubes. It is not
25 z + 5 z + z = z
4 3 2 2
( 25z 2
+ 5z + 1 ) a sum of cubes.
D is a sum of cubes.
Since 25 z 2 + 5 z + 1 cannot be factored, 64 x3 + 216 y 3
( )
z 2 25 z 2 + 5 z + 1 is the final factored form. = ( 4x) + (6 y )
3 3
72. First, factor out the GCF, x 2 . (

= ( 4 x + 6 y ) 16 x 2 − 24 xy + 36 y 2 )
4 x 4 + 2 x3 + x 2 = x 2 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 ( ) 77. (a) Since x3 is not a perfect square, 4x3 is not
Since 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 cannot be factored, a perfect square. Since 4 is not a perfect
( )
x 2 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 is the final factored form.
cube, 4x3 is not a perfect cube.
( )
3
(b) 8 y 6 = 2 y 2 , so 8 y 6 is a perfect cube.
Since 8 is not a perfect square, 8 y 6 is not a
perfect square.

81. Let x = m and y = 2 in the pattern for the sum

( )
2
(c) 49 x12 = 7 x 6 , so 49x12 is a perfect
of cubes.
square. Since 49 is not a perfect cube,
49x 12
is not a perfect cube.
(
x3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) x 2 − xy + y 2 )
m +8 = m + 2
3 3 3
(d) 81r 10
( )
= 9r 5 2
, so 81r 10
is a perfect
(
= ( m + 2 ) m2 − m ⋅ 2 + 22 )
= ( m + 2) ( m )
square. It is not a perfect cube. 2
− 2m + 4
(e) 64 x y 6 12
(
= 8x y 3 6 2
) , so 64x y 6 12
is a
82. Let x = b and y = 1 in the pattern for the sum
perfect square. 64 x y 6 12
= 4x y ( 2 4 3
) , so of cubes.
64x6 y12 is also a perfect cube. Therefore, (

x3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) x 2 − xy + y 2 )
the answer is “both of these.” b3 + 1 = b3 + 13
(f) 125t 6 = 5t 2 ( ) , so 125t

3 6
is a perfect cube. (
= ( b + 1) b 2 − b ⋅1 + 12 )
Since 125 is not a perfect square, 125t 6 is = ( b + 1) ( b 2
− b +1 )
not a perfect square.
83. Factor y 3 − 216 as the difference of cubes.
78. From the results of Exercises 2 and 4, we see
y 3 − 216 = y 3 − 63
that for x n to be both a perfect square and a
perfect cube, n must be divisible by 2 and by 3 (
= ( y − 6 ) y 2 + 6 y + 62 )
(with 0 remainder). This means that the
exponent n must be divisible by 6 (with 0 = ( y − 6) ( y 2
+ 6 y + 36 )
remainder).
79. Let x = a and y = 1 in the pattern for the 84. Factor x3 − 343 as the difference of cubes.
difference of cubes. x3 − 343 = x3 − 73
(
x3 − y 3 = ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y 2 ) (
= ( x − 7 ) x2 + 7 x + 72 )
3
a −1 = a −1 3 3
= ( x − 7) ( x 2
+ 7 x + 49 )
(
= ( a − 1) a + a ⋅ 1 + 1
2 2
) 85. Factor k 3 + 1000 as the sum of cubes.
= ( a − 1) ( a )
2
+ a +1 k 3 + 1000 = k 3 + 103
80. Let x = m and y = 2 in the pattern for the (
= ( k + 10 ) k 2 − 10k + 102 )
= ( k + 10 ) ( k − 10k + 100 )
difference of cubes. 2
(
x3 − y 3 = ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y 2 )
m 3 − 8 = m 3 − 23 86. Factor p3 + 512 as the sum of cubes.
(
= ( m − 2 ) m2 + m ⋅ 2 + 22 ) p3 + 512 = p 3 + 83
( )
2
= ( m − 2) ( m = ( p + 8) p 2 − 8 p + 8
2
+ 2m + 4 )
= ( p + 8) ( p 2
− 8 p + 64 )
87. Factor 27 x3 − 64 as the difference of cubes.
27 x3 − 64 = ( 3x ) − 43
3
= (3 x − 4 ) ⎡ ( 3 x ) + 3 x ⋅ 4 + 4 2 ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
(
= ( 3x − 4 ) 9 x 2 + 12 x + 16 )

88. Factor 64 y 3 − 27 as the difference of cubes. 94. Factor w3 − 216 z 3 as the difference of cubes.
64 y 3 − 27 = ( 4 y ) − 33 w3 − 216 z 3 = w3 − ( 6 z )
3 3
= ( 4 y − 3) ⎡( 4 y ) + 4 y·3 + 32 ⎤ = ( w − 6 z ) ⎡ w2 + w ( 6 z ) + ( 6 z ) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(
= ( 4 y − 3) 16 y 2 + 12 y + 9 ) (
= ( w − 6 z ) w2 + 6wz + 36 z 2 )
89. Factor out the GCF, 6, and then factor as the 95. Factor out the GCF, 2, and then factor as the
sum of cubes. difference of cubes.
( )
6 p3 + 6 = 6 p3 + 1 (
2 x3 − 16 y 3 = 2 x3 − 8 y 3 )
= 6 ( p3 + 13 ) = 2 ⎡ x3 − ( 2 y ) ⎤
3
⎣ ⎦
= 6 ( p + 1) ( p 2 − p ⋅1 + 12 )
= 2 ( x − 2 y ) ⎡ x2 + x ⋅ 2 y + ( 2 y ) ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
= 6 ( p + 1) ( p − p + 1)
( )
2
= 2 ( x − 2 y ) x 2 + 2 xy + 4 y 2
90. Factor out the GCF, 3, and then factor as the
sum of cubes. 96. Factor out the GCF, 27, and then factor as the
( )
difference of cubes.
81x3 + 3 = 3 27 x3 + 1
27 w3 − 216 z 3
= 3 ⎡( 3x ) + 13 ⎤ ( )
3
⎣ ⎦ = 27 w3 − 8 z 3
= 3 ( 3x + 1) ⎡( 3x ) − (3x) ⋅1 + 1 3⎤
= 27 ⎡ w3 − ( 2 z ) ⎤
2 3
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(
= 3 ( 3x + 1) 9 x 2 − 3 x + 1 ) = 27 ( w − 2 z ) ⎡ w + w ⋅ 2 z + ( 2 z ) ⎤
⎣
2 2
⎦
sum of cubes.
(
= 27 ( w − 2 z ) w2 + 2wz + 4 z 2 )
(
5 x3 + 40 = 5 x3 + 8 ) 97. Factor 8 p3 + 729q 3 as the sum of cubes.
= 5( x 3
+ 23 ) 8 p3 + 729q3
= ( 2 p ) + ( 9q )
3 3
(
= 5 ( x + 2 ) x 2 − x ⋅ 2 + 22 )
= ( 2 p + 9q ) ⎡( 2 p ) − 2 p ⋅ 9q + ( 9 q ) ⎤
2 2
= 5 ( x + 2) ( x 2
− 2x + 4 ) ⎣ ⎦

(
= ( 2 p + 9q ) 4 p 2 − 18 pq + 81q 2 )
sum of cubes.
98. Factor 64 x3 + 125 y 3 as the sum of cubes.
(
128 y 3 + 54 = 2 64 y 3 + 27 ) 64 x3 + 125 y 3
= 2 ⎡( 4 y ) + 33 ⎤
3
= ( 4x) + (5 y )
3 3
⎣ ⎦
= 2 ( 4 y + 3) ⎡( 4 y ) − 4 y ⋅ 3 + 32 ⎤ = ( 4 x + 5 y ) ⎡( 4 x ) − 4 x ⋅ 5 y + ( 5 y ) ⎤
2 2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(
= 2 ( 4 y + 3) 16 y 2 − 12 y + 9 ) (
= ( 4 x + 5 y ) 16 x 2 − 20 xy + 25 y 2 )
93. Factor y 3 − 8 x3 as the difference of cubes. 99. Factor 27a 3 + 64b3 as the sum of cubes.
y 3 − 8 x3 = y 3 − ( 2 x ) 27a 3 + 64b3
3
= ( y − 2x ) ⎡ y2 + y ( 2x) + ( 2x ) ⎤ = ( 3a ) + ( 4b )
2 3 3
⎣ ⎦
= ( 3a + 4b ) ⎡( 3a ) − 3a·4b + ( 4b ) ⎤
( )
2 2
= ( y − 2 x ) y 2 + 2 yx + 4 x 2 ⎣ ⎦
(
= ( 3a + 4b ) 9a 2 − 12ab + 16b 2 )
100. Factor 125m3 + 8 p3 as the sum of cubes. 106. Factor 1000r 6 + 27 s 3 as the sum of cubes.
125m3 + 8 p3 1000r 6 + 27 s 3
= ( 5m ) + ( 2 p ) ( ) + ( 3s )
3 3 3 3
= 10r 2
= ( 5m + 2 p ) ⎡ ( 5m ) − 5m ⋅ 2 p + ( 2 p ) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦ = (10r + 3s ) ⎡⎢(10r ) − 10r ( 3s ) + ( 3s ) ⎤⎥
2 2
2 2 2
⎣ ⎦
(
= ( 5m + 2 p ) 25m 2 − 10mp + 4 p 2 ) = (10r + 3s )(100r − 30r s + 9s )
2 4 2 2
101. Factor 125t 3 + 8s 3 as the sum of cubes.

107. Factor x9 + y 9 as the sum of cubes.
125t 3 + 8s 3
x9 + y 9
= ( 5t ) + ( 2 s )
3 3
( ) +(y )
3 3 3
= x3
= ( 5t + 2s ) ⎡( 5t ) − 5t ⋅ 2s + ( 2s ) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦
= ( x + y ) ⎡⎢( x ) − x ( y ) + ( y ) ⎤⎥
3 2 3 2
( )
3 3 3 3
= ( 5t + 2s ) 25t 2 − 10ts + 4s 2 ⎣ ⎦
= ( x + y ) ( x − xy + y )( x − x y + y )
2 2 6 3 3 6
102. Factor 27r 3 + 1000 s 3 as the sum of cubes.
27r 3 + 1000s 3 108. Factor x9 − y 9 as the difference of cubes.
= ( 3r ) + (10 s )
3 3
x9 − y 9
= ( 3r + 10s ) ⎡( 3r ) − 3r ⋅10 s + (10 s ) ⎤ ( ) −(y )
2 2 3 3 3
⎣ ⎦ = x3
(
= ( 3r + 10s ) 9r 2 − 30rs + 100s 2 ) = ( x − y ) ⎡⎢( x ) + x ( y ) + ( y ) ⎤⎥
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
⎣ ⎦
103. Factor 8 x3 − 125 y 6 as the difference of cubes. = ( x − y ) ( x + xy + y )( x + x y + y )
2 2 6 3 3 6
8 x3 − 125 y 6
2
( ) 1 ⎛1⎞
3
= ( 2x) − 5 y2
3
109. p2 − = p2 − ⎜ ⎟
9 ⎝ 3⎠
= ( 2 x − 5 y ) ⎡⎢( 2 x ) + 2 x ( 5 y ) + ( 5 y ) ⎤⎥ 2 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
2 2 2
⎣ ⎦ = ⎜ p + ⎟⎜ p − ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3⎠
= ( 2 x − 5 y )( 4 x + 10 xy + 25 y )
2 2 2 4
2
1 ⎛1⎞
110. q 2 − = q2 − ⎜ ⎟
104. Factor 27t 3 − 64 s 6 as the difference of cubes. 4 ⎝2⎠
27t 3 − 64 s 6 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ q + ⎟⎜ q − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
= ( 3t ) − 4s 23
3
( )
= 3t − 4s 2 ⎡⎢( 3t ) + 3t ( 4 s ) + 4s 2 ( ) ⎤⎥⎦
2 2
2 2 16 2 ⎛4⎞
111. 36m 2 − = ( 6m ) − ⎜ ⎟
⎣ 25 ⎝5⎠
= ( 3t − 4s )( 9t 2 2
+ 12ts 2 + 16s ) 4
⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 4⎞
= ⎜ 6m + ⎟ ⎜ 6m − ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5⎠
105. Factor 27m6 + 8n3 as the sum of cubes.
2
27m6 + 8n3 4 2 ⎛2⎞
112. 100b 2 − = (10b ) − ⎜ ⎟
49 ⎝7⎠
( ) + ( 2n )
3 3
= 3m 2
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 2⎞
= ⎜10b + ⎟ ⎜10b − ⎟
= ( 3m + 2n ) ⎢⎡( 3m ) − 3m ( 2n ) + ( 2n ) ⎤⎥ 2 2 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
2 2 2 7 7
⎣ ⎦
113. x 2 − 0.64 = x 2 − ( 0.8 )
2
= ( 3m + 2n )( 9m − 6m n + 4n )
2 4 2 2
= ( x + 0.8 ) ( x − 0.8)

y 2 − 0.36 = y 2 − ( 0.6 )
2 1
114. 120. Factor x3 + as the sum of cubes.
= ( y + 0.6 )( y − 0.6 ) 64
3
1 ⎛1⎞
1 x3 + = x3 + ⎜ ⎟
115. t 2 is a perfect square, and is a perfect 64 ⎝4⎠
4
1 ⎞⎡ ⎛1⎞ ⎤
2
1 1 1 ⎛ 1
square since ⋅ = . The middle term is = ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎢ x2 − x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 2 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦
1 ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
twice the product of t and , or t = 2 ( t ) ⎜ ⎟ . 1
= ⎜ x + ⎟⎜ x 2 − x + ⎟
2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 16 ⎠
2
1 ⎛ 1⎞
Therefore, t 2 + t + = ⎜t + ⎟ . 121. Factor as the difference of squares. Substitute
4 ⎝ 2⎠ into the rule using x = m + n and y = m − n.
116. The first and last terms are perfect squares, m 2 ( m + n )2 − ( m − n )2

⎛1⎞
2 = ⎡⎣( m + n ) + ( m − n ) ⎤⎦ ⋅ ⎡⎣( m + n ) − ( m − n ) ⎤⎦
and ⎜ ⎟ . The trinomial is a perfect square,
⎝3⎠ = ( 2m )( 2n )
⎛1⎞ 2 = 4mn
since the middle term is 2 ⋅ m ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = m.
⎝ 3⎠ 3 122. Factor as the difference of two cubes.
2
2 1 ⎛ 1⎞ Substitute into the rule using x = a − b and
Therefore, m 2 + m + = ⎜ m + ⎟ .
3 9 ⎝ 3⎠ y = a + b.
117. The first and last terms are perfect squares, x 2 ( a − b )3 − ( a + b )3

and ( −0.9 ) . The trinomial is a perfect square, = ⎡⎣( a − b ) − ( a + b ) ⎤⎦ ⎡( a − b )
2 2
⎣
since the middle term is 2· x·( −0.9 ) = −1.8 x.
+ ( a − b )( a + b ) + ( a + b ) ⎤
2
⎦
Therefore, x − 1.8 x + 0.81 = ( x − 0.9 ) .
2 2
2
(
= ( a − b − a − b ) ⎡ a 2 − 2ab + b2
⎣ )
118. The first and last terms are perfect squares, y
and ( −0.7 ) . The trinomial is a perfect square,
2 ( ) (
+ a 2 − b2 + a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ⎤
⎦ )
since the middle term is 2 ( y )( −0.7 ) = − 1.4 y. (
= −2b 3a 2 + b 2 )
Therefore, y 2 − 1.4 y + 0.49 = ( y − 0.7 ) .
2
123. This expression can be factored by grouping.
m 2 − p 2 + 2m + 2 p
1
119. Factor x3 + as the sum of cubes. = ( m + p )( m − p ) + 2 ( m + p )
8
3 = ( m + p )( m − p + 2 )
1 ⎛1⎞
x3 + = x3 + ⎜ ⎟
8 ⎝2⎠ 124. First factor out the GCF, 3.
⎛ 1⎞⎡ 1 ⎛1⎞
= ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎢ x2 − x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2⎤
(
3r − 3k + 3r 2 − 3k 2 = 3 r − k + r 2 − k 2 )
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ Now factor r − k + r − k by grouping,
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1⎞ noting that r 2 − k 2 is the difference of squares.

= ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎜ x2 − x + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 4⎠ r − k + r 2 − k 2 = 1( r − k ) + ( r + k )( r − k )
= ( r − k ) ⎡⎣1 + ( r + k ) ⎤⎦
= ( r − k )(1 + r + k )
Therefore,
3r − 3k + 3r 2 − 3r 2 = 3 ( r − k )(1 + r + k ) .

Summary Exercises Recognizing and Applying Factoring Strategies 405
Summary Exercises Recognizing and 3. 16m 2 n + 24mn − 40mn 2 = 8mn ( 2m + 3 − 5n )

Applying Factoring Strategies Match with choice A. [Factor out the GCF; no
further factoring is possible.]
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
4. 64a 2 − 121b 2 = ( 8a ) − (11b )
2 2
1. Factor by grouping.
= ( 8a + 11b )( 8a − 11b )
6m 2 − 11m − 10 = ( 3m + 2 )( 2m − 5 )
Match with choice B. [Factor a difference of
N1. Factor out the GCF, 3. Then factor by grouping. squares.]
24m 2 − 42my + 9 y 2 = 3 8m 2 − 13my + 3 y 2 ( ) 5. The first and last terms are perfect squares,
= 3 ( 4m − y )( 2m − 3 y ) ( 6 p )2 and ( −5q )2 . The middle term is
2 ( 6 p )( −5q ) = − 60 pq. Therefore,
2. Factor out the GCF, 2. Then factor by grouping.
( ) 36 p 2 − 60 pq + 25q 2 = ( 6 p − 5q ) . Match
2
32 x 2 + 80 x + 50 = 2 16 x 2 + 40 x + 25
with choice E. [Factor a perfect square
= 2 ( 4 x + 5)( 4 x + 5) trinomial.]
= 2 ( 4 x + 5)
2
6. Match with choice I. [The polynomial is
prime.]
3. Factor out the GCF, 5. Then factor the
difference of squares. 7. Factor 8r 3 − 125 as the difference of cubes.
45 x − 20 y = 5 9 x − 4 y
2 2
( 2 2
) 8r 3 – 125 = ( 2r ) − 53
3
= 5 ⎡( 3 x ) − ( 2 y ) ⎤
2 2
= ( 2r − 5 ) ⎡( 2r ) + 2r ( 5 ) + 52 ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= 5 ( 3 x − 2 y )( 3x + 2 y )
(
= ( 2r − 5 ) 4r 2 + 10r + 25 )
4. The trinomial cannot be factored, so it is prime. Match with choice C. [Factor a difference of
5. Factor out the GCF, 5. Then factor the cubes.]
difference of cubes. 8. Factor by grouping.
(
2 x − 54 = 2 x − 27
3 3
) ( ) (
x 6 + 4 x 4 − 3x 2 − 12 = x6 + 4 x 4 + −3x 2 − 12 )
(
= 2 ( x − 3) x + 3 x + 9 2
) = x ( x + 4) − 3( x
4 2 2
+4 )
Exercises = ( x + 4 )( x − 3)
2 4
(
1. 12 x 2 + 20 x + 8 = 4 3x 2 + 5 x + 2 ) Match with choice F. [Factor by grouping.]
= 4 ( 3x + 2 )( x + 1) 9. Match with choice I. [The polynomial is
Match with choice G. [Factor out the GCF; then prime.]
factor a trinomial by grouping or trial and 10. The first and last terms are perfect squares,
error.]
( z )2 and (12) 2 . The middle term is
2. Look for a pair of numbers whose product is 72
2 ( z )(12 ) = 24 z. Therefore,
and whose sum is −17. The numbers are −8
and −9, so z 2 − 24 z + 144 = ( z − 12) 2 . Match with choice
x 2 − 17 x + 72 = ( x − 8)( x − 9). E. [Factor a perfect square trinomial.]
Match with choice H. [Factor into two 11. a 2 − 4a − 12 = ( a − 6 )( a + 2 )
binomials by finding two integers whose
product is the constant in the trinomial and 12. a 2 + 17 a + 72 = ( a + 8 )( a + 9 )
whose sum is the coefficient of the middle
term.]
(
13. 6 y 2 − 6 y − 12 = 6 y 2 − y − 2 )
= 6 ( y − 2 )( y + 1)

(
14. 7 y 6 + 4 y 5 − 68 y 4 = 7 y 4 y 2 + 2 y − 24 ) 30. 9 y 2 + 12 y − 5 = 9 y 2 + 15 y − 3 y − 5
= 3 y ( 3 y + 5 ) − 1( 3 y + 5 )
= 7 y 4 ( y + 6 )( y − 4 )
= ( 3 y + 5 )( 3 y − 1)
15. Factor out the GCF.
6a + 12b + 18c = 6 ( a + 2b + 3c ) 31. 16 x + 20 = 4(4 x + 5)
16. m 2 − 3mn − 4n2 = ( m − 4n )( m + n ) 32. m 2 + 2m − 15 = ( m + 5)( m − 3)
33. Factor by grouping. Find two integers whose

17. p 2 − 17 p + 66 = ( p − 11)( p − 6 )
product is 6 ( −4 ) = − 24 and whose sum is −5.
18. z 2 − 6 z + 7 z − 42 The integers are −8 and 3.
= z ( z − 6) + 7( z − 6) 6 y2 − 5 y − 4 = 6 y2 − 8 y + 3y − 4
= ( z − 6 ) ( z + 7) = 2 y ( 3 y − 4 ) + 1( 3 y − 4 )
= ( 3 y − 4 )( 2 y + 1)
19. Use the grouping method. Look for two
integers whose product is 10 ( −6 ) = −60 and 34. m 2 − 81 = ( m + 9 )( m − 9 )
whose sum is −7. The integers are −12 and 5.
10 z 2 − 7 z − 6 = 10 z 2 − 12 z + 5 z − 6 35. 6 z 2 + 31z + 5 = (6 z + 1) ( z + 5)
= 2 z ( 5 z − 6 ) + 1( 5 z − 6 ) 36. Factor by grouping. Look for two integers

= ( 5 z − 6 )( 2 z + 1) whose product is 12 ( −4 ) = − 48 and whose
sum is 47. The integers are −1 and 48.
2
(
20. 2m − 10m − 48 = 2 m − 5m − 24 2
) 12 x 2 + 47 x – 4 = 12 x 2 − x + 48 x – 4
= 2 ( m − 8 )( m + 3) ( )
= 12 x 2 − x + ( 48 x − 4 )
= x (12 x − 1) + 4 (12 x − 1)
(
21. 17 x3 y 2 + 51xy = 17 xy x 2 y + 3 ) = (12 x − 1)( x + 4 )
22. 15 y + 5 = 5(3 y + 1)
37. 4k 2 − 2k + 9 = ( 2k ) − 2 ⋅ 2k ⋅ 3 + 32
2
23. 8a − 8a − 48a = 8a a − a − 6
5 4 3 3
( 2
) = ( 2k − 3)
2
= 8a3 ( a − 3)( a + 2 )
38. 8 p 2 + 23 p − 3 = 8 p 2 + 24 p − p − 3
24. Use the grouping method. = 8 p ( p + 3 ) − 1( p + 3 )
8k 2 − 10k − 3 = 8k 2 − 12k + 2k − 3 = ( p + 3)( 8 p − 1)
= 4k ( 2k − 3 ) + 1( 2k − 3 )
= ( 2k − 3)( 4k + 1) (
39. 54m 2 − 24 z 2 = 6 9m 2 − 4 z 2 )
= 6 ⎡( 3m ) − ( 2 z ) ⎤
2 2
25. z 2 − 3za − 10a 2 = ( z − 5a)( z + 2a) ⎣ ⎦
= 6 ( 3m + 2 z )( 3m − 2 z )
(
26. 50 z 2 − 100 = 50 z 2 − 2 )
40. 8m 2 − 2m − 3 = 8m 2 − 6m + 4m − 3
27. x 2 − 4 x − 5 x + 20 = x(x − 4) − 5(x − 4)
= 2m ( 4m − 3 ) + 1( 4m − 3 )
= x − 4 x − 5 x + 20
2
= ( 4m − 3)( 2m + 1)
28. The trinomial cannot be factored, it is prime.
41. 3k 2 + 4k − 4 = ( 3k − 2 )( k + 2 )
29. 6n − 19n + 10 = ( 3n − 2 )( 2n − 5)
2
42. 8a3 − 27 = ( 2a ) − 33
3
(
= ( 2a − 3 ) 4a 2 + 6a + 9 )

Summary Exercises Recognizing and Applying Factoring Strategies 407
43. 14k 3 + 7k 2 − 70k = 7k 2k 2 + k − 10 ( ) 56. z 2 − 12 z + 36 = z 2 − 2·6 z + 62
= 7k ( 2k + 5 )( k − 2 ) = ( z − 6)
2
44. 5 + r − 5s − rs = 1( 5 + r ) − s ( 5 + r ) 57. Factor by grouping. Look for two integers

whose product is 15 ( −14 ) = − 210 and whose
= ( 5 + r )(1 − s )
sum is 11. The integers are 21 and −10.
( ) −4 15h2 + 11hg − 14 g 2
2
45. y 4 − 16 = y 2 2
= 15h 2 + 21hg − 10hg − 14 g 2

= ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
2 2
= 3h ( 5h + 7 g ) − 2 g ( 5h + 7 g )
= ( y + 4 ) ( y + 2 )( y − 2 )
2
= ( 5h + 7 g )( 3h − 2 g )
46. The binomial cannot be factored, it is prime. (

58. 5 z 3 − 45 z 2 + 70 z = 5 z z 2 − 9 z + 14 )
47. 8m − 16m = 8m (1 − 2m )
2
= 5 z ( z − 7 )( z − 2 )
48. k 2 − 16 = ( k + 4 )( k − 4 ) 59. k 2 − 11k + 30 = ( k − 5)( k − 6 )
49. Factor z 3 − 8 as the difference of cubes. (

60. 64 p 2 − 100m 2 = 4 16 p 2 − 25m 2 )
z 3 − 8 = z 3 − 23
= 4 ⎡ ( 4 p ) − ( 5m ) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦
(
= ( z − 2 ) z 2 + z·2 + 22 ) = 4 ( 4 p + 5m )( 4 p − 5m )
= ( z − 2) ( z 2
+ 2z + 4 )
61. 3k 3 − 12k 2 − 15k = 3k k 2 – 4k − 5( )
50. y − y − 56 = ( y − 8 )( y + 7 )
2
= 3k ( k − 5 )( k + 1)
51. k 2 + 9 cannot be factored because it is the sum 62. y 2 − 4 yk − 12k 2 = ( y − 6k )( y + 2k )

of squares with no GCF. The expression is
63. 1000 p3 + 27 = (10 p ) + 33
3
prime.
52. 27 p10 − 45 p9 − 252 p8 = (10 p + 3) ⎡(10 p ) − 10 p·3 + 32 ⎤

2
⎣ ⎦
(
= 9 p8 3 p 2 − 5 p − 28 ) (
= (10 p + 3) 100 p 2 − 30 p + 9 )
= 9 p8 (3 p 2
− 12 p + 7 p − 28 )
64. 64r 3 − 343 = ( 4r ) − 73
3
= 9 p ⎡⎣3 p ( p − 4 ) + 7 ( p − 4 ) ⎤⎦
8
= ( 4r − 7 ) ⎡( 4r ) + 4r ·7 + 7 2 ⎤
2
= 9p 8
( p − 4 )( 3 p + 7 ) ⎣ ⎦
(
= ( 4r − 7 ) 16r 2 + 28r + 49 )
53. 32m + 16m + 24m = 8m 4m + 2m + 3
9 5 3 3
( 6 2
)
65. 6 + 3m + 2 p + mp = ( 6 + 3m ) + ( 2 p + mp )
54. 8m3 + 125 = ( 2m ) + 53 = 3(2 + m) + p (2 + m)
3
= ( 2 m + 5 ) ⎡ ( 2 m ) − 2 m ⋅ 5 + 52 ⎤
2 = ( 2 + m )( 3 + p )
⎣ ⎦
(
= ( 2m + 5 ) 4m 2 − 10m + 25 ) 66. 2m 2 + 7mn − 15n 2 = 2m 2 + 10mn − 3mn − 15n 2
= 2m ( m + 5n ) − 3n ( m + 5n )
55. 16r 2 + 24rm + 9m 2 = ( 4r ) + 2·4r ·3m + ( 3m ) = ( m + 5n )( 2m − 3n )
2 2
= ( 4r + 3m )
2
67. 16 z 2 − 8 z + 1 = ( 4 z ) − 2·4 z·1 + 12
2
= ( 4 z − 1)
2

68. a 4 − 625 = ( a ) − ( 5 ) 80. 16k 2 − 48k + 36 = 4(4k 2 − 2k + 9)

4 4
(
= a 2 + 25 a 2 − 25)( ) = 4 ⎡( 2k ) − 2 ( 2k )( 3) + 32 ⎤
⎣
2
⎦
= (a 2
+ 25 ) ( a + 5 )( a − 5 ) = 4 ( 2k − 3 )
2
69. 108m 2 − 36m + 3 = 3 36m 2 − 12m + 1 ( ) 81. 20 + 5m + 12n + 3mn = ( 4 + m )( 5 + 3n )
= 3 ( 6m − 1) 82. 72 y 3 z 2 + 12 y 2 − 24 y 4 z 2
2
70. 100a 2 − 8 y 2 = (10a) 2 − (9 y )2

(
= 12 y 2 6 yz 2 + 1 − 2 y 2 z 2 )
= (10a + 9 y )(10a − 9 y ) 83. 8k 2 − 2kh − 3h 2 = 8k 2 − 6kh + 4kh − 3h2
71. x 2 − xy + y 2 is prime. The middle term would = 2k ( 4k − 3h ) + h ( 4k − 3h )
have to be +2xy or −2xy in order to make this = ( 4k − 3h )( 2k + h )
a perfect square trinomial.
84. 2a 2 − 7a − 30 = 2a 2 − 12a + 5a − 30
72. 4 y 2 − 25 = ( 2 y ) − 52 = 2a ( a − 6 ) + 5 ( a − 6 )
2
= ( 2 y + 5 )( 2 y − 5 ) = ( a − 6 )( 2a + 5)
73. 32 z 3 + 56 z 2 − 16 z = 8 z 4 z 2 + 7 z − 2 ( ) (
85. 2 x3 + 128 = 2 x3 + 64 )
= 8 z ( 4 z − 1)( z + 2 ) = 2(x 3
+4 )3
74. 10m 2 + 25m − 60 = 5 2m 2 + 5m − 12 ( ) = 2 ( x + 4) ( x 2

− x·4 + 42 )
= 5 ( 2m 2
+ 8m − 3m − 12 ) = 2 ( x + 4) ( x 2
− 4 x + 16 )
= 5 ⎡⎣ 2m ( m + 4 ) − 3 ( m + 4 ) ⎤⎦
86. 45a3b5 − 60a 4 b 2 + 75a 6 b4
= 5 ( m + 4 )( 2m − 3)
(
= 15 3a3b5 − 4a 4 b 2 + 5a 6 b4 )
75. 64m − 80mn + 25n = ( 8n − 5n ) ( )
2 2 2
= 15a 3b2 3b3 − 4a + 5a3b 2
76. 4 − 2q − 6 p + 3 pq = 2 ( 2 − q ) − 3 p ( 2 − q )
87. 10 y 2 − 7 yz − 6 z 2 = 10 y 2 − 12 yz + 5 yz − 6 z 2
= ( 2 − q )( 2 − 3 p ) = 2 y (5 y − 6z ) + z (5 y − 6z )
= ( 5 y − 6 z )( 2 y + z )
77. 6a 2 + 10a − 4 = 2 3a 2 + 5a − 2 ( )
= 2 ( 3a − 1)( a + 2 ) 88. m 2 − 4m + 4 = m 2 − 2·2m + 22
= ( m − 2)
2
78. 36 y 6 − 42 y 5 − 20 y 4
(
= 6 y 4 6 y 2 − 7 y − 20 ) 89. 8a 2 + 23ab − 3b 2 = 8a 2 + 24ab − ab − 3b 2
= 8a ( a + 3b ) − b ( a + 3b )
= 6 y4 (6 y 2
− 15 y + 8 y − 20 ) = ( a + 3b )( 8a − b )
= 6 y 4 ⎡⎣3 y ( 2 y − 5 ) + 4 ( 2 y − 5 ) ⎤⎦
90. 125m 4 − 400m3 n + 195m 2 n 2
= 6 y 4 (2 y − 5) ( 3 y + 4 )
79. The trinomial cannot be factored, it is prime.

(
= 5 25m 4 − 80m3 n + 39m 2 n 2 )
(
= 5m 2 25m 2 − 80mn + 39n2 )
= 5m 2 ( 5m − 3n )( 5m − 13n )

5.5 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Zero-Factor Property 409
5.5 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the (b) x 2 = x + 30

Zero-Factor Property x 2 − x − 30 = 0
( x + 5)( x − 6) = 0 Factor.
5.5 Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
x + 5 = 0 or x − 6 = 0
1. (a) By the zero-factor property, either
x = −5 or x=6
2 x + 3 = 0 or 5 x + 7 = 0. The equation
Check the solutions by substituting in the
3
2 x + 3 = 0 gives the solution x = − ; original equation. The solution set is
2 {−5, 6}.
7
5 x + 7 = 0 gives x = − . Check both N2. Rewrite in standard form by adding 3t to each
5
side and subtracting 18 from each side.
3
solutions by substituting first − and then t 2 + 3t − 18 = 0
2
7 ( t − 3)( t + 6 ) = 0
− for x in the original equation. The
5 t − 3 = 0 or t + 6 = 0
⎧ 3 7⎫ t = 3 or t = −6
solution set is ⎨ − , − ⎬ .
⎩ 2 5⎭ The solution set is {−6, 3} .
(b) By the zero-factor property, either x = 0 or
3. 3m 2 − 9m = 30
2 x + 4 = 0, so the solutions are x = 0 and
x = −2. Check each solution in the original 3m 2 − 9m − 30 = 0 Standard form
equation. The solution set is {0, − 2}. (
3 m − 3m − 10 = 0
2
) Factor out 3.
N1. (a) By the zero-factor property, either m 2 − 3m − 10 = 0 Divide by 3.

x − 4 = 0 or 3 x + 1 = 0. The equation ( m + 2 ) (m − 5) = 0 Factor.
x − 4 = 0 gives the solution x = 4; m + 2 = 0 or m − 5 = 0
1 m = −2 or m=5
3 x + 1 = 0 gives x = − . Check both
3 Check the solutions by substituting in the
solutions by substituting first 4 and then original equation. The solution set is {−2, 5} .
1
− for x in the original equation. The
3 N3. 10 p 2 + 65 p = 35
⎧ 1 ⎫ 10 p 2 + 65 p − 35 = 0
solution set is ⎨ − , 4 ⎬ . Standard form
⎩ 3 ⎭
(
5 2 p + 13 p − 7 = 0
2
) Factor out 5.
(b) By the zero-factor property, either y = 0 or
2 p 2 + 13 p − 7 = 0 Divide by 5.
4 y − 5 = 0, so the solutions are y = 0 and
5
( 2 p − 1)( p + 7 ) = 0 Factor.
y = . Check each solution in the original 2 p − 1 = 0 or p + 7 = 0
4
⎧ 5⎫ p=
1
or p = −7
equation. The solution set is ⎨0, ⎬ .
⎩ 4⎭ 2
2. (a) Rewrite in standard form by subtracting 8 ⎧ 1⎫
from each side. original equation. The solution set is ⎨ −7, ⎬ .
⎩ 2⎭
x2 + 2 x − 8 = 0
( x − 2)( x + 4) = 0
x − 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 2 or x = −4
The solution set is {−4, 2}.

4. (a) 49 x 2 − 9 = 0 (b) m 2 = 5m
(7 x + 3) ( 7 x − 3) = 0 m 2 − 5m = 0 Standard form
7x + 3 = 0 or 7 x − 3 = 0 m ( m − 5) = 0 Factor.
7x = −3 or 7x = 3 Apply the zero-factor property.
3 3 m = 0 or m − 5 = 0 Zero-factor prop.
x=− or x=
7 7 m = 5 Solve.
Check the solutions by substituting in the Check the solutions by substituting in the
original equation. The solution set is original equation. The solution set is {0, 5} .
⎧ 3 3⎫
⎨− , ⎬ . (c) Write the equation in standard form.
⎩ 7 7⎭
6 p2 − p = 2
(b) x 2 = 3x
6 p2 − p − 2 = 0
x − 3x = 0
2
Standard form
( 3 p − 2 )( 2 p + 1) = 0
x ( x − 3) = 0 Factor.
3 p − 2 = 0 or 2 p + 1 = 0
Apply the zero-factor property.
3 p = 2 or 2 p = −1
x = 0 or x − 3 = 0 Zero-factor property
2 1
x = 3 Solve. p= p=−
3 2
original equation. The solution set is {0, 3} . original equation. The solution set is
⎧ 1 2⎫
(c) Write the equation in standard form. ⎨− , ⎬ .
4 x2 + 7 x = 2 ⎩ 2 3⎭
4 x2 + 7 x − 2 = 0 5. Write the equation in standard form and then

( 4 x − 1)( x + 2 ) = 0 factor x 2 + 16 x + 64 as a perfect square
trinomial.
4x −1 = 0 or x+2 =0
4x = 1 or x = −2
( x + 8 )2 = 0
Set the factor x + 8 equal to 0 and solve.
1
x= x+8 = 0
4
x = −8
original equation. The solution set is Check this solution by substituting it in the
⎧ 1⎫ original equation. The solution set is {−8} .
⎨ −2, ⎬ .
⎩ 4⎭
N5. Factor 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1 as a perfect square
N4. (a) 9 x 2 − 64 = 0 trinomial.
( 3x + 8 )( 3x − 8 ) = 0 ( 2 x − 1)2 = 0
3x + 8 = 0 or 3x − 8 = 0 Set the factor 2 x − 1 equal to 0 and solve.
2x −1 = 0
3 x = −8 or 3x = 8
2x = 1
8 8
x=− or x= 1
3 3 x=
Check the solutions by substituting in the 2
original equation. The solution set is Check this solution by substituting it in the
⎧ 8 8⎫ ⎧1 ⎫
⎨− , ⎬ . original equation. The solution set is ⎨ ⎬ .
⎩ 3 3⎭ ⎩2⎭

6. (a) 2 x3 − 50 x = 0 The solutions of the original equation are
( )
3 1
2 x x 2 − 25 = 0 − , , and 4. Check the solutions by
2 3
2 x ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) = 0 substituting in the original equation. The
2 x = 0 or x+5 = 0 or x−5 = 0 ⎧ 3 1 ⎫
solution set is ⎨ − , , 4 ⎬ .
x = 0 or x = −5 or x=5 ⎩ 2 3 ⎭
original equation. The solution set is
7. ( x − 1)( 2 x − 1) = ( x + 1)2
{−5, 0, 5} . 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 Multiply.
x2 − 5x = 0 Standard form
1
(b) We know that x = − is the solution of x( x − 5) = 0 Factor.
2
2 x + 1 = 0, so we need to find the solutions x = 0 or x − 5 = 0 Zero-factor property
of 2 x 2 + 7 x − 15 = 0. x = 5 Solve.
2 x 2 + 7 x − 15 = 0
original equation. The solution set is {0, 5} .
(2 x − 3)(x + 5) = 0 Factor.
x ( 4 x − 9 ) = ( x − 2 ) + 24
Apply the zero-factor property 2
N7.
2 x − 3 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
4 x 2 − 9 x = x 2 − 4 x + 4 + 24 Multiply.
3
x= x = −5 3 x 2 − 5 x − 28 = 0 St. form
2
The solutions of the original equation are ( 3 x + 7 )( x − 4 ) = 0 Factor.
1 3
− , , and −5. Check the solutions by 3x + 7 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 Zero-factor prop.
2 2 7
substituting in the original equation. The x=− or x = 4 Solve.
3
⎧ 1 3 ⎫
solution set is ⎨ − , , −5⎬ . Check the solutions by substituting in the
⎩ 2 2 ⎭ ⎧ 7 ⎫
original equation. The solution set is ⎨ − , 4⎬ .
N6. (a) 3x3 − 27 x = 0 ⎩ 3 ⎭
( )
3x x 2 − 9 = 0
Exercises
3x ( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0 1. A quadratic equation is an equation that can be
3x = 0 or x+3= 0 or x−3 = 0 put in the form ax 2 + bx + с = 0.
x = 0 or x = −3 or x=3
Check the solutions by substituting in the 2. The form ax 2 + bx + с = 0 is called
original equation. The solution set is standard form.
{−3, 0, 3} . 3. If the product of two numbers is 0, then at least
one of the numbers is 0. This is called the
1 zero-factor property.
(b) We know that a = is the solution of
3
4. If a quadratic equation is in standard form, to
3a − 1 = 0, so we need to find the solutions
solve the equation we should begin by
of 2a 2 − 5a − 12 = 0. attempting to factor the polynomial.
2a 2 − 5a − 12 = 0
5. The equation x3 + x 2 + x = 0 is not a quadratic
( 2a + 3)( a − 4 ) = 0 Factor. equation, because the term of greatest degree is
Apply the zero-factor property. greater than 2. (It is cubic.)
2a + 3 = 0 or a − 4 = 0
6. If a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + с = 0 has
3
a=− a=4 с = 0, then 0 must be a solution because x is a
2 factor of the polynomial.

7. (a) 2 x − 5 = 6 can be written as 2 x − 11 = 0, so 13. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the
it is a linear equation. resulting linear equations.
2m − 7 = 0 or m − 3 = 0
(b) x 2 − 5 = −4 can be written as x 2 − 1 = 0, so
2m = 7 or m=3
it is a quadratic equation.
7
m=
(c) x + 2 x − 3 = 2 x − 2 can be written as
2 2
2
− x 2 + 2 x − 1 = 0, so it is a quadratic ⎧ 7⎫
The solution set is ⎨3, ⎬ .
equation. ⎩ 2⎭
(d) 52 x + 2 = 0 can be written as 25 x + 2 = 0, 14. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the
so it is a linear equation. resulting linear equations.
6x + 5 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
8. Because ( x − 9 ) = ( x − 9 )( x − 9 ) = 0 leads to
2
6 x = −5 or x = −4
two solutions of 9, we call 9 a double solution. 5
x=−
9. The variable x is another factor to set equal to 6
⎧ 1⎫ ⎧ 5⎫
0, so the solution set is ⎨0, ⎬ . The solution set is ⎨ −4, − ⎬ .
⎩ 7⎭ ⎩ 6⎭
Not including 0 as a solution is what went
wrong. 15. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the
resulting linear equations.
10. Applying the zero-factor property to 2x +1 = 0 or 6 x − 1 = 0
3x ( 5 x − 4 ) yields 3x = 0 or 5 x − 4 = 0. 2 x = −1 or 6x = 1
Dividing each side of 3x = 0 by 3 gives us 1 1
x = 0, so we end up with the two solutions, x=− x=
2 6
4 ⎧ 1 1⎫
x = 0 and x = . The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
5 ⎩ 2 6⎭
⎧ 4⎫
The solution set is ⎨0, ⎬ . 16. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the
⎩ 5⎭
resulting linear equations.
Concluding that x = 3 is a solution is what
3x + 2 = 0 or 10 x − 1 = 0
went wrong.
3x = −2 or 10 x = 1
11. By the zero-factor property, the only way that
2 1
the product of these two factors can be zero is if x=− x=
at least one of the factors is zero. 3 10
x + 5 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 ⎧ 2 1 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
Solve each of these linear equations. ⎩ 3 10 ⎭
x = −5 or x = 2 17. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the
Check x = −5: 0 ( −7 ) = 0 True resulting linear equations.
Check x = 2: 7 ( 0 ) = 0 True t = 0 or 6t + 5 = 0
6t = −5
The solution set is {−5, 2} .
5
t=−
12. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the 6
resulting linear equations. ⎧ 5 ⎫
x − 1 = 0 or x + 8 = 0 The solution set is ⎨ − , 0 ⎬ .
⎩ 6 ⎭
x = 1 or x = −8
The solution set is {−8, 1}.

18. Set each factor equal to zero and solve the Check these solutions by substituting −2 for у
resulting linear equations. and then −1 for у in the original equation.
w = 0 or 4w + 1 = 0 у2 + 3у + 2 = 0
4w = −1
1 ( −2 )2 + 3 ( −2 ) + 2 =? 0 Let y = −2.
w=− ?
4 4−6+2 = 0
⎧ 1 ⎫ −2 + 2 = 0 True
The solution set is ⎨ − , 0 ⎬ .
⎩ 4 ⎭
у2 + 3у + 2 = 0
19. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the
resulting linear equations. ( −1)2 + 3 ( −1) + 2 =? 0 Let y = −1.
2 x = 0 or 3 x − 4 = 0 ?
1− 3 + 2 = 0
x = 0 or 3x = 4
−2 + 2 = 0 True
4
x= The solution set is {−2, − 1} .
3
⎧ 4⎫ 24. Factor the polynomial.
The solution set is ⎨0, ⎬ .
⎩ 3⎭ ( p + 7 )( p + 1) = 0
20. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the Set each factor equal to 0.
resulting linear equations. p + 7 = 0 or p + 1 = 0
6 у = 0 or 4 у + 9 = 0 Solve each equation.
у = 0 or 4 у = −9 p = −7 or p = −1
9 Check these solutions by substituting −7 for p
у=− and then −1 for p in the original equation.
4
⎧ 9 ⎫ p2 + 8 p + 7 = 0
⎩ 4 ⎭ ( −7 )2 + 8 ( −7 ) + 7 =? 0 Let p = −7.
21. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the ?
resulting linear equations. 49 − 56 + 7 = 0
x − 6 = 0 or x − 6 = 0 −7 + 7 = 0 True
x = 6 or x=6 p2 + 8 p + 7 = 0
6 is called a double solution for ( x − 6 ) = 0
2
( −1)2 + 8 ( −1) + 7 =? 0 Let p = −1.
because it occurs twice when the equation is
solved. The solution set is {6} .
?
1− 8 + 7 = 0
−7 + 7 = 0 True
22. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the
resulting linear equations. The solution set is {−7, − 1} .
у + 1 = 0 or у + 1 = 0
25. Factor the polynomial.
у = −1 or у = −1
( у − 1)( у − 2 ) = 0
−1 is called a double solution for ( у + 1) 2 = 0 Set each factor equal to 0.
because it occurs twice when the equation is у − 1 = 0 or у − 2 = 0
solved. The solution set is {−1}. Solve each equation.
23. Factor the polynomial. у = 1 or у = 2
( у + 2 )( у + 1) = 0 The solution set is {1, 2} .
Set each factor equal to 0.
у + 2 = 0 or у + 1 = 0
Solve each equation.
у = −2 or у = −1

26. Factor the polynomial. 32. p2 − 2 p = 3

( r − 1)( r − 3) = 0 p2 − 2 p − 3 = 0
Set each factor equal to 0.
r − 1 = 0 or r − 3 = 0
( p − 3)( p + 1) = 0
Solve each equation. The solution set is {−1, 3} .
r = 1 or r = 3
33. Factor m 2 + 8m + 16 as a perfect square
The solution set is {1, 3} . trinomial.
27. Write the equation in standard form. ( m + 4 )2 = 0
x 2 + 5 x − 24 = 0 Set the factor m + 4 equal to 0 and solve.
Factor the polynomial. m+4=0
( x + 8)( x − 3) = 0 m = −4
Set each factor equal to 0. The solution set is {−4} .
x + 8 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
Solve each equation. 34. x 2 − 6 x + 9 = 0
x = −8 or x = 3
( x − 3) 2 = 0
The solution set is {3} .
28. Write the equation in standard form.
35. Factor the polynomial.
t 2 − 2t − 15 = 0
( 3x − 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
( t + 3)( t − 5) = 0 Set each factor equal to 0.
t +3= 0 or t −5 = 0 3x − 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
t = −3 or t =5 3x = 1 or x = −2
The solution set is {−3, 5} . 1
x=
3
⎧ 1⎫
x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 The solution set is ⎨ −2, ⎬ .
⎩ 3⎭
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
x +1 = 0 or x−3 = 0 36. 6r 2 − r − 2 = 0
x = −1 or x=3 ( 2r + 1)( 3r − 2 ) = 0
The solution set is {−1, 3} . ⎧ 1 2⎫
⎩ 2 3⎭
x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 37. 12 p 2 = 8 − 10 p
( x + 1)( x − 4 ) = 0 12 p 2 + 10 p − 8 = 0 Standard form
The solution set is {−1, 4} . (
2 6 p2 + 5 p − 4 = 0) Factor out 2.
31. Write the equation in standard form. 2 ( 3 p + 4 )( 2 p − 1) = 0
z 2 + 3z + 2 = 0 3p + 4 = 0 or 2 p −1 = 0
Factor the polynomial. 3 p = −4 or 2p =1
( z + 2 )( z + 1) = 0 4 1
Set each factor equal to 0. p=− or p=
3 2
z + 2 = 0 or z + 1 = 0
⎧ 4 1⎫
z = −2 or z = −1 The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
⎩ 3 2⎭
The solution set is {−2, − 1} .

38. 18 x 2 = 12 + 15 x 43. 16 x 2 − 49 = 0
18 x 2 − 15 x − 12 = 0 Standard form ( 4 x + 7 )( 4 x − 7 ) = 0
(
3 6x − 5x − 4 = 0
2
) Factor out 3. 4x + 7 = 0 or
4 x = −7 or
4x − 7 = 0
4x = 7
3 ( 2 x + 1)( 3x − 4 ) = 0
7 7
2x + 1 = 0 or 3x − 4 = 0 x=− or x=
4 4
2 x = −1 or 3x = 4
⎧ 7 7⎫
1 4 The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
x=− or x= ⎩ 4 4⎭
2 3
⎧ 1 4⎫ 44. 4 w2 − 9 = 0
⎩ 2 3⎭ ( 2w + 3)( 2 w − 3) = 0
⎧ 3 3⎫
39. 9s 2 + 12 s = −4 The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
⎩ 2 2⎭
9s 2 + 12 s + 4 = 0
45. n 2 = 121
( 3s + 2 ) 2 = 0
Set the factor 3s + 2 equal to 0 and solve. n2 − 121 = 0
3s + 2 = 0 ( n + 11)( n − 11) = 0
3s = −2 n + 11 = 0 or n − 11 = 0
2 n = −11 or n = 11
s=−
3 The solution set is {−11, 11} .
⎧ 2⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ . 46. x 2 = 400
⎩ 3⎭
x 2 − 400 = 0
40. 36 x + 60 x = −25
2
( x + 20 )( x − 20 ) = 0
36 x + 60 x + 25 = 0
2
( 6 x + 5 )( 6 x + 5 ) = 0
⎧ 5⎫ 47. x2 + 6 x = 0
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ .
⎩ 6⎭ x ( x + 6) = 0
x = 0 or x+6 = 0
41. у2 − 9 = 0
x = −6
( у + 3)( у − 3) = 0
у+3= 0 or у −3 = 0
у = −3 or у=3 48. x2 + 4 x = 0
The solution set is {−3, 3} . x ( x + 4) = 0
x = 0 or x+4 = 0
42. m 2 − 100 = 0
x = −4
( m + 10 )( m − 10 ) = 0
49. x2 = 7 x
x2 − 7 x = 0
x( x − 7 ) = 0
x = 0 or x−7 = 0
x = 0 or x=7

Check x = 0: 0 = 0 True 55. 3z ( 2 z + 7 ) = 12

Check x = 7: 49 = 49 True z (2 z + 7) = 4 Divide by 3.
The solution set is {0, 7} . 2z2 + 7 z = 4
50. t 2 = 9t 2z2 + 7z − 4 = 0
t 2 − 9t = 0 ( 2 z − 1)( z + 4 ) = 0
t (t − 9) = 0 2 z − 1 = 0 or z+4=0
2 z = 1 or z = −4
t = 0 or t −9 = 0
1
t = 0 or t =9 z=
2
The solution set is {0, 9} .
⎧ 1⎫
The solution set is ⎨ −4, ⎬ .
51. 6r = 3r
2 ⎩ 2⎭
6r − 3r = 0
2
56. 4 x(2 x + 3) = 36
3r ( 2r − 1) = 0 x ( 2 x + 3) = 9 Divide by 4.
3r = 0 or 2r − 1 = 0 2 x2 + 3x = 9
r = 0 or 2r = 1 2 x2 + 3x − 9 = 0
r=
1 ( x + 3)( 2 x − 3) = 0
2
⎧ 3⎫
⎧ 1⎫ The solution set is ⎨ −3, ⎬ .
The solution set is ⎨0, ⎬ . ⎩ 2⎭
⎩ 2⎭
57. 2 y ( y + 13) = 136
52. 10 у 2 = −5 у
y ( y + 13) = 68 Divide by 2.
10 у 2 + 5 у = 0
y 2 + 13 y = 68 Multiply.
5 у (2 у + 1) = 0
y + 13 y − 68 = 0
2
Standard form
⎧ 1 ⎫
⎩ 2 ⎭
( + 17 )( y − 4 ) = 0
y Factor.
x + 17 = 0 or y−4=0
53. x ( x − 7 ) = −10 y = −17 or y=4
x 2 − 7 x = −10 Check y = −17:
x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 0 2 y ( y + 13) = 136
( x − 2 )( x − 5 ) = 0 2 ( −17 )( −17 + 13) = 136 Let y = −17.
?
x − 2 = 0 or x−5 = 0
( −34 )( −4 ) = 136 True
x = 2 or x=5
Check y = 4:
2 ( 4 )( 4 + 13) = 136 Let y = 4.
?
54. r ( r − 5 ) = −6 8 (17 ) = 136 True

r 2 − 5r = − 6 The solution set is {−17, 4} .
r 2 − 5r + 6 = 0
( r − 2 )( r − 3) = 0

58. t ( 3t − 20 ) = −12 63. To factor the polynomial, begin by factoring

out the greatest common factor.
3t − 20t = −12
2
3t − 20t + 12 = 0
2 (
y 9 y 2 − 49 = 0 )
Now factor 9 y 2 − 49 as the difference of
( 3t − 2 )( t − 6 ) = 0
squares.
3t − 2 = 0 or t − 6 = 0
y ( 3 y + 7 )( 3 y − 7 ) = 0
2
t= or t=6 Set each of the three factors equal to 0 and
3 solve.
⎧2 ⎫ y = 0 or 3 y + 7 = 0 or 3 y − 7 = 0
The solution set is ⎨ , 6 ⎬ .
⎩3 ⎭ 3 y = −7 3y = 7
59. ( x − 8 )( x + 6 ) = 6 x y = 0 or y=−
7
or y=
7
3 3
x 2 − 2 x − 48 = 6 x
⎧ 7 7 ⎫
x 2 − 8 x − 48 = 0 The solution set is ⎨ − , 0, ⎬ .
⎩ 3 3⎭
( x − 12 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x − 12 = 0 or x+4=0 64. 16r 3 − 9r = 0
x = 12 or x = −4 ( )
r 16r 2 − 9 = 0
The solution set is {−4,12} . r ( 4r + 3)( 4r − 3) = 0
( x − 2 )( x + 9 ) = 4 x ⎧ 3 3⎫
60. The solution set is ⎨ − , 0, ⎬ .
⎩ 4 4⎭
x 2 + 7 x − 18 = 4 x
x 2 + 3 x − 18 = 0 65. r 3 − 2 r 2 − 8r = 0
( x − 3)( x + 6 ) = 0 ( )
r r 2 − 2r − 8 = 0 Factor out r.
x − 3 = 0 or x+6 = 0 r ( r − 4 )( r + 2 ) = 0 Factor.
x = 3 or x = −6 Set each factor equal to zero and solve.
The solution set is {−6,3} . r = 0 or r − 4 = 0 or r + 2 = 0
r = 0 or r = 4 or r = −2
61. ( x + 4 )( x + 7 ) = 10
The solution set is {−2, 0, 4} .
x 2 + 11x + 28 = 10
x 2 + 11x + 18 = 0 66. x3 − x 2 − 6 x = 0
( x + 9 )( x + 2 ) = 0 (
x x2 − x − 6 = 0 )
x + 9 = 0 or x+2 =0 x ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) = 0
x = −9 or x = −2
The solution set is {−9, −2} .
67. x3 + x 2 − 20 x = 0
( x + 2 )( x + 5 ) = 4
( )
62.
x x 2 + x − 20 = 0 Factor out x.
x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 4
x ( x + 5 )( x − 4 ) = 0 Factor.
x2 + 7 x + 6 = 0
Set each factor equal to zero and solve.
( x + 1)( x + 6 ) = 0 x = 0 or x + 5 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x + 6 = 0 or x +1 = 0 x = 0 or x = −5 or x=4
x = −6 or x = −1 The solution set is {−5, 0, 4} .

68. y3 − 6 y 2 + 8 y = 0 74. ( 3m + 4 ) ( 6m2 + m − 2 ) = 0

(
y y2 − 6 y + 8 = 0 ) ( 3m + 4 )( 3m + 2 )( 2m − 1) = 0
y ( y − 2 )( y − 4 ) = 0 ⎧ 4 2 1⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , − , ⎬ .
The solution set is {0, 2, 4} . ⎩ 3 3 2⎭
69. 4 x3 − 18 x 2 + 8 x = 0 75. ( 2 x + 7 ) ( x 2 + 2 x − 3) = 0
(
2 x 2 x2 − 9 x + 4 = 0 ) ( 2 x + 7 )( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
2x + 7 = 0 or x+3= 0 or x −1 = 0
2 x ( 2 x − 1)( x − 4 ) = 0
2 x = −7
⎧ 1 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨0, , 4 ⎬ . 7
⎩ 2 ⎭ x=− or x = −3 or x =1
2
70. 9 x 3 − 24 x 2 + 12 x = 0 ⎧ 7 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , −3,1⎬ .
(
3x 3x − 8 x + 4 = 0
2
) ⎩ 2 ⎭
3x ( 3x − 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0 76. ( x + 1) ( 6 x 2 + x − 12 ) = 0
⎧ 2 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨0, , 2 ⎬ . ( x + 1)( 2 x + 3)( 3x − 4 ) = 0
⎩ 3 ⎭ ⎧ 3 4⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , −1, ⎬ .
71. Rewrite with all terms on the left side. ⎩ 2 3⎭
r 4 − 2r 3 − 15r 2 = 0
77. 3x ( x + 1) = ( 2 x + 3)( x + 1)
( )
r 2 r 2 − 2r − 15 = 0 Factor out r 2 . 3x 2 + 3x = 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3
r 2 ( r − 5)( r + 3) = 0 Factor. x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0
Set each factor equal to zero and solve. ( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
r 2 = 0 or r − 5 = 0 or r +3= 0 x +1 = 0 or x−3= 0
r = 0 or r = 5 or r = −3 x = −1 or x=3
The solution set is {−3, 0, 5} . The solution set is {−1, 3} .
Alternatively, we could begin by moving all the
72. x3 = 3x + 2 x 2 terms to the left side and then factoring
x3 − 2 x 2 − 3x = 0 out x + 1.
3x ( x + 1) − ( 2 x + 3)( x + 1) = 0
( )
x x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0
( x + 1) ⎡⎣3x − ( 2 x + 3)⎤⎦ = 0
x ( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
The rest of the solution is the same.
73. Begin by factoring 3r − 16r + 5. 78. 2 x ( x + 3) = ( 3 x + 1)( x + 3)
2
( 2r + 5)( 3r − 1)( r − 5 ) = 0 2 x 2 + 6 x = 3x 2 + 10 x + 3
Set each of the three factors equal to 0 and
solve the resulting equations. 0 = x2 + 4 x + 3
2r + 5 = 0 or 3r − 1 = 0 or r − 5 = 0 0 = ( x + 3) ( x + 1)
2r = −5 3r = 1 The solution set is {−3, − 1} .
5 1 See the previous solution for a different
r=− or r= or r =5 approach.
2 3
⎧ 5 1 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , ,5⎬ .
⎩ 2 3 ⎭

x 2 + ( x + 1) = ( x + 2 ) Set each factor equal to zero and solve.

2 2
79.
3x + 2 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x2 + x2 + 2 x + 1 = x2 + 4 x + 4
3x = −2
x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 2
x=− x=4
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0 3
or
x +1 = 0 or x−3= 0 ⎧ 2 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , 4⎬ .
x = −1 or x=3 ⎩ 3 ⎭
The solution set is {−1, 3} . Alternatively we could begin by factoring the
left side as the difference of two squares.
80. ( x − 7 )2 + x 2 = ( x + 1)2 ( x + 3)2 − ( 2 x − 1)2 = 0
x 2 − 14 x + 49 + x 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 ⎣⎡( x + 3) + ( 2 x − 1) ⎦⎤ ⎣⎡( x + 3) − ( 2 x − 1) ⎦⎤ = 0
x 2 − 16 x + 48 = 0 [3x + 2][ − x + 4] = 0
( x − 4 )( x − 12 ) = 0 The same solution set is obtained.
The solution set is {4, 12} . 84. First factor out 4 y − 3 .
( 4 y − 3)2 − 9 ( 4 y − 3) = 0
81. ( 2 x ) = ( 2 x + 4) − ( x + 5)
2 2 2
4 x 2 = 4 x 2 + 16 x + 16 − x 2 + 10 x + 25 ( ) ( 4 y − 3) ⎡⎣( 4 y − 3)2 − 9⎤⎦ = 0

Then find the difference of squares.
4 x 2 = 4 x 2 + 16 x + 16 − x 2 − 10 x − 25
( 4 y − 3) ⎡⎣( 4 y − 3) + 3⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( 4 y − 3) − 3⎤⎦
4 x 2 = 3x 2 + 6 x − 9
( 4 y − 3)( 4 y )( 4 y − 6 ) = 0 Simplify.
0 = − x2 + 6 x − 9
⎧ 3 3⎫
0 = x2 − 6 x + 9 The solution set is ⎨0, , ⎬ .
⎩ 4 2⎭
0 = ( x − 3)( x − 3)
85. Rewrite with all terms on the right side.
Set the factor x − 3 equal to 0 and solve.
x−3 = 0 0 = −6 p 2 ( p + 1) − 5 p ( p + 1) + 4 ( p + 1)
x=3 0 = 6 p 2 ( p + 1) + 5 p ( p + 1) − 4 ( p + 1)
The solution set is {3} . (
0 = ( p + 1) 6 p 2 + 5 p − 4 )
0 = ( p + 1)( 2 p − 1)( 3 p + 4 )
5 − ( x − 1) = ( x − 2 )
2 2
82.
Set each factor equal to zero and solve.
(
5 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = x2 − 4 x + 4) p + 1 = 0 or 2 p − 1 = 0 or 3 p + 4 = 0
5 − x + 2 x − 1 = x2 − 4 x + 4
2 2p =1 3 p = −4
1 4
0 = 2 x2 − 6 x p = −1 or p= or p=−
2 3
0 = 2 x ( x − 3)
⎧ 4 1⎫
The solution set is {0, 3} . The solution set is ⎨ − , −1, ⎬ .
⎩ 3 2⎭
6 x 2 ( 2 x + 3 ) = 4 ( 2 x + 3) + 5 x ( 2 x + 3)
83. First square the binomials.
86.
( x + 3) 2
− ( 2 x − 1) = 0
2
6 x 2 ( 2 x + 3 ) − 5 x ( 2 x + 3) − 4 ( 2 x + 3 ) = 0
(x 2
) (
+ 6x + 9 − 4x − 4x + 1 = 0 2
) ( 2 x + 3) ( 6 x 2 − 5 x − 4 ) = 0
Then combine like terms.
x2 + 6x + 9 − 4x2 + 4x − 1 = 0 ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 1)( 3x − 4 ) = 0
−3 x 2 + 10 x + 8 = 0
⎧ 3 1 4⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , − , ⎬ .
⎩ 2 2 3⎭
( )
−1 3 x 2 − 10 x − 8 = 0 Factor out − 1.
−1( 3 x + 2 )( x − 4 ) = 0 Factor.

87. (a) Use the equation d = 16t 2 . N1. Step 2

Let x = the length of one leg.
t = 2: d = 16 ( 2 ) = 16 ( 4 ) = 64
2
Then x − 4 = the length of the other leg.
t = 3: d = 16 ( 3) = 16 ( 9 ) = 144
2
1
Step 3 A = bh
d = 256: 256 = 16t 2 ; 16 = t 2 ; t = 4 2
1
d = 576: 576 = 16t 2 ; 36 = t 2 ; t = 6 6 = x ( x − 4)
2
t in seconds 0 1 2 3 4 6 Step 4
Solve the equation.
d in feet 0 16 64 144 256 576 12 = x ( x − 4) Multiply by 2.
(b) When t = 0, d = 0. No time has elapsed, so 12 = x 2 − 4 x Distributive prop.

the object hasn't fallen (been released) yet. x − 4 x − 12 = 0
2
Standard form
88. Time cannot be negative. ( x + 2 )( x − 6 ) = 0 Factor.
x + 2 = 0 or x − 6 = 0 Zero-factor prop.
5.6 Applications of Quadratic Equations x = −2 or x=6
Step 5
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises Because a triangle's side cannot be negative,
1. Step 2 x = 6 and x − 4 = 2. The lengths of the legs are
Let x = the length of one leg. 2 feet and 6 feet.
Step 6
Then x − 3 = the length of the other leg.
The length of one leg is 4 meters less than the
1
Step 3 A = bh length of the other leg, and the area is
2 1
1 ( 6 )( 2 ) = 6 m2 , as required.
54 = x ( x − 3) 2
2
Step 4 2. Let x = the first integer.
Solve the equation. Then x + 2 = the second integer and
108 = x( x − 3) Multiply by 2. x + 4 = the third integer.
108 = x 2 − 3x Distributive prop. From the given information, we write the
equation
x − 3x − 108 = 0
2
Standard form x ( x + 4 ) = ( x + 2 ) + 16.
( x + 9)( x − 12 ) = 0 Factor. Solve this equation.
x + 9 = 0 or x − 12 = 0 x 2 + 4 x = x + 18
x = −9 or x = 12
x 2 + 3x − 18 = 0
Step 5
Because a triangle's side cannot be negative, ( x + 6 )( x − 3) = 0
x = 12 and x − 3 = 9. The lengths of the legs x + 6 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
are 9 meters and 12 meters. x = −6 or x=3
Step 6 Reject −6 since it is not an odd integer. If
The length of one leg is 3 meters less than the
x = 3, then x + 2 = 5 and x + 4 = 7. The
length of the other leg, and the area is
integers are 3, 5, and 7.
1
(12 )( 9 ) = 54 m2 , as required.
2

5.6 Applications of Quadratic Equations 421
N2. Let x = the first integer. a2 + b2 = с2

Then x + 1 = the second integer and
x2 + ( x + 7 ) = ( x + 8)
2 2
x + 2 = the third integer.
From the given information, we write the x 2 + x 2 + 14 x + 49 = x 2 + 16 x + 64
equation
2 x 2 + 14 x + 49 = x 2 + 16 x + 64
x ( x + 1) = 8 ( x + 2 ) + 2.
x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0
Solve this equation.
x 2 + x = 8 x + 16 + 2
( x + 3)( x − 5) = 0
x+3= 0 or x−5 = 0
x 2 − 7 x − 18 = 0
x = −3 or x=5
( x + 2 )( x − 9 ) = 0 Discard −3 since the length of a side of a
x + 2 = 0 or x − 9 = 0 triangle cannot be negative. The length of the
x = −2 or x=9 shorter leg is 5 feet, the length of the longer leg
If x = −2, then x + 1 = −1 and x + 2 = 0. is x + 7 = 5 + 7 = 12 feet, and the length of the
If x = 9, then x + 1 = 10 and x + 2 = 11. There hypotenuse is x + 8 = 5 + 8 = 13 feet.
are two sets of integers that satisfy the 4. To find the time when 45 impulses occur, let
statement of the problem: −2, − 1, 0, and y = 45, and solve the resulting equation. (For
9, 10, 11. convenience, we reverse the sides of the
equation.)
3. Let x = the length of the longer leg of the right
− x 2 + 2 x + 60 = 45
triangle.
Then x + 3 = the length of the hypotenuse and − x 2 + 2 x + 15 = 0 Subtract 45.
x − 3 = the length of the shorter leg.
Use the Pythagorean theorem, substituting
( )
−1 x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0 Factor out − 1.
x − 3 for а, x for b, and x + 3 for с. −1( x + 3)( x − 5) = 0 Factor.

а +b = с
2 2 2 x+3= 0 or x−5 = 0
x = −3 or x=5
( x − 3)2 + x 2 = ( x + 3 )2
There will be 45 impulses after 5 milliseconds.
x2 − 6 x + 9 + x2 = x2 + 6 x + 9 There are two solutions to the equation, −3 and
2 x2 − 6 x + 9 = x2 + 6 x + 9 5. Only one answer makes sense here; a
negative answer is not appropriate.
x 2 − 12 x = 0
N4. To find how long it will take for the ball to
x ( x − 12 ) = 0
reach a height of 50 feet, let h = 50, and solve
x = 0 or x − 12 = 0 the resulting equation. (For convenience, we
x = 0 or x = 12 reverse the sides of the equation.)
Discard 0 since the length of a side of a triangle −16t 2 + 180t + 6 = 50
cannot be zero. The length of the longer leg is
12 inches, the length of the hypotenuse is −16t 2 + 180t − 44 = 0 Standard form
x + 3 = 12 + 3 = 15 inches, and the length of the 4t − 45t + 11 = 0
2
Divide by − 4.
shorter leg is x − 3 = 12 − 3 = 9 inches. ( 4t − 1)( t − 11) = 0 Factor.
N3. Let x = the length of the shorter leg of the 4t − 1 = 0 or t − 11 = 0
right triangle. 1
Then x + 7 = the length of the longer leg and t= or t = 11
4
x + 8 = the length of the hypotenuse. The ball will reach a height of 50 feet after
Use the Pythagorean theorem, substituting x for 1
а, x + 7 for b, and x + 8 for с. second (on the way up) and 11 seconds (on
4
the way down).

5. For 1990, x = 1990 − 1930 = 60. 4. Formula for the area of a triangle: A = 1 bh
Let x = 60. 2
y = 0.009665 x − 0.4942 x + 15.12
2 1
Step 3: 60 = ( 3x + 6 )( x + 5 )
y = 0.009665 ( 60 ) − 0.4942 ( 60 ) + 15.12
2 2
Step 4: x = 3 or x = −10
= 20.262 ≈ 20.3
Step 5: base: 15 units; height: 8 units
According to the model, the foreign-born
1
population of the United States in 1990, to the Step 6: (15 )( 8 ) = 60
nearest tenth of a million, was about 2
20.3 million.
5. Formula for the area of a rectangle: A = LW
The actual value from the table is 19.8 million,
so our answer using the model is somewhat Step 3: 80 = ( x + 8)( x − 8 )
high.
Step 4: x = 12 or x = −12
N5. For 2000, x = 2000 − 1930 = 70. Step 5: length: 20 units; width: 4 units
Let x = 70. Step 6: 20 ⋅ 4 = 80
y = 0.009665 x 2 − 0.4942 x + 15.12 6. Formula for the area of a rectangular solid:
y = 0.009665 ( 70 ) − 0.4942 ( 70 ) + 15.12 V = LWH
2
= 27.8845 ≈ 27.9 Step 3: 192 = 4 x ( x + 2 )

According to the model, the foreign-born Step 4: x = 6 or x = −8
population of the United States in 2000, to the Step 5: length: 8 units; width: 6 units
nearest tenth of a million, was about Step 6: 8 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 4 = 192
27.9 million. The actual value from the table is
28.4 million, so the answer using the model is 7. Step 2
slightly high. Let x = the width of the case.
Then x + 2 = the length of the case.
Exercises Step 3
1. Step 1: Read the problem carefully. A = LW
Step 2: Assign a variable to represent the 168 = ( x + 2 ) x Substitute.
unknown value. Step 4
Step 3: Write a(n) equation using the variable
expressions (s). 168 = x 2 + 2 x Multiply.
Step 4: Solve the equation. x 2 + 2 x − 168 = 0 Standard form
Step 5: State the answer.
Step 6: Check the answer in the words of the
( x + 14 )( x − 12 ) = 0 Factor.
original problem. Apply the zero-factor property and solve.
x + 14 = 0 or x − 12 = 0
2. Only 6 is reasonable since a square cannot have
a side of negative length. x = −14 or x = 12
Step 5
3. Formula for the area of a parallelogram: Because a width cannot be negative, x = 12
A = bh and x + 2 = 14. The width is 12 cm, and the
Step 3: 45 = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) length is 14 cm.
Step 6
11
Step 4: x = 4 or x = − The length is 2 cm more than the width, and the
2 area is 14 (12 ) = 168 cm2, as required.
Step 5: base: 9 units; height: 5 units
Step 6: 9 · 5 = 45

8. Step 2 1
A = bh
Let x = the width of the case. 2
Then x + 6 = the length of the case. 1
Step 3 72 = ⋅ x ⋅ x
2
A = LW 1 2
247 = ( x + 6 ) x Substitute. 72 = x
2
Step 4 144 = x 2
247 = x 2 + 6 x Multiply.
0 = x 2 − 144
x + 6 x − 247 = 0
2
Standard form 0 = ( x + 12 )( x − 12 )
( x + 19 )( x − 13) = 0 Factor. x + 12 = 0 or x − 12 = 0
Apply the zero-factor property and solve. x = −12 or x = 12
x + 19 = 0 or x − 13 = 0
We discard −12 since the measures of the base
x = −19 or x = 13 and height cannot be negative. The base and
Step 5 height are both 12 meters.
Because a width cannot be negative, x = 13
11. Let x = the width of the aquarium.
and x + 6 = 19. The width is 13 cm, and the
length is 19 cm. Then x + 3 = the height of the aquarium.
Step 6 Use the formula for the volume of a
The length is 6 cm more than the width, and the rectangular box.
V = LWH
area is 19 (13) = 247 cm2, as required.
2730 = 21x ( x + 3)
9. Let h = the height of the triangle. 130 = x ( x + 3) Divide by 21.
Then 2h + 2 = the base of the triangle.
The area of the triangle is 30 square inches. 130 = x + 3 x
2
1 0 = x 2 + 3 x − 130
A = bh
2 0 = ( x + 13)( x − 10 )
1
30 = ( 2h + 2 ) ⋅ h x + 13 = 0 or x − 10 = 0
2 x = −13 or x = 10
60 = ( 2h + 2 ) h We discard −13 because the width cannot be
60 = 2h 2 + 2h negative. The width is 10 inches. The height is
10 + 3 = 13 inches.
0 = 2h 2 + 2h − 60
(
0 = 2 h 2 + h − 30 ) 12. Let x = the length of the box.
Then x − 3 = the width of the box.
0 = 2 ( h + 6 )( h − 5) Use the formula for the volume of a rectangular
h+6 = 0 or h −5 = 0 box with volume 80 and height 2.
V = LWH
h = −6 or h=5
The solution h = −6 must be discarded since a 80 = x ( x − 3)( 2 )
triangle cannot have a negative height. Thus, 40 = x ( x − 3) Divide by 2.
h = 5 and 2h + 2 = 2 ( 5 ) + 2 = 12. 40 = x − 3x
2
The height is 5 inches, and the base is 0 = x 2 − 3x − 40

12 inches.
0 = ( x + 5 )( x − 8 )
10. Let x = the measure of the base. x + 5 = 0 or x − 8 = 0
Then x = the measure of the height.
x = −5 or x =8
We discard −5 since the length of the box
cannot be negative. If x = 8, x − 3 = 5.
The length of the box is 8 feet, and the width is
5 feet.

13. Step 2 Step 4

Let x = the width of the monitor. ( 2 x + 22 )( x + 2 ) = x 2 + 11x + 198
Then x + 3 = the the length of the monitor.
2 x 2 + 26 x + 44 = x 2 + 11x + 198
The area is x ( x + 3) .
x 2 + 15 x − 154 = 0
Step 3
If the length were doubled ⎡⎣ 2 ( x + 3) ⎤⎦ , and if ( x + 22 )( x − 7 ) = 0
x + 22 = 0 or x−7 = 0
the width were decreased by 1 in. [ x − 1] , the
x = −22 or x=7
area would be increased by 150 in.2
Step 5
⎡⎣ x ( x + 3) + 150 ⎦⎤ . Reject −22, so the width is 7 inches, and the
Write an equation. length is 7 + 11 = 18 inches.
LW = A Step 6
⎡⎣ 2 ( x + 3) ⎤⎦ ( x − 1) = x ( x + 3) + 150 The length is 11 inches more than the width.
Step 4 The area of the keyboard is 18( 7 ) = 126 in.2.
( 2 x + 6 )( x − 1) = x 2 + 3x + 150 Doubling the length and increasing the width
by 2 inches gives us an area of
2 x 2 + 4 x − 6 = x 2 + 3x + 150 36( 9 ) = 324 in.2, which is 198 in.2 more than
x 2 + x − 156 = 0 the area of the original keyboard, as required.
( x + 13)( x − 12 ) = 0 15. Let x = the length of a side of the square
x + 13 = 0 or x − 12 = 0 painting. Then x − 2 = the length of a side of
x = −13 or x = 12 the square mirror.
Step 5 Since the formula for the area of a square is
Reject −13, so the width is 12 inches, and the A = s 2 , the area of the painting is x2, and the
length is 12 + 3 = 15 inches. area of the mirror is ( x − 2 ) . The difference
2
Step 6
The length is 3 inches more than the width. The between their areas is 32, so
x 2 − ( x − 2 ) = 32
2
area of the monitor is 15 (12 ) = 180 in.2.
Doubling the length and decreasing the width ( )
x 2 − x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 32
by 1 inch gives us an area of 30 (11) = 330 in.2 ,
x 2 − x 2 + 4 x − 4 = 32
which is 150 in.2 more than the area of the
4 x − 4 = 32
original monitor, as required.
4 x = 36
14. Step 2
x = 9.
Let x = the width of the keyboard.
The length of a side of the painting is 9 feet.
Then x + 11 = the length of the keyboard.
The length of a side of the mirror is
The area is x ( x + 11) . 9 − 2 = 7 feet.
Step 3 Check: 92 − 72 = 81 − 49 = 32
If the length were doubled ⎡⎣ 2( x + 11) ⎤⎦ , and if
16. Let x = the length of a side of the smaller
the width were increased by 2 in. [ x + 2] , the square. Then x + 3 = the length of a side of the
area would be increased by 198 in.2 larger square.
⎡⎣ x ( x + 11) + 198⎦⎤ . Since the formula for the area of a square is
Write an equation. A = s 2 , the area of the larger square is
⎡⎣ 2( x + 11) ⎤⎦ ( x + 2 ) = x ( x + 11) + 198 ( x + 3) 2 , and the area of the smaller square is
2
x . If the area of the larger square is subtracted
from 4 times the area of the smaller square, the
result is 36 m2.

4 x 2 − ( x + 3) = 36
2 The product of the more 10 times
(
4 x 2 − x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 36 ) second and third
↓
is 2
↓ ↓
than
↓
the first.
↓
4 x 2 − x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 36 ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) = 2 + 10 x
3 x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 36 x 2 + 3x + 2 = 2 + 10 x
3 x − 6 x − 45 = 0
2
x2 − 7 x = 0
(
3 x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0 ) x ( x − 7) = 0
3 ( x + 3)( x − 5 ) = 0 x=0 or x−7 = 0
x+3= 0 or x−5 = 0 x=7
x = −3 or x=5 If x = 0, then x + 1 = 1, and x + 2 = 2.
Since the length of a side of a square cannot be If x = 7, then x + 1 = 8, and x + 2 = 9.
negative, we reject −3. If x = 5, x + 3 = 8. The So there are two sets of consecutive integers
length of a side of the larger square is that satisfy the condition: 0, 1, 2 or 7, 8, 9.
Check 0, 1, 2: 1( 2 ) = 2 + 10 ( 0 )
8 meters, and the length of a side of the smaller ?
square is 5 meters.
2 = 2+0 True
Check: 4( 5 ) − 82 = 100 − 64 = 36
2
Check 7, 8, 9: 8 ( 9 ) = 2 + 10 ( 7 )
?
17. Let x = the first volume number.

72 = 2 + 70 True
Then x + 1 = the second volume number.
The product of the numbers is 420. 20. Let x = the first integer.
x( x + 1) = 420 Then x + 1 = the second integer,
x 2 + x − 420 = 0 and x + 2 = the third integer.
( x − 20 ) ( x + 21) = 0 The product 3 times
of the first more the
x − 20 = 0 or x + 21 = 0
and third is 3 than second.
x = 20 or x = −21
The volume number cannot be negative, so we ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
reject −21. The volume numbers are 20 and x ( x + 2) = 3 + 3 ( x + 1)
x + 1 = 20 + 1 = 21. Solve the equation.
18. Let x = the first page number. x 2 + 2 x = 3 + 3x + 3
Then x + 1 = the second page number. x2 − x = 6
The product of the numbers is 600.
x2 − x − 6 = 0
x ( x + 1) = 600
( x + 2 )( x − 3) = 0
x 2 + x − 600 = 0
x+2=0 or x−3 = 0
( x − 24) ( x + 25 ) = 0
x = −2 or x=3
x − 24 = 0 or x + 25 = 0
If x = −2, then x + 1 = −1, and x + 2 = 0.
x = 24 or x = −25 If x = 3, then x + 1 = 4, and x + 2 = 5.
The page number is not negative, so we reject So there are two sets of consecutive integers
−25. The page numbers are 24 and 25. that satisfy the condition: −2, − 1, 0 or
19. Let x = the first integer. 3, 4, 5.
Then x + 1 = the second integer,
Check –2, –1, 0: −2 ( 0 ) = 3 + 3 ( −1)
?
and x + 2 = the third integer.

0 = 3−3 True
3 (5) = 3 + 3 ( 4)
?
Check 3, 4, 5:
15 = 3 + 12 True

21. Let x = the first odd integer. 24. Let x = the first odd integer. Then x + 2 and
Then x + 2 = the second odd integer. x + 4 are the next two odd integers.
3 ( x + x + 2 ) + 15 = x ( x + 2 ) x + ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 4 ) = ( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) − 42
6 x + 6 + 15 = x 2 + 2 x 3x + 6 = x 2 + 6 x + 8 − 42
6 x + 21 = x 2 + 2 x 0 = x 2 + 3 x − 40
− x 2 + 4 x + 21 = 0 0 = ( x + 8 )( x − 5 )
x 2 − 4 x − 21 = 0 x = −8 or x = 5
The problem requires the integers to be odd, so
( x − 7 )( x + 3) = 0 we must reject −8. If x = 5, x + 2 = 7, and
x − 7 = 0 or x+3= 0 x + 4 = 9, so the three integers are 5, 7, and 9.
x=7 x = −3
25. Let x = the first even integer. Then x + 2 and
If x = 7, x + 2 = 9, and if x = −3, x + 2 = −1.
x + 4 are the next two even integers.
The two integers are −3 and −1, or 7 and 9.
x2 + ( x + 2) = ( x + 4)
2 2
22. Let x = the first odd integer.

x 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 4 = x 2 + 8 x + 16
Then x + 2 = the second odd integer.
5 ( x + x + 2 ) = x ( x + 2 ) − 23 x 2 − 4 x − 12 = 0
10 x + 10 = x 2 + 2 x − 23 ( x − 6 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x − 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
− x 2 + 8 x + 33 = 0
x = 6 or x = −2
x 2 − 8 x − 33 = 0
If x = 6, x + 2 = 8, and x + 4 = 10.
( x − 11)( x + 3) = 0 If x = −2, x + 2 = 0, and x + 4 = 2.
x − 11 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 The three integers are 6, 8, 10 or −2, 0, 2.
x = 11 x = −3
26. Let x = the first even integer. Then x + 2 and
If x = 11, x + 2 = 13, and if x = −3,
x + 4 are the next two even integers.
x + 2 = −1. The two integers are −3 and −1,
[ x + ( x + 2 )]2 = 2 ( x + 4 )
or 11 and 13.
23. Let x = the first odd integer. ( 2 x + 2 )2 = 2 x + 8
Then x + 2 = the second odd integer and 4 x2 + 8x + 4 = 2 x + 8
x + 4 = the third odd integer. 4 x2 + 6 x − 4 = 0
3 ⎡⎣ x + ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 4 ) ⎤⎦ = x ( x + 2 ) + 18
(
2 2 x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0 )
3 ( 3x + 6 ) = x + 2 x + 18
2
2 ( 2 x − 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
9 x + 18 = x 2 + 2 x + 18 1
x= or x = −2
0 = x2 − 7 x 2
0 = x ( x − 7) 1
Discard because it is not an integer. If
x = 0 or x−7 = 0 2
x=7 x = −2, x + 2 = 0, and x + 4 = 2, so the three
We must discard 0 because it is even and the integers are −2, 0, and 2.
problem requires the integers to be odd. If 27. Let x = the length of the longer leg of the right
x = 7, x + 2 = 9, and x + 4 = 11. The three triangle. Then x + 1 = the length of the
integers are 7, 9, and 11. hypotenuse, and x − 7 = the length of the
shorter leg.

Use the Pythagorean theorem with a = x, a 2 + b2 = с2

b = x − 7, and c = x + 1.
x 2 + ( x + 5) = ( 2 x − 5 )
2 2
a 2 + b2 = с 2
x 2 + ( x − 7 ) = ( x + 1)
2 2 ( )
x 2 + x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 4 x 2 − 20 x + 25
2 x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 4 x 2 − 20 x + 25
( )
x 2 + x 2 − 14 x + 49 = x 2 + 2 x + 1
−2 x 2 + 30 x = 0
2 x − 14 x + 49 = x + 2 x + 1
2 2
2 x 2 − 30 x = 0
x − 16 x + 48 = 0
2
2 x ( x − 15 ) = 0
( x − 12 )( x − 4 ) = 0 2 x = 0 or x − 15 = 0
x − 12 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = 0 or x = 15
x = 12 or x=4 Thus, the width is 15 inches. The length is
Discard 4 because if the length of the longer leg x + 5 = 20 inches, and the diagonal is
is 4 centimeters, by the conditions of the 2 x − 5 = 25 inches.
problem, the length of the shorter leg would be
Check: 152 + 202 = 252 ;625 = 625 True
4 − 7 = −3 centimeters, which is impossible.
The length of the longer leg is 12 centimeters. 30. Let x = the width. Then x + 4 = the length and
Check: 122 + 52 = 132 ;169 = 169 True x + 8 = the diagonal.
Use the Pythagorean theorem with x for a,
28. Let x = the length of the shorter leg of the
x + 4 for b, and x + 8 for с.
right triangle. Then x + 1 = the length of the
a 2 + b2 = с2
longer leg, and 2x −1 = the length of the
x2 + ( x + 4 ) = ( x + 8)
2 2
hypotenuse leg.
( )
x + 1 for b, and 2 x − 1 for с. x 2 + x 2 + 8 x + 16 = x 2 + 16 x + 64
a +b = с
2 2 2
2 x 2 + 8 x + 16 = x 2 + 16 x + 64
x 2 + ( x + 1) = ( 2 x − 1)
2 2
x 2 − 8 x − 48 = 0
( )
x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 4 x2 − 4 x + 1 ( x − 12 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x − 12 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 4 x2 − 4 x + 1
x = 12 or x = −4
0 = 2 x2 − 6 x Thus, the width is 12 inches. The length is
0 = 2 x ( x − 3) x + 4 = 16 inches, and the diagonal is
2 x = 0 or x − 3 = 0 x + 8 = 20 inches.
x = 0 or x=3 Check: 122 + 162 = 202 ; 400 = 400 True
Discard 0 because the length cannot be zero. 31. Let x = Alan's distance from home. Then
Thus, the length of the shorter leg is 3 meters.
x + 1 = the distance between Tram and Alan.
Check: 32 + 42 = 52 ; 25 = 25 True Refer to the diagram in the textbook.
Use the Pythagorean theorem.
29. Let x = the width. Then x + 5 = the length,
and 2 x − 5 = the diagonal. a 2 + b2 = с 2
x 2 + 52 = ( x + 1)
2
x + 5 for b, and 2 x − 5 for с.
x 2 + 25 = x 2 + 2 x + 1
24 = 2 x
12 = x
Alan is 12 miles from home.
Check: 122 + 52 = 132 ; 169 = 169 True

32. Let x represent the distance traveled north. a2 + b2 = с2

Then x + 14 represents the distance traveled
x2 + ( x + 2 ) = ( 2 x − 2 )
2 2
east, and ( x + 14 ) + 4 represents the distance
between the cars. ( )
x2 + x2 + 4 x + 4 = 4 x2 − 8x + 4
These three distances form a right triangle with
x and x + 14 representing the lengths of the 2x2 + 4 x + 4 = 4x2 − 8x + 4
legs and x + 18 representing the length of the 0 = 2 x 2 − 12 x
hypotenuse. 0 = 2 x( x − 6 )
2 x = 0 or x − 6 = 0
a 2 + b2 = с2
x = 0 or x=6
x 2 + ( x + 14 ) = ( x + 18 )
2 2
Discard 0 because the length cannot be zero.
x 2 + x 2 + 28 x + 196 = x 2 + 36 x + 324 The length of the shorter leg is 6 meters.
x 2 − 8 x − 128 = 0 Check: 62 + 82 = 102 ; 100 = 100 True
( x − 16 )( x + 8 ) = 0 35. h = −16t 2 + 128t
x − 16 = 0 or x + 8 = 0
h = −16 (1) + 128 (1) Let t = 1.
2
x = 16 or x = −8
= −16 + 128
Reject x = −8 because distance cannot be
negative. If x = 16, then x + 18 = 34. The cars = 112
were 34 miles apart. After 1 second, the height is 112 feet.
Check: 162 + 302 = 342 ; 1156 = 1156 True 36. h = −16t 2 + 128t
h = −16 ( 2 ) + 128 ( 2 ) Let t = 2.
2
33. Let x = the the length of the ladder. Then
x − 4 = the distance from the bottom of the = −16 ( 4 ) + 256
ladder to the building, and x − 2 = the distance = −64 + 256
on the side of the building to the top of the
= 192
ladder.
Substitute into the Pythagorean theorem. After 2 seconds, the height is 192 feet.
a 2 + b2 = с2 37. h = −16t 2 + 128t
( x − 2 )2 + ( x − 4 )2 = x 2 h = −16 ( 4 ) + 128 ( 4 ) Let t = 4.
2
x 2 − 4 x + 4 + x 2 − 8 x + 16 = x 2 = −16 (16 ) + 512

x 2 − 12 x + 20 = 0 = −256 + 512
( x − 10 )( x − 2 ) = 0 = 256
x − 10 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 After 4 seconds, the height is 256 feet.
x = 10 or x=2 38. The object returns to the ground when h = 0.
The solution cannot be 2 because then a h = −16t 2 + 128t
negative distance results. Thus, x = 10, and the
0 = −16t 2 + 128t Let h = 0.
top of the ladder reaches x − 2 = 10 − 2 = 8 feet
up the side of the building. 0 = −16t ( t − 8 )
Check: 82 + 62 = 102 ; 100 = 100 True −16t = 0 or t −8 = 0
t = 0 or t =8
34. Let x = the length of the shorter leg.
The solution t = 0 represents the time before
Then x + 2 = the length of the longer leg, and
the object is projected upward. The object
2 x − 2 = the length of the hypotenuse. returns to the ground after 8 seconds.
Use the Pythagorean theorem with a = x,
b = x + 2, and c = 2 x − 2.

39. (a) Let h = 64 in the given formula and solve 40. (a) Let h = 48 in the given equation and solve
for t. for t.
h = −16t 2 + 32t + 48 h = −16t 2 + 64t
64 = −16t 2 + 32t + 48 48 = −16t 2 + 64t
16t 2 − 32t + 16 = 0 16t 2 − 64t + 48 = 0
16(t 2 − 2t + 1) = 0 ( )
16 t 2 − 4t + 3 = 0
16(t − 1) = 0
2
16 ( t − 1)( t − 3) = 0
t −1 = 0 t − 1 = 0 or t − 3 = 0
t =1 t = 1 or t =3
The height of the object will be 64 feet after The height of the object will be 48 feet after
1 second. 1 second (on the way up) and after
(b) To find the time when the height is 60 feet, 3 seconds (on the way down).
let h = 60 in the given equation and solve (b) To find the height of the object after
for t. 2 seconds, let t = 2 in the given equation
h = −16t 2 + 32t + 48 and evaluate h.
60 = −16t 2 + 32t + 48 h = −16t 2 + 64t
16t 2 − 32t + 12 = 0 ( )
h = −16 22 + 64 ( 2 )
4(4t 2 − 8t + 3) = 0 = −64 + 128
4(2t − 1)(2t − 3) = 0 = 64
2t − 1 = 0 or 2t − 3 = 0 The maximum height of the object is
2t = 1 or 2t = 3 64 feet.
1 3 (c) Let h = 0 and solve for t.
t= or t=
2 2 h = −16t 2 + 64t
1 0 = −16t 2 + 64t
The height of the object is 60 feet after
2 0 = −16t (t − 4)
3 1
second (on the way up) and after or 1 −16t = 0 or t − 4 = 0
2 2
seconds (on the way down). t = 0 or t=4
The first solution, t = 0, represents the time
(c) To find the time when the object hits the
when the object is projected upward from
ground, let h = 0 and solve for t. ground level. The object will hit (return to)
h = −16t 2 + 32t + 48 the ground after 4 seconds.
0 = −16t 2 + 32t + 48 (d) The solution 0 represents the time at which
16t − 32t − 48 = 0
2 the object was projected.
( )
16 t 2 − 2t − 3 = 0 (e) Let h = 60 and solve for t.
60 = −16t 2 + 64t
16 ( t + 1)( t − 3) = 0
16t 2 − 64t + 60 = 0
t + 1 = 0 or t − 3 = 0
t = −1 or t =3 (
4 4t 2 − 16t + 15 = 0)
We discard −1 because time cannot be 4 ( 2t − 3)( 2t − 5 ) = 0
negative. The object will hit the ground
2t − 3 = 0 or 2t − 5 = 0
after 3 seconds.
2t = 3 or 2t = 5
(d) The negative solution, −1, does not make
3 5
sense, since t represents time, which cannot t= or t=
be negative. 2 2

3 y = 0.0002 x 2 + 0.0593x + 2.501

The height of the object is 60 feet after
2
y = 0.0002 ( 63) + 0.0593 ( 63) + 2.501
2
5
or 1.5 seconds and after or 2.5 seconds. y = 7.0307 ≈ 7.0
2
The model indicates 7.0 billion in the year
(f) The object reaches 60 ft once on its way up 2013, which is slightly under the actual
and once on its way down. value of 7.1 billion.
41. (a) x = 2000 − 1990 = 10 (c) x = 2025 − 1950 = 75
x = 10 corresponds to 2000. x = 75 corresponds to 2025.
(b) y = 0.339 x 2 + 8.50 x − 8.26 (d) y = 0.0002 ( 75 ) + 0.0593 ( 75 ) + 2.501

2
y = 0.339 (10 ) + 8.50 (10 ) − 8.26

2
y = 8.0735 ≈ 8.1
y = 110.64 ≈ 111 The model indicates there will be about 8.1
The model indicates there were about billion people in the world. This is slightly
111 million cellular phone subscribers in high compared to the prediction.
2000. The result using the model is more
than 109 million, the actual number for Chapter 5 Review Exercises
2000.
1. 7t + 14 = 7 ⋅ t + 7 ⋅ 2 = 7( t + 2 )
(c) x = 2012 − 1990 = 22
x = 22 corresponds to 2012. 2. 60 z 3 + 30 z = 30 z ⋅ 2 z 2 + 30 z ⋅ 1
= 30 z (2 z 2 + 1)
(d) y = 0.339 ( 22 ) + 8.50 ( 22 ) − 8.26
2
y = 342.816 ≈ 343 ( )
3. −3x3 + 6 x 2 + 3x = 3x ⋅ − x 2 + 3 x ⋅ 2 x + 3 x ⋅ 1
The model indicates there were about
343 million cellular phone subscribers in ( )
= 3x − x 2 + 2 x + 1
= −3x ( x − 2 x − 1)
2012. The result using the model is more 2
than 326 million, the actual number for
2012.
4. 100m 2 n3 − 50m3 n4 + 150m 2 n 2
(e) x = 2014 − 1990 = 24
x = 24 corresponds to 2014.
( )
= 50m 2 n2 ⋅ 2n + 50m 2 n 2 ⋅ −mn 2 + 50m 2 n2 ⋅ 3
(f) y = 0.339 ( 24 ) + 8.50 ( 24 ) − 8.26

2 (
= 50m 2 n2 2n − mn 2 + 3 )
y = 391.004 ≈ 391 5. 2 xy − 8 y + 3x − 12 = ( 2 xy − 8 y ) + ( 3x − 12 )
The model gives an estimate of 391 million = 2 y ( x − 4) + 3( x − 4)
= ( x − 4 )( 2 y + 3)
cellular phone subscribers in 2014.
42. (a) x = 2000 − 1950 = 50
x = 50 corresponds to 2000. ( )
6. 6 y 2 + 9 y + 4 xy + 6 x = 6 y 2 + 9 y + ( 4 xy + 6 x )
x = 2013 − 1950 = 63 = 3 y ( 2 y + 3) + 2 x ( 2 y + 3)
x = 63 corresponds to 2013. = ( 2 y + 3)( 3 y + 2 x )
(b) y = 0.0002 x 2 + 0.0593x + 2.501 7. Find two integers whose product is 6 and
whose sum is 5. The integers are 3 and 2. Thus,
y = 0.0002 ( 50 ) + 0.0593 ( 50 ) + 2.501
2
x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 3)( x + 2 ) .
y = 5.966 ≈ 6.0
The model indicates 6.0 billion in the year
2000, which is slightly under the actual
value of 6.1 billion.

Chapter 5 Review Exercises 431
8. Find two integers whose product is 40 and

whose sum is −13.
16. (
p 7 − p 6 q − 2 p5 q 2 = p 5 p 2 − pq − 2q 2 )
= p 5 ( p + q )( p − 2q )
−1, − 40 −41 (
17. 3r 5 − 6r 4 s − 45r 3 s 2 = 3r 3 r 2 − 2rs − 15s 2 )
−2, − 20 −22 = 3r 3 ( r + 3s )( r − 5s )
−4, − 10 −14
(
18. 2 x 7 + 2 x 6 y − 12 x5 y 2 = 2 x5 x 2 + xy − 6 y 2 )
−5, − 8 −13 ← = 2x 5
( x − 2 y )( x + 3 y )
The integers are −5 and −8, so
19. To begin factoring 6r 2 − 5r − 6, the possible
y 2 − 13 y + 40 = ( y − 5 )( y − 8 ) .
first terms of the two binomial factors are r and
9. Find two integers whose product is −27 and 6r, or 2r and 3r, if we consider only positive
integer coefficients.
whose sum is 6. The integers are −3 and 9, so
q 2 + 6q − 27 = ( q − 3)( q + 9 ) . 20. When factoring 2 z 3 + 9 z 2 − 5 z , the first step is
to factor out the GCF, z.
10. Find two integers whose product is −56 and
whose sum is −1. The integers are 7 and 21. Factor 2k 2 − 5k + 2 by trial and error.
−8, so
2k 2 − 5k + 2 = ( 2k − 1)( k − 2 )
r − r − 56 = ( r + 7 )( r − 8) .
2
22. Factor 3r 2 + 11r − 4 by grouping. Look for

11. The factors of 1 of 1 and 1 add up to 2. The
factors of 1 of −1 and −1 add up to −2. It is two integers whose product is 3( −4 ) = −12 and
not possible to find two integers whose product whose sum is 11. The integers are 12 and −1.
is 1 and whose sum is 1. Consequently, the 3r 2 + 11r − 4 = 3r 2 + 12r − r − 4
polynomial is prime.
12. First, factor out the GCF, 8p.
( )
= 3r 2 + 12r + ( − r − 4 )
= 3r ( r + 4 ) − 1( r + 4 )
(
8 p3 − 24 p 2 − 80 p = 8 p p 2 − 3 p − 10 ) = ( r + 4 )( 3r − 1)
Now factor p 2 − 3 p − 10.
p 2 − 3 p − 10 = ( p + 2)( p − 5) 23. Factor 6r 2 − 5r − 6 by grouping. Find two
The completely factored form is integers whose product is 6( −6 ) = −36 and
8 p3 − 24 p 2 − 80 p = 8 p ( p + 2)( p − 5). whose sum is −5. The integers are −9 and 4.
6 r 2 − 5r − 6 = 6 r 2 − 9 r + 4 r − 6
13. 3x + 30 x + 48 x = 3x x + 10 x + 16
4 3 2 2
( 2
) ( )
= 6 r 2 − 9 r + ( 4 r − 6)
= 3x ( x + 2 )( x + 8 )
2
= 3r ( 2r − 3) + 2( 2r − 3)
14. Find two expressions whose product is −96s 2 = (2r − 3) ( 3r + 2 )
and whose sum is −4 s. The expressions are 8s
and −12s, so 24. Factor 10 z 2 − 3z − 1 by trial and error.
r 2 − 4rs − 96s 2 = ( r + 8s )( r − 12 s ) . 10 z 2 − 3 z − 1 = (5 z + 1)(2 z − 1)
15. Find two expressions whose product is −120q 2

and whose sum is 2q. The expressions are 12q
and −10q, so
p 2 + 2 pq − 120q 2 = ( p + 12q)( p − 10q).

25. Factor 5t 2 − 11t + 12. Find two integers whose 35. Factor the difference of squares.
49 y 2 − 25w2 = ( 7 y ) − ( 5w )
2 2
product is 12 and whose sum is −11.
Factors of 12 Sums of Factors = ( 7 y + 5w )( 7 y − 5w )
−1, − 12 −13 36. Use the rule for factoring a difference of

squares.
−2, − 6 −8
144 p 2 − 36q 2 = 36(4 p 2 − q 2 )
−3, − 4 −7 = 36 ⎡( 2 p ) − q 2 ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
There are no factors of 12 whose sum is −11. = 36( 2 p + q ) (2 p − q )
The polynomial is prime.
37. This polynomial is prime because it is the sum
26. Factor out the GCF, 4x3. Then complete the of squares, and the two terms have no common
factoring by trial and error. factor.
(
24 x5 − 20 x 4 + 4 x3 = 4 x3 6 x 2 − 5 x + 1 ) 38. Factor the perfect square trinomial.
= 4 x ( 3x − 1)( 2 x − 1)
3
r 2 − 12r + 36 = r 2 − 2( 6 )( r ) + 62
= ( r − 6)
( )
2
27. −6 x 2 + 3x + 30 = −3 2 x 2 − x − 10
= −3 ( 2 x − 5 )( x + 2 ) 39. Factor the perfect square trinomial.
9t 2 − 42t + 49 = ( 3t ) − 2( 3t )( 7 ) + 7 2
2
28. 10r s + 17r s + 6rs = rs 10r + 17rs + 6s

3 2 2 3
( 2 2
) = ( 3t − 7 )
2
= rs ( 5r + 6 s )( 2r + s )
40. Factor the sum of cubes.
29. 48 x y + 4 x y − 4 x y
4 3 2 2 3
m3 + 1000 = m3 + 103
(
= 4 x 2 y 12 x 2 + xy − y 2 ) (
= ( m + 10 ) m 2 − 10 ⋅ m + 102 )
= 4 x y ( 3x + y )( 4 x − y )
2
= ( m + 10 ) ( m 2
− 10m + 100 )
30. The student stopped too soon. He needs to 41. Factor the sum of cubes.
factor out the common factor 4 x − 1 to get
125k 3 + 64 x3
( 4 x − 1)( 4 x − 5 ) as the correct answer.
= ( 5k ) + ( 4 x )
3 3
31. Only choice B, 4 x 2 y 2 − 25 z 2 , is the difference = ( 5k + 4 x ) ⎡ ( 5k ) − 5k ⋅ 4 x + ( 4 x ) ⎤

2 2
of squares. In A, 32 is not a perfect square. In ⎣ ⎦

C, we have a sum, not a difference. In D, y3 is (
= ( 5k + 4 x ) 25k 2 − 20kx + 16 x 2 )
not a square. The correct choice is B.
42. Factor the difference of cubes.
32. Only choice D, x 2 − 20 x + 100, is a perfect
343x3 − 64 = ( 7 x ) − 43
3
square trinomial because x = x ⋅ x, 2

= ( 7 x − 4 ) ⎡( 7 x ) + 7 x ⋅ 4 + 42 ⎤
2
100 = 10 ⋅ 10, and −20 x = −2( x )(10 ) . ⎣ ⎦
33. Factor the difference of squares. (

= ( 7 x − 4 ) 49 x 2 + 28 x + 16 )
n 2 − 49 = n 2 − 7 2 = ( n + 7 )( n − 7 ) 43. Factor the difference of cubes.
34. Factor the difference of squares. 1000 − 27 x 6
25b 2 − 121 = ( 5b ) − 112 ( )
2 3
= 103 − 3x 2
= ( 5b + 11)( 5b − 11)
= (10 − 3x ) ⎢⎡10 + 10( 3x ) + ( 3x ) ⎤⎥
2 2 2 2 2
⎣ ⎦
= (10 − 3x )(100 + 30 x + 9 x )
2 2 4

Chapter 5 Review Exercises 433
( ) − (y ) = (x )( x ) 3 z 2 − 11z − 20 = 0
2 3 2
44. x 6 − y 6 = x3 3
+ y3 3
− y3 50.
Now factor as the sum and difference of cubes.

( 3z + 4 )( z − 5 ) = 0
( x + y ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) ( x − y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) 3z + 4 = 0 or z−5=0
3z = −4 or z=5
45. ( 4t + 3)( t − 1) = 0 z=−
4
4t + 3 = 0 or t − 1 = 0 3
4t = −3 t =1 ⎧ 4 ⎫
or The solution set is ⎨ − , 5⎬ .
3 ⎩ 3 ⎭
t=−
4 51. 81t 2 − 64 = 0
⎧ 3 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , 1⎬ . ( 9t + 8 )( 9t − 8 ) = 0
⎩ 4 ⎭
9t + 8 = 0 or 9t − 8 = 0
46. x ( 2 x − 5 ) = 0 9t = −8 or 9t = 8
x = 0 or 2 x − 5 = 0 8 8
t=− or t=
2x = 5 9 9
5 ⎧ 8 8⎫
x= The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
2 ⎩ 9 9⎭
⎧ 5⎫
The solution set is ⎨0, ⎬ . 52. y2 = 8y
⎩ 2⎭
y2 − 8 y = 0
47. z2 + 4z + 3 = 0 y( y − 8) = 0
( z + 3)( z + 1) = 0 y = 0 or y −8=0
z +3=0 or z +1= 0 y =8
z = −3 or z = −1 The solution set is {0, 8} .
53. n( n − 5 ) = 6
48. m 2 − 5m + 4 = 0 n 2 − 5n = 6
( m − 1) (m − 4) = 0 n 2 − 5n − 6 = 0
m − 1 = 0 or m − 4 = 0
( n + 1)( n − 6 ) = 0
m =1 or m=4
n +1= 0 or n − 6 = 0
n = −1 or n=6
49. x 2 = −15 + 8 x The solution set is {−1, 6} .
x 2 − 8 x + 15 = 0 54. t 2 − 14t + 49 = 0
( x − 3)( x − 5) = 0
( t − 7 )2 = 0
x − 3 = 0 or x−5=0
t−7=0
x = 3 or x=5
t=7

55. t 2 = 12( t − 3) Reject −10 since the width cannot be negative.

The width of the rug is 4 feet, and the length is
t 2 = 12t − 36 4 + 6 or 10 feet.
t 2 − 12t + 36 = 0
60. The surface area S of a box is given by
( t − 6 )2 = 0 S = 2WH + 2WL + 2 LH , where L is the length,
t−6=0 W is the width, and H is the height of the box.
t=6 From the figure, we have L = 20, W = x, and
H = x + 4.
S = 2WH + 2WL + 2 LH
56. x =9
2 650 = 2 x ( x + 4 ) + 2 x ( 20 ) + 2( 20 )( x + 4 )
x2 − 9 = 0 650 = 2 x 2 + 8 x + 40 x + 40( x + 4 )
( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0 650 = 2 x 2 + 48 x + 40 x + 160
x+3=0 or x−3=0 0 = 2 x 2 + 88 x − 490
x = −3 or
x=3
(
0 = 2 x 2 + 44 x − 245 )
0 = 2 ( x + 49 )( x − 5 )
57. ( 5 z + 2 ) ( z + 3z + 2 ) = 0
2 x + 49 = 0 or x−5 = 0
x = −49 or x=5
( 5 z + 2 )( z + 2 )( z + 1) = 0
Reject −49 because the width cannot be
5z + 2 = 0 or z+2=0 or z +1= 0
negative. The width of the chest is 5 feet.
5 z = −2
61. Let x be the distance traveled west. Then
2 x − 14 is the distance traveled south, and
z=− or z = −2 or z = −1
5
( x − 14 ) + 16 = x + 2 is the distance between
⎧ 2⎫
The solution set is ⎨ −2, − 1, − ⎬ . cars. These three distances form a right triangle
⎩ 5⎭ with x and x − 14 representing the lengths of
64 x3 − 9 x = 0 the legs and x + 2 representing the length of
58.
( )
the hypotenuse. Use the Pythagorean theorem.
x 64 x 2 − 9 = 0
a2 + b2 = с2
x ( 8 x + 3)( 8 x − 3) = 0
x 2 + ( x − 14 ) = ( x + 2 )
2 2
x = 0 or 8 x + 3 = 0 or 8 x − 3 = 0
x 2 + x 2 − 28 x + 196 = x 2 + 4 x + 4
8 x = −3 8x = 3
x 2 − 32 x + 192 = 0
3 3
x = 0 or z=− or z= ( x − 8 )( x − 24 ) = 0
8 8
⎧ 3 3⎫ x − 8 = 0 or x − 24 = 0
The solution set is ⎨ − , 0, ⎬ .
⎩ 8 8⎭ x = 8 or x = 24
If x = 8, then x − 14 = −6, which is not
59. Let x be the width of the rug. Then x + 6 is
possible because a distance cannot be negative.
the length of the rug.
If x = 24, then x − 14 = 10 and x + 2 = 26.
A = LW
The cars were 26 miles apart.
40 = ( x + 6 ) x
40 = x 2 + 6 x
0 = x 2 + 6 x − 40
0 = ( x + 10 )( x − 4 )
x + 10 = 0 or x−4=0
x = −10 or x=4

Chapter 5 Mixed Review Exercises 435
62. Let x be the width of the base. In 2011, x = 11.

Then x + 2 is the length of the base. y = 7.02 x 2 − 15.5 x + 469
The area of the base, B, is given by LW, so
y = 7.02 (11) − 15.5 (11) + 469
2
B = x( x + 2 ) .
y = 849.42 − 170.5 + 469
Use the formula for the volume of a pyramid,
1 y = 1147.92 ≈ 1148
V = ⋅ B ⋅ h. In 2011 y = 1148. The equation predicts
3
1 1148 thousand vehicles.
48 = x ( x + 2 )( 6 )
3 (b) In 2007, the result of 704 thousand is
48 = 2 x ( x + 2 ) slightly higher than the actual number.
In 2011, the result of 1148 thousand is
24 = x 2 + 2 x
lower than the actual number.
x 2 + 2 x − 24 = 0
( x + 6 )( x − 4 ) = 0 Chapter 5 Mixed Review Exercises
x+6=0 or x−4=0 1. D is not factored completely.
x = −6 or x=4 3( 7t + 4 ) + x ( 7t + 4 ) = ( 7t + 4 )( 3 + x )
Reject −6. The width of the base is 4 meters,
2. The factor 2 x + 8 has a factor of 2. The
and the length is 4 + 2 or 6 meters.
completely factored form is 2( x + 4 )( 3x − 4 ) .
63. Let x = the first integer. Then x + 1 and x + 2
are the next two integers. 3. Two integers with product 3(10 ) = 30 and sum
The product of the first two of three 11 are 5 and 6.
consecutive integers is equal to 23 plus the 3k 2 + 11k + 10 = 3k 2 + 5k + 6k + 10
third.
x ( x + 1) = 23 + ( x + 2 ) (
= 3k 2 + 5k + ( 6k + 10 ))
x + x = 23 + x + 2
2 = k ( 3k + 5 ) + 2 ( 3k + 5)
x − 25 = 0
2 = ( 3k + 5 )( k + 2 )
( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) = 0 4. z 2 − 11zx + 10 x 2 = ( z − x )( z − 10 x )
x+5=0 or x−5=0
( ) − 25
2
x = −5 or x=5 5. y 4 − 625 = y 2 2
If x = −5, then x + 1 = −4 and x + 2 = −3. If

= ( y + 25 )( y − 25 )
2 2
x = 5, then x + 1 = 6 and x + 2 = 7. The
integers are −5, − 4, and −3, or 5, 6, and 7. = ( y + 25 ) ( y + 5 )( y − 5 )
2
64. (a) t = 4: d = 16( 4 ) = 256

2
6. 6m3 − 21m 2 − 45m
( )
In 4 seconds, the object would fall 256 feet.
= 3m 2m 2 − 7m − 15
(b) t = 8: d = 16( 8) = 1024
2
In 8 seconds, the object would fall ⎣ ( )

= 3m ⎡ 2m 2 − 10m + ( 3m − 15 ) ⎤
⎦
1024 feet. = 3m ⎡⎣ 2m( m − 5 ) + 3( m − 5 ) ⎤⎦
65. (a) In 2007, x = 7. = 3m( m − 5 )( 2m + 3)
y = 7.02 x − 15.5 x + 469
2
7. 25a 2 + 15ab + 9b2 is a prime polynomial.
y = 7.02 ( 7 ) − 15.5 ( 7 ) + 469
2
y = 343.98 − 108.5 + 469 8. 2a 5 − 8a 4 − 24a3 = 2a3 a 2 − 4a − 12 ( )

y = 704.48 ≈ 704 = 2a3 ( a − 6 )( a + 2 )
In 2007, y = 704. The equation predicts
704 thousand vehicles.

9. 15m 2 + 20m − 12mp − 16 p 18. Let x be the length of the shorter leg.
Then 2 x + 6 is the length of the longer leg, and
= 5m( 3m + 4 ) − 4 p ( 3m + 4 )
= ( 3m + 4 )( 5m − 4 p ) (2x + 6) + 3 = 2x + 9 is the length of the
hypotenuse.
10. 24ab3c 2 − 56a 2 bc3 + 72a 2 b2 c Use the Pythagorean theorem, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 .
(
= 8abc 3b 2 c − 7 ac 2 + 9ab ) x2 + ( 2 x + 6) = ( 2 x + 9)
2 2
x 2 + 4 x 2 + 24 x + 36 = 4 x 2 + 36 x + 81
11. 12 x 2 yz 3 + 12 xy 2 z − 30 x3 y 2 z 4
x 2 − 12 x − 45 = 0
(
= 6 xyz 2 xz + 2 y − 5 x yz
2 2 3
) ( x − 15 )( x + 3) = 0
12. 12r 2 + 18rq − 10r − 15q x − 15 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
= 6r ( 2r + 3q ) − 5( 2r + 3q ) x = 15 or x = −3
Reject −3 because a length cannot be negative.
= ( 2r + 3q )( 6r − 5 )
The sides of the lot are 15 meters,
13. 49t 2 + 56t + 16 = ( 7t ) + 2( 7t )( 4 ) + 42
2 2(15 ) + 6 = 36 meters, and
36 + 3 = 39 meters.
= ( 7t + 4 )
2
19. Let b be the base of the sail.

14. 1000a 3 + 27 Then b + 4 is the height of the sail.
= (10a ) + 33
3
Use the formula for the area of a triangle.
A = 12 bh
= (10a + 3) ⎡(10a ) − 10a ⋅ 3 + 32 ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦ 30 = 12 (b)(b + 4) Let A = 30.
(
= (10a + 3) 100a − 30a + 9 2
) 60 = b + 4b
2
0 = b 2 + 4b − 60
15. t ( t − 7 ) = 0
0 = (b + 10) (b − 6)
t = 0 or t − 7 = 0
b + 10 = 0 or b − 6 = 0
t=7
b = −10 or b=6
Discard −10 since the base of a triangle cannot
be negative. The base of the triangular sail is
16. x 2 + 3x = 10 6 meters.
x 2 + 3x − 10 = 0 20. Let x be the width of the house.
( x + 5) ( x − 2 ) = 0 Then x + 7 is the length of the house.
x+5=0 or x−2=0 Use A = LW with 170 for A, x + 7 for L, and
x = −5 or x=2 x for W.
The solution set is {−5, 2} . 170 = ( x + 7)( x)
170 = x 2 + 7 x
17. 25 x + 20 x + 4 = 0
2
0 = x 2 + 7 x − 170
( 5x ) 2
+ 2( 5 x )( 2 ) + 2 = 02
0 = ( x + 17) ( x − 10)
( 5 x + 2 )2 = 0 x + 17 = 0 or x − 10 = 0
5x + 2 = 0 x = −17 or x = 10
5 x = −2 Discard −17 because the width cannot be
2 negative. If x = 10, x + 7 = 10 + 7 = 17.
x=− The width is 10 meters, and the length is
5
17 meters.
⎧ ⎫ 2
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ .
⎩ 5⎭

Chapter 5 Test 437
Chapter 5 Test 14. The polynomial is a perfect square trinomial.

x 2 + 16 x + 64 = ( x + 8 )
2
1. 2 x 2 − 2 x − 24 = 2( x 2 − x − 12)
= 2( x + 3)( x − 4) 15. 4 x 2 − 28 xy + 49 y 2
The correct completely factored form is choice = (2 x)2 − 2(2 x)(7 y ) + (7 y )2
D. Note that the factored forms A,
(2 x + 6)( x − 4), and B, ( x + 3)(2 x − 8), also = (2 x − 7 y ) 2
( )
can be multiplied to give a product of
16. 6t 4 + 3t 3 − 108t 2 = 3t 2 2t 2 + t − 36
2 x 2 − 2 x − 24, but neither of these is
completely factored because 2 x + 6 and = 3t (2t + 9)(t − 4)
2
2 x − 8 both contain a common factor of 2.

17. r 3 − 125 = r 3 − 53
12 x 2 − 30 x = 6 x(2 x − 5)
(
= (r − 5) r 2 + 5 ⋅ r + 52 )
= (r − 5) ( r 2
+ 5r + 25 )
2m3 n 2 + 3m3 n − 5m 2 n2
(
18. 8k 3 + 64 = 8 k 3 + 8 )
= m n(2mn + 3m − 5n)
2
= 8(k 3
+ 23 )
4. 2ax − 2bx + ay − by = 2 x(a − b) + y (a − b)
= (a − b)(2 x + y ) (
= 8(k + 2) k 2 − 2 ⋅ k + 22 )
5. Find two integers whose product is −24 and = 8(k + 2) ( k 2
− 2k + 4 )
whose sum is −5. The integers are 3 and −8.
( ) −9
2
x 2 − 5 x − 24 = ( x + 3)( x − 8) 19. x 4 − 81 = x 2 2
6. Factor 2 x 2 + x − 3 by trial and error. = ( x + 9 )( x − 9 )

2 2
2 x 2 + x − 3 = (2 x + 3)( x − 1) = ( x + 9 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2
7. Factor 10 z 2 − 17 z + 3 by trial and error.

20. 81x 4 − 16 y 4
10 z − 17 z + 3 = (2 z − 3)(5 z − 1)
2
( ) − (4 y )
2 2 2
= 9 x2
(
8. 3x 2 − 12 x − 15 = 3 x 2 − 4 x − 5 ) = ( 9 x + 4 y )( 9 x − 4 y )
2 2 2 2
= 3 ( x + 1)( x − 5 )
= ( 9 x + 4 y ) [(3 x) − (2 y ) ]
2 2 2 2
9. We cannot find two integers whose product is 3

and whose sum is 2. This polynomial is prime. = ( 9 x + 4 y ) [(3 x + 2 y )(3x − 2 y )]
2 2
10. This polynomial is prime because the sum of = (3x + 2 y )(3x − 2 y ) ( 9 x + 4 y ) 2 2

squares cannot be factored and the two terms
have no common factor. 21. ( x + 3)( x − 9) = 0
11. 12 − 6a + 2b − ab = (12 − 6a ) + (2b − ab) x+3= 0 or x−9 = 0
= 6(2 − a) + b(2 − a) x = −3 or x=9
= (2 − a )(6 + b) The solution set is {−3, 9} .
12. 9 y 2 − 64 = (3 y )2 − 82
= (3 y + 8)(3 y − 8)
13. The polynomial is a difference of squares.

81a 2 − 121b 2 = ( 9a + 11b )( 9a − 11b )

22. 2r 2 − 13r + 6 = 0 27. Let x = the width of the flower bed.

(2r − 1)(r − 6) = 0 Then 2 x − 3 = the length of the flower bed.
2r − 1 = 0 or r − 6 = 0 Use the formula A = LW .
x(2 x − 3) = 54
2r = 1 or r =6
1 2 x 2 − 3 x = 54
r=
2 2 x 2 − 3x − 54 = 0
⎧1 ⎫ (2 x + 9)( x − 6) = 0
The solution set is ⎨ , 6 ⎬ .
⎩2 ⎭ 2x + 9 = 0 or x − 6 = 0
2 x = −9 or x=6
23. 25 x 2 − 4 = 0
(5 x + 2)(5 x − 2) = 0 9
x=−
2
5x + 2 = 0 or 5 x − 2 = 0
9
5 x = −2 or 5x = 2 Reject − . If x = 6, 2 x − 3 = 2(6) − 3 = 9.
2
2 2 The dimensions of the flower bed are 6 feet by
x=− or x=
5 5 9 feet.
⎧ 2 2 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ . 28. Let x be the first integer.
⎩ 5 5⎭ Then x + 1 is the second integer.
The square of the sum of the two integers is 11
24. t 2 = 9t
more than the first integer.
t 2 − 9t = 0 [ x + ( x + 1)]2 = x + 11
t (t − 9) = 0
t=0 or t − 9 = 0
( 2 x + 1)2 = x + 11
4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = x + 11
t=0 or t =9
The solution set is {0, 9} . 4 x 2 + 3x − 10 = 0
(4 x − 5)( x + 2) = 0
25. x( x − 20) = −100 4 x − 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x 2 − 20 x = −100 4x = 5 or x = −2
x − 20 x + 100 = 0
2
5
x=
( x − 10) = 0
2 4
x − 10 = 0 5
Reject because it is not an integer. If
x = 10 4
x = −2, x + 1 = −1. The integers are −2
and −1.
26. ( s + 8) (6s 2 + 13s − 5) = 0 29. Let x be the length of the stud.
If s + 8 = 0 , then s = −8. Then 3 x − 7 is the length of the brace.
The figure shows that a right triangle is formed
6 s 2 + 13s − 5 = 0
with the brace as the hypotenuse. Use the
( 2s + 5 )( 3s − 1) = 0 Pythagorean theorem, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 .
2s + 5 = 0 or 3s − 1 = 0
x 2 + 152 = (3 x − 7)2
2s = −5 or 3s = 1
x 2 + 225 = 9 x 2 − 42 x + 49
5 1
s=− s= 0 = 8 x 2 − 42 x − 176
2 3
⎧ 5 1⎫ 0 = 2(4 x 2 − 21x − 88)
The solution set is ⎨ −8, − , ⎬ .
⎩ 2 3⎭ 0 = 2(4 x + 11)( x − 8)

Chapters R–5 Cumulative Review Exercises 439
4 x + 11 = 0 or x−8=0 4. A = P + Prt
4 x = −11 or x=8 A = P (1 + rt ) Factor out P.
11 A P(1 + rt )
x=− = Divide by 1 + rt.
4 1 + rt 1 + rt
11 A A
Reject − . If x = 8, 3 x − 7 = 24 − 7 = 17, so =P or P=
4 1 + rt 1 + rt
the brace should be 17 feet long.
5. The angles are supplementary, so the sum of
30. For 2014, x = 2014 − 2000 = 14. the angles is 180°.
y = 57.53x 2 − 72.93 x + 3417 (2 x + 16) + ( x + 23) = 180
y = 57.53 (14 ) − 72.93 (14 ) + 3417
2 3 x + 39 = 180
y = 11, 275.88 − 1021.02 + 3417 3x = 141
y = 13, 671.86 ≈ 13, 672 x = 47
In 2014, the model estimates that the public Since x = 47, 2 x + 16 = 2(47) + 16 = 110 and
debt of the United States was $13,672 billion. x + 23 = 47 + 23 = 70.
The angles are 110° and 70°.
Chapters R–5 Cumulative Review 6. Let x be number of bronze medals.
Exercises Then x − 5 is the number of silver medals, and
1. 3x + 2( x − 4) = 4( x − 2) ( x − 5) + 2 = x − 3 is the number of gold
3x + 2 x − 8 = 4x − 8 medals.
The total number of medals was 28.
5x − 8 = 4 x − 8
x + ( x − 5) + ( x − 3) = 28
x − 8 = −8
3x − 8 = 28
x=0
3 x = 36
x = 12
2. Multiply both sides by 100 to clear decimals. Since x = 12, x − 5 = 7 and x − 3 = 9.
100(0.3 x + 0.9 x) = 100(0.06) The United States won 9 gold medals, 7 silver
30 x + 90 x = 6 medals, and 12 bronze medals.
120 x = 6 7. Find 46% of 500.
6 1 part p
x= = = 0.05 =
129 20 whole 100
The solution set is {0.05} . a
=
46
500 100
3. To clear fractions, multiply both sides by the 100a = 46(500)
least common denominator, which is 6.
a = 230
⎡2 1 ⎤
6 ⎢ m − (m − 4) ⎥ = 6(3) Find 41% of 500.
⎣ 3 2 ⎦
4m − 3(m − 4) = 18 part p
=
4m − 3m + 12 = 18 whole 100
a 41
m + 12 = 18 =
500 100
m=6
100a = 500(41)
The solution set is {6} . a = 205

What percent of 500 is 190? 10. (a) ( 2004, 217 ) , ( 2010, 266 )
part p y2 − y1
=
whole 100 m=
x2 − x1
190 p
= 266 − 217
500 100 =
2010 − 2004
500 p = 190(100)
49
p = 38 = ≈ 8 ( to the nearest whole number )
6
What percent of 500 is 60?
A slope of (approximately) 8 means that
part p
= retail sales of prescription drugs increased
whole 100 by about $8 billion per year.
60 p
= (b) The graph of the line will fall about 8 units
500 100 from 2010 to 2009 and also from 2009 to
500 p = 60(100) 2008, so the y-value is 266 − 8 − 8 = 250.
p = 12 The ordered pair is ( 2008, 250).
Item Percent Number −2 2
⎛3⎞ ⎛4⎞ 16
Personal Computer 46% 230 11. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝4⎠ ⎝3⎠ 9
Cell Phone 41% 205 −1 1
⎛ 4 −3 ⋅ 4 4 ⎞ ⎛ 45 ⎞ 45
12. ⎜ = ⎜ −3 4 ⎟ = 1 = 44 = 256
⎜ 45 ⎟⎟
High-speed Internet 38% 190
⎜4 ⋅4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 4
MP3 player 12% 60
( p 2 ) 3 p −4 p 2 ⋅ 3 p −4
8. (a) quadrant II if a is negative and b is positive. 13. =
( p −3 ) − 1 p p ( −3)( −1) p
(b) quadrant III if a is negative and b is
p 6 p −4
negative. =
p3 p1
9. (a) The equation y = −2 x − 4 is in slope-
p6 − 4
intercept form, so the y-intercept is ( 0, −4 ) . =
p3 + 1
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
0 = −2 x − 4 p2 1
= 4
=
4 = −2 x p p2
−2 = x (m −2 )3 m m −2(3) m1
14. =
The x-intercept is (−2, 0). m 5 m −4 m5 + ( −4)
(b) The equation y = −2 x − 4 is in slope- m −6 + 1
=
intercept form, so the slope is the m1
coefficient of x, that is, −2. m −5 1
= 1
=
(c) m m6
15. (2k 2 + 4k ) − (5k 2 − 2) − (k 2 + 8k − 6)

= (2k 2 + 4k ) + (−5k 2 + 2) + (− k 2 − 8k + 6)
= 2 k 2 + 4 k − 5k 2 + 2 − k 2 − 8k + 6
= −4 k 2 − 4 k + 8

Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual
Chapters R–5 Cumulative Review Exercises 441
16. Use the FOIL method. 26. 6m 2 + m − 2 = 0

(9 x + 6)(5 x − 3)
(3m + 2)(2m − 1) = 0
= 9 x(5 x) + 9 x(−3) + 6(5 x) + 6(−3)
3m + 2 = 0 or 2m − 1 = 0
= 45 x 2 − 27 x + 30 x − 18 3m = −2 or 2m = 1
= 45 x 2 + 3x − 18 2 1
m=− or m=
3 2
17. (3 p + 2)2 = (3 p )2 + 2 ⋅ 3 p ⋅ 2 + 22
⎧ 2 1 ⎫
= 9 p 2 + 12 p + 4 The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
⎩ 3 2⎭
8 x 4 + 12 x3 − 6 x 2 + 20 x 27. 8 x 2 = 64 x
18.
2x 8 x 2 − 64 x = 0
8 x 4 12 x3 6 x 2 20 x 8 x( x − 8) = 0
= + + +
2x 2x 2x 2x
8 x = 0 or x − 8 = 0
= 4 x + 6 x − 3 x + 10
3 2
x = 0 or x=8
19. 55, 000 = 5.5 × 104 The solution set is {0, 8} .
Move the decimal point left 4 places so it is to 28. Let x be the length of the shorter leg.
the right of the first nonzero digit. 55,000 is
Then x + 7 is the length of the longer leg, and
greater than 5.5, so the power is positive.
2 x + 3 is the length of the hypotenuse.
2, 000, 000 = 2.0 × 106
Move the decimal point left 6 places so it is to
the right of the first nonzero digit. 2,000,000 is x 2 + ( x + 7)2 = (2 x + 3) 2
greater than 2, so the power is positive. x 2 + ( x 2 + 14 x + 49) = 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
20. Factor 2a 2 + 7 a − 4 by trial and error. 2 x 2 + 14 x + 49 = 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
2a 2 + 7a − 4 = (a + 4)(2a − 1) 0 = 2 x 2 − 2 x − 40
21. To factor by grouping, find two integers whose 0 = 2( x 2 − x − 20)

product is 10(6) = 60 and whose sum is 19. 0 = ( x − 5)( x + 4)
The integers are 15 and 4. x − 5 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
10m 2 + 19m + 6 = 10m 2 + 15m + 4m + 6 x = 5 or x = −4
= 5m(2m + 3) + 2(2m + 3) Reject −4 because the length of a leg cannot be
= (2m + 3)(5m + 2) negative. Since x = 5, x + 7 = 12 and
2 x + 3 = 2(5) + 3 = 13. The length of the sides
22. Factor 8t 2 + 10tv + 3v 2 by trial and error. are 5 meters, 12 meters, and 13 meters.
8t 2 + 10tv + 3v 2 = ( 4t + 3v )( 2t + v )
4 p 2 − 12 p + 9 = (2 p − 3)(2 p − 3)
23.
= (2 p − 3) 2
25r 2 − 81t 2 = (5r )2 − (9t ) 2

24.
= (5r + 9t )(5r − 9t )
25. 2 pq + 6 p3 q + 8 p 2 q = 2 pq(1 + 3 p 2 + 4 p)
= 2 pq(3 p 2 + 4 p + 1)
= 2 pq(3 p + 1)( p + 1)
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364 Chapter 5 Factoring and Applications

Applications 16r 9 = 24 ⋅ r 9 , 10r15 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ r15 ,

Use each prime the least number of times it = 6x ( x + 2)

appears in all the factored forms. The least

factored forms, the GCF is 1.

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(d) 8 p5 q 2 + 16 p 6 q 3 − 12 p 4 q 7 N4. −14b 2 − 21b3 + 7b

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N6. (a) ab + 3a + 5b + 15 This does not lead to a common factor, so

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50 p5 r 3 = 2 ⋅ 52 ⋅ p5 ⋅ r 3 35. 10a 2 − 20a = 10a ( a ) − 10a ( 2 )

21. 2k 2 (5k ) is written as a product of 2k2 and 5k, 36. 15 x 2 − 30 x = 15 x ( x ) + 15 x ( −2 )

28. 12 p 5 = 6 p3 2 p 2 ( ) 43. The GCF is 9m.

Factor out 6p3 from 12p5 to obtain 2p2. ( )

31. 6m 4 n5 = 3m3 n 2mn 4 ( ) 45. The GCF is m 2 .

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47. The GCF is 8 z 2 . 57. The GCF is 13 y 2 .

48. The GCF is 5k 2 . = 13 y 2

49. The GCF is −6 x 2 .

= −6 x 2 ( 2 x + 1) 59. The GCF is −2 x.

51. The GCF is 5 y 6 .

52. The GCF is 4a 3 . = −3 z ( 3 z − 2 z + 4 )

55. The GCF is 8mn3 .

56. The GCF is 19 p 2 y. ( ) ( ) ( )

= 19 p 2 y (1) + 19 p 2 y 2 y 2( ) 64. The GCF is x.

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83. 7 z 2 + 14 z − az − 2a 91. 16m3 − 4m 2 p 2 − 4mp + p3

84. 5m + 15mp − 2mr − 6 pr

85. 18r 2 + 12ry − 3xr − 2 xy = ( 5t − s )( 2t − s )

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97. 18r 2 − 2ty + 12ry − 3rt 103. 2 p 2 q 2 − 2 p 2 q + 2 p3 − 2 pq3

98. 12a 2 − 4bc + 16ac − 3ab

= a5 + 2a 5b − 3 − 6b Rearrange. Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises

= a5 (1 + 2b ) − 3 (1 + 2b ) Factor each group. Factors of 18 Sums of Factors

101. 16a 2 + 40ab 2 + 16ab + 40b3 Factors of 10 Sums of Factors

−8, − 3 −8 + ( −3) = −11

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Factors of 18 Sums of Factors −14, 3 −14 + 3 = −11

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(b) There is no pair of integers whose product

1. If the coefficient of the last term of the 2, 24 2 + 24 = 26

2. If the coefficient of the last term of the 3, 16 3 + 16 = 19

Factors of 32 Sums of Factors −4, − 12 −4 + ( −12 ) = −16

−16, − 2 −16 + ( −2 ) = ( −18 )

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2, − 12 2 + ( −12 ) = −10 Factors of 32 Sums of Factors

−3, 8 −3 + 8 = 5 −8, −4 −8 + ( −4 ) = ( −12 )

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19. Look for an integer whose product with 3 is Thus, a 2 + 9a + 20 = ( a + 4 )( a + 5 ) .

21. Look for an integer whose product with −2 is Thus, b 2 + 8b + 15 = ( b + 3)( b + 5 ) .

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Factors of −5 Sums of Factors Factors of 56 Sums of Factors

−1, 5 4← −2, − 28 −30

Factors of 8 Sums of Factors Factors of −30 Sums of Factors

33. Look for two integers whose product is 5 and 2, − 15 −13

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39. Find two integers whose product is −48 and −3, 13 10

40. Look for two integers whose product is −45 4, − 8 −4

1, − 45 −44 Factors of −39 Sums of Factors