‘Spermatozoa (Sperm) Intertitium Male Genital Ducts | Vas / Ductus Defference Prostatic Gland Semen Penis '. Chapter 16 Urinary System + Kidneys Renal (Uriniferous) Tubules | Renal Interstitium Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra . Chapter 17 Respiratory System. * Conducting Passages Bronchial Tree Bronchi Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs Alveoli (Air Cells) Inter ~ Alveolar Septum Blood - Air Barrier Alveolar Macrophages (Dust Cells) Blood Supply To Lung ‘Chapter 18 Endocrine Sysiem * Glands (Glandular Epithelium) Endocrine System Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis | Cereberi) Suprarenal (Adrenal), Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland ‘Chapter 20 Ear.... + External Ear + Middle Ear + Internal Ear Chapter 21 Skin... m + Nerves of The Skin Review Recall. Pant 2: Gewena. Awatouy Chapter 1 Introduction & Terminology + Subdivisions of Anatomy * Terms for Positions * Anatomical Planes * Terms of Relation used in Anatomy Terms of Relation used in Embryology Terms used for Limbs Terms for Side Terms used for Muscles * Terms for Movements Chapter 2 Bones, * Definition Properties & Features ‘Classification of Bones A/c to Shape Developmental Classification Regional Classification Classification A/e to Macroscopic Structure Glassification A/c to Microscopic Structure ‘Structure of an Adult Long Bone Parts of a Growing Bone Blood Supply of Bone ChayCuaPrEaR DL THE CELL ‘The Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Tt is a small mass of protoplasm enveloped by cell membrane and containing a nucleus. Cell Fe 2 aetlectane aiatons Cell membrane Protoplasm. al Cytoplasm Nuclew Nuclear membrane / _ Nucleoplasm envelope Cytosol Organelles Cytoskeleto Inclusions Lipid Soluble proteins Mitochondria Filaments Glycogen Soluble enzymes|-Golgi complex | Microtubules | GI Substrates Ribosomes Figmentg Products of enzyme | Endoplasmic Crystals reactions reticulum Secretory Tons Lysosome granules Microbodies/ peroxisomes Centrioles Cells may be divided into two main groups: (1) Somatic cells (2) Sex cells (restricted to gonads) Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane / Plasmalemma This envelops the protoplasm & separates its contents from its. under electron microscope it measures 8.5-10 nm in thickness structure ie. two electron dense lines separated by an electro: a have same appearance, This trilaminar structure ‘other membranes within the cell membrane is called “unit membrane”. Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure F Cell membrane consists basically of phospholipid molecules Phospholipid molecules are amphipathic i.e. consist of a Pp loving) head & a non-polar, hydrophobic (water-hating) tail. Because of this property phospholipids in aqueous solution will spontaneously form a bilayer with the hydrophilic (polar) heads directed outwards & the hydrophobic (non-polar) tails fore together inwards. Cholesterol molecules are also present in lipid bilayer in an almos one-to-one ratio with phospholipids. ‘Associated with the bilayer are variety of protein molecules. Some are incorporated within the membrane (intrinsic or integral proteins) while others are held to the inner or outer surfaces of membrane (extrinsic or peripheral proteins). Some intrinsic arranged as a bilayer. jolar, hydrophilic (wate. proteins span the entire thickness of membrane (transmembrane proteins), some functioning as “pores” through which hydrophilic molecules are transported & others are receptors for hormones & neurotransmitters. Some proteins are attached to the cytoskeleton. Many proteins are not fixed but rather float within the membrane, this has led to the use of the term fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. On the external surface of plasmaler lipids are conjugated with short glycolipids respectively, project ff This polysaccharide layer is ter Functions (1) Forms cell boundaries & acts (2) Substances are transported act (3) Endocytosis & exocytosis occ (4) Maintain cell shape as the cyto (5) Serves as medium for generatic (6) Membrane proteins serve as Nucleus It contains the genetic material of SizeCRaPT! GLANDS TT Epithelium which is primarily involved in production of specific substances which are extruded from these cells is called gland. Secretion If the substances produced sre used else where in the body, this production is called secretion. Excretion If the substances produced are discarded from the body, this is known as excretion. Classification of Glands (1) Exocrine Glands These glands releas a duct. e.g. salivary glands. (2) Endocrine Glands These glands release their products into the their products onto an epithelial surface, either directly or via blood e.g, thyroid gland. [Exocrine Glands (4) Unicellular Exocrine Glands Single cells function as exocrine glands, mucosal lining of int g (2) Multicellular It has two e.g. Mucus secreting goblet cells found inmixed glands. ny: COUS | Pharyngeal\'surface# pseudostratified columiplexus 0myenteric plexus or Auerbach’s plexus.Respiratory Membrane(@) Inte (¢) Cellment abou ollowingthe follow re foyspiratory system: