Transformer Model

Introduction (3)
Voltage levels in the Dutch Power System
Shell Type Transformer
Core Type Transformer
Transformer
The ideal transformer

1. Transformer core has infinite permeability

• Zero mmf to create magnetic flux in core
• All flux in confined in the core
2. Transformer winding has zero resistance
• Zero ohmic power loss in winding
• Zero voltage drop in winding
3. Transformer has zero Core losses
• Hysteresis
• Eddy-current losses
Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss
Ideal Transformer No Load

𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙
𝑣1 = 𝑒1 = 𝑁1 𝑣2 = 𝑒2 = 𝑁2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉1 𝐸1 𝑁1
= = =a
𝑉2 𝐸2 𝑁2
Ideal Transformer No Load

𝑣1 = 2 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝜙 2
= 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑁1 1
2 2 𝜋
𝜑= 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡 − )
𝜔𝑁1 1 𝜔𝑁1 1 2
2
𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉1
𝜔𝑁1
𝑉1 𝜔𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 2𝜋𝑓
= = 𝐴𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.44𝑓𝐴𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁1 2 2
Ideal Transformer on Load

𝑖1 𝑁1 − 𝑖2 𝑁2 = ℜ𝜑 = 0

𝑖1 𝑁2 𝑉2 1
= = =
𝑖2 𝑁1 𝑉1 𝑎
Impedance Transformer

𝑁2 𝑉2
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 𝑍2 =
𝑁1 𝐼2
2
(𝑁2 /𝑁1 )𝑉1 ∗
𝑉1 𝑁1
𝑍2 = 𝑍2 = = 𝑍2
(𝑁1 /𝑁2 )𝐼1 𝐼1 𝑁2
Impedance Transformer

𝑝1 = 𝑣1 𝑖1 𝑝2 = 𝑣2 𝑖2

𝑣1 𝑖1 = 𝑣2 𝑖2 𝑉1 𝐼1∗ = 𝑉2 𝐼2∗

𝑆1 = 𝑆2
The Transformer Model

• Not ideal
• Permeability is not infinity
• Finite self inductance
• Leakage flux
• Winding losses (copper losses)
• Core losses
• Hysteresis
• Eddy-current losses
Effect of Finite Permeability

I2 / a = I2'
I1 I2

V1 Xm aV2 Ideal V2
Transformer
a:1
I1m
Effect of Finite Permeability

ℜ𝜑 ℜ 2 𝑉1 𝜋
𝐼1𝑚 = = sin(𝜔𝑡 − )
𝑁1 𝑁1 𝜔𝑁1 2
ℜ 𝑉1
𝐼1𝑚 =
𝜔𝑁12
ℜ𝑉1 𝑉1 𝜔𝑁12 1
𝐼1𝑚 = 2 = 𝑗𝑋 ; 𝑋𝑚 ≅ ℜ = 𝐵
𝑗𝜔𝑁1 𝑚 𝑚
Effect of Finite Permeability

𝑉1
𝐼1 = 𝐼1𝑚 = [A]
𝑗𝑋𝑚

𝑃1 = 0 [𝑊]

𝑉12
𝑄1 = [Var]
𝑋𝑚
Effect of Core Losses

1. Hyteresis Losses
2. Edy-Current Losses
I2 / a = I2'
I1 I2

V1 Rc Xm aV2 Ideal V2
Transformer
a:1
I1m
 Effect of Winding Loss and Leakage
Flux

I1 Rs1 Xs1 I2 / a Rs2 Xs2

I1m
I2

V1 Gc Bm aV2 Ideal V2
Transformer
a:1
Equivalent Circuit
 Equivalent Circuit

I1 Rs1 Xs1 Rs2 Xs2

I2' = I2/a
V1 Gc Bm aV2 N1 N2 V2

I1m Ideal
a:1
The Transformer Model

Copper losses
Leakage reactance

Iron losses (core) Magnetizing susceptance

Efficiency = Pout / Pin = 1 – Ploss / Pin

Equation
1 1
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 𝑌𝑚 = +
𝑅𝑚 𝑗𝑋𝑚

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠1 + 𝑎2 𝑅𝑠2 𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝑠1 + 𝑎2 𝑋𝑠2

𝑅𝑠 ≪ 𝑅𝑚

𝑋𝑠 ≪ 𝑋𝑚

𝑋𝑠 ≫ 𝑅𝑠
Three-Phase Transformer
Out of the tank

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

Three Phase Transformer
Y-Y Transformer
Three-Phase Transformer (1)

• Three single-phase transformers

• Three phase transformer

• Complex turns ratio 1 : a*ej

• Amplitude
• Phase shift: multiple of 30°
Equivalent Circuit
Phase Shift
Three Winding Transformer
PU of Three Winding Transformer

•Zps = leakage impedance measured in primary with

secondary short circuit and tertiary open

•Zpt = leakage impedance measured in primary with

tertiary short circuit and secondary open

•Zst = leakage impedance measured in secondary with

tertiary short circuit and primary open
Impedance

𝑍𝑝𝑠 = 𝑍𝑝 + 𝑍𝑠

𝑍𝑝𝑡 = 𝑍𝑝 + 𝑍𝑡

𝑍𝑠𝑡 = 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑡

1
𝑍𝑝 = (𝑍𝑝𝑠 + 𝑍𝑝𝑡 − 𝑍𝑠𝑡 )
2
1
𝑍𝑠 = (𝑍𝑝𝑠 + 𝑍𝑠𝑡 − 𝑍𝑝𝑡 )
2
1
𝑍𝑡 = (𝑍𝑝𝑡 + 𝑍𝑠𝑡 − 𝑍𝑝𝑠 )
2
Three-Phase Transformer (2)
Single-phase equivalent