System Representation

Lesson Summary

• Introduction to Single Line Diagram

• Symbol used for Power System Components
• Introduction to Per Unit Representation
• Selection of Base Quantities
• Advantages of Per Unit System
 Single Line Diagram
• Power Systems are extremely complicated electrical network
• Three phase networks – all devices are installed in all three phases
and each power circuit consist of three conductors
• A complete conventional diagram showing all the connections is
very complicated and impractical
• Three phase systems are designed as balanced system and are
generally operated as balanced three phase system
• SLD are concise way of communicating the basic arrangement of
power system components
• SLDs use a single to represent all three phases
• SLD also called One Line Diagram
• They show the relative electrical interconnections of generators,
transformer, transmission and distribution lines, load, CB, etc., used
in assembling the power system.
Symbols of Electrical Component
Single Line Diagram
Single Line Diagram
 PU Normalization
• In power systems electrical quantities such as power,
voltage, current, impedance, etc. are very often
expressed as per unit of a base or reference value.
• Per unit value is expressed by equation:

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
 Calculation of Base Values
Two independent base values are selected:
• Base power (Sbase) = nominal complex power
of the equipment (or system)
• Base voltage (Vbase) = nominal voltage of the
equipment (or system)
 Calculation of Base Values
The other base quantities can then be derived
by calculation from these two base quantities:

• Base current

• Base impedance

• Base flux linkage

 Calculation of Per-unit Impedances

Per-unit impedances are calculated by dividing the

ohmic impedance by the base impedance:

Per-unit resistance and reactance values can be

calculated by dividing by the base impedance (which
also works in series and parallel combinations of
impedances), i.e.
 Application Examples
System Analysis
The analysis of an electrical network can be simplified by using the per-unit
system.
• Firstly, a system-wide base MVA is chosen and base voltages are selected
for different parts of the system such that they correspond to the turns
ratios of the transformers in the system.
• Next, all impedances in the network must be converted to the base
values. Often, the per-unit impedance of system components are
expressed on another base (e.g. transformer impedances are typically
expressed on the rated kVA base and rated voltage).
Therefore, we would need to perform a change of base operation:
 Transformer

𝑉1 𝑁1 𝑉2
𝑉1𝑝𝑢 = = ×
𝑉1𝑏 𝑁2 𝑉1𝑏
Using:
𝑉1𝑏 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑1 𝑁1
= =
𝑉2𝑏 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑2 𝑁2
 Transformer
𝑁1 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑉1𝑝𝑢 = = = 𝑉2𝑝𝑢
𝑁2 𝑁1 𝑉 𝑉2𝑏
𝑁2 2𝑏
𝐼1 𝑁2 𝐼2
𝐼1𝑝𝑢 = =
𝐼1𝑏 𝑁1 𝐼1𝑏

Using

𝑆𝑏 𝑆𝑏 𝑁2
𝐼1𝑏 = = = 𝐼
𝑉1𝑏 𝑁1
𝑉 𝑁1 2𝑏
𝑁2 2𝑏
𝑁2 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝐼1𝑝𝑢 = = = 𝐼2𝑝𝑢
𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐼2𝑏
𝐼2𝑏
𝑁1
Three Phase – Single Phase Equivalent

𝑆𝑏1𝜑 𝑆𝑏3𝜑
𝐼𝑏 = =
𝑉𝑏𝐿𝑁 3 𝑉𝑏𝐿𝐿

2 2
𝑉𝑏𝐿𝑁 𝑉𝑏𝐿𝑁 𝑉𝑏𝐿𝐿
𝑍𝑏 = = =
𝐼𝑏 𝑆𝑏1𝜑 𝑆𝑏3𝜑

𝑆𝑏1𝜑,3𝜑 → Base MVA

1
𝑅𝑏 = 𝑋𝑏 = 𝑍𝑏 =
𝑌𝑏
 Example 1
Prepare a phase schematic of the system shown in
the figure on the next slide and show all impedance
in per unit on a 100 MVA, 132 kV base in the
transmission line circuit.
• G1: 100 MVA, 11 kV, X=0.15 pu
• G2: 200 MVA, 13.8 kV, X=0.20 pu
• T1: 120 MVA, 11/132 kV, X=0.10 pu
• T2: 250 MVA, 13.8/161 kV, X=0.10 pu
• Load: 250 MVA, 0.8 pf lagging, operating at 132
kV
 Solution
• System representation

• Determine pu impedance of the load for the following

cases:
1. Load modeled as a series combination of resistance
and inductance
2. Load modeled as a parallel combination of resistance
and inductance
 Solution
• Base kV in transmission line 132 kV
• Base kV in generator G1= 132 x 11/132 = 11 kV
• Base kV in generator G2= 132 x 13.8/161 =
11.31 kV
 Solution
Convert all parameter values in per unit:
G1: X=0.15 x (11/11)2 x 100/100 = 0.15 pu
G2: X=0.20 x (13.8/11.31)2 x 100/200 = 0.1489 pu
T1: X=0.10 x (11/11)2 x 100/120 = 0.0833 pu
T2: X=0.10 x (13.8/11.31)2 x 100/250 = 0.05955 pu
The base impedance in transmission line circuit is:
(132)2/100=174.24 Ohm
 Solution
Ztrans-line=(50+j100) / 174.24
= 0.2870 + j 0.5739 pu

The per unit impedance of the transmission lines

connecting the load bus to the high voltage buses is given
as
Z= (25+j100) / 174.24
=0.1435+j0.5739 pu

Also the specified load as

250 x (0.8+j0.6) = 200 + j150
 Solution
Series Connection:
Zload*= (132)2 / (200+j150) = 55.7568 – j 41.8176
Zload = 55.7568 + j 41.8176
Zload pu = (55.7568 + j 41.8176) / 174.24 = 0.32+j0.24 pu

Parallel Connection:
Rload = (132)2 / 200 = 87.12 Ohm
= 87.12 / 174.24 = 0.5 pu
Xload = (132)2 / 150 = 116.16 Ohm
=116 / 174.24 = 0.66 pu
 Solution
• Load represented as parallel combination
0.2870 j0.5739
j0.0833 j0.05955

0.1435 0.1435
j0.15 j0.1489
j0.5739 j0.5739

G1 G2

0.5 j0.66
Examples 2
The equivalent impedance diagram for the above system would look
something like the following.
Resistive impedance for most components have been ignored.
Rotating machines have been replaced with a voltage source behind
their internal reactance. Capacitive effects between lines and to
ground are ignored as well.
To obtain the new normalized per unit impedances, first we need to
figure out the base values (Sbase, Vbase, Zbase) in the power system.
Following steps will lead you through the process.
Step 1: Assume a system base
• Assume a system wide Sbase of 100 MVA. This is a random
assumption and chosen to make calculations easy when calculating
the per unit impedances.
• So, Sbase = 100 MVA
Step 2: Identify the voltage base
• Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For
example, with a 22/220kV voltage rating of T1 transformer, the
Vbase on the primary side of T1 is 22kV while the secondary side is
220kV. It does not matter what the voltage rating of other
components are, that are encompassed by the Vbase zone.
See figure below for the voltage bases in the system.
Step 3: Calculate the base impedance
• The base impedance is calculated using the
following formula: Ohms…(1)

• For T-Line 1: = 484 Ohms

• For T-Line 2: = 121 Ohms

• For 3-phase load: = 1.21 Ohms

Step 4: Calculate the per unit impedance
• The per unit impedance is calculated using the
following formulas:

……..…………………………………..(2)

……..(3)

• The voltage ratio in equation (3) is not equivalent to

transformers voltage ratio. It is the ratio of the
transformer’s voltage rating on the primary or
secondary side to the system nominal voltage on the
same side.
• For T-line 1 using equation (2):
= 0.1 pu
• For T-line 2 using equation (2):
= 0.5 pu
• For 3-Phase load:
• Power Factor:
• Thus,
• = 1.1495+j1.53267 Ohms
• Per unit impedance of 3-phase load using
equation (2)= = 0.95+j1.2667 pu
• For generator, the new per unit reactance using equation (3)
100 22 2
𝑋𝑠𝑔 = 0.18 = 0.2 𝑝𝑢
90 22

100 22 2
• For T1: 𝑋𝑡1 = 0.1 = 0.2 𝑝𝑢
50 22

100 11 2
• For T2: 𝑋𝑡2 = 0.06 = 0.15 𝑝𝑢
40 11

100 22 2
• For T3: 𝑋𝑡3 = 0.064 = 0.16 𝑝𝑢
40 22

100 11 2
• For T4: 𝑋𝑡4 = 0.08 = 0.2 𝑝𝑢
40 11

100 10.45 2
• For Motor: 𝑋𝑠𝑚 = 0.185 = 0.25 𝑝𝑢
66.5 11
The equivalent impedance network with all the impedances normalized to a
common system base and the appropriate voltage base is provided below.
 Advantages of PU System
1. Advantageous to calculating with percentages
2. Easier to compare parameters and deviations
• Check of data validity (e.g. parameters within typical values)
• Determination of violation of limits (e.g. significant voltage
deviation)
3. Convenient for numerical calculations.
• Better conditioning of numerical computations (e.g. in normal
operating conditions, voltages in per unit are close to one)
• When base quantities are selected properly, ideal transformer
present in a model disappears after converting the
parameters in per unit.