INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GUWAHATI

Department of Mechanical Engineering

LABORATORY SHEET
Name of the student :
Roll No. :
Date of Experiment : Group :
Title : VIBRATION CENTRE – SIMPLE PENDULUM
Aim
The objective of the experiment is to determine the time period for a simple pendulum, and compare
that with the time period predicted using theory. Then obtain the value of acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔.
Experimental Set-up
The simple pendulum is fitted to left rear of the mainframe. It shares a support
bracket with the compound pendulum. The cord length may be readily adjusted and the
bracket is so designed that both pendulum have the same pivot point.
Experimental Procedure
1) Loosen the cord until the required pendulum length, 𝑙.
2) Set the pendulum swinging through a small angle around 10°. Take care to ensure that
the oscillations are in one plane only, i.e. the bob should not describe an elliptical
path.
3) Obtain the time for twenty complete oscillations.
4) Continue the experiment for different string lengths 𝑙 and hence determine the average
time of oscillations and hence the periodic time, 𝜏.
5) Plot 𝑙 − 𝜏 2 graph and find the slope of the straight line, to determine the value of 𝑔.
Observation
𝑆𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐
𝜏2 𝜏𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 = 2𝜋√𝑙 ⁄𝑔
𝑁𝑜. 𝑙 (𝑚) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 20 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑠) 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝜏 = 𝑡⁄20
1
2
3
4
5

Result
Note: Fit a straight line through the points and then find slope of the straight line to determine 𝑔 using
following formula.
𝑔 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 4𝜋 2

Note: Five readings are necessary to ensure that there is no error in taking readings.
𝒍

𝝉𝟐
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET
Name of the student :
Roll No. :
Date of Experiment : Group:
Title : VIBRATION CENTRE – KATER’S COMPOUND REVERSIBLE PENDULUM
Aim
The objective of the experiment is to determine the periodic time for a Kater’s compound pendulum.
The value for gravitational acceleration 𝑔 is obtained.
Experimental Set-up
The Kater’s pendulum is fitted on the rear of the mainframe. The knife-
edge will hook into the left-hand side of the bracket. In addition a roller is used
on the worktop to determine the center of gravity of the pendulum.
Experimental Procedure
1) Set the bob weight to one end of the bar with a knife edge near it.
2) Set the other knife edge at the other end of the bar.
3) Balance the bar on the bench knife edge support to find the center of gravity.
Dimensions ℎ, ℎ1 and 𝑙 are known.
4) Place the pendulum on the wall bracket, which should have been leveled in
two planes.
5) Clock the time for 100 oscillations with stop watch.
6) Clock the time for 100 oscillations with the pendulum suspended by the second knife edge.
7) Calculate the time for one oscillation and the calculate value for 𝑔.
8) Move the positions of the knife edges and the bob weight and repeat the experiment.
Tabulate your results as shown below
Oscillation about 0 Oscillation about 1
Sl. Length, Time for Time for 4𝜋 2 𝑙(ℎ − ℎ1 )
Periodic Periodic ℎ (𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑚) 𝑔=
No. 𝑙 (𝑚) 100 100 ℎ𝑡 2 − ℎ1 𝑡12
time time
oscillations oscillations
𝑡 (𝑠) 𝑡1 (𝑠)
(𝑠) (𝑠)
1
2
3
4
5
Note : Unit of both ℎ and ℎ1 can be either 𝑚𝑚 or 𝑚
Now calculate the value of g
4𝜋 2 𝑙(ℎ−ℎ1 )
𝑔= ℎ𝑡 2 −ℎ1 𝑡12
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET
Name of the student :
Roll No. :
Date of Experiment : Group :
Title : VIBRATION CENTRE – CENTRE OF PERCUSSION
Aim
The objective of the experiment is to determine the center of percussion.
Experimental set up
A compound pendulum (since it is having distributed mass and not a point
mass like in simple pendulum) is in the middle at the rear of the mainframe. It
consists of a pendulum unit with an adjustable bob with knife edge at one end.
This rests on ground tracks. A rod with an adjustable tup is mounted using ball
bearings.
Experimental Procedure
1) Clamp the large circular mass on the extrusion and place it on the ground
track supports.
2) Set the pendulum through small oscillations and clock the time for 50
oscillations using stop watch.
3) Determine the average time for one oscillation.
4) Assuming that it is simple pendulum (note that in experimental set up, it is
mentioned as compound pendulum). Knowing that 𝜏 = 2𝜋√𝑙 ⁄𝑔 *. 𝜏 is the
time for an oscillation and l is the equivalent length. We may thus calculate 𝑙.
5) Now, we know the equivalent length of the pendulum. Set the tup on the
pendulum so that it impacts the compound pendulum at a distance, 𝑙 below
the supports.
6) Swing of the tup should be a lateral distance of 20 to 30mm, there is no
advantage in large swings and impacts.
7) Having set the tup to impact at 𝑙, observe that after impact the compound pendulum swings and that the
hinge of the compound pendulum does not move.
8) Now set the tup below the equivalent length. Upon impact the support will experience a reaction and
move in the opposite direction to the impact motion.
9) Adjust the tup so that it impacts above the center of percussion. This time observe that the support moves
in the same direction as the impact motion.
10) Set the tup at the equivalent length and upon impact the support will experience less reaction.

* Note that even though it is a compound pendulum, formula for simple pendulum is used.
Tabulate your results as below
Sl. No. Time for 50 oscillations 𝑡 (𝑠) Periodic time (𝑠) Equivalent length, l in mm
1
2
3
4
5

Result : write the observation done regarding centre of percussion, equivalent length, support reaction / hinge
movement after impact.
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET
Name of the student :
Roll No. :
Date of Experiment : Group :
Title : VIBRATION CENTRE – TRIFILAR SUSPENSION
Aim
The objective of the experiment is to determine the polar moment of inertia for the different objects
by suspending them from wire files.
Experimental Set-up
This apparatus is located at the right-rear of the mainframe. A bracket
supports a chuck plate to which two or three chucks can be fitted. Wire files support
a file plate to which various test objects can be clamped by a cap-screw.
Experimental Procedure
1) Loosen the chucks and adjust the files to the required length. Then tighten the
chuck with the key provided. Ensure that the files are to the same length to 
1mm.
2) Measure the file length, 𝑙.
3) Displace the file plate through a small angle about a vertical axis and clock the
time, say, 20 oscillations using stop watch. If you can clock time for 40 or 50
oscillations your value of the periodic time will be more accurate.
4) Repeat two or three times and establish the average time for one oscillation.
Then calculate the mass moment of inertia of file plate.
5) Now use the 𝑀5 Allen cap-screw supplied to attach the test specimen to the file
plate and tighten the cap-screw with the Allen key provided.
6) Displace the object as before and clock the time. Repeat the experiment and find
the average time of an oscillation.
Mass of plate = 2.1335 𝑘𝑔
Mass of rectangular bar = 2.8207 𝑘𝑔
Radial distance of the files, 𝑎 = 75 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑎2 𝑡 2
Mass moment of inertia, 𝐼 = 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚2
4𝜋 2 𝑙
where, W is weight of the body in 𝑁.
Tabulate your results as below
(a) Mass moment of inertia of file plate and specimen
Sl. Time for 50 Mass moment of inertia
File length, 𝑙 (𝑚) Periodic time 𝑡 (𝑠)
No. oscillations (𝑠) 𝐼 (𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚2 )
1
2
3
Mass moment of Inertia, 𝐼 (average) =

(b) Mass moment of inertia of file plate, 𝐼𝑃

Sl. Time for 50 Mass moment of inertia of
File length, 𝑙 (𝑚) Periodic time, 𝑡 (𝑠)
No. oscillations (𝑠) file plate, 𝐼𝑃 (𝑘𝑔−𝑚2 )
1
2
3
Mass moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝑃 (average) =

Mass moment of inertia of the test specimen, 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼 − 𝐼𝑃 = _________________ 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

Comparison of experiment results with analytical values:

𝑚𝑑2
Mass moment of inertia for the disc, 𝐼 = = ________________ 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
8

where,
𝑑 = diameter of the disc in 𝑚, and
𝑚 = mass of the disc in 𝑘𝑔.
1
Mass moment of inertia for the rectangular bar, 𝐼 = 12 𝑚(𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 ) = ________________ 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
where,
𝑙 = length of the rectangular bar in 𝑚; 𝑙 = 0.25 𝑚
𝑏 = width of the rectangular bar in 𝑚; 𝑏 = 0.037 𝑚 and
𝑚 = mass of the rectangular bar in 𝑘𝑔.
Result
Compare your experimental results of 𝐼 with those calculated.
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET
Name of the student :
Roll No. :
Date of Experiment : Group:
Title : VIBRATION CENTRE – TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS
Aim
The objective of the experiment is to observe and measure torsional vibrations for un-damped and
damped systems having one, two or three rotors. Comparison can then be made between calculated values
and those obtained empirically.
Experimental Set-up
This apparatus is consists of top headstock bracket which has a shaft that can be locked or allowed to
rotate. A disc flywheel can be bolted to the top of the shaft, scale uppermost. A pointer is secured to the
headstock by two screws. This pointer enables the flywheel oscillations to be read from the scale. A test
specimen is clamped in the chuck and passes through the transducer spindle which has the appropriate size of
adaptor fitted to it.
Experimental Procedure
(a) Experiment one :Modulus of Rigidity, G
1) Align the marks on the top bearing collar and the bearing housing, then tighten the allen-screw to clamp
top end.
2) To adjust the position of the disc from the top end, loosen the chuck attached to disc using chuck key and
move the disc to the required position and then tighten the disc chuck when the disc is at the required
height.
3) Use a micrometer to measure the wire diameter. Use a steel tape to measure l, the distance between the
chuck jaw tips.
4) Fit a pointer to the specimen, and adjust the angular scale so that the pointer is at zero.
5) Provide some angular displacement to the disc around 20°, and then clock the time for 20 oscillations.
6) Repeat the experiment and calculate the average time for one oscillation.
7) Calculate Modulus of Rigidity.
Tabulate your results as below:
Sl. Time for 20 Modulus of rigidity,
Length, 𝑙 (𝑚) Periodic time 𝜏 (𝑠)
No. oscillations (𝑠) 𝐺 (𝐺𝑃𝑎)
1
2
3
Modulus of Rigidity, 𝐺 =
2 2
2𝜋 4𝑙𝑚𝐷
Modulus of rigidity, 𝐺 = ( ) ×
𝜏 𝜋𝑑 4
where,
𝜏 − time period in 𝑠; 𝑙 − length of pendulum or distance between chuck tip in 𝑚;𝐷 − diameter of disc in 𝑚;
𝑑 − diameter of the wire in 𝑚; 𝑚 − mass of disc in 𝑘𝑔.
Mass 𝑚 of disc having diameter 200, 225 and 250 𝑚𝑚 are 6.065, 7.645, 9.531 𝑘𝑔.
(b) Experiment two: Node position in a 2 Rotor System and time period.
1) Select two discs, having diameter of 225 and 250 𝑚𝑚.
2) Ensure the top spindle is free to rotate by loosening the 𝑀5 capscrew.
3) Fix pointers to the chucks and adjust the angular scales suitably.
4) Measure length 𝑙 of the shaft.
5) Hold the bottom disc and rotate the top disc by 20° and
release both the discs simultaneously.
6) Clamp a pointer to the shaft, where you think the node is
located.
7) Use an angular scale to clarify the pointer movement and
adjust the position of the pointer until it remains
stationary whilst the disc continues to oscillate.
8) Measure distance 𝑦1 of the pointer with steel tape.

Apparatus Geometry:
The mass moment of inertia 𝐼 of disc having diameter 200, 225 and 250 𝑚𝑚 are
0.0303, 0.0484, and 0.0745 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 respectively.
Calculate position of node in the shaft and then time period using following formulas.
𝑦
𝑦2 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦2
𝐼2
𝐼1 + 1
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑦
Time period, 𝜏 = 2𝜋√ 𝑠
𝐺𝐽(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )
where,
𝐺 − modulus of rigidity for mild steel = 79.6 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and
𝐽 − polar moment of inertia of shaft in 𝑚4
Tabulate your results as shown below:
Distance between
disc, 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑦2 = 𝑚 Actual, 𝑦1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦2 = 𝑚
Sl. 𝑦= 𝑚
No. Average
Time for 20 oscillations, Theoretical periodic
Periodic time, 𝜏 (𝑠) periodic time,
(𝑠) time, (𝑠)
𝜏 (𝑠)
1
2
3

Result :
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET
Name of the student :
Roll No. :
Date of Experiment : Group:
Title : MULTI-PLANE BALANCING APPARATUS.
Aim :
The objective of the experiment is to observe the balancing of several masses in same plane or
different planes.
Experimental Set-up
The apparatus consists of a four rotating discs mounted on a common spindle which consists of three
slots. The slots are used for clamping masses by using stud & two knurled nuts. A variable speed motor
drives the common spindle via pulley and belt. The whole system is suspended by a spring from the top the
glass enclosure.
Apparatus Geometry
Diameter of the slots are 75 𝑚𝑚, 100 𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 125 𝑚𝑚.
Distance between each disc is 100 𝑚𝑚.
Mass of a stud and two knurled nut is 70 𝑔𝑚.
Disc masses 5, 10, 20 & 50gm.
Experimental Procedure
(a) Experiment One : Balancing unknown mass with one known mass (Static balancing)
1) Remove the belt from the pulley so that the shaft is free to rotate.
2) Select a plane in which the masses have to rotate.
3) Place the unknown mass 𝒎𝟏 (here you can choose any mass)
symmetrically (if possible) about the disc, and fix it in any one of
the slots of diameter, 𝟐𝒓𝟏 in the disc, using a stud and two knurled
nuts. Note that the plain shoulder should be against the mass.
4) Calculate the balance mass, 𝒎𝟐 required by mass balance method
(you have to select slot diameter for both known and unknown
mass) or use graphical method.
5) Fix the known mass, 𝒎𝟐 in the chosen slot of diameter, 𝟐𝒓𝟐 in
the disc, using a stud and two knurled nuts.
6) Give small rotation to the shaft and wait until it comes to rest and
notice the orientation of the mass. Repeat it again and observe the
orientation of mass. If the disc is not having any preferred
orientation, then the mass is balanced.
(b) Experiment Two: Balancing with several masses in same plane
(Static balancing).
1) Select a plane in which the masses have to rotate.
2) Draw 𝑚𝑟 polygon. The closing vector gives the 𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛 value and
the angular position, 𝜃𝑛 of the balancing mass, 𝑚𝑛 in the plane.
 3) Fix all the masses as explained in experiment (1) in one disc as shown.
4) Give small rotation to the shaft and wait until it comes to rest and notice the orientation of the mass.
Repeat it again and observe the orientation of mass. If the disc is not having any preferred orientation,
then the mass is balanced.
(c) Experiment Three: Balancing several masses in the different plane (Static Balancing).
1) Fix all the masses at their respective radius and orientation which was used in experiment (2).
2) Give small rotation to the shaft and wait until it comes to rest and notice the orientation of the mass.
Repeat it again and observe the orientation of mass. If the disc is not having any preferred orientation,
then the mass is balanced.

(d) Experiment Four: Balancing several masses in the different plane (Static & Dynamic Balancing).
1) Select the planes in which the masses have to rotate.
2) Make one of the planes as reference (disc) plane, and distance of each disc is measured from the
reference (disc) plane. Note that selecting either first or last disc as reference plane will be helpful.
3) Draw 𝑚𝑟𝑧 polygon. The closing vector gives the 𝑚𝑟𝑧 value for one of the balancing mass and its
angular position 𝜃𝑛 . Knowing 𝑧, value of 𝑚𝑟 can be found.
4) Draw 𝑚𝑟 polygon including the value of 𝑚𝑟 just found in the previous step for a balancing mass. The
vector needed to close 𝑚𝑟 this polygon gives the 𝑚𝑟 value and angular position of the balancing mass
in reference plane.

Result :
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET

Name of the student :-

Roll No. :-

Date of Experiment :- Group:

Title :- GYROSCOPE FOR FREE AND FORCED PRECESSION.

Aim :-
The objective of the experiment is to investigate the gyroscopic inertia, precession and
verification of the formula for external torque or moment. In addition it will be shown
that inertia, precession and external moment are in mutually perpendicular planes.

Experimental Set-up :-
The apparatus consists of a steel flywheel driven by a high speed motor which is mounted
in the head unit. The head unit is free to pivot and rotate. An external moment can be
applied by a weight which can be clamped anywhere along an arm and whose position
can be read from the scale. The flywheel is driven by a control panel to the left of the
base of the apparatus. The control panel to the left of the base controls the speed, which is
displayed in RPM on the lcd module. The speed control pot should always be turned fully
anti-clockwise before power is applied. Speed adjustment should be gradual.
The precession drive belt has to be placed over the drive pulley when required. The
control unit display gives the precession speed in RPM  100 e.g. 2.5 rpm is displayed as
250.
The moment weight is 20N and the initial balance position should be read from the scale.
The head balance position is shown by a pointer on the side of the head unit.

Experimental Procedure :-
Adjust the position of the moment weight so as to balance the head, as indicated by the
pointer. Sight along the side of the weight and read the scale to obtain the initial reading.
Move the weight by a known distance, say 60mm. (The scale reading will be 60mm +
initial reading). Start the main rotor and when it is rotating at say 4000 rpm give the head
a small push clockwise. Note what happens to the head tilt. Now try to rotate the head the
other way and again note what happens to the head tilt.
Place the precession drive belt over the motor pulley and check that it is sat in the groove
in the head support spindle. Set the flywheel rotating to a given speed and then by
precessing the gyroscope head note the speed required to bring the head into the
horizontal balanced position. Note that the precession drive will readily slip and some
care is required in operation. This is a safety feature so as not to impose undue loads on
the motors and bearings. Note the rotor speed and precession speed. Also note the
distance you moved the moment weight from the balance position.
Try different flywheel speed and again find the precession speed for balance. You should
try and obtain five or six sets of readings.
Then adjust the position of the moment weight and repeat the experiments. If time
permits try three positions of the moment weight.

Result :-
Tabulate your results as below :-

Moment weight Distance from balance position = Moment = Nm

=20N
Rotor Speed  1 Precession Speed  2 Rotor Inertia I 1
RPM Rad/sec RPM Rad/sec

The main rotor is 125mm diameter and 20mm thick

M2
I1 =
1 2

The theoretical,

r 4 h
I disk = take  = 7850 Kg/m3 for steel
2
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET
Name of the student :
Roll No. :
Date of Experiment : Group :
Title COMPREHENSIVE GOVERNOR APPARATUS
Aim
The objective of the experiment is to determine the relationship between the governor speed and ball
radius and compare the experimental results with theory.
Experimental Setup Knurled screws

RPM Indicator
Bridge
Main unit Proell Governor Porter Governor Hartnell Governor
Emergency
stop

Speed control
knob

The apparatus consists of a main unit which houses a variable speed drive and spindle with a
tachometer. The governor heads are attached to the spindle in turn, as required for experimentation. A digital
caliper with depth probe is used to measure governor sleeve lift.
Experimental Procedure
1) Loosen the two knurled screws shown and remove the bridge piece and window of the apparatus.
2) Check that the spindle is free to rotate and fasten the governor head to be tested by two capscrews.
3) Ensure that two capscrews holding the head to the spindle are tight, then replace the window and bridge
piece and secure with the two screws provided.
4) Place the digital calipers on the bridge piece and extend the depth probe to touch the anvil on top of the
governor spindle. Press on/zero button. Now raise the probe and remove it from the apparatus. Do not
press any of the buttons on the digital calipers.
5) Switch on the spindle and adjust the speed and allow it to stabilize. You may need to make slight
adjustment to the speed control as there will be some drift as the unit warms up, despite feedback sensing
in the control unit.
6) Place the digital calipers on the bridge piece and carefully extend the depth until it just touches the
governor head anvil. Note the speed and caliper readings.
7) Repeat to obtain a series of readings over the full displacement of the governor.
Observation
a) Porter governor
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍, 𝒎 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 𝒈𝒎; 𝑨𝒓𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉, 𝒂
= 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎; 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕, 𝒃 = 𝟖𝟎
𝒎𝒎; 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒕 & 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓, 𝒄 =
𝒃−𝒙 𝟐
𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎; 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔, 𝒓 = 𝒄 + √𝒂𝟐 − ( ) , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝒙 −
𝟐
𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕.
𝑺𝒍. 𝑵𝒐. 𝑹𝑷𝑴 𝒙 (𝒎𝒎) 𝒓 (𝒎𝒎) 𝝎 (𝒓𝒂𝒅⁄𝒔) 𝑭 = 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒓 (𝑵) 𝒉 = √𝒂𝟐 − (𝒓 − 𝒄)𝟐 (𝒎𝒎)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Plot 1) 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 (𝒓) 𝑽𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 (𝑭); 2) 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 (𝝎) 𝑽𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝒉).
Complete the experiment for: 1 weight, 2 weights, 3 weights, 4 weights conditions.

b) Proell governor
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍, 𝒎 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟓 𝒈𝒎; 𝑨𝒓𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉, 𝒂
= 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎; 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕, 𝒃 =
𝟕𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎; 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒕 & 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓, 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎; 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉, 𝒅
= 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎;

𝒃−𝒙 𝟐
𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔, 𝒓 = 𝒄 + √𝒂𝟐 − ( ) ;
𝟐
𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔,
𝒃 𝒃−𝒙
𝒓𝒃 = 𝒓 + 𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 [𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 { } − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 { }] , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕.
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂

𝑺𝒍. 𝑵𝒐. 𝑹𝑷𝑴 𝒙 (𝒎𝒎) 𝒓𝒃 (𝒎𝒎) 𝝎 (𝒓𝒂𝒅⁄𝒔) 𝑭 = 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒓𝒃 (𝑵) 𝒉 = √𝒂𝟐 − (𝒓 − 𝒄)𝟐 (𝒎𝒎)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Plot 1) 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 (𝒓𝒃 ) 𝑽𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 (𝑭); 2) 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 (𝝎) 𝑽𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝒉)
Complete the experiment for: 1 weight, 2 weights, 3 weights, 4 weights conditions.

c) Hartnell governor
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍, 𝒎 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 𝒈𝒎; 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉, 𝒂 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎; 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉, 𝒃
= 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎;
𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔,
𝒂𝒙
𝒓= + 𝟑𝟓; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕.
𝒃
𝑺𝒍. 𝑵𝒐. 𝑹𝑷𝑴 𝒙 (𝒎𝒎) 𝒓 (𝒎𝒎) 𝝎 (𝒓𝒂𝒅⁄𝒔) 𝑭 = 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒓 (𝑵) 𝒉 = √𝒂𝟐 − (𝒓 − 𝟑𝟓)𝟐 (𝒎𝒎)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Plot 1) 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 (𝒓) 𝑽𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 (𝑭); 2) 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 (𝝎) 𝑽𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝒉)
Complete the experiment for: 𝟒 𝒎𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟖 𝒎𝒎 compression conditions.
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY SHEET

Name of the student :-

Roll No. :-

Date of Experiment :- Group:

Title :- WHIRLING OF SHAFTS APPARATUS

Aim :-
The objective of the experiment is to observe and measure the critical or whirl speed of
various shafts. The shafts can be supported in two to four bearings, either self-aligning or
rigid. In addition various masses can be added to the shaft.

Experimental Set-up :-
The apparatus consists of a rigid bed which is within a safety canopy. A variable speed
motor drives the headstock spindle via three-step pulleys and a belt. The spindle is fitted
with a shaft speed sensor. The spindle drives the coupling connector via a kinematic
flexible coupling. Test shafts, guards, bearings and shaft weights are set up as required
upon the bed to perform the experiments. A stroboscope can be used with the apparatus
in order to observe the deflection mode shape of a shaft at criticality.

Experimental Procedure :-
First decide upon the experiment. a) Bearing type and b) number of bearings that will
support the shaft. Place the bearings on the bench and then between each bearing unit
place a guard unit.
Position the bearing units as required. Use a tape measure to set the spacing. The guards
should be about mid-way between the bearing units. They can be moved slightly if a disc
weight is to placed there.
Select the shaft to be tested and then select the correct size of adaptors. Place an adaptor
and a nut by each bearing unit. Select the weights to be added, as required by the
experiment. Place the weights on the bed as well. Insert the shaft through the bearings
and guards adding the shaft adaptors, nuts and weights as appropriate. Screw the shaft
into the shaft coupling.
Now slide the shaft adaptors into the bearings and clamp with the knurled nuts, tightly,
by hand. Position the weights as required. To move a weight slacken the knurled grip,
once in position tighten.
A drop of oil may be placed on the shaft where it passes through the shaft adaptors.
Check that the bearings are in line by sight adjust the bearing housings where necessary.
Finely check that all bearing units, guards and shaft adaptors are securely fixed before
commencement of experiment.
Select the test speed range and slip the belt over the pulleys as required.
Power is supplied to the apparatus via a filtered inlet unit at the rear of the base.
For an unloaded plain shaft the critical speed in r.p.m. is given by:-

118.6d 2
N crit . = i … (i)
L2

Where d = shaft diameter in mm.

L = distance between the bearing centers in m.
i = number of vibration mode.

For a shaft with lateral loads, e.g. discs on it, the critical speed is given by Dunkerley’s
Formula:-

1 1 1
2
= 2 + 2 + ... … (ii)
N crit . N 0 N1

N0 is the critical speed in r.p.m. of the shaft without any load, so as before

118.6d
N 0. =
L2

N1, N2 etc. are the critical speeds in r.p.m. due to loads m1, m2 etc. in kg. at a distance x1,
x2 etc. in m from a bearing

1.67d 2 L
N1 = … (iv)
x (L − x ) m1

where d = shaft diameter in mm.

L = distance between the bearing ceters in m.

The critical speeds in r.p.m. at different number of vibration mode (i) is

i 2 2 EI
N crit . = … (v)
L2 m

Where E = Young’s Modulus

I = Second moment of area
i = number of vibration mode.
m = mass per unit length
L = distance between the bearing centers.

The equation (i) & (ii) is derived from the equation (v).
Result :-
(a) Experiment One
Set up two self-aligning bearings with the 6mm shaft and set the bearings spacing and
find out the critical speed. Repeat the experiment for different bearing spacing.

Shaft diameter 6mm

Bearing spacing Critical speed from theory Experimental critical speed

(b) Experiment Two

Repeat experiment one using the 8mm shaft

Shaft diameter 8mm

Bearing spacing Critical speed from theory Experimental critical speed

(c) Experiment Three

Set up two self-aligning bearings at 1200mm spacing and use a 6mm saft. Start up the
apparatus and find the fundamental critical speed. Gradually increase the speed and find
the next harmonic critical speed. Increase the speed again to find further harmonic.
Tabulate your results as below.

Shaft diameter 6mm Bearing spacing 1200mm

Vibration Critical speed from theory Experimental critical speed

(d) Experiment Four

Repeat experiment one using the 8mm shaft

Shaft diameter 8mm Bearing spacing

Vibration Critical speed from theory Experimental critical speed
(e) Experiment Five & Six

Repeat experiment one & two adding disc weights to the shaft.

Shaft diameter 6mm Disc weight Kg. At a mid. Of shaft

Bearing spacing Critical speed from theory Experimental critical speed

(f) Experiment Seven & Eight

Repeat experiment three & four with disc weights on the shaft.

Shaft diameter 8mm Bearing spacing Disc weight Kg. At mid.

Of shaft
Vibration Critical speed from theory Experimental critical speed