C o m p lete Geo gr a p hy fo r C AM B RI D GE I GCSE
Chapter 3 Additional questions
1 (pages 90–91)
a Describe the features shown in Fig. 3.3 in the book.
b Using Fig. 3.5, describe the global distribution of
active volcanoes.
c Name the geographical terms which describe the
following:
i The planet in the solar system which is the
third nearest to the Sun.
ii The outer layer of the Earth, between 6 and
90 km thick, which has a different composition
to the layer below it.
iii Long mountain ranges formed by the
compression and crumpling of rock layers.
iv The upper, colder, rigid parts of the Earth’s
surface – made up of the crust and the upper
mantle.
v The middle layer of the Earth between the
crust and the core.
2 (pages 92–4)
a Draw a diagram to show a cross-section through a
destructive plate margin involving a continental
plate and an oceanic plate. On your diagram, label:
i an ocean trench
ii fold mountains
iii an oceanic and a continental plate
iv subduction
v rising magma and volcanoes
b Explain how the Earth’s plates move.
c Name the geographical terms which describe the
following:
i A place where two plates converge and one is
destroyed.
ii A chain of islands in a crescent shape, formed
from volcanoes at a destructive plate margin
involving two oceanic plates.
iii A long, narrow area of the ocean floor about
10 km deep. It is usually at a destructive plate
margin, at the edge of an ocean.
3 (pages 95–6)
a What types of stress do the following pairs of
arrows indicate?
i 
ii  
b Explain why volcanoes occur in the Andes but not
in the Himalayas.
c At what type of plate margin would you expect
shearing stress to occur? Give one example of a
plate margin like this, and name a main hazard
found there.
4 (pages 97–100)
a Fig. 3.23 shows an eruption of Mount Pinatubo in
the Philippines. What is the main material being
produced by the eruption and how does it form?
b Make a list of the main hazards caused by
volcanoes.
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c Name the geographical terms which describe
the following:
i The depression at the top of a volcano.
ii A volcano which has not erupted for some
time, but may erupt again in the future.
iii A small volcanic cone growing on the side of a
larger volcano.
iv A volcano made from alternate layers of lava
and ash.
v A cave, several kilometres across, which
stores molten rock beneath a volcano.
5 (pages 101–2)
a Make a list of the things that can be done to
reduce the risk from volcanoes.
b Fig. 3.24 shows Mount Rainier, a stratovolcano.
Describe the main features in the photograph.
c Make a list of the main advantages brought by
volcanoes.
6 (pages 103–4)
a The island of Heimaey in Iceland suffered a major
volcanic eruption in 1973. Fig. 3.29 is a map of
the island showing features of the eruption, and
Fig 3.30 is a photograph of Heimaey taken in
2009. What evidence of the eruption can be seen
on the map and in the photograph?
b Where is Iceland in Fig. 3.8 of the book? What
major feature does it lie on?
c How do volcanoes form at this location?
7 (pages 105–6)
a Rearrange the following descriptions of
earthquake intensity from the Mercalli Scale in
order of increasing intensity – with least intense
at the top and most intense at the bottom.
Collapse of some buildings. Trees fall.
Total damage. Ground surface rises and falls in waves. Objects
thrown into the air.
Sleepers awakened. Some windows broken.
Difficult to stand up. People run outdoors. Walls crack.
Few buildings left standing.
Vibrations like a lorry passing. Felt by people at rest.
Landslides. Many buildings destroyed.
b Many buildings, including the main stadium in
Christchurch, were damaged by liquefaction during
the New Zealand earthquake of February 2011.
What is liquefaction?
c Name the terms which describe the following:
i The point on the Earth’s surface directly above
an earthquake’s focus.
ii A scale measuring the total amount of energy
released by an earthquake.
iii A crack in the rocks of the Earth’s crust where
the rocks move and are displaced.
 Chapter 3 Additional questions
iv The force per unit area acting on an object.
v A large ocean wave produced when there is
movement or displacement of the seabed due
to an earthquake.
8 (pages 105–7)
a Explain why some earthquakes are extremely
destructive, while others are not.
b Using Table 3.8, list the types of damage and
effects caused by earthquakes.
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© Oxford University Press 2012
C o m p lete Geo gr a p hy fo r C AM B RI D GE I GCSE
9 (pages 108–9)
a What was the magnitude of the earthquake at
Sendai in Japan in March 2011, according to the
Richter Scale?
b Explain the causes of the Japan earthquake.
Refer to the type of plate margin shown in
Fig. 3.12.
c Describe the tsunami damage shown in Fig. 3.38.
d Explain the main cause of a tsunami and how it
develops.