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Week 5 Homework - 231012 - 184741
Week 5 Homework - 231012 - 184741
Q1.
The diagram shows one method by which amino acids are absorbed from the small
intestine into the blood. They are co-transported into the epithelial cell with sodium ions
(Na+) at point X on the diagram. Normally, the concentration of sodium ions inside the
epithelial cell is low.
Dinitrophenol (DNP) prevents oxidative phosphorylation. When treated with DNP, the
sodium-potassium pump at Y no longer works. As a result, the concentration of sodium
ions in the cell rises and amino acid absorption stops.
(i) Explain why pump Y will not work in the presence of DNP.
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(2)
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(ii) Explain why sodium ions and amino acids are not absorbed from the lumen of the
small intestine in the presence of DNP.
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(2)
(iii) By what mechanism would amino acids leave the epithelial cell at point Z?
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q2.
(a) Cells lining the ileum of mammals absorb the monosaccharide glucose by co-
transport with sodium ions. Explain how.
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(3)
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The material from which Visking tubing is made is partially permeable.
After 15 minutes, the student removed samples from the liquid in the beaker and from the
liquid inside the Visking tubing. She carried out biochemical tests on these samples. She
drew the table below to record her results.
(b) Complete the table by placing a tick ( ) in each box that you expect to have shown
a positive result.
Biuret reagent
Iodine in potassium
iodide
Benedict’s solution
(3)
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q3.
Figure 1 shows a cell from the lining of the ileum specialised for absorption of products of
digestion.
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SGLT1 is a carrier protein found in the cell-surface membrane of this cell, it transports
glucose and sodium ions (Na +) into the cell.
Figure 1
(a) The action of the carrier protein X in Figure 1 is linked to a membrane-bound ATP
hydrolase enzyme.
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(2)
(b) The movement of Na+ out of the cell allows the absorption of glucose into the cell
lining the ileum.
Explain how.
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(2)
(c) Describe and explain two features you would expect to find in a cell specialised for
absorption.
1 _________________________________________________________________
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2 _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
Figure 2
(d) Draw phospholipids on Figure 2 to show how the carrier protein, SGLT1, would fit
into the cell-surface membrane.
(e) Figure 2 shows the SGLT1 polypeptide with NH2 at one end and COOH at the other
end.
Describe how amino acids join to form a polypeptide so there is always NH 2 at one
end and COOH at the other end.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q4.
(a) Describe the processes involved in the absorption and transport of digested lipid
molecules from the ileum into lymph vessels.
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(5)
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(b) Describe how the structure of a protein depends on the amino acids it contains.
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(5)
(Total 10 marks)
Q5.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a protein that reduces the activity of enzymes that can damage lung
tissue.
Cigarette smoke contains hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide reduces the activity of
alpha-1-antitrypsin. Scientists investigated the effect of different concentrations of
hydrogen peroxide on the activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin. The graph shows their results.
(a) (i) Hydrogen peroxide reacts with two amino acids in alpha-1-
antitrypsin. Explain how this reduces activity of the protein.
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(2)
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(2)
(b) Long-term smokers are often short of breath. Use this information to explain why.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6.
(a) Describe two differences between active transport and facilitated diffusion.
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(b) Explain why molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to diffuse across
membranes.
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(2)
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(c) Explain why ventilation of the lungs increases the efficiency of gas exchange.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q7.
(a) Describe how air is taken into the lungs.
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(3)
The volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs during each breath is called the tidal
volume. The breathing rate and tidal volume were measured for a cyclist pedalling at
different speeds. The graph shows the results.
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(b) Describe the two curves.
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(2)
(c) Calculate the total volume of air breathed in and out per minute when the cyclist is
cycling at 20 km h–1. Show your working.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
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Mark schemes
Q1.
(i) Lack of ATP;
Pump = active transport / requires energy / ATP provides energy /
transport is up
concentration gradient;
2
Q2.
(a) 1. Sodium ions actively transported from ileum cell to blood;
2. Maintains / forms diffusion gradient for sodium to enter cells from gut (and
with it, glucose);
(b)
Biuret reagent
I2/KI or blank
Benedict’s
1 mark for each correct row
3
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Q3.
(a) 1. (ATP to ADP + Pi ) Releases energy;
Reject ‘produces/makes/creates energy’.
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
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(d) 1. Phospholipids drawn with head and two tails;
(e) 1. One amine/NH2 group joins to a carboxyl/COOH group to form a peptide bond;
Accept on diagram, for example (at least) two amino acids
joining by a correctly drawn peptide bond (MP1) with NH 2 at
one end and COOH at the other (MP2).
Ignore incorrect names of NH2 and COOH groups.
OR
Q4.
(a) 1. Micelles contain bile salts and fatty acids/monoglycerides;
Ignore other correct components of micelles
OR
OR
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Accept for 'interactions', hydrogen bonds / disulfide bridges /
ionic bonds / hydrophobichydrophilic interactions
OR
OR
Q5.
(a) (i) Changes shape of antitrypsin;
Reference to hydrogen/ionic/disulfide bonds;
No longer attaches to/interacts/ reacts with trypsin;
Accept protease
2
Q6.
(a) Active transport against / facilitated down with concentration gradient;
Accept answers in terms of water potentials
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Active uses carrier (proteins), / facilitated (often) uses channel (proteins);
2 max
Q7.
(a) contraction of (diaphragm) muscles flattens diaphragm;
contraction of intercostal muscles raises ribcage;
increase in volume decreases pressure;
3
(b) (i) tidal volume increases steeply, then increase slows down after
10 to 15 km h-1;
1
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