EE133

Electrical Machines I

DC Motor
❑ Separately-Excited DC Motor
❑ Self-Excited DC Motor

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DC MOTOR
• A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy in the form of rotational
motion.

Its action is based on the principle that

when a current-carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force whose direction is given
by Fleming’s Left-hand Rule whose
magnitude is given by F = BIL.
B – magnetic flux density, I – current, L – length of
the conductor within the magnetic field
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Basic Construction

Note:
• DC motors have a similar construction as the DC generator. 3
Mechanical Loads Mounted on the Rotor Shaft:
The rotor shaft of a DC motor can be coupled with various types
of mechanical loads, depending on the application’s
requirements.
❑ Fan Load
❑ Pump Load
❑ Conveyor Load
❑ Gear Driven Load
❑ Belt Driven Load
❑ Compressor Load
❑ Hoisting Load

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Back EMF (𝑬𝒃 )
• Back emf or counter emf (𝑬𝒃 ) is the emf induced in opposition
to the applied voltage.
𝑷𝝓𝑵𝒁
𝑬𝒃 = 𝑬𝒃 ∝ 𝝓𝑵
𝟔𝟎𝑨
Torque
• Torque refers to the turning or
twisting moment of a force about
an axis.

𝑻=𝑭𝒙𝒓
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Power Developed:
2𝜋𝑁
𝑃=𝑇𝑥𝜔= 𝑇
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T – torque (N.m)
𝜔 – angular velocity (rad/sec)
N – speed (rev/min)

Armature Torque of a Motor (𝑻𝒂 𝒐𝒕 𝑻𝒅 )

• The armature torque of a motor is the torque developed by
the armature.
𝟔𝟎 𝑷𝒅 𝑷𝒅
𝑻𝒅 = = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟓
𝟐𝝅 𝑵 𝑵
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Power Developed by the armature:
2𝜋𝑁
𝑃𝑑 = 𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑇𝑑
60
𝑃𝜙𝑁𝑍 2𝜋𝑁
𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 = 𝑇𝑑
60𝐴 60
𝑷𝒁𝝓𝑰𝒂
𝑻𝒅 = (𝑵. 𝒎)
𝟐𝝅𝑨
From this equation,
𝑻𝒅 ∝ 𝝓𝑰𝒂 𝝓 ∝ 𝑰𝒇

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Shaft/Output Torque of a Motor (𝑻𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒐 )
• Shaft torque is the torque available for doing the useful work.
A certain percentage of the armature is required for supplying
iron and frictional losses in the motor.
𝟔𝟎 𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝒐
𝑻𝒐 = = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟓
𝟐𝝅 𝑵 𝑵
𝑇𝑜 - output torque (N.m)
𝑃𝑜 - output power (watts)
N – speed (rpm)
Torque Loss (due to SPL)
𝑻𝑳 = 𝑻𝒅 − 𝑻𝑶
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 Mechanical Power Output
𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻 𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
𝐇𝐩 = 𝐇𝐩 =
𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟎
When torque is in 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 and speed in rpm. When torque is in 𝑁. 𝑚 and speed in rpm.

Efficiency 𝜼

𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝒅(𝒆)
𝜼𝒎 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝜼= 𝒙 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑷𝒅(𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉) 𝑷𝒅(𝒎) 𝑷𝒊𝒏

Where 𝑷𝒅(𝒎) = 𝑷𝒅(𝒆) .

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Back EMF (𝑬𝒃 )
• Back emf or counter emf (𝑬𝒃 ) is the emf induced in opposition
to the applied voltage.
𝑷𝝓𝑵𝒁
𝑬𝒃 =
𝟔𝟎𝑨
Torque
• Torque refers to the turning or
twisting moment of a force about
an axis.

𝑻=𝑭𝒙𝒓
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General Types of DC Motors
According to the method in which the field winding is excited.

I. Separately-Excited DC Motor
Field Circuit Connection:
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 (𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶 )
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐵𝐶
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵𝐶

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Separately-Excited DC Motor
❑ Characteristics
• Separate excitation for the field winding and armature winding,
providing independent control of the field strength and
armature current.
• Excellent speed control and linearity in the speed-torque
relationship
❑ Applications
• Used in applications requiring precise speed control, such as
industrial conveyor systems, robotics, and machine tools.
• Suitable for applications with rapidly changing load conditions.
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Separately-Excited DC Motor
❑ Important Considerations
• Ensure that the field excitation voltage remains constant for
stable operation.
• Protection measures are needed to prevent the motor from
overspeeding when the load is suddenly removed.

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II. Self-Excited: (a) Series Wound DC Motor
Field Circuit Connection:

𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑓
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 (𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶 + 𝑅𝑆 )
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐵𝐶 )
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆 − 𝑉𝐵𝐶

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Series Wound DC Motor
❑ Characteristics
• Armature and field windings are connected in series.
• High starting torque and strong acceleration.
• Poor speed regulation and can be difficult to control at high
speeds.

❑ Applications
• Used in applications where high starting is required (heavy
loads), such as electric locomotives, cranes, elevators, hoists,
and certain industrial machines.
• Not suitable for applications requiring speed control.
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Series Wound DC Motor
❑ Important Considerations
• Implement protective measures to prevent excessive speed
and damage to the motor under no-load conditions.
• Use a series resistor to limit starting current and protect the
motor during initial acceleration.

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II. Self-Excited: (b) Shunt Wound DC Motor
Field Circuit Connection:

𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑆𝐻
𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝑆𝐻 =
𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 (𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶 )
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵𝐶

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Shunt Wound DC Motor
❑ Characteristics
• Armature and field windings are connected in parallel (shunt).
• Relatively constant speed regulation and stable performance.

❑ Applications
• Typically used for applications requiring constant speed, such
as fans, pumps, and conveyor systems.
• Suitable for applications where maintaining a consistent speed
is essential.
• Offers good overall performance and efficiency under steady-
state conditions.
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Shunt Wound DC Motor
❑ Important Considerations
• Ensure that the field voltage remains stable for consistent
performance.
• Pay attention to the starting characteristics, which may be
limited in applications with high starting torque requirements.

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Separately-excited DC Motor

1. A separately excited motor runs at 1045 rpm, with a constant

field current while taking on an armature current of 50 A at 120 V.
The armature resistance is 0.1 ohm. If the load on the motor
changes such that it takes 95 A at 120 V, determine the motor
speed at this load.
A. 1007 rpm B. 1012 rpm
C. 1004 rpm D. 1016 rpm

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2. A separately-excited DC motor develops 700 N.m torque while
drawing 25 A current. Calculate the motor speed in rpm if the
back emf at 35 A armature current is 200 V.

A. 88.2 rpm B. 112.4 rpm

C. 102.2 rpm D. 95.5 rpm

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3. A 6-pole, simplex lap wound armature having 720 conductors
rotates in a field of 20.35 mWb. If the armature current is 78 A,
what is the torque developed by the armature?

A. 156 N-m B. 116 N-m

C. 203 N-m D. 182 N-m

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4. The speed of the motor falls from 1100 rpm at no-load to 1050
rpm at rated load. The speed regulation of the motor is ___?
A. 2.36 % B. 4.54 %
C. 4.76 % D. 8.84 %

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5. A DC motor is running at a speed of 1000 rpm at a given flux
and back emf. If the flux is increased by 50% while the back emf is
reduced by 10%. The motor speed will become ___?
A. 550 rpm B. 600 rpm
C. 700 rpm D. 450 rpm

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Series Wound DC Motor

1. Neglecting variation, if the current taken by a series motor is

increased from 10 A to 12 A, the percentage increase in the
torque is ___ percent.

A. 24% B. 34%
C. 44% D. 54%

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2. A 250 V series motor takes 60 A. The armature resistance is
0.08 ohm. The series field resistance is 0.06 ohm. If the iron and
friction losses are 10% greater than the electrical losses at this
load, find the commercial efficiency at this load.
A. 92.9% B. 90.5%
C. 94.3% D. 98.7%

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3. The torque measured on a pulley of a series motor is 130 N-m
while the motor is taking 50 A at 200 V that runs at 600 rpm. The
armature resistance is 0.3 ohm and the series field resistance is
0.2 ohm. Find the iron & friction losses.
A. 628 W B. 582 W
C. 564 W D. 536 W

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4. A 230 V series motor develops a torque of 310 N-m at 800 rpm.
The torque loss due to iron and friction losses is 10 N-m. If the
efficiency is 85%, determine the current taken by the motor.

A. 122.64 A B. 131.81 A
C. 145.22 A D. 128.56 A

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5. A 4-pole, 220 V DC series motor has a wave wound armature
with 900 conductors. The flux per pole is 20 mWb when the
motor is taking 50 A. The resistance of the armature and series
field are 0.2 ohm each. The iron and friction losses are 100 W.
Find the Bhp of the motor.
A. 14.38 Hp B. 12.06 Hp
C. 13.34 Hp D. 11.82 Hp

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Shunt Wound DC Motor

1. A certain 230 V shunt motor has an armature circuit resistance

of 0.3 ohm and runs at a speed of 1200 rpm with normal
excitation and 50 A armature current. If the load is increased until
the armature current has risen to 60 A, what will be the new
value of the speed?
A. 1170 rpm B. 1183 rpm
C. 1174 rpm D. 1163 rpm

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2. A 250 V shunt motor on no-load runs at 1000 rpm and takes 5
A. The armature and shunt field resistances are 0.2 ohm and 250
ohms, respectively. Calculate the speed when loaded and taking a
current of 50 A, if the armature reaction weakens the field by 3%.

A. 994 rpm B. 972 rpm

C. 981 rpm D. 965 rpm

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3. A shunt motor is running at 1200 rpm for a load that requires
an armature current of 50 A from a 230 V source. At no-load, the
armature takes a current of 5 A. If the effect of armature reaction
has reduced the air gap flux by 2% from no-load to full-load,
determine the no-load speed. The armature resistance is 0.15
ohm.
A. 1245 rpm B. 1220 rpm
C. 1211 rpm D. 1219 rpm

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4. A 230 V DC shunt motor takes a no-load current of 2 A and runs
at a speed of 1200 rpm. The armature resistance is 0.25 ohm. If
the full-load current is 40 A, find the speed regulation in
percentage. Assume the flux remains constant.

A. 4.15% B. 4.32%
C. 4.25% D. 4.45%

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5. A 220 V, DC shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohm
and a field resistance of 110 ohms. At no-load, the speed is 1000
rpm and the line current is 7 A. At full-load, the power input is 11
kW. Calculate the speed at full-load.

A. 960.7 rpm B. 910.4 rpm

C. 1002.4 rpm D. 990.2 rpm

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Multiple-choice Questions

1. What is the primary advantage of a separately-excited DC

motor?
A. High starting toque
B. Excellent speed control
C. Low cost
D. High efficiency

Answer: Excellent speed control

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2. What happens to the speed of a separately-excited DC motor if
the excitation to the field winding increases?
A. Speed decreases
B. Speed remains constant
C. Speed increases
D. Speed becomes erratic

Answer: Speed increases

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3. What is the characteristic feature of a series wound DC motor?
A. Excellent speed regulation
B. Low starting torque
C. High starting torque
D. Constant speed-torque relationship

Answer: High starting torque

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4. What happens if a series wound DC motor operates without
any load?
A. Speed decreases
B. Speed remains constant
C. Speed increases indefinitely
D. Speed fluctuates

Answer: Speed increases indefinitely

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5. What is the primary application of a shunt wound DC motor?
A. Variable speed drives
B. High starting toque applications
C. Constant speed applications
D. Low power applications

Answer: Constant speed applications

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6. What happens to the speed of a shunt wound DC motor if the
field voltage is increased?
A. Speed decreases
B. Speed remains constant
C. Speed increases
D. Speed becomes erratic

Answer: Speed remains constant

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7. What effect does reducing the field current have on a
separately excited DC motor?
A. Decreases speed
B. Increases speed
C. Has no effect on speed
D. Halts the speed

Answer: Decreases speed

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8. What is the relationship between torque and armature current
in a separately-excited DC motor?
A. Torque is inversely proportional to armature current
B. Torque is directly proportional to armature current
C. No relationship exists
D. Torque is proportional toa the square of armature current

Answer: Torque is directly proportional to armature current

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9. How does the speed of a shunt wound DC motor change with
an increase in the mechanical load?
A. Speed increases
B. Speed decreases
C. Motor stalls
D. Speed remains constant

Answer: Speed decreases

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10. What is the impact of reducing the field resistance on a shunt
wound DC motor?
A. Speed increases
B. Speed decreases
C. Speed remains constant
D. Motor stalls

Answer: Speed increases

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