PROJECT

2014 - 2015

Step-Down
Transformer
by Muhammad Jassim
 Acknowledgements

"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly

than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person,
whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true
feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to

my physics mentor Mr. Nizar, for his vital
support, guidance and encouragement, without
which this project would not have come forth. I
would also like to express my gratitude to the
staff of the Department of Physics at Birla
Public School for their support during the
making of this project.
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage

to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage (transfers energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction).

Transformers range in size from small RF transformers a cubic

centimeter in volume to large units interconnecting the power grid
weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Since the
invention in 1885 of the first constant potential transformer,
transformers have become essential for the AC transmission,
distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction. A varying current

in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the
secondary winding.

This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying

electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. The
primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of
infinitely high magnetic permeability[e] so that all of the magnetic
flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings.
With voltage source connected to the primary winding and load
impedance connected to the secondary winding, the transformer
currents flow in the indicated directions.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
In our project step-down transformer is used: This
transformer converts high voltage at alternating current
into low voltage alternating current. Instep-down
transformer the number of turns in primary coil remains
large as compare to secondary coil.
Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical
voltage. Their primary voltage is greater than their
secondary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down"
the voltage applied to it. For instance, a step down
transformer is needed to use a 110v product in a country
with a 220v supply.

Step down transformers convert electrical voltage from

one level or phase configuration usually down to a lower
level. They can include features for electrical isolation,
power distribution, and control and instrumentation
applications. Step down transformers typically rely on the
principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert
voltage and/or current levels.
 CONSTRUCTION

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by
insulated material and wound on a common core. For operation at low frequency,
we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.

THEORY
Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is NP and that in the secondary
coil is NS. The resistance of the coil is assumed to be zero. Let dq /dt be the rate of
change of flux in each turn of the primary coil. If Ep be the e.m.f. in the primary
circuit then,
EP = –NP (1)

We suppose that there is no loss of flux between the primary and secondary coils.
Then, the induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil will be:
ES= –NS (2)
From equations (i) and (ii), we find: Ns/Np= K is called transformer ratio or turn
ratio.

For step up transformer K>1

For step down transformer K < 1

That is for step-up transformer NS> NP, therefore ES>EP.

For the step down transformer NS< NP therefore ES< EP

Efciency:

The efficiency of the transformer is given by:

If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary circuits.

For ideal transformer = 1 = 100%.

Therefore ESIS = EPIP
Or

Therefore, for step up, transformer current in the secondary is less than in the
primary (IS<IP). And in a step-down transformer we have IS > IP.
 Energy Losses in Transformer
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less
than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a
number ofreasons as explained below.

1 . Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is

seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the
primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Eddy Current Loss: In actual iron cores inspite of lamination,

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.

3 . Heat Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to
the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.

4 . Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil

ta pe s t he i ro n c or e t hr ou gh c o mpl et e c yc l e o f
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
 INDEX
1. Acknowledgements
2. Introduction
3. Principle
4. Step-Down Transformer
5. Construction
6. Theory
7. Energy Loses in
Transformer
8. Bibiliography
 Bibliography

- Internet- www.wikipedia.com, www.encylopedia.com

– NCERT Physics Textbook