Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pet CT
Pet CT
3. The amount needed for optimal images mostly de- detector material
pends on the type of __________ ________ in the
scanner.
1 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
2. Patient should
be warm
3. Little to no talk-
ing or movement
10. skull- base to mid thigh imaging protocol is used for most typical for
cancer imaging
2 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
lism (needle in a
haystack)
14. head and neck imaging protocol is used for usually performed
magnified, longer
duration image of
head and neck
along with scan
through body to
mid-thigh
16. The CT must line up with the PET image for the im- fusion
age to _________ and for the ____________________ attenuation cor-
_________________ of the PET images. rection
18. PET portion of exam is done using what method? step and shoot
(moving every 2-3
minutes)
6 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
rents used in
CT are typically
50-400 mA; opera-
tor is not limited to
a few presets
42. What are the 2 types of oral contrast? positive and neu-
tral
8 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
have a positive
value.
60. When injecting IV contrast, what is an important pre- Ensure that the
caution to take? vein or port can
withstand the flow
rate required.
10 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
66. Reasons why CT scans may be performed with higher Lack of feder-
radiation levels than recommended al radiation equip-
11 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
ment operator reg-
ulations, Person-
al preferences of
reading radiolo-
gist, Lack of pa-
tient cooperation
or inability to
hold still (repeat-
ing scans), Not
checking and dou-
ble checking pro-
cedure and set-
tings prior to "but-
ton pushing"
73. When is it decided that the risk outweighs the bene- 1. Then we bal-
fit... (2) ance image opti-
mization while giv-
ing the lowest ra-
diation dose pos-
sible
2. Don't decrease
the dose so much
that you compro-
mise image quality
13 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
2. Decrease tube
voltage (kVp)
3. Decrease tube
current and expo-
sure time (mAs)
4. Increase pitch
5. Use automatic
tube current mod-
ulation
76. Which organ receives the highest dose from FDG? Bladder
77. Which organ receives the lowest dose from FDG? Lungs and Thyroid
78. What are the 3 sources of radiation exposure to tech- 1. Dose Vial
nologists? 2. Unit Dose Sy-
ringes
3. Patient after In-
jection
79. NRC Guidelines for Occupational Exposure Con- Whole Body Limit:
cerns 5 rem/y
Extremity Limit: 50
rem/y
86. Apply the Inverse Square Law when (2) *handling patients
* many points of
contact- injection
through escorting
them out of the de-
partment
90. How much lead is needed to effectively shield 511 keV 1.61 inches of
photons? lead!
16 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
94. In anatomic imaging Masses adjoining normal struc- undetected
tures are commonly ___________.
97. Lymph nodes are detected but not characterized as malignant or be-
________ or ________. nign
105. What can PET imaging do that traditional anatomic 1. Differentiate be-
imaging cannot? (3) tween benign and
malignant tumors
2. (Sometimes)
Detect primary
vs metastatic dis-
ease
3. Can stage can-
cers prior to thera-
py by being able to
17 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
image all organs
in one scan.
106. PET can show the more active spot of the tumor biopsy
therefore where to _______.
18 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
cell at the molecu-
lar level
19 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
123. Requests to evaluate small lesions * lesions <5 mm
are often unde-
tectable with PET,
due to resolution
and count limita-
tions
* if more wide-
spread mets are
suspected, it may
be reasonable to
perform
125. Other patients that may nor be a candidate for PET/CT Claustrophobic,
morbidly obese,
patient with
movement
disorders, patient
who cannot lie
down, and poorly
controlled
diabetics
126. Patient Preparation for FDG Imaging Goal for patient to have
low insulin levels
at the time of injec-
tion and low blood
sugar level
128. What else is important for Patient Preparation for Avoid extensive
FDG Imaging. exercise the day
before the PET
scan
Stay hydrated with
water before the
PET scan.
129. Knowing that FDG is not tumor specific helps us false positive
understand ________ ________ results with FDG.
136. FDG Uptake in Benign Processes: Thymic Uptake Ex- In children and
ample(s) young adults. Thy-
mus hyperplasia
is a normal vari-
ant in adults post
chemotherapy
137. FDG Uptake in Benign Processes: Bone Marrow Ex- recovery after
ample(s) chemotherapy, in-
tense uptake
in patients tak-
ing hematopoet-
ic growth factor
(stimulates bone
22 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
marrow to pro-
duce blood cells)
23 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
142. Hallmark #9 Reprogramming Energy Metabolism: ENERGY!
What do cells need to replicate?
152.
25 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
Metabolic Pathway of Cancer Cells: Glycolosis 1. Glucose is bro-
Process (3) ken down into
pyruvate
2. Which forms 2
ATP molecules
3. Lactic acid re-
leased as waste
product
153. Caner cells consume more than _______ times as 20; secrete
much glucose compared to normal cells, but ______
lactic acid instead of breaking it down completely into
carbon dioxide.
155. Why do cancer cells choose this inefficient metabolic aerobic glycolysis
pathway when they could obtain
16 times as much ATP per molecule of glucose by
opting for normal respiration?
156. 2 Types of Essential Tissue for the Development of Epithelial and stro-
Cancer mal
2. Small lesions or
unusual presenta-
tion/location
• Typically, tumors
< 8mm must be
very hypermeta-
bolic to be
visualized on PET
3. Preparation in
Patients with poor
glucose control
• For Type
2 diabetics, an
overnight fast and
an early morning
appointment typ-
ically give ade-
quate images
• For diabetics with
poor glucose con-
trol and/or insulin
dependent
diabetics, a small
meal and regu-
lar morning insulin
dose is preferred
with the FDG in-
jection scheduled
6 hours later. This
gets
the patient's in-
sulin level down to
an acceptable lev-
el but the
glucose level has
29 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
not yet risen too
high
4. Bone Marrow
Activation has In-
tense FDG Uptake
• Rebounding af-
ter chemothera-
py • Receiving
cytokine therapy
(interferon, inter-
leukin) • Receiv-
ing colony stimu-
lating factor thera-
py (neulasta, neu-
pogen) • Anemia
{**Imaging should
be delayed up
to 3 weeks after
therapy injections
and/or chemother-
apy}
171. __________ & ___________ can be indications for Infection and In-
doing FDG PET/CT imaging! flammation
174. Infection and Inflammation Imaging: CT, MR, US, fre- structural
quent;y utilized in these cases but are limited to de-
tecting _________ changes only.
175.
30 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
Infection and Inflammation Imaging: Anatomic in later stages of
techniques are NOT suitable for early diag- disease
nosis because anatomic changes only occur
__________________________________.
190. When inflammation occurs _____ ________ the body, deep inside
such as an internal organ, only some of the signs may
be detectable. Some internal or-
gans may not have
32 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
sensory nerve
endings nearby,
so there be no
pain present.
eg—some pneu-
monias
191. The 3 Main Processes That Occur before and during 1. Dilation of arte-
ACUTE inflammation rioles to the dam-
aged region re-
sulting in increas-
es blood flow
2. Increase in per-
meability of cap-
illaries allowing
fluid and pro-
teins into intersti-
tial spaces
3. Movement
of neutrophils,
and possi-
bly macrophages,
into interstitial
spaces
33 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
Granulation tissue
is collagen-rich tis-
sue which forms at
the site of an in-
jury. As the body
heals, this tissue
fills in the injury,
and may eventual-
ly scar over
37 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
tact, droplets, a
vector such as a
mosquito, a vehi-
cle such as food,
or the airborne
route.
3. The suscepti-
ble host has multi-
ple portals of entry
such as the mouth
or a syringe
38 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
route from mother
to her unborn in-
fant are some ex-
amples
221.
39 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
Understanding Infection: The Characteristics of an ability to harm by
Agent that Enable it to Spread--> TOXICITY creating toxins
40 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
hospital evalua-
tion
229. Na18F Bone Imaging Dates back to when? 50s and early 60s
230. When did the FDA approve Na18F for bone imaging? 1972
232. 3 Reasons why Na18F Bone imaging has been "redis- 1. Cyclotrons are
covered"? more available
2.PET/CT scan-
ners are more
mainstream
3. Provides an
41 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
alternate during
99mTc shortages
236. Greater than ____% of the dose is cleared through the 20%
kidneys in the first ____ hours. 1-2 hours
238. Uptake of 18F-fluoride reflects ________ _______ and blood flow and
bone __________. bone remodeling
254. Bone Metastasis is most likely in these cancers (5) Breast, prostate,
lung. kidney, thy-
roid
266. Since light travels at a constant velocity, the oscillat- Lambda (wave-
ing electromagnetic field wavelength and frequency length)= c(speed
are related by the equation: of light)/ v (fre-
quency)
267. In PET imaging, we are imaging photons. These pho- short wavelengths
tons have very _____ wavelengths and ___ energy. high energy
269. What happens when a positron interacts with an elec- Annihilation Event
tron? according to
E=mc^2
45 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
271. The total energy of interaction between a positron 1.022 MeV
and electron is
It may be detect-
ed by a different
detector, resulting
in a SCATTERED
COINCIDENCE
281. What are the 4 negative effects when the loss of TRUE 1. Loss of events
COINCIDENCE EVENTS due to attenuation are leads to increased
image noise
47 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
2. Larger bodies
lose more counts
to attenuation
3. Without ac-
curate attenuation
correction, mea-
surements of ra-
dioactivity cannot
be quantitatively
accurate
4. Attenuation ef-
fect is not the
same in all areas
285. To ensure accuracy for SUV one needs to know (3) 1. amount injected
2. time of injection
3. patient's body
weight
49 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
286. SUVs are best used to monitor __________ patient treatment
__________ ________. response
291. Different method of measuring SUV body weight (4) 1. SUVbw us-
ing body weight
(weight of patient)
2. SUVibw using
Ideal Body Weight
3. SUVlbs using
Lean Body Mass
4. SUVbsa using
body surface area
297. Factors Affecting SUVs: Pixels size of image Higher Pixel Size
of Image------In-
crease SUV
299. Factors Affecting SUVs: Body Mass Index Higher Body Mass
Index----- Increase
SUV
300. Factors Affecting SUVs: Blood Glucose Level Higher Blood Glu-
cose Level----De-
creases SUV
314. Cancer Cell Metastasis: Define Local Invasion Cancer cells in-
vade nearby nor-
mal tissue
317. Cancer Cell Metastasis: Define Arrest and Extravasa- Cancer cells ar-
tion rest, or stop mov-
ing in small blood
vessels called
capillaries at a
distance location.
They then invade
the walls of the
capillaries and mi-
grate into the
surrounding tissue
(extravasation)
322. Not all cancer cells, by themselves, have the ability dormant
to metastasize. In addition, the noncancerous cells
at the original location may be able to block cancer
cell metastasis. Furthermore, successfully reaching
another location in the body does not guarantee that
a metastatic tumor will form. Metastatic cancer cells
can lie_______ (not grow) at a distant site for many
years before they begin to grow again, if at all.
54 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
325. Which is a MAIN factor to consider prior to giving IV a) renal insuffi-
contrast to a patient? ciency
a) renal insufficiency
b) thyroid condition
c) anxiety
d) multiple myeloma
326. Which organ receives the highest radiation dose from a) bladder
an FDG injection?
a) bladder
b) heart
c) thyroid
d) kidneys
327. What is not allowed 4-6 hours prior to an FDG injec- a) diabetes med-
tion? ication
a) diabetes medication
b) pain medication
c) blood pressure medication
d) anxiety medication
328. Which is true about sodium fluoride for bone imag- d) it has faster
ing? clearance than
a) it requires a 3 hour uptake period MDP
b) it has 3 times the uptake as MDP
c) 50% is cleared through the kidneys in the first hour
d) it has faster clearance than MDP
330. If a patient is not properly kept NPO prior to an FDG a) increases mus-
injection, what is the likely result in his images? cle uptake
a) increased muscle uptake
b) increased brain uptake
55 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
c) increased tumor uptake
d) decreased heart uptake
336. Which is not a potential problem of CT- based atten- b) lack of IV con-
uation correction? trast in the CT
a) truncation of CT image
b) lack of IV contrast in the CT
c) difference in respiratory patterns between CT and
56 / 59
PET/CT
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bs73il
PET
d) beam hardening artifacts in the CT scan
343. For PET tumor imaging, the patient's _______ should a) blood glucose
be checked prior to FDG administration. level
a) blood glucose level
b) hematocrit
c) insulin level
d) hemoglobin
344. FDG is not taken up in which of the following process- b) radiation necro-
es? sis
a) chronic infection
b) radiation necrosis
c) acute inflammation
d) thymic hyperplasia
345. Cardiac cells are very depended on ______ for FDG d) insulin
uptake.
a) glucose
b) dextrose
c) hexokinase
d) insulin
346. FDG stays within cells for imaging because a) it does not go
a) it does not go through glycolosis through glycolosis
b) it has an extra hydroxyl group
c) FDG is not tumor specific
d) it is metabolized exactly like glucose
350. Which is not a MAIN risk factor for giving intravenous a) sickle cell ane-
contrast? mia
a) sickle cell anemia
b) asthma
c) allergy
d) renal insufficiency
59 / 59