Bonding in metals

cohesive force
The force of attraction between constituent particles
of metallic lattice which hold the structure together
is cohesion

M Dan an lgas
crystal
The cohesive force may be measured in terms of
heat of atomisation i e cohesive energy

Factors affecting cohesive energy

I
cohesive energy
Internuclear distance

II Cohesive energy increases with increase in no

of valence electrons available for bonding on

each atom

III Cohesive energy also depend on crystal structure

adopted by metal

cohesive forces are much stronger than the weak

van der Waal's forces

melting points boiling points hardness of metals

follow the trends in cohesive energies
 Alkali metals

Éfesive
dec
energy de de

v u r v

Group 2 metals

Imax Imax Imax

lessefficient 1min min min
Packing

comparison of enthalpy of sublimation and dissociation

The total bonding energy is greater in the metal

crystal
 Group I metals Group z metals
Li Be
Lithium Beryllium
E

I
Potassium K calcium ca
strontium Sr p

it Francium Fr Radium Ra
Radioactive
Alkali metals
Group I metals are called alkali metals as they
form hydroxides on reaction with water which are

alkaline in nature
strongly

Due to very high reactivity alkali metals are not

found in free form They are obtained in form
of compounds in nature

Alkali metals are silvery white stored in kerosene oil

General atomic and physical properties

State size metallicbondstrength Hardness in b Pt Density
Li solid
vine
Na solid
K solid gMII dec dec dee ud
Rb solid inc
nine
es solid v
125 C d Cs Rb na k Li
 colour in flame test Reducing power tag Abundance earth crusty
y crimson red Max
Na Golden yellow min max
K violet lilac
Rb
Cs
red violet
Blue
Y nearly same
min
Na KS Rb Li Cs Fy

Flame test oxidising flame Non luminous

Reducing flame Luminous
ooo
Procedure
88
Pt wire into flame
http oxio ggiame

g
ftp.pg Pt wire into salt paste metal
Mat go havingHd then into oxidising

Ij g pt
iaah MEE Role of HCl
g To convert comp into
volatile chloride

colour arises due to electronic

transitions in short lived species

Reducing power Li K Rb Cs Na
Alkali metals are good reducing agent due to low IE

M S DHT t e
Nytgaa
Bati hydH
Mig Dini pig
ant t
Eat Ifi theft
more att
ve favours for more he D8
Li is strongest reducer due to dhyd.tt
highly re
General chemical reactions

Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction

With Hard With C D With Na D With Fez with Pek with Xz
y oxide u v

Na x x Peroxide
K X X superoxide u

Rb x x superoxide u v

Cs I X X superoxide
Mth 151 LizC2151 Liz N s major oxide s Mtx s

III Reaction with Hz

M s A MTH
12421g s

catches fire in moist

air
Ionic hydride Good reducing agents
High m.pt I b.pt

Thermal stability order Lite Nah KH RbH CSM

ionic character Litt Nah CKHCRbHCCsH
Lattice energy order Litt Nah KH Rbm CSH

electrolysis Haq
Molten ionic hydride
at anode
ionic H'or H2O Azt
hydride
II Reaction with carbon

2 Li s 2C 15 LizC2 15

2nd S 2C s No reaction
M Naik Rb Cs

Lithium acetylide hydrolyses to give

Liz ca t H2O LI OH HC CH T
2Litz
III Reaction with Nz

alkali metal which reacts

Lithium is the only
directly with Nz

Lit N2 LizN 3 Lit N3

nitride
D Lit Nat
LizN H2O LIGHT NH3T

IV Combustion with exc 02

oxide Peroxide
Lit 02 exc images
timing
Peroxide
Nat exc A
02 N9202 N920 10902
major minor

a
M t 02 exc
ping superoxide
K Rb Cs
Explanation
small anion stabilised by the small cation
anion stabilised the large cation
Large by
Alkali metal oxides
Nature basic magnetic behaviour diamagnetic

172503
712504
I go
1h22m02s 2h0
H2O MtOH
my ag
so
mttesoj ffg.gov co is neutral

Alkali metal peroxides

Nature Basic Magnetic behaviour Diamagnetic
colour of Naz02 Cox one yellow
Alkali metal peroxides and superoxide are oxidisers
M 04702
in2504 t20 503 note t 4202
nd
go
02 t 1h22m02s 2h0
ng
Mao Igoe MOH t 02

Co reducer
MHC03702
H2O CO2 17203
1921037202
Alkali metal super oxides
Nature Basic Magnetic behaviour Paramagnetic
Koz Orange Rb02 yellow brown Csos yellow

more 02
Masqat 1202702
t
02 t th2504T MOH
so i
good
02 t 1h22m02s 2h0
Moz Igoe Mont Mote 02

so
MHCOZ
02 12103 02
1421037 Mor Dz

Peroxides and superoxide are used in submarines

space crafts tunnels breathing masks to absorb co

CO2 and to produce 02

Cr't compound toxidisert alkali chromate

Croft
2203 Na 202
Ngo 6203 Nazca
basic acidic

V Reaction with limiting 02

Alkali metal exc t 021 limiting metal oxide

g 41
reason Bleaching
pantos mgy.at Mao

moist red litmus

Alkali metal oxide paper turns Blue
red litmus
Alkali metal peroxide superoxide moist paper turns white
VI Reaction with halogens
E
Na
Ita
EEE
ionic halides
K

most ionic CSF

Alkali metal halides most covalent Lit
DfH he
for all

Lithium compounds are

generally soluble in less
polar solvents like ethers R O R pyridine Cotes.N

acetone chzco Hz ethanol Carson ethyl acetate Hz 006245

Reason more polarisation in Li compounds due to
small size of Lit in c solubility in less polar solvents

Due to very small size of Lit ion most of the lithium

compounds are known with water of crystallisation
Ex Lid 31120 Lill 04 k H2O Lid 2420
Liz coz is known in anhydrous form
Other alkali metal halides known in anhydrous form

standard enthalpy of formation Dfw

X F A M s 12k21g ft s Mtx s

DaH
IDBDH
ing 5191
DlatticeH
bite DegH
g
Dft Date t Dill t EDBDM DegH t Alattia H
Ie Ie I I I
Trends of Dft for alkali metal halides

I For an alkali metal Dfti becomes less negative

on going from its fluoride to iodide
Explanation
des lattice enthalpy on going from f to I

121 For alkali metal fluorides Dfe becomes less negative

lithium to caesium
on
going from
Explanation
des lattice enthalpy on going from Lif to Csf

13 For alkali metal chlorides bromides and iodides

Dft becomes more negative on going from lithium
to caesium usually
Explanation
des Date and Ditty from Li to Cs

compare Df til for the following

A LIF Lid S Li Br S LII

b Lif 7 Nat KF 7 Rbi CSF
c Lid C Nall KA C Rba Cscl
d Naf 7 Naa Na Br Nat
e LII L Na I L KI C RBI C CSI
CSF 7 Csu Cs Br S CSI
1ft
LIF 7 Nad Na Br Lit
g
Melting point trends for alkali metal halides

1300
1200
1100 FA
g
1000
I i
900 Choo

800 Bro
700
Ii Na k Rb CS

a For same alkali metal

ante into int Br MTI LE basis

lb For same X F Ct Br
Na x

C For same I
KI

Boiling point trends for alkali metal halides

as a
2000
F
1900
1800

1700 Ci
1600 Br
1500
1400 I
at Li Na K Rb Cs

a For same alkali metal Mt F into int Bo's anti General

lb For same halide Nat I
 water solubility of alkali metal halides

HEA

I I
most insoluble alkali metal halide Lif

solubility of alkali metal fluorides

LIF L NAF C K F C Rb F C Cs F C dec LE

For same metal except Li

Mtf are more soluble than into
tygof
high

order of alkali metal chlorides

solubility
Lice Nau KU Rba Csa

Lif is insoluble in water

Explanation
Lattice
very high enthalpy
Reason of less solubility of CSI than expected
very low hydration of Cst
and I
Reaction of alkali metals with compounds

Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction

With Haole With NH39 with alcohol with GHz with acids with bases
Li Gently X X
v X
Na violently v

K Explosively v x
Rb Explosively x
Cs Explosively I x
mtor that antimatter into Rt test 122 1127 Salt that Ymffotieric

concept ÉN Hst alkali metal Hat

III Reaction with water

M 157 t H2O l HOH I Hap

cold

The speed of reaction of alkali metals increases down

the group
Explanation Liquids react faster than solids
Li Cs
des m.pt
inflation
For alkali metal
hydroxides
order of basic strength Lion NaOH KOH RbOH GOH
over of water solubility LIONS NAOH KOHL Rboteceson
order of thermal stability LIOHCNAOHCKOHCRDOHCC.sn
caustic soda NaOH caustic Potash KOH
Iii Reaction with gaseous NH3

M 157 NH3 g Mt NHI s t t Hat

metal amide
20 die H's NH3 p
Metal amide Ht
conc
NHI

iii Reaction with alcohols

cHz cha OH Na c Hz cha O Nat is t Hat
sodium ethoxide
R o alkoxide

iv Reaction with acetylene

Li Catia no reaction

2Mt Cath É Emt tht

Metal acetylide
Estis
Lithium carbide Lisa is prepared as Lite D LizC2
other alkali metal carbides are prepared as Mt 2ha Maat Hz

N Reaction with acids

Nat HU Nate 429

Kfc tycoon HzCoo Kt that
solution of alkali metals in liquid NH3
All the alkali metals dissolve in liquid NH3 and

form solution
solute alkali metal solvent lia NH3
case I Dilute solution
and a 3M

MIS Rty NH Il tht NH372 e NH3 y

solvated solvated
ammoniated ammoniated
metal ion electron

St s s

s s St S
St S Nt s s s St é St s
si s se St

Sx St s s

ammoniated ammoniated
metal ion electron

Properties of solution

a Solution is Paramagnetic due to ammoniated és

b solution is blue coloured for each alkali metal

due to ammoniated electrons absorbs red colour
from white light
c Solution exhibits very good electrical conductance
mainly due to ammoniated electron
Its conductance is far better than solution of any
solute in any solvent
conductance of these solutions is at level of metals
d solution has very good nature
reducing

EI K2 NICCNI KClia NH3

Kq Ii Cn
Bi Naclia NH3 Nazis
Na lia NH3
242 Hae CHz

I 1 Naclia NH3 4th

H TH

case 2 concentrated solution

conch 3M

2M SH 122 4 NH3 l 21Mt NH3 2 ez NH3ly

solvated solvated
ammoniated ammoniated
metal ion electron

solution is diamagnetic
solution is Bronze copper red coloured

case 3 Presence of impurities on longstanding

Ee Fe203

solution decomposes to give metal amide and Hz

Na liq NH3 s NatNtl t flat

case careful evaporation

4
on evaporating carefully solution yields alkali
metal NH3 evaporates

V metal in liq NH3 V metal V liq NH3

d metal in liq NH3 c d metal t d liq NH3
 Anomalous behaviour of Li

Li shows anomalous behaviour due to

i exceptionally small size of atom and ion
ii ratio
High polarising power ogee
Point of difference with other alkali metals

i Li is much harder
ii Highest m.pt b.pt
iii Least reactive high
IE
iv
strongest reducer in
air
family in ag medium
V Li Liao Liz N
other alkali metals air oxide

Vi Lill 21120 Lill 31120 have water of

crystallisation

Vii Nah coz KHCOz RbHc0z CSHCoz solid state

Life coz known in solution only
Viii M t Cats Gmat Ha
Li

IX LIN 03 Liz Of Nest 02

M NO D MtNOI t 02
Naik RbCs

X LIF Liao less soluble than other alkali

metal fluorides oxides
 similarities bw Li ing
Li shows diagonal relation with ing
Reason similar size
Li 152 PM Mg 160 pm
Lit 76 pm Mg2t 72 pm

is Both Li and ring are hard

ii Low density in
family
iii reacts slowly high IE

Iv Their oxides hydroxides less soluble

D oxide
V Hydroxides of
NaOH s
both
Naoh Ill
s t Hao

Vi Both react directly with Nz

02
Vii Li or
rag exacts No superoxide

viii Liticoz Mg Hc0312 s known in solution

Ix Lizcoz Mgcoz D s decompose
x Lice soluble in less polar solvents like Catton
Angela
known with water
Xi Lice Magee of crystallisation
Xii and Mg
Li do not form alum
Xiii Both react slowly with water to give Ha
Xiv Both form oxide with exc Oz
 Deliquescent Hygroscopic Effluoroscent
Solid solid solid
Absorb moisture Absorb me
from atmosphere from atmosphere with them when
untie it dissolve note
in absorbed water content to form loose water by
and form a solution the solution evaporation
Ex NaOH KOH EX impure Nall Cao EX Naacoz10420
Na2504 101120
Glauber's salt
some important compounds of s block

common salt Table salt NaCl

Extraction and purification

sea water is the main source of Nace
Crude Nacl contains impurities of Nassa case Cada tingaz

solution H
crude race
Is
pg tyg
u

solubility Nall C calls Angels

Precipitation of Nacl occurs due to the common
ion effect applied by Hcl

Properties
Pure Nacl is not
hygroscopic it absorbs moisture
due to presence of impurities of cads and angels
Hygroscopic
solubility of Nacl in water is almost unaffected by
temperature
Washing soda Naze03 10420

Preparation

I Solvay's soda process

Based low in water
on
solubility of Nate 103
Raw materials Limestone Brine soln NH3 g H2O

Cacoz s
Ly t 219
H2O
µ
Carson Hao
v
t Nad
NH3Tt calls NHA Naticost
Regenerated at ar Nekton
COLT t e A
Na2CO3 Hao
recycled

By this method carbonates of other alkali metals can

not be made
Reason
Litt coz not known in solid State
KH103 Rb4103 SH 03 Highly soluble difficult to separate
from NHACaa
2 Leblanc process
obsolete
A
2 Nacht Con 42504 Na2504 t 2464
Naasoft 4C coke Naas t 4 COT
Naas Ca coz Cast Na2CO3
Properties
Effluoropcent solid

Nazcoz1120 9420 do washing

soda white crystalline solid
water soluble
Drt look v
NazCostH2O
soda aq solution alkaline
x due to hydrolysis of co 1
chemical reactions of Na coz

Naasi03 coz 4
si02151
fusion
metal stronger
plot a
salts Nago acid cozy

iotas
CO2A

NazCoz HI Nacl t coat tho

Naacoz 112504 Nah504 N92504 t CO2 t H2O

503 Naa 0319 N92504 t CO2

is
H2O
tNo2 Naa coz at NantoatNantz coat H2O

Trick acidic oxide Hao acid

calla t Naze03 ag Caco31 t Na a

Ba IN0372 t Na Coz199 Baco31 T NAN03
Mgt2 pbt cut
a9 92003
2nt tigt2 ppt of basic carbonate

ingot Nazcoz H2O ing10h12 4tngcoz 6h20 White

Pb t NazCoz H2O Pb10h12 2 Pbcoz u White
Cutt t NazCoz H2O Cu on72 CUC03 Green
Znt t Nazcoz H2O Zn coz 3 Zn OH72 white
tight Nazcozt Hao Hgc03 3 Ago Red Brown

sodium bicarbonate sodium hydrogen carbonate

NAH COZ

Preparation
I From Solvay's process
II NazCoz t H2O 7 CO2 excl NAHcoz

Properties
Bakingsoda
known as

reacts with acid amphoteric Namco crystalline

as well as base nature state polymeric
anion
Natlcozt HI Nad coatHao
aq solution
NatisoztNaOH Nazi03 120
alkaline
Hyd of Hos

Solid NahCoz
8
C O

C O H F O H o

µ
Polymeric anion
solid MHC03
M K Rb Cs

H O
O
É H
dimeric anion
E
c O

sodium hydroxide Naoh

Preparation
Naor is commercially prepared by the electrolysis
of ag Nacl Brine solution by fastner Kellner's process
chlor alkali process
Electrolyte brine solution
cathode Hg
Anode Graphite

Nacl Cag Nat lag a Cag

Anode it cathode f
AT HI Nat HI
20 Cat 20 2 Nat t 2 e HO s 2 Na Hg
amalgam

Amalgam is treated with water to give

2 Na ing 21120 2 NaOH t Hat t 2Hg

the reactivity of sodium is

By forming amalgam
reduced to avoid violent reaction with water

By products Az H2
Properties

Ii Crystalline solid water soluble strong base

III Deliquescent solid

III Absorbs coz from atmosphere

NaOH t 02 N92103 t H2O

chemical Reactions
I Reaction with acids
HN 03 NaOH NaN 03T H2O
HCl NaOH Nacht Hao
HasOat NaOHtext Naa soft Hao
HzPOzt NaOH ex Na HzPost H2O
H3PO3 NaoHex NazHP03T H2O
H3PO4t NaOH ex NazPOA t H2O
NatizPOzt NaOH No reaction
NaHzPO3 NaOH Naz HPOz t H2O
Nash Post NaOH No reaction
B OH 3 NaOHex Nat B OH 4

2 Reaction with acidic oxides

N 203 NAOHag NAN 02T H2O
N2 05 t NaOH Nanost Hao
6207 t NaOH Nall Oat H2O
602 NaoHag Nacl 02T Nad Ost Hao
N 02 t NaOH NAN 02T NAN03 t H2O
N204 t NaoHag NAN 02T NANOz t H2O
1407 NaOHaq NazPOgt Nash post H2O
1 3
3 Reaction with amphoteric elements

Amphoteric element lag alkali Hat oxysalt

Zn t NaOH Hat Naz2h02

Pb NaOH Hz t Na Pb02
thot Be t NaOH Hat Naa Betony
Al NaOH H2 t Na Al 02
Ga t NaOH Hat Na Ga02
Sn t NaOH Hat Naz5h03

4 Reaction with amphoteric oxides hydroxides

Amphoteric oxide hydroxide t lag alkali Hao oxysalt

ZnO s NaOH lag Naa2h02 t H2O

Alcon 3 s t NaOH lag Na Al only

5 Reaction with metal salts

Feast NaOH Felon 31 egg s insoluble

Ppt
Red brown

ex
Aldst NaOH Alcotelzt NaOH s Nat Al10443
white
soluble

ex
2n Nos at NaOH Zn on 2t s
NagCZn1044
NaOH
White soluble
6 Reaction with non metals

a With white Phosphorus

IDisproportionation reaction
t Naote t Hao inert atmosph THz t Nate 2
Phosphine
19
Rotten fish like
smell
b with sulphur Disproportionation
S N925 0925203 H2O
Ngf
NÉ 555
É
10925203
t NaOH tho

C With halogens A2 Bra Iz Disproportionation

Iz t Naoh Nai't Nao't'tHao
told die

HI text
a

2 Nat t Na Ost tho

191tone
to TH s x 705
d With Fa

Fat Nath cold die FI t Nat t Hao

Fat Nate shot const s 82 t Natt tho

e Fusion with boron

Bt ar NaOH X
Bt Naoff fusion Na Boz t Hat
7 Reaction with co
CO t NaOH lag No reaction

co t Nao H s Fusion HCOO Nat

High T high p
sodium formate

uses of some alkali metal compounds

compound uses
In softening Laundering cleaning
water

NA2CO3
Making of glass soap borax
In paper and textile industries
Important lab reagent
In Cakes Pastries
Natico As fire extinguisher
mild antiseptic for skin

mad Preparation of NaOH Naac03

Domestic purpose

Purification of bauxite metallurgy

In textiles petroleum
NaOH In making of soap paper silk
Preparation of oils
Important lab reagent
Group 2 metals

Except Be rest other group 2 metals

called are

alkaline earth metals because their oxides and

hydroxides are alkaline in nature and these metal
oxides are found in the earth's crust

Be and ring appear to be

greyish rest of group 2

metals are silvery white

atomic and
General physical properties
State size metallicbondstrength Hardness in b Pt Density
Be solid max Max Max

ing solid Least Least least

ca solid inc least
52 Solid
Ba Solid v max

colour in flame test reducing power tag Abundance earth crust

Be X least
X
ing
ca Brick red inc max
so trim son
Ba Apple green v
f dec IE Ifa Ca Ba so Be
ing
Be and ing do not impart any colour flame
to
Explanation electrons in them are too strongly bounded
General chemical reactions

Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction

With Hard With C D with Na D With Fez with 8k with Xz
Be X IPowder Powder
Ifowder powder
Mg
ca v r v u r u

so u v r u r
Ba V V u r u

MHz carbide m3 Nz I oxidemeasor oxide MX2

III Reaction with tiz

M s t 4219 MHz
Be

Betts is prepared as
Bella Betis nt Lice Alds
typify
n

aluminium
Lit Allez H
hydride

Betta covalent
polymeric hydrides
pygmy
Catz
52ha ionic hydrides
Batz
 Dimeric form vapourphase

Ma
Polymeric form
0 solid phase
ooo

II Reaction with carbon

Bet C D
Beal BGC 2 Beta
c D ionic thgacz 2ingt E É
ing t ingacz
cap ge
c

C s my MCz MtZ CEE

t
Ca so Ba

Nethanides They produce methane

on hydrolysis
EI Beal ALG 4AM34

Ionic carbides Acetylides

They produce acetylene
on hydrolysis

E AMzC2 Cala StG Balz

Allylides They produce propyne

Propynide on hydrolysis

EI Mg2C3
2Mgr TEC E
cacz is used for artificial ripening of fruits
Nitrolim
D 20
carat Nz Ca Cna fertilizer
c urea
calciumcyanamide CNE
D
Bast N2 Ba CN 2
 III Reaction with Nz
D NZ
3 E SI t 142197 E3Nz nitride

in
i
ng burning
N2 png Nz H2O
ing on 2 t
11397
49 Ae504
A NH34 SO blue
deep blue soin

IV Combustion with exc 02

D
Be 1s t exc 02 No reaction
D No reaction
ng is exc 02

Be and ing becomes passive due toprotective coating

of their respective oxides over the surface

iniidam
Powdered Be ing react brilliantly with
and Oz to

give their respective oxides

exc peroxide in
I
t 02 s
some
ypg of Ba
case
Ca Sr Ba

ionic character Bao

ingo Cao
Beos Soo
water Beos ingo Cao Soo Bao
solubility
Beo ingo Cao Bao
Thermal stability soo
Beos ingo Cao soo Bao
Basic strength
covalent oxide Beo
Amphoteric oxide Beo
 Residue slaked lime
milk of lime dry Ca OH 2 s
Cao H2O
Quicklime filter Lime water
clear solution
filtrate Ca OH 2 tag

coz turns lime water milky

Calor 2 CO2 Caco3 I t H2O

on passing excess coz milkiness is disappeared

Cacoz H2O CO2 exc CaCHC0332
som

Aq solution of Bacote is known as Baryta water

ingo or ing oh is used as Antacid

V Reaction with halogens

M S X2 MX2

Betz is best prepared as

NH3 HF t Be O NH4l2 Bet

INHq 2 Bet
i S D Be
t
Fat 2NHyF
Ammonium
tetrafluoroberyllate

Bella is best prepared as

Beot C t Cla Beast COP
2Beo CCL 2 Beast CO2T
 Be x2 covalent Rest halides of group ionic

Gas phase dimer

Bexz solid Phase

polymer
Aq Solution Be Hao 2X ionic

BE
a
so

Dimeric form Polymeric form

Aq solution of Bexz exhibits acidic nature

BelH2O743 t H2o Be H2O OH t HzOt

Beck produces white fumes in moist air

Bella H2o Belote a t Hat

All Group 2 halides exist in hydrated form and extent

of hydration decreases down the group

Be92 4h20
Mg62 6420
MgU2 8420
Ca 92 6h20
5292 61120
Bada 2h20
Heating of hydrated halides of Group 2

Hydrated halides of ca so Ba anhydrous halide

Calla 6h20 I Cadat 64204
5292 6420 Srd2 t 64204
Bada 21120 Bada t 21209
T T2 Tz

Hydrated halides of Be and ing suffer hydrolysis on

heating
Bella 41120 Be dat 41120

that Hao
Be 42.4120
Bearlike

Angela 6420 Mga t 6420

Mguz61120 that Hao

inngloforing

Anhydrous Bexz and nngxz are made by heating their

hydrated halides in presence of dry tea g

BeXz 4h20 PM HU 18 Be x2anhyd

D
MgX2 61120 Dying MgXz anhyd
Reaction of Group 2 metals with compounds

Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction

With Haole With NH319 with acids with bases
Be X Camph

ing withophots Em X
ca coldHao v u x

so cold 1h20 x
Ba cold 1120 X
M 01112 t Hat M Nra 2 429

III Reaction with water

Bels t Hao steam No reaction

Mg s H2O hot steam Mg on72 t Hat

D
M S H2O cold M OH zt Hat

ORDER of reactivity towards water

Bee ing Caa Soc Ba IE basis

Basic strength of hydroxides

Belote 22 tag104722 Calor la C 58104722 Bacon 2

solubility of hydroxides
Belote 22 tag 104722 Calor la C 58104722 Bacon 2
Iii Reaction with gaseous NH3

M 157 High T hat NHI t Hz

2MHz g
metal amide

iii Reaction with acids

Be and ing becomes passive on reaction with conc
oxidising as
piggossightino

Be t Ha Beast Hat
ang t Ha s
ng dat 424
Ca t HN03 Ca N0312 t N 02T H2O

IV Reaction with bases

D
Bet NaOH lag I Hai t Naz Be 02
or
Naz Be OH 4

solution of Group 2 metals in liquid NH3

Be liq NH3 insoluble
ang
Reason v high IE t IE 2

Ca so Ba lid NH3 soluble

case I Dilute solution

M s Get2y NH3cel Mt NH372 2 e Nhs y
solvated solvated
ammoniated ammoniated
metal ion electron
Properties of solution
Blue coloured 2 Paramagnetic
3 Reducing nature 4 Good electricalconductor
case 2 concentrated solution
i
solution is Diamagnetic
solution is Bronze copper red coloured

case 3 Presence of impurities on longstanding

D
Ca NH3 S Ca NH2 at Hz
solution decomposes to give metal amide Hz

case 4evaporation
on evaporating solution yields Hexaammoniates
which decompose on further heating into metal
amides Hz and NH but metal is not obtained
D
MINH
376 MINH2 2 t 4 NH3 t H2
S

some important compounds of Group 2 metals

Metal nitrates

All water soluble

All except Ba are found in

Mo hydrated form
or HN03
an OH MCN0312 MO T NO24 029
OR 15
MC03
Thermal stability in c down
the group
Mg N0372 61h20

Caco t HN03 CalNO3 at CO2 T t H2O

Balon at HN03 Ba No372 t H2O
Metal carbonates

All water insoluble

Solubility des down the group

soluble 92103
comp of MCO31 s MO t CO2 t
Mt2
Thermal stability inc down
the group
J
Be coz is unstable at room
temperature so stored in
atmosphere of CO2
i
ngcoz ingredient in tooth paste

metal sulphate
Mg504 soluble
Besot Casot partiallysoluble
52504 Base insoluble
MO
42504
and s 14504 solubilitydec down the group

Thermal stability inc down

the group
stable to heat

Ba soy is used as barium meal

for x ray imaging
of lower abdomen digestive system
Ba so did mineral Ha
acids like

a
Mg504 7120 Epsom salt
used as Laxative
calcium oxide

Basic oxide
absorbs coz and moisture
from atmosphere
Caco Cao 5102 CasiOz
Eazy fusion
PI010
Caz P0472

Plaster of Paris
Casa Hao calcium sulphate hemihydrate
controlled dehydration
T C
Ca504
Cas04 2h20 120 I Mao t 32H2O
1Gypsum
zfsft.no other presentation
T 120 C
D
Cas04 t 21120
Dead burnt
plaster
Portland cement
Raw materials Lime stone Caco t Clay
contains lime silica Alumina Magnesia Fez03 503
Clay
Kay 5 02 Ata03 nhgo
Process
Lime stone fusion cement
clay Gimenez gypsum

Final composition
Di calcium silicate 26 Cassio
Tri calcium silicate 517 Caz si 05
Tri calcium aluminate 11 Y 634206
 A good quality cement has
2 5 a
silica 4 and lime 2
Alumina other oxides

setting of cement
cement t H2o Hydration of species rearrangement

some
Formation of
Hard mass e
time interlockingneedle
like
crystals

Role of Gypsum
Gypsum is added to delay the setting time of cement

Few terms related to cement

Mortar cement sand t water
concrete cement sand stone pieces water
reinforced concrete Rcc concrete t steel iron bars

Bleaching powder
Actual composition Call 2 Ca 0072 ca 10472 2h20

t Cadet ca coat's t H2o

Ely Ggg

Bleaching powder Ht 924 a tou Cla

coz from
Bleaching powder atmosphere 92T
comparison of properties btw same elements of Gr I 2

Properties Gr I metal Gr z metal

size
IE G
IE D
EN
I DhydHion I
Cohesive energy
Hardness
melting point
Boiling point
Density
Reducing power
chemical reactivity

Anomalous behaviour of Be

11 Exceptionally small atomic ionic size Max IE

II Mostly forms covalent compounds which are

hydrolysed easily

III Can't show co ordination no beyond 4 element

from 2nd period

Iv Oxides hydroxides are amphoteric

Diagonal relation btw Be and Al
ionic radius of Betz 31 Pm
charge 0.06
value of radius 3
ionic radius of Apt 53 5 pm
value of 497 33 5
0 06

Be resembles Al in properties due to similar value

of charge to radius ratio

similarity in properties

II Both become passive with conc oxidising acids

alkali soluble
Htt
IFI.gg11
III Lewis acid
2k
dimer vapor phase polymer solid phase

Belt Apt have to form the

Itv strong tendency
complexes ie interaction with Lewis bases
Alf
ey Bef

E complete the given reaction

Betz t Nat

Betz t 2 Nat Naz BEI

 Lithopone white pigment used in paints
2ns 139504

Base into s Baltz

Basoat 2nd Ballet 12504
Bast a cot
Basoat 4C D
Bas thy Bada Hast

125 C N0316
Be N0372 A Beto
Basic berrylium nitrate

10 EBnFqg
Be
Bel o.iq

Rare
FEE
compound where oxygen is tetravalent