Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition Talaro Solutions Manual

Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition Talaro

Solutions Manual

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Talaro & Chess, Foundations in Microbiology, 9th ed.

Chapter 9 answer key

Critical Thinking Questions

1. A drug that targets the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase would interfere with RNA
to DNA reverse transcription.

2. original DNA - TAC CAG ATA CAC TCC CCT GCG ACT
mRNA - AUG GUC UAU GUG AGG GGA CCC UGA
amino acids - methionine - valine - tyrosine - valine - arginine - glycine - proline - stop

deletion - frame shift - missense

DNA - TAC CAG ATA CAC (T) CCC CTG CGA CT....
mRNA - AUG GUC UAU GUG GGG GAC GCU GA.....
amino acids - methionine - valine - tyrosine - valine - glycine - aspartic acid - alanine -

insertion - frame shift - missense

DNA - TAC CAG ATA CAC GTC CCC TGC GAC T.....
mRNA - AUG GUC UAU GUG CAG GGG ACG CUG A....
amino acids - methionine - valine - tyrosine - valine - glutamine - glycine - threonine -
leucine

substitution - if the 1st or 2nd base is changed, this would usually result in a
different amino acid. If the 3rd base is changed, the amino acid does not change.

nonsense (inserted base in red)

DNA - TAC CAG ATA CAC ATC CCC TGC GAC T.....
mRNA - AUG GUC UAU GUG UAG GGG ACG CUG A....
amino acids - methionine - valine - tyrosine - valine - stop (premature)

3. A mistake in RNA would only affect that protein being made by that RNA. It is not
permanent. DNA mutations would be permanent because all mRNA transcribed
would reflect the change.

4. I would say that the nucleic acids came first. Generally, enzymes (proteins) are
regulators. Very basic protein synthesis could occur without enzymes but not
without the nucleic acids. It has also been found that RNA can act as enzymes
(ribozymes) that could have helped regulate early protein synthesis.

5. The sequence of nucleotides on DNA or mRNA can not be reliably predicted

because of redundancy of the genetic code. For example, there are six different
codons that code for arginine, serine, and leucine. Another factor is the difference
between DNA and mRNA with the removal of introns and the splicing that occurs.
Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition Talaro Solutions Manual

6. Induction of the lac operon will import lactose to be hydrolyzed to glucose and
galactose to be used for energy production.

7. RNA, in its various forms, regulates transcription, translation, and gene expression.
RNA polymerase can initiate transcription at specific DNA sequences, RNA of the
spliceosome complex is involved in the removal of introns, rRNA catalyzes the
joining of amino acids in translation, miRNA degrades mRNA to stop translation,
siRNA is involved with RNA splicing, antisense RNA stops translation, and
riboswitches can turn transcription off and on.

8. Epigenetics is the change in the expression of a gene that is not caused by a

mutation of DNA. The genotype is unchanged, but because of the activation or
deactivation of particular genes, the phenotype may be different. The environment
of the cell, including such factors as chemicals, medications, aging, or diet, are
mechanisms of epigenesis. Epigenetics explains how environmental influences can
change the expression of genes.

9. The genome is comparable to an entire library. Individual chromosomes are most

comparable to books, with genes paralleling the chapters in a book. Triplet codons
would model words, with nucleotides comprising the letters.

Visual Challenges

1. See Figure 9.15, step 3 for the proper labels.

2. This is a repressible operon that is i nhibited by the end-product of a metabolic

pathway. An example would be the operon that synthesizes an amino acid (e.g.,
tryptophan) from precursors. If the cell has sufficient amino acid for translation, it is
not necessary to express the biosynthetic operon. Free tryptophan binds to a
repressor protein that shuts down the operon.

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