SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND CONSTRICTION

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGNING OF SURFACE FLAP

VTU23869 HARIKESH.S
VTU23918 AMEENUL RAHMAN.M

SUPERVISOR NAME: SUTHAGAR. S

DESIGNATION: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

PBL PROJECT/ SS AY 2022 – 23

DESIGNING OF SURFACE FLAP

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 A PROJECT BASED LEARNING
REPORT
Submitted by

AMEENUL RAHMAN.M
HARIKESH.S

 in partial fulfilment for the award of uthe degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL & CONSTRUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERING

VEL TECH RANGARAJAN Dr. SAGUNTHALA R&D INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NOVEMBER 2023

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 School of Mechanical & Construction
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this thesis titled "DESIGNING OF SURFACE FLAP” is
the bonafide work of Thirishith. J and Ajay. M, 3rd semester, B.Tech./Aero
who carried out the research under my supervision. Certified further that to the
best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other
thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on
an earlier occasion of this or any other candidate.

SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE HOD (AERO)

Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R & D Institue Of Science and Technology

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COURSE OUTCOME MAPPING & ASSESSMENT

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 ABSTRACT

Aircraft is an engineering marvel which made people

travel through sky. The main structure or part in the aircraft
which is responsible for the flight is the wings which is
responsible for producing lift. There are different types of
wings but this project’s main focus is in the fixed wing
aircraft, especially the small aircrafts (i.e.) single engine
aircrafts and gliders which are used for training and as a
personal transport. Accidents caused while take-offs and
landings due to pilot error are more often compared to system
malfunction accidents and most of those accidents caused by
aircraft stalls. Our Surface flaps where we construct a small
structure on the upper surface of the wing to produce extra lift
while take-offs and landings. This project (i.e) Surface Flaps
includes a simple structure which will be mounted near to the
root portion of the aircraft wing. It will be integrated with the
main structural components of the Aircraft (like Ribs, Spar). It
is a Prototype design of the project.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"I extend my heartfelt gratitude to respected HOD Mr. Jaganraj

and the supervisor Mr. Suthagar. S whose guidance and mentorship
were instrumental in the conceptualization and execution of the drone
motor test rig. Their expertise and encouragement significantly shaped
the project's success. Thank you for providing essential resources and
technical assistance throughout the development process. Their
expertise in this field is greatly enhanced the functionality and
precision of the drone motor test rig. Their expertise in enriched the
project, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of drone
motor dynamics.
I would like to acknowledge the unwavering support of my team
member Ajay. M. Their tireless efforts in designing and assembling
the various components of the rig were invaluable. The collaborative
spirit and dedication they brought to the project were truly
commendable. Lastly, I want to acknowledge the understanding and
support of my family and friends during the challenging phases of this
project. Their encouragement provided the motivation needed to
overcome obstacles.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO INDEX PAGE NO

1
ABSTRACT 5
2 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
3
INTRODUCTION
4
GENERAL
5
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
6
OBJECTIVE AND OUTCOME
7
CONCLUSION
8
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 LIST OF ABBRIEVATIONS

SYMBOL MEANING
LE Leading edge

TE Trailing edge
Q Discharge
V Velocity
A Area
H Specific enthalpy
Cl Co-efficient of lift
Cd Co-efficient of drag
Fl Lift force
Fd Drag force

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 INTRODUCTION

In Aircraft Flaps are a high lift device consisting of a hinged panel or

panels mounted on the trailing edge of the wing. When extended, they
increase the camber and, in most cases, the chord and surface area of
the wing resulting in an increase of both lift and drag and a reduction
of the stall speed. In some Aircrafts (or) rather situation the flaps
create more drag compared to lift which can lead to a stall.
This surface flap is a conceptual model which can be added in the
wing to produce lift with minimal drag were the air gets partially
compressed and gets out in high velocity. It is similar to an Aircraft jet
engine nozzle. This is fully based on the inlet velocity where the
aircraft should attain certain Air speed to utilize the surface flap where
it is effective and the surface flap will be effective between a certain
limit. Due to the Air speed limit, it can be only used in a specific set
of aircraft for a specific time (Take-offs and Landings). At the current
stage it cannot be use in high-speed aircraft as it is not required.
This surface flap structure is mainly focused on small aircrafts and
gliders which is used for personal use and training purpose were
accidents occur more because of student and novice pilots on take-
offs and landings. In gliders the crucial part is the take-offs which is
accomplished by using a tow aircraft and in this part the accidents
occur more due to insufficient lift which can be avoided using surface
flaps Theoretically.

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 GENERAL

The surface flaps model is made using software and integrated

in a in a fixed wind wing and theoretically test the various
factors required for the project to be successful with respect to
the Mapped course outcomes.
The Prototype Wing configuration is mentioned below:-
 Wing span – 1000 mm
 Chord Length – 150 mm
 No. of Ribs – 24
Top view:

Side view:

Front veiw:

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PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

1. WING SPACING:
 To create adequate spacing between the wing ribs to
mount the flap on the wing without any problems and
without disturbing the structural integrity of the wing.
To secure the wing while disconnecting the main spar,
We use two support spars near to the Trailing edge and
one spar near to the Leading edge and one more spar as
the Leading edge.
The dimensions of the spars are given below:-
MAIN SPAR
 Width – 10 mm
 Height – 3 mm
 Webbing – 2mm
LEADING EDGE SPAR
 Diameter – 5 mm
 From LE – 1.7 mm
SUPPORT SPARS
 Diameter – 4 mm
 First from LE – 70 mm
 Second from LE – 80 Mm
WING JOINERS
 Diameter – 6 mm
 First from LE – 14 mm
 Second from LE – 60 mm

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INDICATIONS
 Red – Main spar
 Blue – LE spar and Support spar
 Green – Wing joiner
 Yellow – Ribs
 Light Blue – Trailing Edge

2. DIMENSIONS OF SURFACE FLAP:

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To create the structure by using proper dimensions to
avoid the loss of lift and increase in drag in the flap.
The dimensions are given below:-
INLET
 Length – 95 mm
 Height – 15 mm
 Thickness – 2.5 mm

OUTLET
 Length – 94 mm
 Height – 7.5 mm
 Thickness – 2.5 mm

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 OVERALL
 Length – 66 mm
 Width – 100 mm
 Height – 24.8 mm ~ 25 mm

MODEL

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 OBJECTIVE AND OUTCOME

This can be compared and combined with respect to the

Course Outcomes of the given Courses.
FLUID MECHANICS (CO-4)
Determine the flow rate of fluid through the pipe.
OBJECTIVE

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To find the Flow Rate of Air in the inlet and outlet of the Surface Flap
at different speeds By using,

Q=AxV
Unit is m3/s
OUTCOME
Expected Outcome,
The Rate of flow on the inlet should be greater than the outlet so that
pressure is created on the Air before Exiting the outlet.
Obtained Outcome,
INLET
Area = 1.425 x 10-3 m2
At 60 km/h the rate of flow is 0.0237 m3/s
At 100 km/h the rate of flow is 0.6597 m3/s
OUTLET
Area = 7.05 x 10-4 m2
At 60 km/h the rate of flow is 0.0117 m3/s
At 100 km/h the rate of flow is 0.0195 m3/s
Hence, the rate of flow at the Outlet is lesser than inlet.

THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

(CO-1)
Steady flow energy equation – Nozzle.
OBJECTIVE
To find the Nozzle exit velocity (i.e) the outlet Velocity of the
surface flaps.V2 =
OUTCOME

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Expected Outcome,
The Exit velocity on the Outlet should be greater than the inlet.
Obtained Outcome,
The outcome cannot be obtained as the specific enthalpy
cannot be found with the Available data.
Instead, we can use a common formula to find the exit
velocity.
V2 = V1 x A1/A2
At 60 km/h the exit velocity is 121.2 m/s ~ 120 m/s
At 100 km/h the exit velocity is 202.1 m/s ~ 202 m/s

Hence, the exit velocity on the outlet is greater than the inlet
velocity.

INTRODUCTION TO
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING (CO – 4)
Aerodynamic forces of aerofoil & wing.
OBJECTIVE
To find the Aerodynamic forces for the used Aerofoil and
wing Structure.

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  Lift force
 Drag force
Aerofoil – NACA 0012
Wing Span – 1000mm
Angle of Attack – 10° to 12°
Co-efficient of lift – 1.0 to 1.2
Co-efficient of drag – 0.01 to 0.03
OUTCOME
Formula Used:
Fl = ½ x ρ x v 2 x A x C l
Fd = ½ x ρ x v 2 x A x C d
Lift Produced by the wing at 60 km/h is 30.1 N
Lift Produced by the wing at 100 km/h is 83.6 N
Drag experienced by the wing at 60 km/h is 0.75 N
Drag experienced by the wing at 100 km/h is 2.09 N

SOLID MECHANIC (CO – 2)

Determine the deflection of beams with given loading
conditions.

OBJECTIVE

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To find the deflection of wing Structure with given loading
conditions on different speeds.
Length – 500 mm
Width – 150 mm
Moment of Inertia = 0.0078125 m4
Load at 60 km/h = 4.16 N/m
Load at 100 km/h = 11.56 N/m
Co-efficient of drag – 0.01 to 0.03

OUTCOME
Maximum deflection on wing structure in 60 km/h =
0.00101 mm
Maximum deflection on wing structure in 100 km/h =
0.00281 mm

ENGINEERING MECHANICS (CO – 2)

Determine the moment of the force, acting on a
structure.

OBJECTIVE
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To determine the moment of the force acting on the wing
Structure with given loading conditions on different speeds.
Length – 500 mm
Width – 150 mm
Moment of Inertia = 0.0078125 m4
Load at 60 km/h = 4.16 N/m
Load at 100 km/h = 11.56 N/m
Moment of the force (Torque) = 0.25 x 0.15 = 0.0375 m
The moment arm for a wing with a NACA 0012 aerofoil is
typically taken from the quarter-chord point, which is
approximately 25% of the chord length (0.15 m).
OUTCOME
The Moment of force experience by the aircraft wing at 60
km/h is 0.078 N-m
The Moment of force experience by the aircraft wing at 100
km/h is 0.216 N-m

CONCLUSION

Surface flap is a prototype model which can be further

developed and can be improved to cope with the standards of
Aviation industries. This prototype theoretically shows that it
can reduce stall speeds of an aircraft while take-offs and
landings. Software’s were used to render a 3D image of the
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wing structures and flap model. According to the obtained
theoretical data that focuses on the surface flaps are Rate of
flow and Exit velocity. Where the criteria’s like deflection and
moment of force are important for the structural integrity of
the aircraft.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
For the successful completion of my project. I have
taken reference and help from the following sources.
 https://www.google.com
 https://chat.openai.com/
 https://www.3ds.com
 https://www.winghelper.com/
 https://www.freecad.org/

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 https://www.omnicalculator.com

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