0
(72) = ed
ial noise ONG forz<0 si
a 1
niform | 5(3) = baa ifasz. This will resulted in «
smoothing effect in the image.
34:12. Geometric Mean Filter
An image restored using a geometric mean filter is given by the expression.
1 fey ma ll 607%
(3, ) eSxy
Here, each restored pixel is given by the product of the pixel in the sub — OE oa
restoration
~ Harmonie mean filter works well for salt noise, but fails for pepper noise. It
ell also with other types of noise like Gaussian noise.
4 contra Harmonic Mean Filter
«contra harmonie mean filter yields a restored image based on the expression
X g(s, e+!
» woe
f(x,y) = eso 2 .. 3.22)
ZX als, 02
BY Sy
here Q is called the order of the filter. This filter is well suited for reducing or
ually eliminating the effects of salt and pepper noise.
If Q is positive then pepper noise is eliminated
‘» IfQ is negative then salt noise is eliminated
Also
* IfQ=0 then the filter becomes arithmetic mean filter
+ 1fQ=-1 then the filter becomes harmonic mean filter
3.4.2. ORDER-STATISTIC FILTERS
Order-Statistics Filters are spatial filters whose response is based on ordering the
ixel contained in the image area encompassed by the filter. The response of the filter
any point is determined by the ranking result. Some of the important
nder-statistic filters are
1. Median filter
Max and min filter
Midpoint filter
Alpha trimmed mean filter
ee
eo}
2.1. Median Filter
ILis the best order statistic filter; it replaces the value of a pixel by the median of
levels in the neighborhood of that pixel. _—
3.12 Digital Image Processing
fy) = median {g (6,)} +23)
(s, ) © Sty
The value of the pixel is included in the computation of the median. Median fit
are quite popular because for certain types of random noise, they ae excellent
noise reduction capabilities, with considerably less blurring than linear sm
filters of similar size. These are effective for bipolar and unipolar impulse noise,
3.4.2.2. Max and Min Filters
Using the 100" percentile of ranked set of numbers is called the max filter and jg
given by the equation.
a
f@,y) = max {g(s,1)} += 3.24)
(3, t) eSxy
It is useful for finding the brightest points in an image. Pepper noise in the image
has very low values; it is reduced by max filter using the max selection Process in the
sub image area S,,.
The 0" percentile filter isthe min fiter
f@,y) = Pn {g(,1)} 3
BE ining dnteg rn vs age Amctiogaimas
eg th opertion.
3.4.2.3. Midpoint Fiter
‘The Midpoint filter computes the midpoint between maximum
values in
1
Wa ,
2[,.m,fe69) + nin nage Restoration
é = ae
f(y) Se 2 S:66.0) G27)
© Syy
(s,
where the value of d can range from 0 to mn ~ 1. When d = 0, the alpha-trimmed
lter reduces to the arithmetic mean filter, If d = mn — 1, the filter becomes a median
Iter
.4.3. ADAPTIVE FILTERS
Adaptive filters are capable of performance superior and whose behaviour changes
sed on statistical characteristics of the image inside the filter region defined by the
x n rectangular window §,,.. It has following types.
1. Adaptive, local noise reduction filter
2. Adaptive, median filter,
.3.1. Adaptive, local noise reduction filter
The mean and variance are the simplest statistical measures of a random variable.
ese are reasonable parameters on which to base an adaptive filter because they are
tities closely related to the appearance of an image.
The mean gives a measure of average intensity in the region over which the mean
mputed and the variance gives a measure of contrast in that region.
These filters will operate on a local region, S,,. The response of the filter at any
(x, y) on which the region is centered is to be based on four quantities.
fa) g (x, y) the value of the noisy image at (x, y)
) 2, the variance of the noise corrupting f(x, y) to form g @,y).
(©) m,, the local mean of the pixels in S,,,
)) o2., the local variance of the pixels in S,,.
behavior of the filter to be as follows.
If 0°, is zero, the filter should return the value of g(x, »). This is the trivial,
zero noise case in which g(x, Y) is equal to f(x, y).
If the local variance is high relative to 0°, the filter should return a value
close to g(x, y). A high local variance is associated with edges and these
should be preserved. *
Digital Image Processing
3. If the two variances are equal, we want the filter to return the arithmetic
value of the pixels in S,,. This condition occurs when the local area has the
same properties as the overall image and local noise is to be reduced by
averaging.
4 .
‘An adaptive expression for obtaining f(t, ¥y) based on these assumptions may be
written as
t oy
f£@y) = 8@r-Q [s (,»)-m] + 6.28)
L
3.4.3.2. Adaptive Median Filter
‘Adaptive Median Filtering can handle impulse noise with probabilities larger than
median filter. It preserves detail while smoothing non impulse noise, sometimes the
traditional median filter does not do. 2
‘Adaptive median filter also works in a rectangular window area S,,, and the size of
‘S,,during filter operation, depending on certain conditions.
Consider the following notation,
: , = minimum intensity value in S,,
Zyygx = Maximum intensity value in S,,
Zoned = median of intensity value in S,,
Z,, = intensity value at coordinates (x, y)
Spx = maximum allowed size of S,, mage Restoration
stageB +BY = Z y= Zang
Ba = Ly — Zine
IfB, > 0 AND B, <0, output Z,,
Else output Ziney
The algorithm can be used for following three main purposes.
1, To remove salt and — pepper (impulse) noise
2. To provide smoothing of other noise that may not be impulsive
3. To reduce distortion.
3.5. PERIODIC NOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING
Periodic noise can be analyzed and filtered quite effectively using frequency
domain techniques. Periodic noise appears as concentrated bursts of energy in the
Fourier transform, at locations corresponding to the frequencies of the periodic
interference, The approach is to use a selective filter to isolate the noise.
The three types of selective filters are
1. Band reject filter
2. Bandpass filter
3. Notch filter
5.1. BAND REJECT FILTER +
It removes a band of frequencies about the origin of the Fourier Transformer. The
incipal application of band reject filtering is for noise removal in applications where
general location of the noise component(s) in the frequency domain is
ximately known. Sinusoidal noise can be easily removed by using these kinds of
because it shows two impulses that are mirror images of each other about the
in. It has three types. ' I
1. Ideal band reject filter
Butterworth band reject filter
Gaussian band reject filter. 3.16 Digital Image Processing
3.6.1.1. Ideal Band Reject Filter
An ideal band reject filter is given by the expression
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