２０２０年１２月大学英语六级试题第２套

2020年12月大学英语六级试题第2套

Ｐａｒｔ
Part IIＩ Ｌｉｓｔｅｎｉｎｇ Ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ
Listening Comprehension （３０
(30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
minutes)
Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section AＡ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions :ＩｎInｔｈｉｓ
thi,s ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
section, youｗｉｌｌ
will ｈｅａｒ
hear ｔｗｏ
two ｌｏｎｇ
long ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ａｔ ｔｈｅ end
conversations. At the ｅｎｄ ofｏｆeach
ｅａｃｈconversation,
ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
you
ｗｉｌｌ
will ｈｅａｒ
hear ｆｏｕｒ
four ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ． Ｂｏｔｈ ｔｈｅ
questions. Both the ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ
conversation and the ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
questions ｗｉｌｌ ｂｅ spoken
will be ｓｐｏｋｅｎ only
ｏｎｌｙ ｏｎｃｅ．
once.
Ａｆｔｅｒ
After ｙｏｕ
you ｈｅａｒ
hear ａa ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
question, youｍｕｓｔ
mustｃｈｏｏｓｅ
chooseｔｈｅ
the ｂｅｓｔ
best ａｎｓｗｅｒ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ
answer from the ｆｏｕｒ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓmarked
four choices ｍａｒｋｅｄ
Ａ），Ｂ），Ｃ）ａｎｄ
A) , B) , C) Ｄ）．Ｔｈｅｎ ｍａｒｋ mark
and D) . Then ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
the corresponding ｌｅｔｔｅｒ Answer
letter onｏｎ ＡｎｓｗｅｒSheet
Ｓｈｅｅｔ1 １with
ｗｉｈａa
ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
single ｌｉｎｅ
line ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
through ｔｈｅ
the ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．
centre.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions１1 ｔｏ
to ４4 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ ｙｏｕ ｈａｖｅ
conversation you have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１．Ａ）
1. A)Ａ A
ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ
drivingｔｅｓｔ．
test. Ｃ）C)Ｔｒａｆｆｉｃ
Traffic ｒｏｕｔｅｓ．
routes.
Ｂ）B)ＡAｖｉｄｅｏ ｇａｍｅ．
video game. Ｄ）D)Ｃａｒｇｏ
Cargoｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｓ．
logistics.

２．2.Ａ）A)ＨｅHeｆｏｕｎｄ ｉｔ itｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅ
found instructiveａｎｄ
andｒｅａｌｉｓｔｉｃ．
realistic.
Ｂ）B)ＨｅHeｂｏｕｇｈｔ
boughtｉｔit ｗｈｅｎ
whenｔｏｕｒｉｎｇ
touring Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ．
Europe.
Ｃ）C)ＨｅHe
ｗａｓwas
ｒｅａｌｌｙ
reallyｄｒａｗｎ
drawn ｔｏ toｉｔｓitsｏｔｈｅｒ
other ｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｓ．
versions.
Ｄ）D)ＨｅHe
ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ
introducedｉｔ itｔｏtoｈｉｓhisｂｒｏｔｈｅｒ
brotherｌａｓｔ
last ｙｅａｒ．
year.

３．3. Ａ）A)Ｔｒａｖｅｌｉｎｇ
Travelingａｌｌ
all ｏｖｅｒ
over ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ．
country.
Ｂ）B)Ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ
Drivingｆｒｏｍ
fromｏｎｅ
oneｃｉｔｙ
city ｔｏ
to ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ．
another.
Ｃ）C)ＴｈｅTheｄｅｔａｉｌｓ
detailsｉｎin ｔｈｅ
the ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ
driving ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｏｒ．
simulator.
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅ ｋｅｙkey
D) The ｒｏｌｅrole
ｏｆ of
ｔｈｅthe
ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｓ
logistics ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ．
industry.

４．4. Ａ）A)Ｃｌｅａｒｅｒ
Clearer ｒｏａｄ
road ｓｉｇｎｓ．
signs.
Ｂ）B)Ｍｏｒｅ
Moreｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ
drivingｓａｆｅｌｙ．
safely.
Ｃ）C)Ｓｔｒｉｃｔｅｒ ｔａｆｆｉ ｒｕｌｅｓ．
Stricter traffic rules.
Ｄ）D)Ｍｏｒｅ
Moreｓｅｌｆ－ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ
self-driving ｔｒｕｃｋｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ
trucks on ｒｏａｄ．
the road.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions５5ｔｏto ８8 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ ｙｏｕ ｈａｖｅ
conversation you have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

５．Ａ）
5. A)ＩｔItｉｓｎ＇ｔ ｓｏ enjoyable
isn't so ｅｎｊｏｙａｂｌｅ as
ａｓ he
ｈｅ expected.
ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ．
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｉｓｎ＇ｔ ｓｏ motivating
isn't so ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇ as
ａｓ he
ｈｅ believed.
ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ．
Ｃ）Ｉｔ
C) Itｄｏｅｓｎ＇ｔ
doesn't ｅｎａｂｌｅ ｈｉｍ to
enable him ｔｏ earn
ｅａｍ as
ａｓ much
ｍｕｃｈ ｍｏｎｅｙ
moneyａｓas ｈｅ
he ｕｓｅｄ
used ｔｏ．
to.
Ｄ）Ｉｔ ｄｏｅｓｎ＇ｔ ｓｅｅｍ ｔｏ ｏｆｆｅｒ ａｓ ｍｕｃｈ ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ ａｓ ｈｅ ａｎｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅｄ．
D) It doesn't seem to offer as much freedom as he anticipated.

６．Ａ）Ｎｏｔ ａｌｌallｏｆofｔｈｅｍ
6. A) Not themｃａｒｅ
careａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｔｈｅｉｒ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ＇ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ．
their employees' behaviors.
Ｂ）B)Ｆｅｗ
Fewｏｆofｔｈｅｍ
themａｒｅareａｗａｒｅ
awareｏｆofｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ＇ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｓ．
employees' feelings.
Ｃ）C)Ｆｅｗ
Fewｏｆofｔｈｅｍthemｏｆｆｅｒ
offerｐｒａｉｓｅ
praise ａｎｄ
and ｒｅｗａｒｄ
reward ｔｏ ｔｈｅｉｒｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ．
to their employees.
Ｄ）Ｎｏｔ
D) Not ａｌｌallｏｆofｔｈｅｍ
themｌｎｏｗ
knowｈｏｗhowｔｏ toｍｏｔｉｖａｔｅ
motivateｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ．
employees.

６・１
6· 1
７，Ａ）
7. A)Ｊｏｂ
Jobｓａｔｉｓｆａｃｔｉｏｎ．
satisfaction. Ｃ）C) Ａｕｔｏｎｏｍｙ．
Autonomy.
Ｂ）B)Ｓｅｌｆ－ａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ．
Self-awareness. Ｄ）Ｍｏｎｅｙ．
D) Money.

８．Ａ）
8. A)ＴｈｅThe
ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇ
importance of cultivatingｃｌｏｓｅ
closeｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ
relationships ｗｉｔｈ
with ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ．
clients.
Ｂ）B).The
Ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄ
needｆｏｒ
for ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ ｆｒｏｍ
getting recommendations from ｔｈｅｉｒ ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ．
their managers.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅ
Theａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ
advantages ｏｆ
of ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔ
permanent ｆｕｌｌ－ｔｉｍｅ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ．
full-time employment.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅ
Theｗａｙ ｔｏ toｅｘｐｌｏｒｅ
way exploreｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ＇ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ
employees' interests ａｎｄ
andｔａｌｅｎｔｓ．
talents.

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Sectjon BＢ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ；Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓthisｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
Dir~ctions : In section, youｗｉｌｌ
willｈｅａｒ
hearｔｗｏ
two ｐａｓｓａｇｅｓ．Ａｔ
passages. Atｔｈｅ
the ｅｎｄ
end ｏｆ
of ｅａｃｈ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ，ｙｏｕ
each passage , youｗｉｌｌ
will ｈｅａｒ
hear ｔｈｒｅｅ
three
ｏｒorｆｏｕｒ
four ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ． Ｂｏｔｈ the
questions. Both ｔｈｅ passage
ｐａｓｓａｇｅ and
ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ
the ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｉｌｌbeｂｅspoken
questions will ｓｐｏｋｅｎonly
ｏｎｌｙonce.
ｏｎｃｅ．Ａｆｔｅｒ ｙｏｕ
After you
ｈｅａｒ
hearａa ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
question, youｍｕｓｔ
mustｃｈｏｏｓｅ
choose ｔｈｅ
the ｂｅｓｔ ａｎｓｗｅｒfrom
best answer ｆｒｏｍthe
ｔｈｅfour
ｆｏｕｒchoices
ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ ｍａｒｋｅｄ
marked A) Ａ），Ｂ），Ｃ）
, B) , C)
ａｎｄ
and Ｄ）、Ｔｈｅｎ
D) . Thenｍａｒｋ
markｔｈｅ
theｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ ｌｅｔｔｅｒonｏｎAnswer
corresponding letter Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Ｓｈｅｅｔ
Sheet １ｗｉｔｈ
1 withａ aｓｉｎｇｌｅ
single ｌｉｎｅ
line
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｔｈｅ
the ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．
centre.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions９9ｔｏ
to １１
11 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passage ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

９．Ａ） Ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ
9. A) ｖｉｓｕａｌｉｚｅ
Consumers ｔｈｅｉｒ
visualize ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ
their activities ｉｎ
in ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ．
different weather.
Ｂ）B)Ｇｏｏｄ
Goodｗｅａｔｈｅｒ
weatherｔｒｉｇｇｅｒｓ
triggers ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ＇ｄｅｓｉｒｅ
consumers' desire ｔｏ ｇｏ shopping.
to go ｓｈｏｐｐｉｎｇ．
Ｃ）C)Ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ
Weatherｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ
conditions ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ＇ buying
influence consumers' ｂｕｙｉｎｇ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ．
behavior.
Ｄ）D)Ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ＇ｍｅｎｔａｌ ｓｔａｔｅｓ
Consumers' mental statesｃｈａｎｇｅ
changeｗｉｔｈ
withｔｈｅ
theｐｒｉｃｅｓ
prices ｏｆ ｇｏｏｄｓ．
of goods.

１０．
10. Ａ）
A) Ａｃｔｉｖｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ．
Active consumption. Ｃ）C)Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ
Individualａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ．
association.
Ｂ） Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｃｏｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ．
B) Direct correlation. Ｄ）D)Ｍｅｎｔａｌ
Mentalｖｉｓｕａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．
visualization.

１１．
11. Ａ）Ｅｎａｂｌｉｎｇ
A) Enablingｔｈｅｍ ｔｏ toｓｉｍｐｌｉｆｙ
them simplifyｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌ
mathematical ｆｏｒｍｕｌａｓ．
formulas.
Ｂ）B)Ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ
Helpingｔｈｅｍ
themｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ
determineｗｈａｔ ｔｏtoｓｅｌｌ
what sell ａｎｄ
andａｔ
at ｗｈａｔ
what ｐｒｉｃｅ．
price.
Ｃ）C)Ｅｎａｂｌｉｎｇ
Enablingｔｈｅｍ ｔｏ toｓｅｌｌsellｔｈｅｉｒ
them their ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ
productsａｔat ａa ｈｉｇｈｅｒ
higher ｐｒｉｃｅ．
price.
Ｄ）D)Ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ
Helpingｔｈｅｍ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅ
them advertiseａ aｇｒｅａｔｅｒ
greaterｖａｒｉｅｔｙ
variety ｏｆ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ．
of products.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions１２
12ｔｏ
to １５
15 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｙｏｕ ｈａｖｅ
passage you have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１２．
12. Ａ）
A)Ａ Aｎａｔｕｒａｌｌｙ
naturallyｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｅｄ
ventilated ｏｆｆｉｃｅ ｉｓmore
office is ｍｏｒｅ comfortable.
ｃｏｍｆｏｒｔａｂｌｅ．
Ｂ）B)Ａ Aｃｏｏｌ
coolｏｆｆｉｃｅ
office ｗｉｌｌ
will ｂｏｏｓｔ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ＇ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ．
boost employees' productivity.
Ｃ）C)Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ
Officeａｉｒ－ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ follow
air-conditioning should ｆｏｌｌｏｗ guidebooks.
ｇｕｉｄｅｂｏｏｋｓ．
Ｄ）D)Ａｉｒ－ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ
Air-conditioningｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｓ
improvesｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎ
ventilationｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｏｆｆｉｃｅ．
office.

１３．
13. Ａ）Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
A) Peopleｉｎ inｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｃｏｍｆｏｒｔ
comfortｚｏｎｅ ｏｆof
zone ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ａｒｅareｍｏｒｅ
temperature ｓａｔｉｓｆｉｅｄ
more satisfiedｗｉｔｈ
withｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ．
productivity.
Ｂ）
B)Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
Peopleｉｎinｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ
different ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ ｖａｒｙ ｉｎ
countries vary ｔｈｅｉｒ tolerance
in their ｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅtoｔｏuncomfortable
ｕｎｃｏｍｆｏｒｔａｂｌｅ temperatures.
ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ．
Ｃ）C)Ｔｗｅｎｔｙ－ｔｗｏ
Twenty-two ｄｅｇｒｅｅｓ ｉｓ isｔｈｅ
degrees theｏｐｔｉｍａｌ
optimalｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ
temperatureｆｏｒ for ｏｆｆｉｃｅ ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ．
office workers.
Ｄ）
D)Ｔｈｅｒｅ
Thereｉｓisａaｒａｎｇｅ
rangeｏｆofｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ
temperaturesｆｏｒfor ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
people ｔｏto ｆｅｅｌ ｃｏｍｆｏｒｔａｂｌｅ．
feel comfortable.

６，２
(I , 2
１４．
14. Ａ）Ｉｔ
A) Itｗｉｌｌwill ｈａｖｅ
have ｎｏ
no ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｉｍｐａｃｔ on
negative impact ｏｎ work.
ｗｏｒｋ．
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｗｉｌｌ ｂｅ ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ
will be immediately ｎｏｔｉｃｅａｂｌｅ．
noticeable.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔIt ｗｉｌｌ
will ｓｈａｒｐｌｙ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ work
sharply decrease ｗｏｒｋ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ．
efficiency.
Ｄ）D)ＩｔItｗｉｌｌ
will ｃａｕｓｅ
cause ａa ｌｏｔ ｏｆ discomfort.
lot of ｄｉｓｃｏｍｆｏｒｔ．

１５．
15. Ａ）
A) Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｔｅｎｄ
tendｔｏto ｆａｖｏｒ
favor ｌｏｗｅｒ
lower ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ．
temperatures.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｓｕｆｆｅｒ
suffer ｆｒｏｍ
fromｒａｐｉｄ
rapid ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ．
temperature changes.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅ
areｎｏｔ
notｂｏｔｈｅｒｅｄ
bothered ｂｙ
by ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｓ．
temperature extremes.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｂｅｃｏｍｅ ｌｅｓｓlessｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ
become sensitive ｔｏ
to ｈｉｇｈ
high ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ．
temperatures.

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section CＣ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ
Directions: ｔｈｉｓ ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
In thi,s ｗｉｌｌwill
section, you ｈｅａｒhear
ｔｈｒｅｅthreeｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｓ ｏｆ ofｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓ
recordings lecturesｏｒorｔａｌｋｓ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ ｂｙby ｔｈｒｅｅ
talks followed ｏｒ four
three or ｆｏｕｒ
ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅ
questions. The ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｓ ｗｉｌｌbeｂｅplayed
recordings will ｐｌａｙｅｄonly
ｏｎｌｙonce.
ｏｎｃｅ．Ａｆｔｅｒ ｙｏｕhear
After you ｈｅａｒａ ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
a question, ｍｕｓｔ
you must
ｃｈｏｏｓｅ
choose ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔanswer
the best ａｎｓｗｅｒfrom
ｆｒｏｍtheｔｈｅ
fourｆｏｕｒ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
choices markedｍａｒｋｅｄ
A) , B)Ａ），Ｂ），Ｃ）ａｎｄ
, C) and D).Ｄ）．Ｔｈｅｎ ｍａｒｋ the
Then mark ｔｈｅ
ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
corresponding ｌｅｔｔｅｒ
letter onｏｎAnswer
Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Ｓｈｅｅｔ
Sheet１ｗｉｔｈ ａ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
1 with ｌｉｎｅ
a single lineｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｔｈｅ
theｃｅｎｔｒｅ．
centre.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions１６16ｔｏto １８
18 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
recording ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１６．
16. Ａ）
A)ＩｔIt ｏｖｅｒｌｏｏｋｅｄ
overlookedｔｈｅ
the ｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｔｈａｔemotions
possibility that ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ may
ｍａｙ ｂｅ
be ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ．
controlled.
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｉｇｎｏｒｅｄ
ignoredｔｈｅ
the ｆａｃｔ
fact ｔｈａｔ ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ ａｒｅ
that emotions are ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ
personal ａｎｄ
and ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ．
subjective.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔItｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｄ ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ ｓｉｍｐｌｙ
classified emotions simplyａｓasｅｉｔｈｅｒ
either ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｏｒ negative.
positive or ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ．
Ｄ）D)ＩｔIt ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ
measuredｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ
positive ａｎｄ
and ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ
negative ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ
emotions ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｌｙ．
independently.

１７．Ａ）
17. A)Ｓｉｔｔｉｎｇ
Sittingａｌｏｎｅ
aloneｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ
withoutｄｏｉｎｇ
doingａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇ
anythingｓｅｅｍｅｄ
seemedｒｅａｌｌｙ
reallyｄｉｓｔｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ．
distressing.
Ｂ）B)Ｓｏｌｉｔｕｄｅ
Solitudeａｄｖｅｒｓｅｌｙ
adverselyａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ
affected ｔｈｅ
the ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ＇ｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗｅｌｌ－ｂｅｉｎｇ．
participants' mental well-being.
Ｃ）C)Ｓｉｔｔｉｎｇ
Sitting ａｌｏｎｅ
alone ｆｏｒ
for １５
15 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ
minutesｍａｄｅ
madeｔｈｅtheｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔｓ
participantsｒｅｓｔｌｅｓｓ．
restless.
Ｄ）D)Ｓｏｌｉｔｕｄｅ
Solitudeｈａｄ
hadａ aｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ
reductive ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｎ high-arousal
effect on ｈｉｇｈ－ａｒｏｕｓａｌ emotions.
ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ．

１８．Ａ） ＩｔItｐｒｏｖｅｄ
18. A) provedｈａｒｄ
hardｔｏtoｄｅｐｉｃｔ
depictｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．
objectively.
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｗｅｎｔ
went ｈａｎｄ
hand ｉｎ
in ｈａｎｄ
hand ｗｉｔｈ
with ｓａｄｎｅｓｓ．
sadness.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔIt ｈｅｌｐｅｄ
helped ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｌｏｗ－ａｒｏｕｓａｌ emotions.
increase low-arousal ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ．
Ｄ）D)ＩｔItｔｅｎｄｅｄ
tendedｔｏto ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｙ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ emotions.
intensify negative ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ．

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions１９19ｔｏto ２１
21 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
recording ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１９．
19. Ａ）Ｉｔ
A) Itｕｓｅｓ
usesｕｐupｍｕｃｈ
muchｌｅｓｓ
lessｅｎｅｒｇｙ
energyｔｈａｎ
thanｉｔit ｄｏｅｓ
does ｉｎ
in ｄｅｅｐ
deep ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇ．
thinking.
Ｂ）Ｉｔ
B) Itｒｅｍａｉｎｓ
remainsｉｎａｃｔｉｖｅ
inactiveｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ
withoutｂｕｒｎｉｎｇ
burningｃａｌｏｒｉｅｓ
calories ｎｏｔｉｃｅａｂｌｙ．
noticeably.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔIt ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓ
continues ｔｏ
to ｂｕｒｎ
burn ｕｐ
upｃａｌｏｒｉｅｓ
calories ｔｏ
to ｈｅｌｐ
help ｕｓ
us ｓｔａｙ ｉｎ shape.
stay in ｓｈａｐｅ．
Ｄ）Ｉｔ
D) Itｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｓ ａｌｍｏｓｔ
consumes ａ ｑｕａｒｔｅｒ
:almost a quarterｏｆofｔｈｅ
theｂｏｄｙ＇ｓ
body'sｔｏｔａｌ
total ｅｎｅｒｇｙ．
energy.

６・３6 • j
２０．Ａ）Ｍｕｃｈ
20. A) Much ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ
of the ｈａｓ has
consumption ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｄｏ
nothing ｗｉｔｈ
to do ｃｏｎｓｃｉｏｕｓ
with conscious ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ．
activities.
Ｂ）Ｉｔ
B) Itｈａｓhasｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｔｏ to
something ｄｏ do
ｗｉｔｈwith
ｔｈｅ the
ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｙ
difficultyｏｆof
ｔｈｅtheａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ
activities ｉｎ ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ．
in question.
Ｃ）C)Ｅｎｅｒｇｙ
Energyｕｓａｇｅ ｄｅｖｏｔｅｄ
usage ｔｏ toａｃｔｉｖｅ
devoted activeｌｅａｒｉｎｇ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ
learning ｆｏｒforａ aｂｉｇbigｐａｒｔ
accounts partｏｆofｉｔ．
it.
Ｄ）Ａ
D) ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ａｍｏｕｎｔ
A significant ｏｆ ｉｔ
amount of ｉｓ
it isｆｏｒ
forｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ
performingｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ
difficult ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅ
cognitive ｔａｓｋｓ．
tasks.

２１．
21.Ａ）A)ＩｔItｉｓis ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ
believed ｔｏ
to ｒｅｍａｉｎ
remain ｂａｓｉｃａｌｌｙ
basically ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔ．
constant.
Ｂ）B)ＩｔItｉｓis ａa ｐｒｅｒｅｑｕｉｓｉｔｅ
prerequisite ｆｏｒ ａｎｙ ｍｅｎｔａｌ
for any mentalａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ．
activity.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔIt ｉｓis ｃｏｎｄｕｃｉｖｅ
conducive ｔｏ
to ｒｅｌｉｅｖｉｎｇ ｍｅｎｔａｌ exhaustion.
relieving mental ｅｘｈａｕｓｔｉｏｎ．
Ｄ）D)ＩｔItｉｓis ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ
thought ｔｏ ｂｅ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ
to be related toｔｏfood
ｆｏｏｄconsumption.
ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ．

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions２２
22ｔｏ
to ２５
25 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ you
the recording ｙｏｕ have
ｈａｖｅ just
ｊｕｓｔ heard.
ｈｅａｒｄ．

２２．
22.Ａ）A)Ｊｏｂ
Jobｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ
candidatesｒａｒｅｌｙ
rarelyｔａｋｅ
takeｉｔit ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｌｙ．
seriously.
Ｂ）B)Ｊｏｂ
Jobｓｅｅｋｅｒｓ
seekers ｔｅｎｄ
tend ｔｏ ｈａｖｅ ａa ready
to have ｒｅａｄｙ answer.
ａｎｓｗｅｒ．
Ｃ）C)Ｊｏｂ
Jobｓｅｅｋｅｒｓ
seekersｏｆｔｅｎ
oftenｆｅｅｌ
feelａｔatａa ｌｏｓｓ
loss ｗｈｅｒｅ
whereｔｏtoｓｔａｒｔ
start ｉｎ ａｎｓｗｅｒｉｎｇ ｉｔ．
in answering it.
Ｄ）Ｊｏｂ
D) Jobｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ
candidatesｃａｎcanｒｅｓｐｏｎｄ
respondｆｒｅｅｌｙ
freelyｄｕｅ
dueｔｏto ｉｔｓ ｏｐｅｎ－ｅｎｄｅｄ ｎａｔｕｒｅ．
its open-ended nature.

２３．
23. Ａ）
A)Ｆｏｌｌｏｗ
Followｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｃａｒｅｅｒ ｃｏａｃｈｅｓ＇ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ．
career coaches' guidelines.
Ｂ）B)Ｓｔｒｉｖｅ
Striveｔｏtoｔａｋｅ
takeｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ
controlｏｆofｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅ．
narrative.
Ｃ）C)ＤｏDoｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｂｅｓｔ
bestｔｏto ｉｍｐｒｅｓｓ
impress ｔｈｅ
the ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗｅｒ．
interviewer.
Ｄ）D)Ｒｅｐｅａｔ
Repeatｔｈｅtheｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
informationｏｎonｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｒéｓｕｍé．
resume.

２４．
24.Ａ）Ｔｏ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔ
A) To reflectｏｎonｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｐａｓｔ
past ａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ
achievementsａｓasｗｅｌｌ
wellａｓasｆａｉｌｕｒｅｓ．
failures.
Ｂ）Ｔｏ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ
B) To ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ
produce ｆｏｒfor
examples ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ
differentｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗ
interview ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．
questions.
Ｃ） Ｔｏ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｄｅｔａｉｌｓ ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ ｇｏｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ．
C) To discuss important details they are going to present.
Ｄ）D)ＴｏToｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ
identify ａa ｂｒｏａｄ
broadｇｅｎｅｒａｌ
generalｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ
strength ｔｏ
to ｅｌａｂｏｒａｔｅ ｏｎ．
elaborate on.

２５．Ａ）
25. A)Ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ
Gettingａｃｑｕａｉｎｔｅｄ
acquainted ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｈｅ
the ｈｕｍａｎ
humanｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ
resources ｐｅｒｓｏｎｎｅｌ．
personnel.
Ｂ）B)Ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇ
Finding ｏｕｔ
out ｗｈｙ
whyｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ
companyｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ
providesｔｈｅ
the ｊｏｂ ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ．
job opening.
Ｃ）C)Ｆｉｇｕｒｉｎｇ
Figuringｏｕｔ
outｗｈａｔ
whatｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ
benefits ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ
companyｉｓisａｂｌｅ
able ｔｏ
to ｏｆｆｅｒ ｔｈｅｍ．
offer them.
Ｄ）D)Ｔａｉｌｏｒｉｎｇ
Tailoringｔｈｅｉｒ ｅｘｐｅｃｔａｔｉｏｎｓ toｔｏ the
their expectations ｔｈｅcompany's
ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ＇ｓ long-term
ｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍ goal.
ｇｏａｌ．

Ｐａｒｔ ＩＩ
Part III Ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ Ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ
Reading Comprehension （４０
(40 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
minutes)

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section AＡ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓthisｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，
Directions: In section, ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓａa ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
there is passage ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｅｎ
ten ｂａｎｋｓ．Ｙｏｕ
blanks. Youａｒｅareｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ
requiredｔｏto ｓｅｌｅｃｔ ｏｎｅ word
select one ｗｏｒｄ for
ｆｏｒ
ｅａｃｈ
eachｂｌａｎｋ
blankｆｒｏｍ
fromａ aｌｉｓｔ
list ｏｆ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓgiven
of choices ｇｉｖｅｎinｉｎa ａword
ｗｏｒｄ bank
ｂａｎｋ following
ｆｏｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ． Read
the passage. Ｒｅａｄ the
ｔｈｅ
ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passageｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙ
carefully ｂｅｆｏｒｅ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｙｏｕｒ
before making your ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ．Ｅａｃｈ
choices. Eachｃｈｏｉｃｅ
choiceｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｂａｎｋ
bankｉｓis ｉｄｅｎｔｉｊｉｅｄ
identified
ｂｙbyａa ｌｅｔｔｅｒ．Ｐｌｅａｓｅ ｍａｒｋ the
letter. Please mark ｔｈｅ corresponding
ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇletter
ｌｅｔｔｅｒ
for ｆｏｒ
eachｅａｃｈ
item ｉｔｅｍ ｏｎ ＡｎｓｗｅｒSheet
on Answer Ｓｈｅｅｔ2２ｗｉｔｈ
with aａ
ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
single ｌｉｎｅ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｔｈｅ
line through ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．Ｙｏｕ
the centre. You ｍａｙ
mayｎｏｔ
not ｕｓｅ
use ａｎｙ
anyｏｆof ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｉｎin the
the words ｔｈｅ bank
ｂａｎｋ more
ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎ ｏｎｃｅ．
once.

６・４
6· 4
 Ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙ
Virtually ｅｖｅｒｙ
every ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ ｔｈａｔ entails
activity that ｅｎｔａｉｌｓorｏｒfacilitates
ｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅｓ ｉｎ－ｐｅｒｓｏｎhuman
in-person ｈｕｍａｎ interaction
ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎseems
ｓｅｅｍｓ toｔｏ be
ｂｅ in
ｉｎ the
ｔｈｅ
ｍｉｄｓｔ
midstｏｆofａa ｔｏｔａｌ ｍｅｌｔｄｏｗｎ ａｓas ｔｈｅ
total meltdown the ｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓ（冠状病毒）ｏｕｔｂｒｅａｋ
coronavirus (nl:lk~¾) outbreak ｅｒａｓｅｓ
erases Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ＇ｄｅｓｉｒｅ
Americans' desireｔｏto ｔｒａｖｅｌ．
travel.
Ａｍｔｒａｋ
Amtrak ｓａｙｓ
says ｂｏｏｋｉｎｇｓ
bookings ａｒｅ
are ｄｏｗｎ
down５０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ
50 percentａｎｄ
andｃａｎｃｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ
cancelations ａｒｅ
are ｕｐ
up ３００
300ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ．
percent. Ｈｏｔｅｌｓ ｉｎ San
Hotels in Ｓａｎ
Ｆｒａｎｃｉｓｃｏ ａｒｅexperiencing
Francisco are ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｉｎｇ 26２６ ｒａｔｅｓ
ratesｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ
between ７０
70 ａｎｄ
and８０80ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ． Ｂｒｏａｄｗａｙ ｇｏｅｓ
percent. Broadway goes ｄａｒｋ ｏｎ
dark on
Ｔｈｕｒｓｄａｙ
Thursdayｎｉｇｈｔ．
night. Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｉｅｓ， ｎｏｗ ｅｍｐｔｙｉｎｇ
Universities, now emptyingｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｃａｍｐｕｓｅｓ，
campuses, ｈａｖｅ
haveｎｅｖｅｒ
neverｔｒｉｅｄ
tried ｏｎｌｉｎｅ
online ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ ｏｎ ｔｈｉｓ
learning on this
２７ ． Ｗｈｉｔｅ－ｃｏｌｌａｒ
_JJ_. White-collar ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ
companies ｌｉｋｅ Ａｍａｚｏｎ， Ａｐｐｌｅ，
like Amazon, ａｎｄ the
Apple, and ｔｈｅ New
Ｎｅｗ Ｙｏｒｋ
York Ｔｉｍｅｓ
Times ａｒｅ ａｓｋｉｎｇ employees
are asking ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ
ｔｏto work
ｗｏｒｋ from
ｆｒｏｍ home
ｈｏｍｅ for
ｆｏｒtheｔｈｅ 28２８ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ．
future.
Ｂｕｔ
Butｗｈａｔ
whatｈａｐｐｅｎｓ
happensａｆｔｅｒ
after ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓ？
the coronavirus?
ＩｎIn ｓｏｍｅ
someｗａｙｓ，ｔｈｅ
ways, theａｎｓｗｅｒ ｉｓ∶
answer is: Ａｌｌ
All ｔｈｅ
the ｏｌｄ
old ｎｏｒｍａｌ
normalｓｔｕｆｆ． Ｔｈｅ ｐａｎｄｅｍｉｃ（大流行病）ｗｉｌｌ
stuff. The pandemic ( :k. $JrUt ~ ) willｔａｋｅ
takeｌｉｖｅｓ，
lives,
２９29 ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙ
economies ｒｏｕｔｉｎｅｓ，
and destroy routines,ｂｕｔbut
ｉｔ itｗｉｌｌ
will ｐａｓｓ．
pass. Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ
Americans ｗｉｌｌ
will ｎｅｖｅｒ
never ｓｔｏｐ
stop ｇｏｉｎｇ
going ｔｏ
to
ｂａｓｋｅｔｂａｌｌ
basketball ｇａｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｙ
games. Theyｗｏｎ＇ｔ
won'tｓｔｏｐ
stopｇｏｉｎｇ
goingｏｎonｖａｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｙ＇ｌｌ
vacation. They'llｍｅｅｔ
meetｔｏtoｄｏdoｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ． Ｎｏ ｄｅｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｚｉｎｇ
business. No decentralizing
ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ
technologyｓｏsoｆａｒ—ｎｏｔ
far-notｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅｓ，
telephones,ｎｏｔ
notｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ， ａｎｄ not
television, and ｎｏｔ the
ｔｈｅ internet-has
ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ—ｈａｓ dented
ｄｅｎｔｅｄ that
ｔｈａｔhuman
ｈｕｍａｎ ｄｅｓｉｒｅ
desire
ｔｏto ｓｈａｋｅ
shake ｈａｎｄｓ，
hands, ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓ＇~
despite technologists' ３０＿ ｔｏtoｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｎｔｒａｒｙ．
contrary.
Ｙｅｔ
Yetｔｈｅｒｅ
there ａｒｅ
are ｒｅａｌ ｒｅａｓｏｎｓ to
real reasons ｔｏ think
ｔｈｉｎｋ that
ｔｈａｔ things
ｔｈｉｎｇｓwill
ｗｉｌｌnot
ｎｏｔreturn
ｒｅｔｕｒｎtoｔｏtheｔｈｅway
ｗａｙ they
ｔｈｅｙ were
ｗｅｒｅ last
ｌａｓｔ week.
ｗｅｅｋ．
Ｓｍａｌｌ ３１ ｃｒｅａｔｅ ｓｍａｌｌ ｓｏｃｉｅｔａｌ ｓｈｉｆｔｓ； ｂｉｇ ｏｎｅｓ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｔｈｉｎｇｓ ｆｏｒ ｇｏｏｄ． Ｔｈｅ Ｎｅｗ Ｙｏｒｋ ｔｒａｎｓｉｔ
Small 31 create small societal shifts; big ones change things for good. The New York transit
ｓｔｒｉｋｅ ｏｆ 1980
strike of １９８０ ｉｓ ３２ ｗｉｔｈwith
is __lL ｐｒｏｍｐｔｉｎｇ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ
prompting ｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍ
several ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ
long-term ｉｎ ｔｈｅ
changes ｃｉｔｙ，
in the city, ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ ｂｕｓ and
including bus ａｎｄ bike
ｂｉｋｅ
ｌａｎｅｓ， ａｎｄ women
lanes, and ｗｏｍｅｎ ｗｅａｒｉｎｇ
wearingｓｐｏｒｔｓ
sports ｓｈｏｅｓ ｔｏ work.
shoes to ｗｏｒｋ． The
Ｔｈｅ Spanish
Ｓｐａｎｉｓｈ flu
ｆｌｕpandemic
ｐａｎｄｅｍｉｃ ofｏｆ 1918
１９１８ prompted
ｐｒｏｍｐｔｅｄ the
ｔｈｅ
ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ
developmentｏｆofｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ
national ｈｅａｌｔｈ
health ｃａｒｅ ｉｎ Europe.
care in Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ．
Ｈｅｒｅ
Hereａｎｄ
andｎｏｗ，
now,ｔｈｉｓ
thisｍｉｇｈｔ
mightｎｏｔ
notｅｖｅｎ
evenｂｅbeａa ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ
question ｏｆ
of ３３ ．Ｉｔ＇ｓ It's
__lL. ｎｏｔnot
ｃｌｅａｒ ｔｈａｔ
clear thatｔｈｅ
theｃｒｕｉｓｅ
cruise ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ
industry
ｗｉｌｌ
will ３４ ．Ｏｒ ｔｈａｔ
___l!__. ｐｕｂｌｉｃ
Or that ｔｒａｎｓｉｔ
public transitｗｏｎ＇ｔ
won't ｇｏ
go ｂｒｏｋｅ
broke ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ ＿３５＿ ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅ
without __lL assistance. Theｉｎｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ ｍｉｇｈｔ
infrastructure might
ｎｏｔ
not ｅｖｅｎ
even ｂｅ
be ｉｎ
in ｐｌａｃｅ ｔｏ doｄｏ what
place to ｗｈａｔ we
ｗｅ were
ｗｅｒｅ ｄｏｉｎｇ
doing ｉｎ ２０１９．
in 2019.

Ａ）A)ｃｒｅｄｅｎｔｉａｌｓ
credentials ）I) ｓｃａｌｅ
scale
Ｂ）B)ｃｒｅｄｉｔｅｄ
credited Ｊ）J) ｓｔｒａｎｇｌｅ
strangle
Ｃ） ｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｖｅ
C) cumulative Ｋ）K)ｓｕｂｔｌｅ
subtle
Ｄ） ｄｉｓｕｐｔｉｏｎｓ
D) disruptions Ｌ）
L) ｓｕｍｍｏｎｅｄ
summoned
Ｅ）E) ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ
federal Ｍ）M)ｓｕｒｖｉｖｅ
survive
Ｆ）F) ｆｏｒｅｓｅａｂｌｅ
foreseeable Ｎ）N) ｖａｃａｎｃｙ
vacancy
Ｇ）G)ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ
predictions Ｏ）0) ｗｅｄｇｅ
wedge
Ｈ） ｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ
H) preference

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section BＢ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ
Directions : Inｔｈｉｓ
this ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
section, you ａｒｅ ｇｏｉｎｇ toｔｏ read
are going ｒｅａｄａa ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｗｉｔｈ ten
passage with ｔｅｎ statements
ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓattached
ａａｃｈｅｄ toｔｏit.ｉ．Each
Ｅａｃｈ
ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ
statementｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓ
containsｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
information ｇｉｖｅｎ
given ｉｎ
in ｏｎｅ
one ｏｆ ｔｈｅparagraphs.
of the ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｓ．Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ ｔｈｅparagraph
Identify the ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ from
ｆｒｏｍ
ｗｈｉｃｈ
which ｔｈｅ
the ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
information isｉｓderived.
ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ．Ｙｏｕ ｍａｙ choose
You may ｃｈｏｏｓｅ aａ paragraph
ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ more
ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎ once.
ｏｎｃｅ． Each
Ｅａｃｈ
ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ
paragraphｉｓisｍａｒｋｅｄ
markedｗｉｔｈａ
with ｌｅｔｔｅｒ．Ａｎｓｗｅｒ ｔｈｅtheｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
a letter. Answer questionsｂｙbyｍａｒｋｉｎｇ
markingｔｈｅ
theｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
correspondingｌｅｔｔｅｒ
letter
ｏｎon Ａｎｓｗｅｒ
Answer Ｓｈｅｅｔ
Sheet 2２．.

６・５
6· 5
 Ｓｌｏｗ Ｈｏｐｅ
Slow Hope

Ａ）A)Ｏｕｒ
Ourｗｏｒｌｄ
worldｉｓisｆｕｌｌ
full ｏｆ—ｍｏｓｔｌｙ
of-mostlyｕｎｔｏｌｄ—ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ
untold-stories ｏｆ
of ｓｌｏｗ
slow ｈｏｐｅ，
hope, ｄｒｉｖｅｎ
driven ｂｙ
by ｔｈｅ
the ｉｄｅａ
idea ｔｈａｔ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｉｓ
that change is
ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ．
possible. Ｔｈｅｙ
They ａｒｅ＇ｓｌｏｗ＇ｉｎ
are 'slow' ｔｈｅｉｒ
in theirｕｎｆｏｌｄｉｎｇ，
unfolding,ａｎｄ
andｔｈｅｙ
they ａｒｅ
are ｓｌｏｗ
slow ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ
because ｔｈｅｙ ｃｏｍｅ ｗｉｔｈ
they come with ｓｅｔｂａｃｋｓ．
setbacks.

Ｂ）Ａｔ
B) Atｔｈｅ
theｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ
beginning ｏｆ
of ｔｉｍｅｓｏ ｇｏｅｓ
time-so ｔｈｅtheｍｙｔｈ—ｈｕｍａｎｓ
goes ｓｕｆｆｅｒｅｄ，ｓｈｉｖｅｒｉｎｇ
myth-humans suffered, shiveringｉｎin ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｌｄ
cold ａｎｄ
and ｄａｒｋ
dark
ｕｎｔｉｌ
until ｔｈｅ
the ｔｉｔａｎ（巨人）
titan ( EA.) Ｐｒｏｍｅｔｈｅｕｓ
Prometheusｓｔｏｌｅ
stole ｆｉｒｅ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ
fire from the ｇｏｄｓ．Ｊｕｓｔ
gods. Just ａｓ
as ｉｎ
in ｔｈｅ ｍｙｔｈ， technology-first
the myth, ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ—ｆｉｒｓｔ
ｆｉｒｅ
fire ａｎｄ
andｓｔｏｎｅ
stone ｔｏｏｌｓ， ａｎｄ ｌａｔｅｒ
tools, and ｆａｒｍｉｎｇ， the
later farming, ｔｈｅ steam
ｓｔｅａｍ engine
ｅｎｇｉｎｅ ａｎｄ
and ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ，
industry, ｆｏｓｓｉｌ ｆｕｅｌｓ，chemicals
fossil fuels, ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓand
ａｎｄ
ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ
nuclearｐｏｗｅｒ—ｈａｓ
power-hasａｌｌｏｗｅｄ
allowedｕｓusｔｏtoａｌｔｅｒ
alter ａｎｄ
and ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｔｈｅ natural
control the ｎａｔｕｒａｌworld.
ｗｏｒｌｄ．The
Ｔｈｅmyth
ｍｙｔｈ also
ａｌｓｏ reminds
ｒｅｍｉｎｄｓ usｕｓ
ｔｈａｔ
that ｔｈｅｓｅ
these ａｄｖａｎｃｅｓ
advances ｈａｖｅ
have ｃｏｍｅ
comeａｔatａaｐｒｉｃｅ： ａｓ aａ punishment
price: as ｐｕｎｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ for
ｆｏｒ Prometheus'
Ｐｒｏｍｅｔｈｅｕｓ＇ｃｒｉｍｅ，
crime, ｔｈｅ ｇｏｄｓ ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ
the gods created
Ｐａｎｄｏｒａ，ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｙtheyｇａｖｅgaveｈｅｒherａ ｂｏｘ
Pandora, and ｆｉｌｌｅｄ
a box filled ｗｉｔｈ
with ｅｖｉｌｓ ａｎｄ curses.
evils and ｃｕｒｓｅｓ．When
Ｗｈｅｎ Ｐａｎｄｏｒａ＇ｓ ｂｏｘ ｗａｓ
Pandora's box was ｏｐｅｎｅｄ，
opened, ｉｔ
it
ｕｎｌｅａｓｈｅｄ
unleashedｓｗａｒｍｓ
swarmsｏｆofｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ
diseases ａｎｄ
and ｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓ ｕｐｏｎ humankind.
disasters upon ｈｕｍａｎｋｉｎｄ．

Ｃ）C)Ｔｏｄａｙ
Todayｗｅwe
ｃａｎcan
ｎｏ no
ｌｏｎｇｅｒ ｉｇｎｏｒｅ
longer ｔｈｅtheｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ
ignore ecologicalｃｕｒｓｅｓ
curses ｔｈａｔ
that ｗｅ
we ｈａｖｅ
have ｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ
released ｉｎ
in ｏｕｒ
our ｓｅａｒｃｈ ｆｏｒ
search for
ｗａｒｍｔｈ
warmthａｎｄandｃｏｍｆｏｒｔ．
comfort.ＩｎInｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ
engineeringａｎｄ
andｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｉｎｇ
exploiting ａｎｄ
and ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ
transforming ｏｕｒ
our ｈａｂｉｔａｔ， ｗｅhave
habitat, we ｈａｖｅ opened
ｏｐｅｎｅｄ
ｔｅｎｓ
tens ｏｆ
of ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ
thousands ｏｆ
of Ｐａｎｄｏｒａ＇ｓ
Pandora's ｂｏｘｅｓ．
boxes. Ｉｎ
In ｒｅｃｅｎｔ ｄｅｃａｄｅｓ， environmental
recent decades, ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ threats
ｔｈｒｅａｔｓhave
ｈａｖｅ expanded
ｅｘｐａｎｄｅｄ
ｂｅｙｏｎｄ
beyondｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ
regional ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｉｅｓ
boundaries ｔｏ
to ｈａｖｅ
have ｇｌｏｂａｌ
global ｒｅａｃｈ
reach ａｎｄ，
and, ｍｏｓｔ
mostｈａｕｎｔｉｎｇｌｙ，
hauntingly, ａｒｅ
are ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｙｉｎｇ
multiplying ａｔ
at aａ
ｄｉｚｚｙｉｎｇ
dizzyingｒａｔｅ．
rate. Ｏｎ
Onａa ｒｅｇｕｌａｒ
regular ｂａｓｉｓ， ｗｅ ａｒｅ
basis, we ｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｄ ｔｈａｔ
are reminded that ｗｅ
weａｒｅ
areｒｕｎｎｉｎｇ
runningｏｕｔoutｏｆofｔｉｍｅ．
time. Ｙｅａｒ
Yearａｆｔｅｒ
after ｙｅａｒ，
year,
ｆａｓｔｅｒ
faster ａｎｄ
and ｆａｓｔｅｒ， ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ ｏｕｔｐａｃｅｓ
faster, consumption outpacesｔｈｅ
theｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ
biologicalｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ
capacityｏｆofｏｕｒ
ourｐｌａｎｅｔ．
planet. Ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ accelerated
Stories of ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄ
ｃａｔａｓｔｒｏｐｈｅ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｙ．We
catastrophe multiply. Ｗｅ ｆｅａｒ ｔｈｅ breakdown
fear the ｂｒｅａｋｄｏｗｎ ｏｆofｔｈｅthe ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ ｇｒｉｄ，the
electric grid, ｔｈｅend
ｅｎｄ of
ｏｆ non-renewable
ｎｏｎ－ｒｅｎｅｗａｂｌｅ
ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，
resources, ｔｈｅ
the ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ
expansionｏｆofｄｅｓｅｒｔｓ，
deserts, ｔｈｅ
the ｌｏｓｓ
loss ｏｆ
of ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ， ａｎｄ the
islands, and ｔｈｅ pollution
ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ of
ｏｆ our
ｏｕｒ air
ａｉｒ and
ａｎｄ water.
ｗａｔｅｒ．

Ｄ）Ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
D) Accelerationｉｓisｔｈｅ
theｓｉｇｎａｔｕｒｅ
signature ｏｆ ｏｕｒ time.
of our ｔｉｍｅ． Populations
Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓand
ａｎｄ economic
ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ activity
ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙgrew
ｇｒｅｗ slowly
ｓｌｏｗｌｙ for
ｆｏｒmuch
ｍｕｃｈ
ｏｆofｈｕｍａｎ
humanｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ．
history. Ｆｏｒ
For ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ
thousands ｏｆ
of ｙｅａｒｓ
years ａｎｄ
and ｗｅｌｌ ｉｎｔｏ early
well into ｅａｒｌｙmodem
ｍｏｄｅｒｎ times,
ｔｉｍｅｓ，world
ｗｏｒｌｄeconomies
ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓ saw
ｓａｗ
ｎｏnoｇｒｏｗｔｈ
growthａｔatａｌｌ，
all, ｂｕｔ
but ｆｒｏｍ
from ａｒｏｕｎｄ
aroundｔｈｅ
theｍｉｄ－１９ｔｈ
mid- l 9thｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ
centuryａｎｄ
andａｇａｉｎ，
again,ｉｎinｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ， ｓｉｎｃｅ the
particular, since ｔｈｅ mid-
ｍｉｄ－
２０ｔｈ，
20th, ｔｈｅ ｒｅａｌGDP
the real ＧＤＰ ｈａｓ
has ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ
increased atａｔanａｎenormous
ｅｎｏｒｍｏｕｓ speed,
ｓｐｅｅｄ， and
ａｎｄ soｓｏ has
ｈａｓ human
ｈｕｍａｎ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ．
consumption. Ｉｎ
In ｔｈｅ
the
Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ
MiddleＡｇｅｓ，
Ages,ｈｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄｓ
householdsｉｎinＣｅｎｔｒａｌ
Central Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ
Europe ｍｉｇｈｔ
might ｈａｖｅ
have ｏｗｎｅｄ
ownedｆｅｗｅｒ
fewerｔｈａｎ
than３０
30ｏｂｊｅｃｔｓ
objects ｏｎ
on ａｖｅｒａｇｅ；
average;
ｉｎin１９００，ｔｈｉｓ
1900, this ｎｕｍｂｅｒ
numberｈａｄ
hadｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ
increased ｔｏ ４００，ａｎｄ
to 400, and ｉｎ ２０２０ ｔｏto 15,000.
in 2020 １５，０００．Ｔｈｅ
The ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
acceleration ofｏｆhuman
ｈｕｍａｎ
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，
production, ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ
consumptionａｎｄ
andｔｒａｖｅｌ
travel ｈａｓ
has ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ
changedｔｈｅ
theａｎｉｍａｔｅ
animateａｎｄ
andｉｎａｎｉｍａｔｅ
inanimateｓｐｈｅｒｅｓ．
spheres. Ｉｔ ｈａｓ echoed
It has ｅｃｈｏｅｄ
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｎａｔｕｒａｌ
natural ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ ｏｎ ｗｈｉｃｈ
processes on which ｈｕｍａｎｓ
humansｄｅｐｅｎｄ．
depend.Ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ
Speciesｅｘｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎ， ｄｅｆｏｒｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎ，damming
extinction, deforestation, ｄａｍｍｉｎｇ ofｏｆ
ｒｉｖｅｒｓ，ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅ
rivers, occurrence ｏｆ
of ｆｌｏｏｄｓ， ｔｈｅ depletion
floods, the ｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎofｏｆozone,
ｏｚｏｎｅ，theｔｈｅdegradation
ｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎofｏｆocean
ｏｃｅａｎsystems
ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓand
ａｎｄmany
ｍａｎｙ
ｏｔｈｅｒ
otherａｒｅａｓ
areas ａｒｅ
areａｌｌ
all ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｉｎｇ
experiencing ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｉｏｎ．
acceleration. Ｉｆ
If ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ
represented ｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｌｙ， ｔｈｅ curve
graphically, the ｃｕｒｖｅ ｆｏｒ
for ａｌｌ ｔｈｅｓｅ
all these
ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ
changesｌｏｏｋｓ ｒａｔｈｅｒ
looks ratherｌｉｋｅ
likeｔｈａｔ
that ｗｅｌｌ－ｋｎｏｗｎ
well-knownｈｏｃｋｅｙ ｓｔｉｃｋ∶
hockey stick:ｗｉｔｈ
withｌｉｔｔｌｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｏｖｅｒ
little change over ｍｉｌｌｅｎｎｉａ (~ f-Jf-)
millennia （数干年）
ａｎｄ
andａ aｄｒａｍａｔｉｃ
dramatic ｕｐｓｗｉｎｇ
upswingｏｖｅｒ
overｔｈｅ
the ｐａｓｔ
past ｄｅｃａｄｅｓ．
decades.

Ｅ）E)Ｓｏｍｅ
Someｏｆ of
ｔｏｄａｙ＇ｓ
today'sｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｓ
narrativesａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｔｈｅ
theｆｕｔｕｒｅ
future ｓｅｅｍ
seemｔｏtoｓｕｇｇｅｓｔ
suggestｔｈａｔ
that ｗｅ
weｔｏｏ，， ｌｉｋｅ Prometheus,
too, like Ｐｒｏｍｅｔｈｅｕｓ， will
ｗｉｌｌ be
ｂｅ
ｓａｖｅｄ
saved ｂｙ
by ａa ｎｅｗ
newＨｅｒｃｕｌｅｓ，
Hercules, ａa ｄｉｖｉｎｅ ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ，ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ
divine engineer, ｗｈｏ ｗｉｌｌ
someone who ｍａｓｔｅｒｍｉｎｄ， manoeuvre
will mastermind, ｍａｎｏｅｕｖｒｅ and
ａｎｄ
ｍａｎｉｐｕｌａｔｅ
manipulate ｏｕｒ
our ｐｌａｎｅｔ．
planet. Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｓｕｇｇｅｓｔ
suggestｔｈａｔ
thatｇｅｏｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，
geoengineering,ｃｏｌｄ
coldｆｕｓｉｏｎ
fusionｏｒ orｆａｓｔｅｒ－ｔｈａｎ－ｌｉｇｈｔ
faster-than-light
ｓｐａｃｅｓｈｉｐｓ
spaceshipsｍｉｇｈｔ
mightｔｒａｎｓｃｅｎｄ
transcendｏｎｃｅ ａｎｄand
once ｆｏｒforａｌｌallｔｈｅtheｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌ
terrestrial ｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｒｉｓｉｎｇ
constraints of ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ， lack
rising temperatures, ｌａｃｋ
ｏｆofｅｎｅｒｇｙ，
energy, ｓｃａｒｃｉｔｙ ｏｆ food,
scarcity of ｆｏｏｄ， lack
ｌａｃｋofｏｆspace,
ｓｐａｃｅ，mountains
ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓ ofｏｆ waste,
ｗａｓｔｅ，polluted
ｐｏｌｌｕｔｅｄwater-you
ｗａｔｅｒ—ｙｏｕ name
ｎａｍｅ ｉｔ．
it.

６・６
6 · 6
Ｆ）Ｙｅｔ，
F) Yet, ifｉｆweｗｅ envisage
ｅｎｖｉｓａｇｅ our
ｏｕｒ salvation
ｓａｌｖａｔｉｏｎtoｔｏcome
ｃｏｍｅ from
ｆｒｏｍ aａ deus
ｄｅｕｓ ex
ｅｘ machina
ｍａｃｈｉｎａ（解围之神）， ｆｒｏｍ ａa ｄｉｖｉｎｅ
(NF-111 ::t.;tf), from divine
ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ
engineerｏｒorａaｔｅｃｈ
tech ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓｔ ｗｈｏ will
solutionist who ｗｉｌｌ miraculously
ｍｉｒａｃｕｌｏｕｓｌｙ conjure
ｃｏｎｊｕｒｅ up
ｕｐ aａ new
ｎｅｗ ｓｏｕｒｃｅ
source ofｏｆ energy
ｅｎｅｒｇｙ or
ｏｒ another
ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ
ｃｕｒｅ－ａｌｌ
cure-all ｗｉｔｈ
with ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｐｏｔｅｎｃｙ，weｗｅ might
revolutionary potency, ｍｉｇｈｔ be
ｂｅ looking
ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇ inｉｎ the
ｔｈｅ wrong
ｗｒｏｎｇ ｐｌａｃｅ． Ｔｈｅ ｆａｃｔ
place. The ｔｈａｔweｗｅ
fact that
ｎｏｗnowｉｍａｇｉｎｅ ｏｕｒourｐｌａｎｅｔ
imagine planetａｓasａa ｗｈｏｌｅ
wholeｄｏｅｓ
does ｎｏｔ
not ｍｅａｎ
meanｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ＇ｒｅｓｃｕｅ＇ｏｆ
that the ' rescue' ofｏｕｒ
ourｐｌａｎｅｔ
planet ｗｉｌｌ ｃｏｍｅ with
will come ｗｉｔｈ
ｏｎｅ
oneｂｉｇ
bigｇｌｏｂａｌ
global ｓｔｒｏｋｅ
stroke ｏｆ ｇｅｎｉｕｓ and
of genius ａｎｄ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．Ｉｔ ｗｉｌｌ more
technology. It will ｍｏｒｅ likely
ｌｉｋｅｌｙcome
ｃｏｍｅ by
ｂｙ ｍａｎｙ
manyｓｍａｌｌ
small ａｃｔｓ．
acts.
Ｇｌｏｂａｌ
Globalｈｅａｔｉｎｇ
heating ａｎｄ
andｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ
environmentalｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ
degradation ａｒｅ
are ｎｏｔ
not ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ． They
technological problems. Ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ
are ｈｉｇｈｌｙ
highly
ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ ｉｓｓｕｅｓ that
political issues ｔｈａｔareａｒｅinformed
ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄ byｂｙ powerful
ｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ． Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ， ifｉｆhistory
interests. Moreover, ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙis ｉｓa guide,
ａ ｇｕｉｄｅ，ｔｈｅｎ ｗｅ
then we
ｃａｎ
can ａｓｓｕｍｅ
assumeｔｈａｔ
that ａｎｙ
any ｍａｊｏｒ
majorｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｉｌｌ once
transformations will ｏｎｃｅ again
ａｇａｉｎ be
ｂｅ followed
ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ by
ｂｙ aａ ｈｕｇｅ
huge ｓｅｔ
set ｏｆ
of
ｕｎｉｎｔｅｎｄｅｄ
unintended ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ． Ｓｏ what
consequences. So ｗｈａｔ doｄｏ we
ｗｅ do?
ｄｏ？
Ｇ）Ｔｈｉｓ ｍｕｃｈ
G) This ｉｓ ｃｌｅａｒ：
much is clear:ｗｅwe
ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ to
need ｆｉｎｄ ｗａｙｓ
find ｔｈａｔthat
ways ｈｅｌｐ ｕｓ us
help ｆｌａｔｔｅｎ
flattenｔｈｅ
theｈｏｃｋｅｙ－ｓｔｉｃｋ
hockey-stickｃｕｒｖｅｓ
curvesｔｈａｔ
thatｒｅｆｌｅｃｔ
reflect
ｏｕｒ
ourｅｖｅｒ－ｆａｓｔｅｒ
ever-faster ｐａｃｅ
pace ｏｆ
of ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ
ecological ｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｓｏｃｉａｌ
destruction and ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｉｏｎ．IfＩｆweｗｅ acknowledge
social acceleration. ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ ｔｈａｔ
that
ｈｕｍａｎ
humanｍａｎｉｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
manipulationｏｆofｔｈｅ
theＥａｒｔｈ
Earthｈａｓ
hasｂｅｅｎ
beenａ aｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｆｏｒｃｅ，we
destructive force, ｗｅ can
ｃａｎ also
ａｌｓｏ imagine
ｉｍａｇｉｎｅ that
ｔｈａｔhuman
ｈｕｍａｎ
ｅｎｄｅａｖｏｕｒｓ
endeavoursｃａｎ
canｈｅｌｐ
helpｕｓusｂｕｉｌｄ
build ａaｌｅｓｓ
less ｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ inｉｎ the
destructive world ｔｈｅcenturies
ｃｅｎｔｕｒｉｅｓto ｔｏcome.
ｃｏｍｅ．WeＷｅ might
ｍｉｇｈｔ keep
ｋｅｅｐ
ｍａｋｉｎｇ
makingｍｉｓｔａｋｅｓ．
mistakes.Ｂｕｔ
Butｗｅweｗｉｌｌ
willａｌｓｏ
also ｋｅｅｐ
keep ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ
learning ｆｒｏｍ
from ｏｕｒ
our ｍｉｓｔａｋｅｓ．
mistakes.

Ｈ）H)ＴｏToｃｏｕｎｔｅｒ ｔｈｅtheｆｅａｒｓ
counter fearsｏｆofｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒ，
disaster, ｗｅ
weｎｅｅｄ
needｔｏtoｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ
identifyｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ， ｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ and
stories, visions ａｎｄ actions
ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ that
ｔｈａｔ work
ｗｏｒｋ ｑｕｉｅｔｌｙ
quietly
ｔｏｗａｒｄｓ
towardsａ aｍｏｒｅ ｈｏｐｅｆｕｌ
more ｆｕｔｕｒｅ．
hopeful future.Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ
Instead ｏｆ
ofｏｎｅ
oneｂｉｇ
bigｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅ，
narrative, aａ story
ｓｔｏｒｙ ofｏｆ unexpected
ｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ rescue
ｒｅｓｃｕｅ by
ｂｙ aａ
ｌａｒｇｅｒ－ｔｈａｎ－ｌｉｆｅ ｈｅｒｏ，weｗｅ need
larger-than-life hero, ｎｅｅｄ multiple
ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅstories:
ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ：weｗｅneed
ｎｅｅｄstories,
ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ，
notｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙ
only of ｏｆ ｗｈａｔRob
what ＲｏｂNixon
Ｎｉｘｏｎ ofｏｆ
Ｐｒｉｎｃｅｔｏｎ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｈａｓ ｃａｌｌｅｄ ｔｈｅ ＇ｓｌｏｗ ｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅ＇ｏｆ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ（ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ， ｔｈｅ
Princeton University has called the ' slow violence ' of environmental degradation ( that is, the
ｄａｍａｇｅ ｔｈａｔthat
damage ｉｓ isｏｆｔｅｎ
oftenｉｎｖｉｓｉｂｌｅ
invisibleａｔatｆｉｒｓｔ ａｎｄ develops
first and ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓ ｓｌｏｗｌｙ
slowly ａｎｄ
andｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙ），
gradually), ｂｕｔ
butａｌｓｏ
also ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ what
stories of ｗｈａｔ ＩI
ｃａｌｌ
call ＇' slow
ｓｌｏｗ hope'
ｈｏｐｅ＇．.
Ｉ）Ｗｅ ｎｅｅｄ
I) We ａｎ anａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｍｅｎｔ
need ｏｆ ｏｕｒ
acknowledgement ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ
of our ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ
present ｐｌｉｇｈｔ
ecological plightｂｕｔ
butａｌｓｏ
also ａa ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ
language ｏｆofｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ
positive
ｃｈａｎｇｅ，ｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ
change, visionsｏｆofａaｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ．InＩｎThe
better future. ＴｈｅPrinciple
Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅof ｏｆ Ｈｏｐｅ（１９５４－１９５９），Ｅｍｓｔ
Hope (1954-1959), Ernst Ｂｌｏｃｈ，
Bloch, ｏｎｅ
one ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the
ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ
leadingｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｅｒｓ
philosophers ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the ｆｕｔｕｒｅ，ｗｒｏｔｅ
future, wrote ｔｈａｔ＇ｔｈｅ
that ' theｍｏｓｔ
mostｔｒａｇｉｃ
tragicｆｏｒｍ
formｏｆofｌｏｓｓ．．ｉｓ
loss ... is ｔｈｅ
the ｌｏｓｓ
loss ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the
ｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ
capacityｔｏtoｉｍａｇｉｎｅ
imagineｔｈａｔ
thatｔｈｉｎｇｓ
thingsｃｏｕｌｄ
couldｂｅbeｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ＇．
different' . Ｗｅ
Weｎｅｅｄ
needｔｏtoｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ
identify ｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ
visions ａｎｄ
andｐａｔｈｓ
pathsｔｈａｔ
that ｗｉｌｌ
will
ｈｅｌｐ
helpｕｓusｉｍａｇｉｎｅ
imagineａ aｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ， ｍｏｒｅ ｊｕｓｔ
different, more ａｎｄ more
just and ｍｏｒｅ ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｗｏｒｌｄ．Ｈｏｐｅ，
ecological world. Hope,ｆｏｒ
for Ｂｌｏｃｈ，ｈａｓ
Bloch, hasｉｔｓ
its ｓｔａｒｔｉｎｇ
starting
ｐｏｉｎｔ
pointｉｎinｆｅａｒ，
fear, ｉｎ
in ｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎｔｙ， ａｎｄ ｉｎin ｃｒｉｓｉｓ：
uncertainty, and crisis: itｉｔis ｉｓ ａ ｃｒｅａｔｉｖｅforce
a creative ｆｏｒｃｅthatｔｈａｔgoesｇｏｅｓhand
ｈａｎｄinｉｎhand
ｈａｎｄwith
ｗｉｔｈ utopian
ｕｔｏｐｉａｎ
（乌托邦的）＇ｗｉｓｈｆｕｌ
(i½.fc,JfHr-J) 'wishfulｉｍａｇｅｓ＇．Ｉｔ
images'. ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ
It can ｉｎ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ
be found ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ
in cultural ｏｆ of
products ｔｈｅthe
ｐａｓｔ—ｉｎ ｆａｉｒｙ
past-in fairyｔａｌｅｓ，
tales, ｉｎ
in
ｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ， ｉｎ architecture,
fiction, in ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅ，in ｉｎmusic,
ｍｕｓｉｃ，in ｉｎtheｔｈｅmovies-in
ｍｏｖｉｅｓ—ｉｎproducts
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓofｏｆtheｔｈｅhuman
ｈｕｍａｎmind
ｍｉｎｄthat
ｔｈａｔcontain
ｃｏｎｔａｉｎ＇ｔｈｅ
' the
ｏｕｔｌｉｎｅｓ
outlines ｏｆ
of ａa better
ｂｅｔｔｅｒworld'
ｗｏｒｌｄ＇．. What
Ｗｈａｔmakes
ｍａｋｅｓ usｕｓ＇ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃ＇ａｓ
' authentic' as ｈｕｍａｎｓ
humansａｒｅareｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ our
visions of ｏｕｒ＇ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ＇．
' potential' .
ＩｎInｏｔｈｅｒ
other ｗｏｒｄｓ：
words: ｌｉｖｉｎｇ
living inｉｎhope
ｈｏｐｅmakes
ｍａｋｅｓusｕｓhuman.
ｈｕｍａｎ．
Ｊ）Ｔｈｅ
J) Theｐｏｗｅｒ
powerｏｆof
ｓｍａｌｌ，
small,ｇｒａｓｓｒｏｏｔｓ ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｔｏto ｍａｋｅ
grassroots movements makeｃｈａｎｇｅｓ
changesｔｈａｔ
that ｓｐｒｅａｄ
spread ｂｅｙｏｎｄ
beyond ｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｐｌａｃｅ ｏｆ
place of
ｏｒｉｇｉｎ
origin ｃａｎ
can ｂｅ
be ｓｅｅｎ
seen ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｈｅ Ｓｌｏｗ Ｆｏｏｄ
the Slow Food ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ，
movement,ｗｈｉｃｈ
whichｂｅｇａｎ ｉｎinＩｔａｌｙ
began Italy ｉｎ ｔｈｅ 1980s.
in the １９８０ｓ．Ｔｈｅ
The ｒｉｓｅ ｏｆ
rise of
ｆａｓｔ－ｆｏｏｄ
fast-food ｒｅｓｔａｕｒａｎｔｓ ａｆｔｅｒtheｔｈｅSecond
restaurants after Ｓｅｃｏｎｄ World
Ｗｏｒｌｄ Ｗａｒ
Warｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ
producedａ ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ
a societyｆｕｌｌ
fullｏｆofｃｈｅａｐ，
cheap,ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｌｙ
industrially
ｍａｄｅ
madeｆｏｏｄｓｔｕｆｆｓ． Ｕｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｅ
foodstuffs. Under ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐofｏｆCarlo
the leadership ＣａｒｌｏPetrini,
Ｐｅｔｒｉｎｉ，ｔｈｅ ＳｌｏｗFood
the Slow Ｆｏｏｄmovement
ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ began
ｂｅｇａｎ ｉｎ
in
Ｐｉｅｄｍｏｎｔ，
Piedmont,ａ aｒｅｇｉｏｎ
regionｏｆofＩｔａｌｙ
Italyｗｉｔｈ
withａ aｌｏｎｇ
longｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ
history ｏｆ
ofｐｏｖｅｒｔｙ，
poverty, ｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅ
violence ａｎｄ
and ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ
resistance ｔｏ ｏｐｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ．
to oppression.
Ｔｈｅ
Theｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ
movementｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｄ ｉｔ itｉｎｔｏ
transformed intoａ aｒｅｇｉｏｎ
regionｈｏｓｐｉｔａｂｌｅ
hospitableｔｏtoｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｆｏｏｄ cultures-based
traditional food ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ—ｂａｓｅｄ on
ｏｎ
６・７
6· 7
 ｎａｔｉｖｅ
native ｐｌａｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ｂｒｅｅｄｓ
plants and ｏｆ animals.
breeds of ａｎｉｍａｌｓ．Today,
Ｔｏｄａｙ， Slow
Ｓｌｏｗ Food
Ｆｏｏｄ ｏｐｅｒａｔｅｓ ｉｎ more
operates in ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎ 160
１６０ countries,
ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ，ｐｏｏｒ
poor
ａｎｄ
andｒｉｃｈ．
rich. Ｉｔ
It ｈａｓ
has ｇｉｖｅｎ
given ｒｉｓｅ
rise ｔｏ ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ ｏｆ
to thousands of ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ ａｒｏｕｎｄ ｔｈｅ
projects around the ｇｌｏｂｅ，
globe, ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ
representing democratic
ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ， ｆｏｏｄ ｓｏｖｅｒｅｉｇｎｔｙ，
politics, food sovereignty, ｂｉｏｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅ
biodiversity and sustainable ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．
agriculture.

Ｋ）Ｔｈｅ
K) Theｕｎｓｃｒｕｐｕｌｏｕｓ（无所顾忌的）ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ of
unscrupulous ( Jc. P)f ffi ,&.. a!J) commodification ｆｏｏｄfood
ａｎｄand
ｔｈｅthe
ｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ
destructionｏｆofｆｏｏｄｓｔｕｆｆｓ
foodstuffs ｗｉｌｌ
will
ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ
continueｔｏto ｄｅｖａｓｔａｔｅ
devastate ｓｏｉｌｓ， ｌｉｖｅｌｉｈｏｏｄｓand
soils, livelihoods ａｎｄ ecologies.
ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ．Slow
Ｓｌｏｗ Ｆｏｏｄ
Food ｃａｎｎｏｔ
cannotｕｎｄｏ
undoｔｈｅtheｉｒｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｂｌｅ
irresistible
ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓ
developmentsｏｆ of
ｔｈｅtheｇｌｏｂａｌ
globalｆｏｏｄ
foodｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ， ｂｕｔbut
economy, ｉｔ itｃａｎcanｕｐｓｅｔ
upsetｉｔｓ
its ｔｈｅｏｒｉｓｔｓ，ｉｔ ｃａｎ＇ｓｐｅａｋ
theorists, it can ' speakｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｙ＇，
differently' ,
ａｎｄandｉｔitｃａｎcanａｌｌｏｗ
allowｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleａｎｄ
andｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｌｏｃａｌ
local ｆｏｏｄ
food ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ environments
traditions and ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ ｔｏto ｆｌｏｕｒｉｓｈ． Ｅｖｅｎ inｉｎ the
flourish. Even ｔｈｅ
Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ
UnitedＳｔａｔｅｓ—ｔｈｅ
States-the ｆａｓｔ－ｆｏｏｄ ｎａｔｉｏｎ—ｓｍａｌｌfarms
fast-food nation-small ｆａｒｍｓand
ａｎｄ urban
ｕｒｂａｎ gardens
ｇａｒｄｅｎｓ are
ａｒｅ onｏｎ the
ｔｈｅ rise.
ｒｉｓｅ．The
ＴｈｅUS
ＵＳ
Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ
DepartmentｏｆofＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
Agriculture ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ
provides ａｎ
an Ｕｒｂａｎ
UrbanＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
Agriculture Ｔｏｏｌｋｉｔ
Toolkit ａｎｄ，
and, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
according ｔｏ
to ａa ｒｅｃｅｎｔ
recent
ｒｅｐｏｒｔ， Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ millennials
report, American ｍｉｅｎｎｉａｌｓ（千禧一代）ａｒｅ
( t -l¾ - -ft) are ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ
• changing ｔｈｅｉｒ ｄｉｅｔｓ．Ｉｎ
their diets. ２０１７，６
In 2017, ｐｅｒ cent
6 per ｃｅｎｔofｏｆUS
ＵＳ
ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ
consumersｃｌａｉｍｅｄ
claimedｔｏtoｂｅbeｓｔｒｉｃｔｌｙ ｖｅｇｅｔａｒｉａｎ，upｕｐfrom
strictly vegetarian, ｆｒｏｍ 1１ per
ｐｅｒ cent
ｃｅｎｔinｉｎ2014.
２０１４．Ａｓ
As ｍｏｒｅ
more ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｒｅａｌｉｓｅ
realise
ｔｈａｔ
that ＇ｅａｔｉｎｇ
' eatingｉｓis ａｎ
an ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ａｃｔ＇，ａｓ
agricultural act' ｔｈｅ US
, as the ＵＳ ｐｏｅｔ ａｎｄ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ
poet and environmentalａｃｔｉｖｉｓｔ Ｗｅｎｄｅｌｌ Ｂｅｒｒｙ
activist Wendell Berry ｐｕｔ
put ｉｔ
it
ｉｎin １９８９，
1989, ｓｌｏｗ
slow ｈｏｐｅ
hope ａｄｖａｎｃｅｓ．
advances.

３６．Ｉｔ
36. Itｓｅｅｍｓ
seemsｓｏｍｅ
someｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｔｏｄａｙ
todayｄｒｅａｍ
dreamｔｈａｔ
that ａa ｃｕｔｔｉｎｇ－ｅｄｇｅ ｎｅｗ technology
cutting-edge new ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ might
ｍｉｇｈｔ save
ｓａｖｅ them
ｔｈｅｍ from
ｆｒｏｍ the
ｔｈｅ
ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ
presentｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ
ecologicalｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒ．
disaster.

３７．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｏｎｅ
3 7. According ｇｒｅａｔgreat
to one ｔｈｉｎｋｅｒ， ｉｔ itｉｓisｍｏｓｔ
thinker, ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅ
most ｉｆ ifｗｅweｌｏｓｅloseｔｈｅtheａｂｉｌｉｔｙ
unfortunate abilityｔｏtoｔｈｉｎｋ
thinkｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｙ．
differently.

３８．Ｕｒｇｅｎｔ
38. Urgentａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ
attention ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
should ｂｅ
be ｐａｉｄ
paid ｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ
the ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｗｅwe ｈａｖｅ
ecological problems haveｃｒｅａｔｅｄ
created ｉｎ
in ｏｕｒ
our ｐｕｒｓｕｉｔ ｏｆ aａ
pursuit of
ｃｏｍｆｏｒｔａｂｌｅ
comfortableｌｉｆｅ．
life.

３９．Ｅｖｅｎ ｉｎ inｔｈｅtheｆａｓｔ－ｆｏｏｄ
39. Even fast-foodｎａｔｉｏｎ
nationＡｍｅｒｉｃａ，
America,ｔｈｅ
theｎｕｍｂｅｒ
numberｏｆ ofｖｅｇｅｔａｒｉａｎｓ
vegetariansｉｓis ｏｎ
onｔｈｅ
the ｒｉｓｅ．
rise.

４０．
40. Ｔｈｅ
Theｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎ
deterioration ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｉｓis accelerating
ecological system ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｉｎｇ because
ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ofｏｆ the
ｔｈｅ dramatic
ｄｒａｍａｔｉｃ increase
ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ofｏｆ
ｈｕｍａｎ
humanｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
production ａｎｄ
and ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ．
consumption.

４１．Ｉｔ
41. Itｉｓis ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ
obvious ｔｈａｔ
that ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ ｍｕｓｔ be
solutions must ｂｅ found
ｆｏｕｎｄ ｔｏ
to ｃｕｒｂ
curb ｔｈｅ
the ｆａｓｔ ｗｏｒｓｅｎｉｎｇ environment
fast worsening ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ
and ｓｏｃｉａｌ
social
ａｃｃｌｅｒａｔｉｏｎ．
acceleration.

４２．Ｍａｎｙ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
42. Many ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ
people believeｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ
changingｔｈｅ
theｗｏｒｌｄ
worldｉｓisｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ， ｔｈｏｕｇｈ ｉｔit may
possible, though ｍａｙ ｔａｋｅ
take ｔｉｍｅ ａｎｄ ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅ
time and involve
ｓｅｔｂａｃｋｓ．
setbacks.

４３．Ｉｔ
43. Itｍｉｇｈｔ
mightｂｅbeｗｒｏｎｇ
wrongｔｏtoｅｘｐｅｃｔ
expectｔｈａｔ ｏｕｒ world
that our ｗｏｒｌｄ would
ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅbe ｓａｖｅｄ
saved ａｔ ｏｎｅ stroke
at one ｓｔｒｏｋｅ with
ｗｉｔｈsome
ｓｏｍｅ miraculous
ｍｉｒａｃｕｌｏｕｓ
ｔｅｃｎｏｌｏｇｙ．
technology.

４４．44.ＩｔIt ｉｓis human

ｈｕｍａｎ ｎａｔｕｒｅ
natureｔｏto ｃｈｅｒｉｓｈ
cherish ｈｏｐｅｓ
hopes ｆｏｒ
for ａa ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｗｏｒｌｄ．
better world.

４５．Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ｈａｓhasｇｉｖｅｎ
45. Technology givenｕｓusｈｕｍａｎｓ
humansｔｈｅtheｐｏｗｅｒ ｔｏ toｃｈａｎｇｅ
power changeｔｈｅ
theｎａｔｕｒａｌ
natural ｗｏｒｌｄ，ｂｕｔ
world, but ｗｅ
weｈａｖｅ
haveｐａｉｄ
paid ａa ｐｒｉｃｅ
price
ｆｏｒfor ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅ．
the change.

６・８
6 • 8
Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section CＣ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions: Ｔｈｅｒｅ
There ａｒｅ
are ２ 2ｐａｓｓａｇｅｓ
passagesｉｎinｔｈｉｓ
this ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ． Ｅａｃｈ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
section. Each passage ｉｓ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ byｂｙ ｓｏｍｅ
is followed some ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｒ
questions or
ｕｎｆｎｉｓｈｅｄ
unfinished ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ．Ｆｏｒ ｅａｃｈofｏｆthem
statements. For each ｔｈｅｍthere
ｔｈｅｒｅ
are ａｒｅ
four ｆｏｕｒ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
choices markedｍａｒｋｅｄ Ａ），Ｂ），Ｃ）ａｎｄ
A), B), C) and
Ｄ）．Ｙｏｕ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
D) . You shouldｄｅｃｉｄｅ
decideｏｎonｔｈｅ
theｂｅｓｔ
best ｃｈｏｉｃｅ ａｎｄ mark
choice and ｍａｒｋ ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ ｌｅｔｔｅｒon ｏｎAnswer
corresponding letter Ａｎｓｗｅｒ
Ｓｈｅｅｔ
Sheet ２ 2ｗｉｔｈ
withａ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
a singleｌｉｎｅ
line ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｔｈｅ
the ｃｅｎｉｒｅ．
centre.

ＰａｓＳａｇｅ Ｏｎｅ
Passage One
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions４６
46ｔｏ
to ５０
50 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ．
following passage.

Ｖｅｇｅｔａｒｉａｎｓ
Vegetariansｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｐｒｅｆｅｒ
preferｎｏｔ
not ｔｏ
to ｂｅ
be ｃｏｍｐｅｌｌｅｄ
compelledｔｏ
to ｅａｔ ｍｅａｔ． Yet
eat meat. Ｙｅｔ the
ｔｈｅ reverse
ｒｅｖｅｒｓｅcompulsion
ｃｏｍｐｕｌｓｉｏｎ（强迫）ｉｓ
( 51 if!) 1s
ｈｉｄｄｅｎ
hiddenｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌｓ
proposals ｆｏｒ
for aａ new
ｎｅｗ ｐｌａｎｔ－ｂａｓｅｄ＂ｐｌａｎｅｔａｒｙ
plant-based "planetaryｄｉｅｔ．＂Ｎｏｗｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ isｔｈｉｓ
diet." Nowhere this ｍｏｒｅ
moreｖｉｓｉｂｌｅ
visible ｔｈａｎ
than ｉｎ
in
Ｉｎｄｉａ．
India.
Ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ
Earlier ｔｈｉｓ ｙｅａｒ，ｔｈｅ
this year, ＥＡＴ－Ｌａｎｃｅｔ Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ
the EAT-Lancet Commissionｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ ｉｔｓitsｇｌｏｂａｌ
released globalｒｅｐｏｒｔ
report ｏｎ
on ｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｃａｌｌｅｄ
nutrition and called
ｆｏｒfor ａa ｇｌｏｂａｌ
global ｓｈｉｆｔ
shift toｔｏaａmore
ｍｏｒｅ plant-based
ｐｌａｎｔ－ｂａｓｅｄ diet
ｄｉｅｔandａｎｄforｆｏｒ＂ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙ ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇconsumption
" substantially reducing ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ ofｏｆ animal
ａｎｉｍａｌ
ｓｏｕｒｃｅ
sourceｆｏｏｄｓ．＂Ｉｎ
foods." Inｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ
countriesｌｉｋｅ
like Ｉｎｄｉａ，
India, ｔｈａｔ ｃａｌｌcould
that call ｃｏｕｌｄ become
ｂｅｃｏｍｅ ａa ｔｏｏｌ
tool ｔｏ
to ａｇｇｒａｖａｔｅ
aggravate ａｎ
an ａｌｒｅａｄｙ
already ｔｅｎｓｅ
tense
ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎand
political situation ａｎｄ stress
ｓｔｒｅｓｓalready
ａｌｒｅａｄｙundernourished
ｕｎｄｅｒｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｅｄ populations.
ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ．
Ｔｈｅ
TheＥＡＴ
EAT ｒｅｐｏｒｔ ｐｒｅｓｕｍｅｓ
report presumesｔｈａｔ＂ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ
that "traditionalｄｉｅｔｓ＂ｉｎ
diets" ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ ｌｉｋｅlikeＩｎｄｉａ
in countries Indiaｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ
includeｌｉｔｔｌｅ ｒｅｄ meat,
little red ｍｅａｔ，
ｗｈｉｃｈ
whichｍｉｇｈｔ
mightｂｅbeｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｄ
consumedｏｎｌｙonly
ｏｎ on
ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ
specialｏｃｃａｓｉｏｎｓ
occasionsｏｒorａｓasｍｉｎｏｒ
minorｉｎｇｒｅｄｉｅｎｔｓ
ingredients ｉｎ in ｍｉｘｅｄ
mixed ｄｉｓｈｅｓ．
dishes.
ＩｎInＩｎｄｉａ， ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ， there
India, however, ｔｈｅｒｅ isｉｓa ａvast
ｖａｓｔdifference
ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎwhat
between ｗｈａｔpeople
ｐｅｏｐｌｅwould
ｗｏｕｌｄwish
ｗｉｓｈtoｔｏconsume
ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅ and
ａｎｄ
ｗｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅ ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｉｎｎｕｍｅｒａｂｌｅ ｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ ａｒｏｕｎｄ ｃｌａｓｓ， ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ， ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，ｃｏｓｔ，
what they have to consume because of innumerable barriers around class, religion, culture, cost,
ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，
geography,ｅｔｃ．
etc. Ｐｏｌｉｃｙｍａｋｅｒｓ
Policymakersｉｎin Ｉｎｄｉａ
India ｈａｖｅ
have ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ ｐｕｓｈｅｄ forｆｏｒaａcereal-heavy
traditionally pushed ｃｅｒｅａｌ－ｈｅａｖｙ＂ｖｅｇｅｔａｒｉａｎ ｄｉｅｔ＂
"vegetarian diet"
ｏｎonａ aｍｅａｔ－ｅａｔｉｎｇ
meat-eatingｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
populationａｓas ａa ｗａｙ
wayｏｆofｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ
providingｔｈｅ
the ｃｈｅａｐｅｓｔ
cheapest ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ ｏｆ food.
sources of ｆｏｏｄ．
Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ，
Currently, ｕｎｄｅｒ
underａｎanａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ
aggressive Ｈｉｎｄｕ
Hinduｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｓｔ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ， Ｍｕｓｌｉｍｓ，
nationalist government, Muslims, Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｓ， ｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｄ
Christians, disadvantaged
ｃｌａｓｓｅｓ
classes ａｎｄ
and ｉｎｄｉｇｅｎｏｕｓ
indigenousｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ
communitiesａｒｅareｂｅｉｎｇ
beingｃｏｍｐｅｌｌｅｄ ｔｏ toｇｉｖｅ
compelled giveｕｐupｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｆｏｏｄｓ．
traditional foods.
Ｎｏｎｅ
Noneｏｆofｔｈｅｓｅ
these ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ
concerns ｓｅｅｍ
seem ｔｏ
to ｈａｖｅ
have ｂｅｅｎ
been ａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ
appreciated by ＥＡＴ－Ｌａｎｃｅｔ Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ＇ｓ
the EAT-Lancet Commission's
ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅ，Ｂｒｅｎｔ Ｌｏｋｅｎ， who
representative, Brent Loken, ｗｈｏ ｓａｉｄ＂Ｉｎｄｉａ
said " Indiaｈａｓ
has ｇｏｔ
got ｓｕｃｈ
such ａa great
ｇｒｅａｔ example"
ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ＂ｉｎin ｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ
sourcing ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ｆｒｏｍ
protein from
ｐａｎｔｓ．
plants.
Ｂｕｔ ｈｏｗ ｍｕｃｈ ｏｆ ａ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ ｉｓ Ｉｎｄｉａ＇ｓ ｖｅｇｅｔａｒｉａｎｉｓｍ？ Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｈｕｎｇｅｒ Ｉｎｄｅｘ
But how much of a model for the world is India's vegetarianism? In the Global Hunger Index
２０１９，
2019,ｔｈｅ
theｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ
country ｒａｎｋｓ
ranks １０２ｎｄ
102ndｏｕｔ
outｏｆ
of １１７．Ｄａｔａ
117. Dataｆｒｏｍ
fromｔｈｅ
theＮａｔｉｏｎａｌ
National Ｆａｍｉｌｙ
FamilyＨｅａｌｔｈ
HealthＳｕｒｖｅｙ
Surveyｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅ
indicate ｔｈａｔ
that
ｏｎｌｙ
only１０10ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ
percentｏｆofｉｎｆａｎｔｓ ｏｆ 6６ toｔｏ 23２３ months
infants of ｍｏｎｔｈｓ ａｒｅ
are ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅｌｙ ｆｅｄ．
adequately fed.
Ｗｈｉｃｈ
Whichｉｓisｗｈｙ
whyｃａｌｌｓ
callsｆｏｒ
forａaｐｌａｎｔ－ｂａｓｅｄ
plant-based ｄｉｅｔ ｍｏｄｅｌｅｄ ｏｎonＩｎｄｉａ
diet modeled India ｒｉｓｋ
risk ｏｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ whip
offering another ｗｈｉｐ with
ｗｉｔｈ
ｗｈｉｃｈ
whichｔｏtoｂｅａｔ
beatａｌｒｅａｄｙ
already ｖｕｌｎｅｒａｂｌｅ
vulnerable ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ
communitiesｉｎin ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇ
developing ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ．
countries.
ＡAｄｉｅｔ
diet ｄｉｒｅｃｔｅｄ
directed ａｔ
at ｔｈｅ
the ａｆｆｌｕｅｎｔ
affluent Ｗｅｓｔ
West ｆａｉｌｓ
fails ｔｏ
to ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅ
recognize ｔｈａｔ
that ｉｎ
in ｌｏｗ－ｉｎｃｏｍｅ
low-income ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ
countries
ｕｎｄｅｒｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｅｄ
undernourishedｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ
children ａｒｅ
are ｋｎｏｗｎ
knownｔｏtoｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ
benefit ｆｒｏｍ
from ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ ｏｆof ｍｉｌｋ
the consumption milk ａｎｄ
and ｏｔｈｅｒ ａｎｉｍａｌ source
other animal ｓｏｕｒｃｅ
ｆｏｏｄｓ，ｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇ ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ， ｗｈｉｌｅ ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｉｅｓ ａｓ well
foods, improving cognitive functions, while reducing the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies as ｗｅｌｌ
ａｓasｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙ．
mortality.
ＥＡＴ－Ｌａｎｃｅｔ
EAT-Lancetｃｌａｉｍｅｄ ｉｔｓitsｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ
claimed ｗａｓ ｔｏto "spark
intention was ＂ｓｐａｒｋ ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ＂ａｍｏｎｇ
conversations" amongａｌｌallＩｎｄｉａｎ
Indian ｓｔａｋｅｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ．
stakeholders.
ＹｅｔYetｖｏｃａｌ
vocalｃｒｉｔｉｃｓ
critics ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ ｆｏｄ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ
the food processingｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ
industryａｎｄ
andｆｏｏｄ
foodｆｏｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
fortification ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｈａｖｅ been
strategies have ｂｅｅｎ ｌｅｆｔ ｏｕｔ ofｏｆ
left out
ｔｈｅ
theｄｅｂａｔｅ．
debate. Ｂｕｔ
But ｔｈｅ
the ｍｏｓｔ
most ｃｏｎｓｐｉｃｕｏｕｓ
conspicuous ｏｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ
omissionｍａｙ
mayｗｅｌｌ
wellｂｅbeｔｈｅ
theａｂｓｅｎｃｅ
absenceｏｆofＩｎｄｉａ＇ｓ
India's ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ．
farmers.
Ｔｈｅ
Theｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ，
government,ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｓｅｅｍｓ ｔｏtoｈａｖｅ
however, seems haveｇｉｖｅｎ
givenｔｈｅ
theｒｅｐｏｒｔ
report aａ thumps-up.
ｔｈｕｍｐｓ－ｕｐ．Ｒａｔｈｅｒ
Rather ｔｈａｎ
than ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ
addressing

６．９
6 · 9
ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃ
chronic ｈｕｎｇｅｒ
hungerａｎｄ
andｍａｌｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ
malnutrition ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
through ａｎ
an ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄ
improved ａｃｃｅｓｓ
access ｔｏ ｗｈｏｌｅｓｏｍｅ ａｎｄ
to wholesome andｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ－ｄｅｎｓｅ
nutrient-dense ｆｏｏｄｓ，
foods,
ｔｈｅtheｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ
governmentｉｓisｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ
openingｔｈｅ
the ｄｏｏｒ
door ｆｏｒ ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ－ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ，ｉｇｎｏｒｉｎｇ
for company-dependent ｔｈｅ environmental
solutions, ignoring the ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌand
ａｎｄ
ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ
economicｃｏｓｔ，
cost, ｗｈｉｃｈ
whichｗｉｌｌ
willｄｅｓｔｒｏｙ
destroy ｌｏｃａｌ
local ｆｏｏｄ
food ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ．
systems. Ｉｔ＇ｓ
It's aａ model
ｍｏｄｅｌ ｆｕｌｌ ｏｆ ｄａｎｇｅｒ
full of danger ｆｏｒ
for ｆｕｔｕｒｅ
future
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ．
generations.

４６．46.Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｉｓisｍｏｒｅ
moreｖｉｓｉｂｌｅ
visible ｉｎ
in Ｉｎｄｉａ ｔｈａｎ anywhere
India than ａｎｙｗｈｅｒｅ ｅｌｓｅ ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ toｔｏ the
else according ｔｈｅ passage?
ｐａｓｓａｇｅ？
Ａ）A}Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
People'sｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ
positive ｖｉｅｗｓ
views ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌｓ
proposals ｆｏｒ
for aａ＂ｐｌａｎｅｔａｒｙ ｄｉｅｔ．＂
"planetary·diet."
Ｂ）B)Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
People'sｒｅｌｕｃｔａｎｃｅ
reluctance ｔｏ ｂｅ ｃｏｍｐｅｌｌｅｄ
to be compelled ｔｏ
to ｅａｔ ｐｌａｎｔ－ｂａｓｅｄ food.
eat plant-based ｆｏｏｄ．
Ｃ）C)Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
People's ｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ
preferences ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ kind
for the ｋｉｎｄ ofｏｆfood
ｆｏｏｄthey
ｔｈｅｙconsume.
ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅ．
Ｄ）D)Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
People'sｕｎｗｉｌｌｉｎｇｎｅｓｓ
unwillingnessｔｏtoｇｉｖｅ
giveｕｐupｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｅａｔｉｎｇ
eating ｈａｂｉｔｓ．
habits.

４７．
47. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｔｈｅ
theＥＡＴ－Ｌａｎｃｅｔ
EAT-LancetＣｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ＇ｓ ｒｅｐｏｒｔ
Commission's ｄｏdoｔｏtoｍａｎｙ
report ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
many ｉｎ inｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ
people countriesｌｉｋｅ
like Ｉｎｄｉａ？
India?
Ａ）A}Ｒａｄｉｃａｌｌｙ
Radicallyｃｈａｎｇｅ
changeｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｄｉｅｔａｒｙ
dietary ｈａｂｉｔｓ．
habits.
Ｂ）B)Ｋｅｅｐ
Keepｔｈｅｍ ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ
them furtherａｗａｙ
awayｆｒｏｍ
fromｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ．
politics.
Ｃ）C)Ｍａｋｅ
Makeｔｈｅｍ
themｅｖｅｎ
evenｍｏｒｅ
moreｕｎｄｅｒｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｅｄ．
undernourished.
Ｄ）D)Ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙ
Substantially ｒｅｄｕｃｅ
reduce ｔｈｅｉｒ ｆｏｏｄ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ．
their food choices.

４８．
48. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏdoｗｅweｌｅａｒｎ
learnｆｒｏｍ
fromｔｈｅ
the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passage ａｂｏｕｔ
about ｆｏｏｄ
food ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ
consumption ｉｎ
in Ｉｎｄｉａ？
India?
Ａ）A)Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
People's ｄｉｅｔ
diet ｗｉｌｌ ｎｏｔ change
will not ｃｈａｎｇｅ due
ｄｕｅ to
ｔｏ the
ｔｈｅ EAT-Lancet
ＥＡＴ－Ｌａｎｃｅｔ ｒｅｐｏｒｔ．
report.
Ｂ）B)Ｍａｎｙ
Manyｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｓｉｍｐｌｙ
people ｄｏdoｎｏｔnotｈａｖｅ
simply ａｃｃｅｓｓ
have accessｔｏtoｆｏｏｄｓ
foodsｔｈｅｙ
theyｐｒｅｆｅｒ．
prefer.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｒｅ
Thereｉｓisａ aｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ
growingｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｔｙ
popularityｏｆofａ aｃｅｒｅａｌ－ｈｅａｖｙ
cereal-heavyｖｅｇｅｔａｒｉａｎ
vegetarian ｄｉｅｔ．
diet.
Ｄ）D)Ｐｏｌｉｃｙｍａｋｅｒｓ
Policymakersｈｅｌｐ
helpｒｅｍｏｖｅ ｔｈｅtheｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ
remove barriersｔｏto ｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
people's ｃｈｏｉｃｅ ｏｆ food.
choice of ｆｏｏｄ．

４９．49.Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏｅｓ
doesｔｈｅ
theｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passageｓａｙ
sayａｂｏｕｔ
aboutａa ｐｌａｎｔ－ｂａｓｅｄ ｄｉｅｔ modeled
plant-based diet ｍｏｄｅｌｅｄ on
ｏｎ India?
Ｉｎｄｉａ？
Ａ）A)ＩｔIt ｍａｙ
mayｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ
benefitｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ
populationsｗｈｏｓｅ
whoseｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ
traditional ｄｉｅｔ ｉｓ meat-based.
diet is ｍｅａｔ－ｂａｓｅｄ．
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｍａｙ
mayｂｅbeａｎｏｔｈｅｒ
another ｂｌｏｗ
blowｔｏto ｔｈｅ
the ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ
economyｉｎinｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇ
developing ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ．
countries.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔIt ｍａｙ
mayｈｅｌｐ
helpｎａｒｒｏｗ
narrowｔｈｅtheｇａｐ
gapｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ
betweenｔｈｅ
theｒｉｃｈ
rich ａｎｄ
and ｐｏｏｒ
poor ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ．
countries.
Ｄ）D)ＩｔIt ｍａｙ
mayｗｏｒｓｅｎ
worsenｔｈｅ
the ｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ
nourishment ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ
problemｉｎin ｌｏｗ－ｉｎｃｏｍｅ
low-incomeｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ．
countries.

５０．
50. Ｈｏｗ
Howｄｏｅｓ
doesｔｈｅ
the Ｉｎｄｉａｎ
Indian ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ
government ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄ
respond ｔｏ ｔｈｅ EAT-Lancet
to the ＥＡＴ－Ｌａｎｃｅｔ Commission's
Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ＇ｓ ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌｓ？
proposals?
Ａ）A)ＩｔIt ａｃｃｅｐｔｓ
accepts ｔｈｅｍ
themａｔatｔｈｅ
the ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅ
expenseｏｆofｔｈｅ
theｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍ
long-termｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ
interests ｏｆ
of ｉｔｓ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ．
its people.
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｉｎｔｅｎｄｓ
intends ｔｈｅｍ
them ｔｏ
to ｓｐａｒｋ
spark ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ
conversations ａｍｏｎｇ
amongａｌｌ
all Ｉｎｄｉａｎ
Indian ｓｔａｋｅｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ．
stakeholders.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔIt ｇｉｖｅｓ
gives them approval regardless of opposition from nutrition ｅｘｐｅｒｔｓ．
ｔｈｅｍ ａｐｐｒｏｖａｌ ｒｅｇａｒｄｌｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｏｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ｆｒｏｍ ｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ experts.
Ｄ）Ｉｔ
D) Itｗｅｌｃｏｍｅｓ
welcomes ｔｈｅｍ ａｓ as
them ａ ｔｏｏｌ
a toolｔｏtoａｄｄｒｅｓｓ
address ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃ
chronic ｈｕｎｇｅｒ
hunger ａｎｄ
andｍａｌｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ．
malnutrition.

Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ Ｔｗｏ
Passage Two
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions５１51ｔｏto ５５
55 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ．
following passage.

Ｂａｃｋ
Backｉｎin１９６４，ｉｎ
1964, inｈｉｓ
hisｂｏｏｋ
bookＧａｍｅｓ Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
Games Ｐｌａｙ，ｐｓｙｃｈｉａｔｒｉｓｔ
People Play, psychiatrist Ｅｒｉｃ
Eric Ｂｅｒｎｅ
Berne ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ
described ａa ｐａｔｔｅｒｎ ｏｆ
pattern of
ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ ｈｅ ｃａｌｌｅｄ＂Ｗｈｙ Ｄｏｎ＇ｔ Ｙｏｕ—Ｙｅｓ Ｂｕｔ＂， ｗｈｉｃｈ ｒｅｍａｉｎｓ ｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｒｒｉｔａｔｉｎｇ ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ
conversation he called "Why Don't You-Yes But", which remains one of the most irritating aspects

６・１０
6 · 10
ｏｆofｅｖｅｒｙｄａｙ
everydayｓｏｃｉａｌ
socialｌｉｆｅ． Ｔｈｅ ｐｅｒｓｏｎ
life. The person ａｄｏｐｔｉｎｇ
adoptingｔｈｅ
the ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ｉｓ usually
strategy is ｕｓｕａｌｌｙaａchronic
ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃcomplainer.
ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｅｒ．Something
Ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｉｓis
ｔｅｒｒｉｂｌｅ
terrible ａｂｏｕｔ
about ｔｈｅｉｒ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ，job,
their relationship, ｊｏｂ，orｏｒother
ｏｔｈｅｒsituation,
ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｙ moan
and they ｍｏａｎ ａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｉｔit ｃｅａｓｅｌｅｓｓｌｙ， ｂｕｔ find
ceaselessly, but ｆｉｎｄ
ｓｏｍｅ
someｅｘｃｕｓｅ ｔｏ toｄｉｓｍｉｓｓ
excuse ａｎｙanyｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ
dismiss solutionｔｈａｔ＇ｓ
that's ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ．
proposed. Ｔｈｅ
Theｒｅａｓｏｎ，
reason, ｏｆ
of ｃｏｕｒｓｅ，ｉｓ
course, is ｔｈａｔ ｏｎ some
that on ｓｏｍｅ ｌｅｖｅｌ ｔｈｅｙ
level they
ｄｏｎ＇ｔ
don'tｗａｎｔ
wantａ aｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ；
solution;ｔｈｅｙ
theyｗａｎｔ
wantｔｏtoｂｅbeｖａｌｉｄａｔｅｄ
validatedｉｎinｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ
position ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ world
that the ｗｏｒｌｄ ｉｓis out
ｏｕｔ toｔｏ get
ｇｅｔ them.
ｔｈｅｍ． IfＩｆ
ｔｈｅｙ
theyｃａｎ＂ｗｉｎ＂ｔｈｅ ｇａｍｅ—ｄｉｓｍｉｓｓｉｎｇ
can "win,, the ｅｖｅｒｙevery
game-dismissing ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｏｎ ｕｎｔｉｌ
suggestion ｔｈｅｉｒ
until theirｉｎｔｅｒｌｏｃｕｔｏｒ（对话者）ｇｉｖｅｓ ｕｐ ｉｎ
interlocutor( ~it- :::t") gives up in
ａｎｎｏｙａｎｃｅ—ｔｈｅｙ
annoyance-theyｇｅｔgetｔｏtoｆｅｅｌ
feel ｐｌｅａｓｕｒａｂｌｙ
pleasurably ｒｉｇｈｔｅｏｕｓ（正当的）ｉｎ
righteous ( .iE. ~ al.J ) in ｔｈｅｉｒ ｒｅｓｅｎｔｍｅｎｔｓand
their resentments ａｎｄ excused
ｅｘｃｕｓｅｄ from
ｆｒｏｍ
ａｎｙanyｏｂｌｉｇａｔｉｏｎ
obligation ｔｏ ｃｈａｎｇｅ．
to change.
Ｐａｒｔ
Partｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ｔｒｏｕｂｌｅ
trouble ｈｅｒｅ
here ｉｓ
is ｔｈｅ ｓｏ－ｃａｌｌｅｄ responsibility
the so-called ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ／ｆａｕｌｔ ｆａｌｌａｃｙ（谬误）．Ｗｈｅｎ
/fault fallacy ｙｏｕ＇ｒｅ feeling
( if i~) . When you're ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇ
ｈａｒｄ
hardｄｏｎｅ
doneｂｙ—ｔａｋｅｎ ｆｏｒforｇｒａｎｔｅｄ
by-taken ｂｙbyｙｏｕｒyourｐａｒｔｎｅｒ，ｓａｙ，
granted partner, say,ｏｒorｏｂｌｉｇｅｄ
obligedｔｏtoｗｏｒｋ
workｆｏｒ
forａ aｈａｌｆ－ｗｉｔｔｅｄ
half-witted ｂｏｓｓ—ｉｔ＇ｓ
boss-it's
ｅａｓｙ
easyｔｏtoｂｅｃｏｍｅ
becomeａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ ｔｏ toｔｈｅtheｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ
attached positionｔｈａｔ
thatｉｔ＇ｓ
it's ｎｏｔ ｙｏｕｒ ｊｏｂ
not your job ｔｏ
to ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ
address ｔｈｅ ｍａｔｔｅｒ， and
the matter, ａｎｄ that
ｔｈａｔ doing
ｄｏｉｎｇ so
ｓｏ
ｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｂｅbeａｎanａｄｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ
admissionｏｆ ofｆａｕｌｔ．
fault. Ｂｕｔ
Butｔｈｅｒｅ＇ｓ
there's ａa ｃｏｎｆｕｓｉｏｎ
confusion ｈｅｒｅ． Ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，
here. For example, ｉｆ
if IＩ were
ｗｅｒｅ ｔｏ ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒ aａ
to discover
ｎｅｗｂｏｒｎ
newbornａｔ atｍｙmy
ｆｒｏｎｔ ｄｏｏｒ，
front door,ｉｔ itｗｏｕｌｄｎ＇ｔ
wouldn'tｂｅbeｍｙmy
ｆａｕｌｔ，
fault,ｂｕｔ
butｉｔit ｍｏｓｔ
most ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅbe ｍｙmyｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ．
certainly would responsibility.
Ｔｈｅｒｅ
Thereｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｂｅbeｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
choicesｔｏtoｍａｋｅ，
make,ａｎｄand
ｎｏ noｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ
possibilityｏｆofａｖｏｉｄｉｎｇ
avoidingｔｈｅｍ，
them,ｓｉｎｃｅ
since ｔｒｙｉｎｇ
trying ｔｏ
to ｉｇｎｏｒｅ
ignore ｔｈｅ
the
ｍａｔｔｅｒ
matterｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｂｅ be
ａ ｃｈｏｉｃｅ． ＴｈｅThe
a choice. ｐｏｉｎｔ ｉｓ isｔｈａｔ
point thatｗｈａｔ
whatｇｏｅｓ ｆｏｒforｔｈｅtheｂａｂｙ
goes ｏｎ on
baby ｔｈｅtheｄｏｏｒｓｔｅｐ ｉｓ isｔｒｕｅ
doorstep trueｉｎinａｌｌ
all ｃａｓｅｓ：
cases:
ｅｖｅｎ
evenｉｆifｔｈｅ
the ｏｔｈｅｒ ｐｅｒｓｏｎ isｉｓ100%
other person １００？ ｔｈｅ ｗｒｏｎｇ，
in the ｔｈｅｒｅ＇ｓ
wrong, there'sｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ
nothingｔｏtoｂｅbeｇａｉｎｅｄ，
gained, ｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍ， ｆｒｏｍ ｕｓｉｎｇ
long-term, from using
ｔｈｉｓ
this ａｓas ａa ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ evade
justification to ｅｖａｄｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ．
responsibility.
Ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
Shouldｙｏｕ
youｆｉｎｄ
findｙｏｕｒｓｅｌｆ
yourselfｏｎonｔｈｅ
theｒｅｃｅｉｖｉｎｇ
receivingｅｎｄ
endｏｆofｔｈｉｓ
this ｋｉｎｄ
kind ｏｆ
of ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｉｎｇ，
complaining, ｔｈｅｒｅ＇ｓ ａｎ ingenious
there's an ｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ
ｗａｙ
wayｔｏtoｓｈｕｔ
shutｉｔit ｄｏｗｎ—ｗｈｉｃｈ
down-whichｉｓ ｔｏis toａｇｒｅｅ ｗｉｔｈwith
agree ｉｔ，it,ａｒｄｅｎｔｌｙ．
ardently.Ｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｈｅｒａｐｉｓｔ
PsychotherapistＬｏｒｉ
LoriＧｏｔｔｌｉｅｂ
Gottlieb ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ
describes ｔｈｉｓ
this
ａｓ＂ｏｖｅｒ－ｖａｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎ＂．
as "over-validation". Ｆｏｒ Forｏｎｅ
oneｔｈｉｎｇ，thing, ｙｏｕ＇ｌｌ
you'll ｂｅ
be ｓｐａｒｅｄ
spared ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ ｍｏａｎｉｎｇ，ｓｉｎｃｅ
further moaning, since ｔｈｅ
the ｏｔｈｅｒ
other ｐｅｒｓｏｎ＇ｓ
person's
ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎ
motivationｗａｓ
wasｔｏtoｃｏｎｆｉｒｍ
confirmｈｅｒ
herｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ， ａｎｄ now
beliefs, and ｎｏｗ ｙｏｕ＇ｒｅ
you're ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｉｎｇ
confirming ｔｈｅｍ．
them. Ｂｕｔ
But ｆｏｒ
for ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ，ａｓ
another, as Ｇｏｔｔｌｉｅｂ
Gottlieb
ｎｏｔｅｓ，
notes, ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
people ｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔｅｄ
confronted ｗｉｔｈ
withｏｖｅｒ－ｖａｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎ
over-validation ｏｆｔｅｎ
often ｈｅａｒ
hear ｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｔｓ
complaints ａｆｒｅｓｈ
afresh ａｎｄ
and ｓｔａｒｔ ａｒｇｕｉｎｇ
start arguing
ｂａｃｋ．
back.Ｔｈｅ
Theｎｏｔｉｏｎ
notionｔｈａｔ
thatｔｈｅｙ＇ｒｅ
they're ｕｔｔｅｒｌｙ ｐｏｗｅｒｌｅｓｓ suddenly
utterly powerless ｓｕｄｄｅｎｌｙ ｓｅｅｍｓ
seems ｕｎｒｅａｌｉｓｔｉｃ—ｎｏｔ ｔｏ mention
unrealistic-not to ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｒａｔｈｅｒ
rather
ａｎｎｏｙｉｎｇ—ｓｏ
annoying-soｔｈｅｙ＇ｒｅ
they'reｐｒｏｍｐｔｅｄ
promptedｉｎｓｔｅａｄ
insteadｔｏto ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅ
generate ｉｄｅａｓ ａｂｏｕｔ how
ideas about ｈｏｗ ｔｈｅｙ
they ｍｉｇｈｔ
might ｃｈａｎｇｅ
change ｔｈｉｎｇｓ．
things.
＂Ａｎｄ
"Andｔｈｅｎ，
then,ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ，
sometimes, ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ
something ｍａｇｉｃａｌ
magical ｍｉｇｈｔ
might ｈａｐｐｅｎ，＂Ｇｏｔｔｌｉｅｂ
happen," Gottliebｗｒｉｔｅｓ．
writes. Ｔｈｅ
The ｏｔｈｅｒ
other ｐｅｒｓｏｎ
person
＂ｍｉｇｈｔ
"mightｒｅａｌｉｓｅ
realise ｓｈｅ＇ｓ ｎｏｔ asａｓ trapped
she's not ｔｒａｐｐｅｄ asａｓ you
ｙｏｕ are
ａｒｅ saying
ｓａｙｉｎｇ she
ｓｈｅ is,ｉｓ，orｏｒasａｓsheｓｈｅfeels."
ｆｅｅｌｓ．＂Ｗｈｉｃｈｉｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｓ ｔｈｅ
Which illustrates the
ｉｒｏｎｙ
ironyｏｆofｔｈｅ
theｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ／ｆａｕｌｔ
responsibility/fault ｆａｌｌａｃｙ： ｅｖａｄｉｎｇ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ
fallacy: evading ｆｅｅｌｓcomfortable,
responsibility feels ｃｏｍｆｏｒｔａｂｌｅ， but
ｂｕｔ turns
ｔｕｒｎｓ out
ｏｕｔ toｔｏ beｂｅ aａ
ｐｒｉｓｏｎ；
prison; ｗｈｅｒｅａｓ
whereasａｓｓｕｍｉｎｇ
assumingｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ
responsibility ｆｅｅｌｓ
feels ｕｎｐｌｅａｓａｎｔ， ｂｕｔ ends
unpleasant, but ｅｎｄｓ up
ｕｐ ｂｅｉｎｇ
being ｆｒｅｅｉｎｇ．
freeing.

５１．
51. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｉｓisｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ ｏｆ aａ chronic
characteristic of ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃ complainer,
ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｅｒ， according
ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｐｓｙｃｈｉａｔｒｉｓｔEric
to psychiatrist ＥｒｉｃBerne?
Ｂｅｒｎｅ？
Ａ）A)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｏｎｌｙ ｆｅｅｌ
only feelａｎｇｒｙ
angryａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｅｉｒ
about theirｉｌｌ
ill ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ
treatment ａｎｄ
and ｒｅｓｅｎｔ
resent ｗｈｏｅｖｅｒ
whoeverｔｒｉｅｓ
tries ｔｏ
to ｈｅｌｐ．
help.
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅareｃｈｒｏｎｉｃａｌｌｙ
B) They chronicallyｕｎｈａｐｐｙ
unhappyａｎｄ
andｃｅａｓｅｌｅｓｓｌｙ
ceaselesslyｆｉｎｄ
find ｆａｕｌｔ ｗｉｔｈ people
fault with ｐｅｏｐｌｅ around
ａｒｏｕｎｄ them.
ｔｈｅｍ．
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙ
constantlyｄｉｓｍｉｓｓ
dismissｏｔｈｅｒｓ＇
others' ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌｓ
proposalsｗｈｉｌｅ
whileｔａｋｉｎｇ
takingｎｏnoｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ
responsibility ｆｏｒ ｔａｃｋｌｉｎｇ the
for tackling ｔｈｅproblem.
ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ．
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅｙ
D) Theyｌａｃｋlack
ｔｈｅthe
ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ ａｎｄ and
knowledge ｂａｓｉｃbasic
ｓｋｉｌｌｓ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ
skills requiredｆｏｒforｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ
successfulｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ
conversations ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｈｅｉｒ
their
ｉｎｔｅｒｌｏｃｕｔｏｒｓ．
interlocutors.

５２．52.Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏｅｓ
doesｔｈｅtheａｕｔｈｏｒ
authorｔｒｙ
tryｔｏto ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅ ｗｉｔｈtheｔｈｅexample
illustrate with ｅｘａｍｐｌｅofｏｆtheｔｈｅnewborn
ｎｅｗｂｏｒｎ onｏｎ one's
ｏｎｅ＇ｓ doorstep?
ｄｏｏｒｓｔｅｐ？
Ａ））Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
A) Peopl~ｔｅｎｄ
tendｔｏtoｔｈｉｎｋ
thinkｔｈａｔ
that ｏｎｅ
one ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
should ｎｏｔ
not ｂｅ
beｈｅｌｄ
held ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅ
responsible ｆｏｒ
for ｏｔｈｅｒｓ＇ｍｉｓｔａｋｅｓ，
others' mistakes.
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｉｓis easy
ｅａｓｙ ｔｏ ｂｅｃｏｍｅ ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ
to become attached ｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ
the ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ overlooking
position of ｏｖｅｒｌｏｏｋｉｎｇ ｏｎｅ＇ｓ ｏｗｎ ｆａｕｌｔ．
one's own fault.
Ｃ）C)Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
Peopleａｒｅ
are ｏｆｔｅｎ
often ａｔ
at aａ loss
ｌｏｓｓwhen
ｗｈｅｎ confronted
ｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔｅｄ with
ｗｉｔｈ aａ number
ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ
of ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ．
choices.
Ｄ）D)ＡAｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎ
distinction ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
should ｂｅ
be ｄｒａｗｎ
drawnｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ
betweenｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ
responsibility ａｎｄ
andｆａｕｌｔ．
fault.

６．１１
6 · 11
５３．
53. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏｅｓ
doesｔｈｅ
theａｕｔｈｏｒ
authorａｄｖｉｓｅ
advise ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
people ｔｏ
to ｄｏ
do ｔｏ ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃ complainers?
to chronic ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｅｒｓ？
Ａ）A)Ｓｔｏｐ
Stopｔｈｅｍ
themｆｒｏｍ
fromｇｏｉｎｇ
goingｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ
further ｂｙ
by ａｇｒｅｅｉｎｇ
agreeing ｗｉｔｈ
with them.
ｔｈｅｍ．
Ｂ）B)Ｌｉｓｔｅｎ
Listenｔｏtoｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｔｓ
complaints ａｒｄｅｎｔｌｙ
ardently ａｎｄ
and ｓｙｍｐａｔｈｅｔｉｃａｌｌｙ．
sympathetically.
Ｃ） Ａｓｋ ｔｈｅｍ ｔｏ ｖａｌｉｄａｔｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ evidence.
C) Ask them to validate their beliefs with further ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ．
Ｄ）D)Ｐｅｒｓｕａｄｅ
Persuadeｔｈｅｍ
themｔｏtoｃｌａｒｉｆｙ
clarify ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｎｆｕｓｉｏｎ
confusion they
ｔｈｅｙ have caused.
ｈａｖｅ ｃａｕｓｅｄ．

５４．54.Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｈａｐｐｅｎｓ
happensｗｈｅｎ ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃ
when chronicｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｅｒｓ
complainersｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ
receiveｏｖｅｒ－ｖａｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎ？
over-validation?
A) They
Ａ）Ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅare motivated
ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｅｄ ｔｏ to findｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ
ｆｉｎｄ ingeniousｗａｙｓ
ways
ｔｏ to persuade
ｐｅｒｓｕａｄｅ theirｉｎｔｅｒｌｏｃｕｔｏｒ．
ｔｈｅｉｒ interlocutor.
B) They are prompted to come up with ideas for making possible
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ ｐｒｏｍｐｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｃｏｍｅ ｕｐ ｗｉｔｈ ｉｄｅａｓ ｆｏｒ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ． changes.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅareｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄ
stimulated to
ｔｏ make more ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｔｓ．
ｍａｋｅ ｍｏｒｅ complaints.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅareｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ
encouragedｔｏtoｓｔａｒｔ
start ａｒｇｕｉｎｇ
arguing back.
ｂａｃｋ．

５５．Ｈｏｗ ｃａｎcanｏｎｅone
55. How ｓｔｏｐstopｂｅｉｎｇ
beingａ aｃｈｒｏｎｉｃ
chronicｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｅｒ
complainerａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
according ｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒ？
the author?
Ａ）A)Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｎｇ
Analysingｔｈｅthe so-called
ｓｏ－ｃａｌｌｅｄ responsibility/faultｆａｌｌａｃｙ．
ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ／ｆａｕｌｔ fallacy.
Ｂ）B)Ａｖｏｉｄｉｎｇ
Avoidingｈａｚａｒｄｏｕｓ
hazardous trapsｉｎinｅｖｅｒｙｄａｙ
ｔｒａｐｓ everydayｓｏｃｉａｌ
socialｌｉｆｅ．
life.
Ｃ）C)Ａｓｓｕｍｉｎｇ
Assuming ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ
responsibilityｔｏtoｆｒｅｅ
free ｏｎｅｓｅｌｆ．
oneself.
Ｄ）D)Ａｗａｉｔｉｎｇ
Awaiting ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ
something ｍａｇｉｃａｌ
magical ｔｏ to happen.
ｈａｐｐｅｎ．

Ｐａｒｔ ＩＶ
Part IV Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ
Translation （３０
(30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
minutes)
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions:Ｆｏｒ
Forｔｈｉｓ ｐａｒｔ，ｙｏｕ
this part, youａｒｅ
are ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ ３０ ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ
allowed 30 ｔｏ translate
minutes to ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅａｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｆｒｏｍ Chinese
a passage from Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅinto
ｉｎｏ English.
Ｅｎｇｌｉｓ．
Ｙｏｕ
You ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｗｒｉｔｅyour
should write ｙｏｕｒanswer
ａｎｓｗｅｒon ｏｎAnswer
Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Sheet
Ｓｈｅｅｔ 2.
２．

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Ｐａｒｔ
Part IＩ Ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ
Writing (30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
（３０ minutes)

Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions:Ｆｏｒ
Forｔｈｉｓ
this ｐａｒｔ，ｙｏｕａｒｅ
part, you areａｌｌｏｗｅｄ
allowed３０30ｍｉｎｔｅｓ
min utesｔｏtoｗｒｉｔｅ
write ａｎ
an ｅｓｓａｙ ｏｎ why
essaJ on ｗｈｙ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ beｂｅ
students should

ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ
encouraged ｔｏ toｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ
develop effectiveｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
communication ｓｋｉｌｌｓ．Ｙｏｎ ｓｈｏｕｌｄｌ
skills. You shouldｕｒｉｅ
writeａｌat.ｌｅｒａｓｔ １５０
least. 150
ｃｏｒｄｌｓ
words ｂｕｔ
but ｎｏ
no ｍｏｒｅ
more ｔｈａｎ
than ２００
200ｗｅｏｒｄｓ．
words.

６・１２
6 · 12