２０２０年１２月大学英语六级试题第１套

2020年12月大学英语六级试题第1套

Ｐａｒｔ
Part ＩＩ
II Ｌｉｓｔｅｎｉｎｇ Ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ
Listening Comprehension （３０
(30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
minutes)

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section AＡ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ
Directions : Inｔｈｉｓ
thi-sｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
section , youｗｉｌｌ
will ｈｅａｒ
hear ｔｗｏ
two ｌｏｎｇ
long ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ａｔ
conversations. At ｔｈｅ ｅｎｄ ofｏｆ each
the end ｅａｃｈ conversation,
ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
you
ｗｉｌｌ
will ｈｅａｒｆｏｕｒ
hear fourｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｂｏｔｈ
questions. Bothｔｈｅ
theｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ
conversationａｎｄ
andｔｈｅ
theｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
questions ｗｉｌｌ
will ｂｅ
be ｓｐｏｋｅｎ
spoken ｏｎｌｙ
only ｏｎｃｅ．
once.
Ａｆｔｅｒ
After ｙｏｕ
you ｈｅａｒ
hear ａa ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
question, youｍｕｓｔ
mustｃｈｏｏｓｅ
chooseｔｈｅ
the ｂｅｓｔ
best ａｎｓｗｅｒ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ
answer from the ｆｏｕｒ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓmarked
four choices ｍａｒｋｅｄ
Ａ），Ｂ），Ｃ）ａｎｄ
A) , B) , C) Ｄ）．Ｔｈｅｎ
and D) . ｍａｒｋ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
Then mark the correspondingｌｅｔｔｅｒ
letter onｏｎAnswer
Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Sheet
Ｓｈｅｅｔ １ｗｉｔｈ
1 with aａ
ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
single ｌｉｎｅ
line ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
through ｔｈｅ
the ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．
centre.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions１ 1ｔｏto ４4 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ
conversation ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１．1. Ａ）
A) Ｈｅｒ
Herｈｏｕｓｅ
houseｈａｓ
hasｎｏｔ
notｂｅｅｎ
beenｒｅｐａｉｒｅｄ
repaired ｉｎ
in ｔｉｍｅ．
time.
Ｂ）B)Ｓｈｅ
Sheｈａｓ
hasｆａｉｌｅｄ
failed ｔｏ
to ｒｅａｃｈ ｔｈｅ manager
reach the ｍａｎａｇｅｒ ａｇａｉｎ．
again.
Ｃ）C)Ｈｅｒ
Herｃｌａｉｍ
claimｈａｓ
hasｂｅｅｎ
beenｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙ
completely ｄｉｓｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄ．
disregarded.
Ｄ）
D)Ｓｈｅ
Sheｈａｓ
hasｎｏｔ
notｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ
received ａｎｙ
any ｌｅｔｔｅｒ ｆｒｏｍ the
letter from ｔｈｅ man.
ｍａｎ．

２．Ａ）
2. A)Ｔｈｅ
Theｇｒｏｕｎｄ ｆｌｏｏｒ
ground floorｏｆofｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｃｏｔｔａｇｅ
cottage ｗａｓ
was ｆｌｏｏｄｅｄ．
flooded.
Ｂ）
B)Ｔｈｅｉｒ
Their ｃａｒａｖａｎ
caravan ｗａｓ
was ｗａｓｈｅｄ
washed ａｗａｙ
awayｂｙbyｔｈｅ
theｆｌｏｏｄ．
flood.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｉｒ
Theirｅｎｔｉｒｅ ｈｏｕｓｅ ｗａｓ
entire house was ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｄ
destroyed ｂｙ
by ｔｈｅ
the ｆｌｏｏｄ．
flood.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅ
Theｒｏｏｆ
roofｏｆofｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｃｏｔｔａｇｅ
cottage ｃｏｌｌａｐｓｅｄ
collapsed ｉｎ
in ｔｈｅ
the ｆｌｏｏｄ．
flood.

３．3. Ａ）
A) Ｔｈｅ
Theｗｏｍａｎ＇ｓ
woman'sｍｉｓｒｅａｄｉｎｇ ｏｆofｔｈｅtheｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ
misreading insuranceｃｏｍｐａｎｙ＇ｓ
company'sｌｅｔｔｅｒ．
letter.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅ
Theｗｏｍａｎ＇ｓ
woman'sｉｇｎｏｒａｎｃｅ
ignoranceｏｆofｔｈｅ
theｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ
insurance ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ＇ｓ
company'sｐｏｌｉｃｙ．
policy.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅ
Theｗｏｍａｎ＇ｓ
woman'sｉｎａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ
inaccurateｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ
descriptionｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ｗｈｏｌｅ
wholeｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔ．
incident.
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅ
D) The ｗｏｍａｎ＇ｓ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ
woman's failureｔｏtoｐａｙ
payｈｅｒ
herｈｏｕｓｅ
houseｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ
insuranceｉｎin ｔｉｍｅ．
time.

４．4. Ａ）A)Ｆｉｌｅ
File ａa ｌａｗｓｕｉｔ ａｇａｉｎｓｔ the
lawsuit against ｔｈｅinsurance
ｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅcompany.
ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ．
Ｂ）B)Ｔａｌｋ
Talk ｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ ｍａｎａｇｅｒ ｏｆ
the manager of Ｓａｆｅ Ｈｏｕｓｅ Ｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ．
Safe House Insurance.
Ｃ）C)Ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔ
Consultｈｅｒ
herｌａｗｙｅｒ
lawyerａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｔｈｅ
theｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ
insurance ｐｏｌｉｃｙ．
policy.
Ｄ）D)Ｒｅｖｉｓｅ
Reviseｔｈｅ
theｔｅｒｍｓ
termsａｎｄ
andｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ
conditionsｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ．
contract.

Questions ５5 ｔｏ８ａｒｅ
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ to 8 areｂａｓｅｄ
basedｏｎonｔｈｅ
theｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ
conversation ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ
just heard.
ｈｅａｒｄ．

5. A) They
５．Ａ）Ｔｈｅｙ ｗｏｒｋwork
ｉｎ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ
in differentｆｉｅｌｄｓ
fields ｏｆ
of ＡＩ
AI ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．
technology.
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅｙ ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅ
B) They disagreeａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｔｈｅ
theｆｕｔｕｒｅ
future ｏｆ
of ＡＩ
AI ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．
technology.
C) They
Ｃ）Ｔｈｅｙ ｄｉｆｆｅｒ
differｇｒｅａｔｌｙ
greatly ｉｎ ｔｈｅｉｒknowledge
in their ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ ofｏｆmodem
ｍｏｄｅｍ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．
technology.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅ
areｂｏｔｈ
bothｗｏｒｒｉｅｄ
worriedａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｔｈｅ
theｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ
negative ｉｍｐａｃｔ
impact ｏｆ
of ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．
technology.

６．１
6· 1
６．6. Ａ）
A) Ｓｉｍｐｌｙ
Simplyｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ
writing ＡＩ
AI ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ．
software.
Ｂ）B)Ｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇ
Stimulating ａｎｄ
and ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇ．
motivating.
Ｃ）
C) Ｌｅｓｓ
Less ｔｉｍｅ－ｃｏｎｓｕｍｉｎｇ
time-consumingａｎｄ
andｆｏｃｕｓｉｎｇ
focusingｏｎ
onｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎ．
creation.
Ｄ）
D)Ｍｏｒｅ
Moreｄｅｍａｎｄｉｎｇ ａｎｄand
demanding ｒｅｑｕｉｒｉｎｇ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ
requiring specialｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ．
training.

７．
7. Ａ）
A) Ｔｈｅｒｅ
There ｃｏｕｌｄ
could ｂｅbe ｊｏｂｓ ｎｏｂｏｄｙ ｗａｎｔｓ
jobs nobody wants ｔｏ ｄｏ．
to do.
Ｂ）B)Ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ
Digital ｌｉｆｅ ｃｏｕｌｄ replace
life could ｒｅｐｌａｃｅ human
ｈｕｍａｎ ｃｉｖｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．
civilization.
Ｃ）
C) Ｈｕｍａｎｓ
Humansｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ beｔｉｒｅｄ
would tiredｏｆofｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｎｇ
communicatingｗｉｔｈ
with ｏｎｅ
oneａｎｏｔｈｅｒ．
another.
Ｄ）D)Ｏｌｄ
Oldｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｂｅbeｔａｋｅｎ ｃａｒｅ
taken careｏｆofｓｏｌｅｌｙ
solelyｂｙ
byｕｎｆｅｅｌｉｎｇ
unfeeling ｒｏｂｏｔｓ．
robots.

８．Ａ）
8. A)Ｌｉｆｅ
Lifeｗｉｌｌ
willｂｅｃｏｍｅ
becomeｌｉｋｅ
likeａ aｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ
scienceｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ
fiction ｆｉｌｍ．
film.
Ｂ）
B)ＩｔIt ｗｉｌｌ ｔａｋｅ away
will take ａｗａｙ ｈｕｍａｎｓ＇
humans'ｊｏｂｓ
jobsａｌｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ．
altogether.
Ｃ）C)Ｃｈｉｐｓ
Chipsｗｉｌｌ
will ｂｅ
be ｉｎｓｅｒｔｅｄ ｉｎ human
inserted in ｈｕｍａｎ ｂｒａｉｎｓ．
brains.
Ｄ）D)ＩｔIt ｗｉｌｌ ｂｅ smarter
will be ｓｍａｒｔｅｒ than
ｔｈａｎ human
ｈｕｍａｎ ｂｅｉｎｇｓ．
beings.

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section BＢ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓthisｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
Directions : In section, youｗｉｌｌ
willｈｅａｒ
hearｔｗｏ
two ｐａｓｓａｇｅｓ．Ａｔ
passages. Atｔｈｅ
the ｅｎｄ
end ｏｆ ｅａｃｈ passage,
of each ｐａｓｓａｇｅ，ｙｏｕyouｗｉｌｌ
will ｈｅａｒ
hear ｔｈｒｅｅ
three
ｏｒｆｏｕｒ
or fourｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｂｏｔｈ
questions. Bothｔｈｅ
the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passage ａｎｄ
andｔｈｅ
the ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｉｌｌbeｂｅspoken
questions will ｓｐｏｋｅｎonly
ｏｎｌｙonce.
ｏｎｃｅ．Ａｆｅｒ ｙｏｕ
After you
ｈｅａｒ
hearａa ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
question, you ｍｕｓｔ
must ｃｈｏｏｓｅ ｔｈｅ best
choose the ｂｅｓｔanswer
ａｎｓｗｅｒfrom
ｆｒｏｍtheｔｈｅｆｏｕｒ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
four choices ｍａｒｋｅｄ
marked A ) Ａ），Ｂ），
, B} ,
Ｃ）ａｎｄ Ｄ）．Ｔｈｅｎ
C) and ｍａｒｈmark
D). Then ｔｈｅtheｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ ｌｅｔｅｒonｏｎAnswer
corresponding letter Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Sheet
Ｓｈｅｅｔ １ｗｉｔｈａｓｉｎｇｌｅ
1 with a single ｌｉｎｅ
line
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｔｈｅtheｃｅｎｔｒｅ．。
centre.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions９9 ｔｏ
to １１
11 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passage ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

９．9. Ａ）
A} Ｒｅｓｔｒａｉｎ
Restrain ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ
themselves ｆｒｏｍ
from ｈｉｇｈ－ｒｉｓｋ
high-risk ｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｓ．
investments.
Ｂ）B)Ｓａｖｅ
Saveｏｎｅ－ｆｉｆｔｈ
one-fifth ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅｉｒ ｎｅｔmonthly
their net ｍｏｎｔｈｌｙ income.
ｉｎｃｏｍｅ．
Ｃ）C)Ｉｎｖｅｓｔ
Investｓｈｒｅｗｄｌｙ
shrewdlyｉｎinｌｕｃｒａｔｉｖｅ
lucrative ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ．
businesses.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｒｙ
Tryｔｏto ｅａｒｎ
earn ａｓ ｍｕｃｈ ｍｏｎｅｙ
as much moneyａｓasｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ．
possible.

１０．Ａ）
10. A)Ｓｔａｒｔ
Start ｂｙ
by ｄｏｉｎｇ
doing ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ
something ｓｍａｌｌ．
small. Ｃ）C)ＴｒｙTryｔｏ toｓｔｉｃｋ
stickｔｏtoｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｉｎｉｔｉａｌ ｐｌａｎ．
initial plan.
Ｂ）B)Ａｓｋ
Askａ aｃｌｏｓｅ
closeｆｒｉｅｎｄ
friend ｆｏｒ
for ａｄｖｉｃｅ．
advice. Ｄ）D)Ｃｕｔ
Cut２０ｏｆ
20% ｔｈｅｉｒ ｄａｉｌｙ
of their dailyｓｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ．
spending.

１１．
11. Ａ）
A)ＡｎAnｏｐｔｉｍｉｓｔｉｃ
optimisticａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ．
attitude. Ｃ）C)ＡAｐｒｏｐｅｒ
proper ｍｉｎｄｓｅｔ．
mindset.
Ｂ）B)ＡｎAnａｍｂｉｔｉｏｕｓ
ambitious ｐｌａｎ．
plan. Ｄ）D)ＡAｋｅｅｎ
keenｉｎｅｒｅｓｔ．
interest.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions１２
12ｔｏ
to １５
15 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｙｏｕ ｈａｖｅ
passage you have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１２．Ａ）
12. A)Ｓｈｅ ｗａｓwas
She ｕｎｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ
uninterestedｉｎinａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ．
advertising. Ｃ）C)Ｓｈｅ
Sheｗａｓ
wasｕｎｈａｐｐｙ
unhappyｗｉｔｈ
withｆａｓｈｉｏｎ
fashionｔｒｅｎｄｓ．
trends.
Ｂ）B)Ｓｈｅ
Sheｆｏｕｎｄ
foundｈｅｒherｏｕｔｆｉｔ
outfitｉｎａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅ．
inappropriate. Ｄ）D)Ｓｈｅ
Sheｏｆｔｅｎ
oftenｃｈｅｃｋｅｄ
checkedｈｅｒｓｅｌｆ
herselfｉｎin ａa ｍｉｒｒｏｒ．
mirror.

６・２
6· 2
１３．Ａ）
13. A)ＴｏTo
ｓａｖｅ ｔｈｅtheｔｒｏｕｂｌｅ
save troubleｏｆofｃｈｏｏｓｉｎｇ
choosingａ aｕｎｉｑｕｅ
uniqueｏｕｔｆｉｔ
outfit ｅｖｅｒｙ
every ｄａｙ．
day.
Ｂ）B)ＴｏToｍｅｅｔ
meetｔｈｅtheｅｘｐｅｃｔａｔｉｏｎｓ
expectationsｏｆofｆａｓｈｉｏｎ－ｃｏｎｓｃｉｏｕｓ
fashion-consciousｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ．
clients.
Ｃ）C)ＴｏToｋｅｅｐ
keepｕｐupｗｉｔｈ
withｔｈｅ
theｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ
current ｔｒｅｎｄｓ．
trends.
Ｄ）D)ＴｏToｓａｖｅ
saveｔｈｅ
theｅｘｐｅｎｓｅｓ
expenses ｏｎ
onｃｌｏｔｈｉｎｇ．
clothing.

１４．
14. Ａ）
A)ＩｔIt ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｓ
enhancesｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
people's ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｔｏ work
ability to ｗｏｒｋ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｌｙ．
independently.
Ｂ）B)ＩｔIt ｈｅｌｐｓ
helps ｐｅｏｐｌｅ
people ｓｕｃｃｅｅｄ
succeed ｉｎ ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ ｔｈｅｙ
in whatever they ａｒｅ ｄｏｉｎｇ．
are doing.
Ｃ）C)ＩｔItｍａｔｔｅｒｓ
mattersａaｌｏｔ
lot ｉｎ
in ｊｏｂｓ
jobs ｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ
involving ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ．
interaction with others.
Ｄ）D)ＩｔIt ｂｏｏｓｔｓ ｏｎｅ＇ｓ confidence
boosts one's ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅwhen
ｗｈｅｎ looking
ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇ for
ｆｏｒemployment.
ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ．

１５．
15. Ａ）Ｄｅｓｉｇｎ
A} Designｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｏｗｎ
ownｕｎｉｆｏｒｍ
uniformｔｏto ａｐｐｅａｒ
appear ｕｎｉｑｕｅ．
unique.
Ｂ）Ｗｅａｒ
B) Wearｃｌａｓｓｉｃ ｐｉｅｃｅｓ
classic piecesｔｏtoｉｍｐｒｅｓｓ
impressｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ．
clients.
Ｃ）C)Ｆｉｇｈｔ
Fightｔｈｅ
the ｅｖｅｒ－ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ
ever-changingｔｒｅｎｄｓ
trends ｉｎ
in ｆａｓｈｉｏｎ．
fashion.
Ｄ）D)ＤｏDoｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ
whateverｉｓisｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ
possible ｔｏ
to ｌｏｏｋ
look ｓｍａｒｔ．
smart.

Ｓｅｔｉｏｎ
Section CＣ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ
Directions : Inｔｈｉｓ
thisｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
section, youｗｉｌｌｈｅａｒ ｔｈｒｅｅ
will hear threeｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｓ
recordingsｏｆofｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓ
lectures ｏｒ
or ｔａｌｋｓ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ byｂｙ three
talks followed ｔｈｅｅ orｏｒ four
ｆｏｕｒ
ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅ
questions. The ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｓ ｗｉｌｌ beｂｅ played
recordings will ｐｌａｙｅｄ only
ｏｎｌｙ once.
ｏｎｃｅ．After
Ａｆｔｅｒyouｙｏｕhear
ｈｅａｒa ａquestion,
ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ ｍｕｓｔ
you must
ｃｈｏｏｓｅ
choose ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔanswer
the best ａｎｓｗｅｒ ｆｒｏｍ
from the ｔｈｅ
fourｆｏｕｒ ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
choices markedｍａｒｋｅｄ Ａ），Ｂ），Ｃ）ａｎｄ
A ) , B) Ｄ）．Ｔｈｅｎ
, C) and D) . Then ｍａｒｋ
mark ｔｈｅ
the
ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
corresponding ｌｅｔｅｒ ｏｎ Answer
letter on Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Ｓｈｅｅｔ １ ｗｉｔｈａ
Sheet 1 withｓｉｎｇｌｅ ｌｉｎｅlineｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
a single throughｔｈｅ
theｃｅｎｔｒｅ．
centre.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questionsｌ６
16 ｔｏ
to １８
18 ａｒｅ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ
are based on ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｙｏｕ ｈａｖｅ
recording you have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１６．
16. Ａ）
A) Ｔｈｅｉｒ
Their ｏｂｓｅｓｓｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ consumption.
obsession with ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ． Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅ
Theｅｖｅｒ－ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ
ever-increasing ｃｏｓｔｓ
costs ｏｆ ｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ．
of housing.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅｉｒ
Theirｆａｉｌｕｒｅ
failure ｔｏ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅ ｗｅａｌｔｈ．
to accumulate wealth. Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅ
Theｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎ
deterioration ｏｆ ｔｈｅ environment.
of the ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．

１７．
17. Ａ）
A)Ｔｈｉｎｇｓ
Thingsｔｈａｔ
thatａｒｅ
areｒａｒｅ
rare ｔｏ
to ｆｉｎｄ．
find. Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｉｎｇｓ
Thingsｔｈａｔ
thatｂｏｏｓｔ
boostｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ．
efficiency.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｉｎｇｓ
Thingsｔｈａｔ
that ｃｏｓｔ
cost ｌｅｓｓ ｍｏｎｅｙ．
less money. Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｉｎｇｓ
Thingsｔｈａｔ
that ｗｅ
we ｃｈｅｒｉｓｈ ｍｏｓｔ．
cherish most.

１８．
18. Ａ）
A} Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｓｅｒｖｅ
serveｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ
multiple ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ．
purposes. Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅ
areｍｏｓｔｌｙ
mostly ｄｕｒａｂｌｅ．
durable.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ
benefit ｔｈｅ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．
the environment. Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅ
areｅａｓｉｌｙ
easily ｄｉｓｐｏｓａｂｌｅ．
disposable.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions１９
19 ｔｏ
to ２１
21 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
recording ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

１９．
19. Ａ）
A) Ａｌｌ
All ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ
respondents ｗｅｒｅ
were ａｆｒａｉｄ ｏｆ making
afraid of ｍａｋｉｎｇ ａa ｈｉｇｈ
high ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅ
expense ｃｌａｉｍ．
claim.
Ｂ）B)ＡAｎｕｍｂｅｒ
number ｏｆ ofｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ
respondentsｇａｖｅ
gaveａｎanａｖｅｒａｇｅ
averageａｎｓｗｅｒ
answerｏｆof４００
400ｍｉｌｅｓ．
miles.
Ｃ）C)Ｏｖｅｒ
Over１０？
10%ｔｈｅofｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ ｌｉｅｄlied
the respondents ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｅtheｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ
about distanceｔｈｅｙ
they ｄｒｏｖｅ．
drove.
Ｄ）D)Ｍｏｓｔ
Mostｏｆofｔｈｅ
theｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ
respondents ｇｏｔ
got ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｅｄ
compensatedｆｏｒfor ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ
driving ３８４
384 ｍｉｌｅｓ．
miles.

６・３
6• 3
２０．
20. Ａ）
A) Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｄ
respondedｔｏtoｃｏｌｌｅａｇｕｅｓ＇ｓｕｓｐｉｃｉｏｎ．
colleagues' suspicion. Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｗａｎｔｅｄ ｔｏ toｐｒｏｔｅｃｔ
wanted protectｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｒｅｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎ．
reputation.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｃａｒｅｄ
caredａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｏｔｈｅｒ
otherｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
people's ｃｌａｉｍｓ．
claims. Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｅｎｄｅａｖｏｒｅｄ ｔｏtoａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ
endeavored actually ｂｅ
be ｈｏｎｅｓｔ．
honest.

２１．
21. Ａ）
A) Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｓｅｅｍ
seemｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ．
positive. Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅ
areｉｌｕｔｒａｔｉｖｅ．
illustrative.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｓｅｅｍ
seemｉｎｔｕｉｔｉｖｅ．
intuitive. Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅ
areｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｖｅ．
conclusive.

Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions２２
22ｔｏ
to ２５
25 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
recording ｙｏｕ
you ｈａｖｅ
have ｊｕｓｔ ｈｅａｒｄ．
just heard.

２２．Ａ）Ｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎ
22. A) Deteriorationｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ new
quality of ｎｅｗ music.
ｍｕｓｉｃ． Ｃ）C)Ｏｌｄｅｒ
Olderｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
people's ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ
changingｍｕｓｉｃａｌ
musicalｔａｓｔｅｓ．
tastes.
Ｂ）B)Ｉｎｓｉｇｈｔｓ
Insights ｉｎｔｏ
into ｔｈｅ ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓ of
the features ｏｆgood
ｇｏｏｄ music.
ｍｕｓｉｃ． Ｄ）D)Ｏｌｄｅｒ
Olderｐｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓ
people's ａｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ ｔｏ new
aversion to ｎｅｗ ｍｕｓｉｃ．
music.

２３．Ａ）
23. A)Ｔｈｅｙ ｎｏnoｌｏｎｇｅｒ
They longerｌｉｓｔｅｎ
listen ｔｏ ｎｅｗ ｍｕｓｉｃ．
to new music.
Ｂ）
B)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｆｉｎｄ
find ａｌｌ ｍｕｓｉｃ sounds
all music ｓｏｕｎｄｓ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ．
the same.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyｃａｎ
canｍａｋｅ ｓｕｂｔｌｅ
make subtleｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ ａｂｏｕｔ music.
distinctions about ｍｕｓｉｃ．
Ｄ）Ｔｈｅｙ
D) Theyｓｅｌｄｏｍ ｌｉｓｔｅｎ
seldom ｔｏ toｓｏｎｇｓ
listen songsｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ
releasedｉｎinｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｔｅｅｎｓ．
teens.

２４．Ａ）Ｔｈｅ ｍｏｒｅmore
24. A) The ｙｏｕ you
ａｒｅ are
ｅｘｐｏｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ，
exposed ｔｈｅthe
to something, ｍｏｒｅ ｆａｍｉｌｉａｒ
more familiarｉｔｌｌ
it'll ｂｅ
be ｔｏ ｙｏｕ．
to you.
Ｂ）Ｔｈｅ
B) Theｍｏｒｅ
moreｙｏｕyou
ａｒｅ are
ｅｘｐｏｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ，
exposed ｔｈｅtheｄｅｅｐｅｒ
to something, ｙｏｕ＇ｌｌ
deeper you'llｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ
understandｉｔ． it.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅ
Theｍｏｒｅ
moreｙｏｕ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ
you experienceｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ，
something,ｔｈｅ
theｌｏｎｇｅｒ
longerｙｏｕ＇ｌｌ
you'll ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒ
rememberｉｔ．
it.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅ
Theｍｏｒｅ ｙｏｕyou
more ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ，
experience ｔｈｅ the
something, ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｙｏｕ＇ｌｌ
better you'llａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｅ
appreciateｉｔ．
it.

２５．
25. Ａ）
A}Ｔｅｅｎａｇｅｒｓ＇
Teenagers' ｍｅｍｏｒｉｅｓ
memoriesａｒｅ
are ｍｏｒｅ
moreｌａｓｔｉｎｇ．
lasting. Ｃ）C)Ｔｅｅｎａｇｅｒｓ
Teenagersａｒｅ
are ｍｕｃｈ
muchｍｏｒｅ
moreｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ．
sensitive.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｅｅｎａｇｅｒｓ＇
Teenagers' ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ
emotions ａｒｅ
are ｍｏｒｅ
more ｉｎｔｅｎｓｅ．
intense. Ｄ）D)Ｔｅｅｎａｇｅｒｓ
Teenagersａｒｅ
are ｍｕｃｈ
muchｍｏｒｅ
moreｓｅｎｔｉｍｅｎｔａｌ．
sentimental.

Ｐａｒｔ ＩＩ
Part III Ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ
Reading Ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ
Comprehension （４０
(40 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
minutes)

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section AＡ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions:ＩｎInｔｈｉｓ
thisｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，
section, ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ aａ passage
there is ｐａｓｓａｇｅ with
ｗｉｔｈ ten
ｔｅｎ blanks.
ｂｌａｎｋｓ．Ｙｏｕ
Youａｒｅ
areｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ
required ｔｏto ｓｅｌｅｃｔ ｏｎｅ word
select one ｗｏｒｄ for
ｆｏｒ
ｅａｃｈ
eachｂｌａｎｋ
blankｆｒｏｍ
fromａ aｌｉｓｔ
list ｏｆ
of ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ ｇｉｖｅｎ inｉｎ aａ word
choices given ｗｏｒｄ ｂａｎｋ
bank ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ passage.
following the ｐａｓｓａｇｅ． Read
Ｒｅａｄ ｔｈｅ
the
ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passageｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙ
carefully ｂｅｆｏｒｅ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｙｏｕｒ
before making yourｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ．
choices. Ｅａｃｈ
Each ｃｈｏｉｃｅ
choice ｉｎ
in ｔｈｅ
the ｂａｎｋ
bank ｉｓ
is ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｅｄ
identified
ｂｙbyａaｌｅｔｅｒ． Ｐｌｅａｓｅ mark
letter. Please ｍａｒｋ the
ｔｈｅ corresponding
ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇletter
ｌｅｔｅｒforｆｏｒ
eachｅａｃｈ
itemｉｔｅｍ ｏｎ ＡｎｓｗｅｒSheet
on Answer Ｓｈｅｅｔ 2２ with
ｗｉｔｈ aａ
ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
single ｌｉｎｅ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ the
line through ｔｈｅ centre.
ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．Ｙｏｕ ｍａｙ ｎｏｔ
You may not ｕｓｅ ａｎｙ ｏｆof the
use any ｔｈｅ words
ｗｏｒｄｓｉｎin the
ｔｈｅ bank
ｂａｎｋ more
ｍｏｒｅ ｔｈａｎ
than ｏｎｃｅ．
once.

Ｔｈｅ
Theｉｄｅａ
ideaｏｆofｔａｘｉｎｇ
taxingｔｈｉｎｇｓ
thingsｔｈａｔ
thatａｒｅ
areｂａｄ
badｆｏｒ
forｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ
societyｈａｓ
hasａ aｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌ
powerfulａｌｌｕｒｅ．
allure.ＩｔIt ｏｆｆｅｒｓ
offers ｔｈｅ
the ｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ
possibility of
ａaｄｏｕｂｌｅ
double ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ—
benefit- ２６26ｈａｒｍｆｕｌ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ，
harmful activities,ｗｈｉｌｅ
whileａｌｓｏ
also ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ
providing ｔｈｅ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ｗｉｔｈ
the government with ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ．
revenue.
Ｔａｋｅ
Takeｓｉｎ
sin ｔａｘｅｓ． Ｔａｘｅｓ ｏｎ
taxes. Taxes on ａｌｃｏｈｏｌ ｍａｋｅ ｉｔit more
alcohol make ｍｏｒｅ ｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅ
expensive ｔｏ
to ｇｅｔ ｄｒｕｎｋ， which
get drunk, ｗｈｉｃｈ ｒｅｄｕｃｅｓ ｅｘｃｅｓｓｉｖｅ
reduces excessive
ｄｒｉｎｋｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ２７ 27ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ．
drinking and Ａｔ ｔｈｅ
driving. ｓａｍｅsame
At the ｔｉｍｅ，time,
ｔｈｅｙthey
ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｓｔａｔｅ
provide stateａｎｄ
andｌｏｃａｌ
local ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓ
governments ｗｉｔｈ
with
ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ dollars
billions of ｄｏｌｌａｒｓofｏｆrevenue.
ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ．Ｔｏｂａｃｃｏ ｔａｘｅｓ，which
Tobacco taxes, ｗｈｉｃｈgenerate
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅmore
ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎtwice
ｔｗｉｃｅasａｓmuch,
ｍｕｃｈ， have
ｈａｖｅ proven
ｐｒｏｖｅｎ
２８28ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ
in the ｏｆ ofｓｍｏｋｉｎｇ，
decline ｗｈｉｃｈ
smoking, ｈａｓhasｓａｖｅｄ
which ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ
saved millionsｏｆofｌｉｖｅｓ．
lives.

６・４
6 • 4
 Ｔａｘｅｓ
Taxesｃａｎ
can ａｌｓｏ
also ｂｅ
be ａｎan ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ
important ｔｏｏｌ
tool ｆｏｒ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ protection,
for environmental ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ，andａｎｄmany
ｍａｎｙ economists
ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｓｔｓ say
ｓａｙ
ｔａｘｉｎｇ
taxing ｃａｒｂｏｎ
carbon ｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｂｅbeｔｈｅ
theｂｅｓｔ
best ｗａｙ
wayｔｏto ｒｅｄｕｃｅ
reduce ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅ
greenhouseｇａｓ
gas ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ． Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ
emissions. Economic theory ｓａｙｓ
says ｔｈａｔ
that
ｕｎｌｉｋｅ
unlike ｉｎｃｏｍｅ
income ｏｒorｓａｌｅｓ
sales ｔａｘｅｓ，ｃａｒｂｏｎ
taxes, carbonｔａｘｅｓ
taxesｃａｎ
canａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ
actually ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ
increase ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ
economicｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ；
efficiency; ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ
because
ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ
companiesｔｈａｔ
that ２９ 29
ｃａｒｂｏｎcarbon
ｄｉｏｘｉｄｅ ｉｎｔｏ into
dioxide ｔｈｅ the
ｓｋｙ sky
ｄｏｎ＇ｔ ｐａｙpayｔｈｅtheｃｏｓｔｓ
don't costsｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ
climate ｃｈａｎｇｅ
change ｔｈｅｙ
they
ｃａｕｓｅ，
cause, ｃａｒｂｏｎ
carbon ｔａｘｅｓ ｗｏｕｌｄ restore
taxes would ｒｅｓｔｏｒｅtheｔｈｅproper
ｐｒｏｐｅｒ_1Q__
＿３０ ｔｏto ｔｈｅ
the ｍａｒｋｅｔ．
market.
ＩｎIn ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ， ｃａｒｂｏｎtaxes
reality, carbon ｔａｘｅｓalone
ａｌｏｎｅwon't
ｗｏｎ＇ｔbeｂｅenough
ｅｎｏｕｇｈ toｔｏ halt
ｈａｌｔglobal
ｇｌｏｂａｌwarming,
ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ，but
ｂｕｔthey
ｔｈｅｙwould
ｗｏｕｌｄ be
ｂｅ aａ
ｕｓｅｆｕｌ
useful ｐａｒｔ ｏｆ any
part of ａｎｙ climate
ｃｌｉｍａｔｅplan.
ｐｌａｎ．What's
Ｗｈａｔ＇ｓmore,
ｍｏｒｅ，theｔｈｅrevenue
ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅfromｆｒｏｍthisｔｈｉｓ
tax, ｔａｘ， ｗｈｉｃｈ
which ｗｏｕｌｄ31＿３１＿ beｂｅ
would
ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ
hundredsｏｆofｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ dollars
billions of ｄｏｌｌａｒｓperｐｅｒyear,
ｙｅａｒ，could
ｃｏｕｌｄbe ｂｅhanded
ｈａｎｄｅｄoutｏｕｔto ｔｏcitizens
ｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓ
as a ａｓ 32
ａ ３２ ｏｒor used
ｕｓｅｄ toｔｏ fund
ｆｕｎｄ
ｇｒｅｅｎ
greenｉｎｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ
infrastructure ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ．
projects.
Ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｌｙ，
Similarly, ａa ｗｅａｌｔｈ
wealth ｔａｘ
tax ｈａｓ
has ｂｅｅｎ
been ｐｕｔ
put ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ
forward ａｓ
as ａa ｗａｙ
wayｔｏto ｒｅｄｕｃｅ
reduceｉｎｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ
inequality ｗｈｉｌｅ
while ｒａｉｓｉｎｇ ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ．
raising revenue.
Ｔｈｅ
Theｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ
revenueｆｒｏｍ
fromｔｈｉｓ
this ｔａｘ， ｗｈｉｃｈ some
tax, which ｓｏｍｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｔｓ ３３＿ ｗｉｌｌwillｂｅ beｏｖｅｒ
experts __lL over￥４ $4
ｔｒｉｌｌｉｏｎ
trillion ｐｅｒ ｄｅｃａｄｅ， would
per decade, ｗｏｕｌｄ be
ｂｅ
ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅｄ
designatedｆｏｒ
for ｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ，ｃｈｉｌｄ
housing, child ｃａｒｅ，ｈｅａｌｔｈ
care, health ｃａｒｅ ａｎｄ ｏｔｈｅｒ
care and ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ．Ｉｆ
other government ｙｏｕ believe,
benefits. If you ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ，asａｓmany
ｍａｎｙ
ｄｏ，
do, ｔｈａｔ ｗｅａｌｔｈinequality
that wealth ｉｎｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙis ｉｓ 34３４＿ ｂａｄ，
bad, ｔｈｅｎ
then ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔａｘｅｓimprove
these taxes ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅsociety
ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙwhile
ｗｈｉｌｅalsoａｌｓｏ 35３５
ｇｏｖｅｒｍｅｎｔ ｃｆｆｅｒｓ（金库）．
government coffers ( ½Ji¥.) .

Ａ）ｄｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｉｎｇ
A) discouraging Ｉ）I) ｉｎｔａｌｙ
initially
Ｂ）B)ｄｉｖｉｄｅｎｄ
dividend ）J)ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔａｌ
instrumental
Ｃ）C) ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎａ
emotional Ｋ）K) ｍｅｒｇｉｎｇ
merging
Ｄ ｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔ
D) fragments ＬL)ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔ
predict
Ｅ ｉｍｐａｉｒｅｄ
E) impaired Ｍ）M)ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙ
probably
Ｆ）ｉｍｒｉｏｎｅｄ
F) imprisoned Ｎ）N) ｐｕｍｐ
pump
Ｇ）G)ｉｎｅｎｔｉｖｅｓ
incentives Ｏ）0)ｓｗｅｌｌｉｎｇ
swelling
Ｈ）H) ｉｎｅｒｅｎｌｙ
inherently

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section BＢ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｉｎ
Directions: Inｔｈｉｓ
thisｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｙｏｕ
section, youａｒｅ
areｇｏｉｎｇ
goingｔｏtoｒｅａｄ
readａaｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passageｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｅｎ
ten ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ toｔｏ it.ｉｔ．Ｅａｃｈ
statements attached Each
ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ
statement ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓ
contains ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
information ｇｉｖｅｎ
given ｉｎ ｏｎｅ of
in one ｏｆ the
ｔｈｅparagraphs.
ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｓ．Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ ｔｈｅparagraph
Identify the ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ from
ｆｒｏｍ
ｗｈｉｃｈ
which ｔｈｅ
the ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
information isｉｓderived.
ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ．Ｙｏｕ ｍａｙ choose
You may ｃｈｏｏｓｅ aａ paragraph
ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ more
ｍｏｒｅ ｔｈａｎ
than ｏｎｃｅ． Ｅａｃｈ
once. Each
ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ
paragraphｉｓisｍａｒｋｅｄ
markedｗｉｔｈ
withａ aｌｅｔｔｅｒ．Ａｎｓｗｅｒ
letter. Answerｔｈｅ
theｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
questions ｂｙ
by ｍａｒｋｉｎｇ
markingｔｈｅ
the ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ
corresponding ｌｅｔｅｒ
letter
ｏｎon Ａｎｓｗｅｒ
AnswerＳｈｅｅｔ
Sheet ２．
2.

Ｔｈｅ
TheＣｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ
ChallengesｆｏｒforＡｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ
Artificial Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ Agriculture
Intelligence in Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
Ａ）Ａ
A) Aｇｒｏｕｐ
groupｏｆofｃｏｒｎ
cornｆａｒｍｅｒｓ
farmers ｓｔａｎｄｓ ｈｕｄｄｌｅｄ around
stands huddled ａｒｏｕｎｄ an
ａｎａｇｒｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ（农学家）ａｎｄ
agronomist ( ~ and ｈｉｓ * ~)
ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ ｏｎ
his computer on ｔｈｅ
the
ｓｉｄｅ
sideｏｆofａｎanｉｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎ ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ ｉｎin ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ
irrigation machine Ｓｏｕｔｈ Ａｆｒｉｃａ．
central South Ｔｈｅ ａｇｒｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ
Africa. The agronomistｈａｓ hasｊｕｓｔ
just ｆｌｏｗｎ
flown ｏｖｅｒ
overｔｈｅ
the ｆｉｅｌｄ
field
ｗｉｔｈ
with ａa ｈｙｂｒｉｄ
hybrid ｕｎｍａｎｎｅｄ
unmannedａｅｒｉａｌ
aerial ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ（ＵＡＶ）ｔｈａｔ
vehicle (UAV) that ｔａｋｅｓ
takesｏｆｆoffａｎｄ
andｌａｎｄｓ
landsｕｓｉｎｇ
usingｐｒｏｐｅｌｌｅｒｓ
propellers ｙｅｔ
yet
ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｓ
maintainsｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ
distanceａｎｄ
andｓｐｅｅｄ
speedｆｏｒ
forｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇ
scanningｖａｓｔ
vastｈｅｃｔａｒｅｓ
hectaresｏｆofｌａｎｄ
land ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｔｈｅ
theｕｓｅ
useｏｆofｉｔｓ ｆｉｘｅｄ wings.
its fixed ｗｉｎｇｓ．

６・５
6 · 5
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅ
TheＵＡＶ ｉｓ ｆｉｔｔｅｄ
UAV is fittedｗｉｔｈ
withａ aｆｏｕｒ
fourｓｐｅｃｔｒａｌ
spectral ｂａｎｄ
band ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ
precision ｓｅｎｓｏｒ
sensor ｔｈａｔ ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｓ onboard
that conducts ｏｎｂｏａｒｄ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ
processing
ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ
immediatelyａｆｔｅｒ
afterｔｈｅ
theｆｌｉｇｈｔ， ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ farmers
flight, allowing ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ ａｎｄ
and ｆｉｅｌｄ
field ｓｔａｆｆ
staff toｔｏaddress,
ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ，almost
ａｌｍｏｓｔ immediately,
ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ， any
ａｎｙ
ｃｒｏｐ
cropａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｉｔｉｅｓ
abnormalitiesｔｈａｔ
that ｔｈｅ
the ｓｅｎｓｏｒ
sensor ｍａｙ
mayｈａｖｅ
haveｒｅｃｏｒｄｅｄ，
recorded,ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｔｈｅtheｄａｔａdataｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ
making collectionｔｒｕｌｙ
truly ｒｅａｌ－ｔｉｍｅ．
real-time.

Ｃ）C)ＩｎInｔｈｉｓ
this ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ， ｔｈｅfarmers
instance, the ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ and
ａｎｄ agronomist
ａｇｒｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ ａｒｅ ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇ ｔｏ
are looking ｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄ software
to specialized ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ toｔｏgive
ｇｉｖｅ them
ｔｈｅｍ an
ａｎ
ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ
accurate ｐｌａｎｔ
plant ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
p~pulation ｃｏｕｎｔ．
count. Ｉｔ＇ｓ ｂｅｅｎ 10１０ days
It's been ｄａｙｓ since
ｓｉｎｃｅtheｔｈｅcorn
ｃｏｒｎemerged
ｅｍｅｒｇｅｄ and ａｎｄ the
ｔｈｅ farmer
ｆａｒｍｅｒ wants
ｗａｎｔｓ toｔｏ
ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ
determineｉｆifｔｈｅｒｅ
there ａｒｅ
are ａｎｙ
any ｐａｒｔｓ
parts ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the ｆｉｅｌｄ ｔｈａｔrequire
field that ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅreplanting
ｒｅｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇdueｄｕｅtoｔｏa ａlack
ｌａｃｋofｏｆemergence
ｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ or
ｏｒ
ｗｉｎｄ
windｄａｍａｇｅ，
damage,ｗｈｉｃｈ ｃａｎcanｂｅ beｓｅｖｅｒｅ
which ｉｎinｔｈｅtheｅａｒｌｙ
severe early ｓｔａｇｅｓ
stages ｏｆ ｔｈｅ summer
of the ｓｕｍｍｅｒ ｒａｉｎｙ
rainy ｓｅａｓｏｎ．
season.

Ｄ）Ａｔ ｔｈｉｓ
D) At thisｇｒｏｗｔｈ
growthｓｔａｇｅ
stageｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ｐｌａｎｔ＇ｓ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ， ｔｈｅ
plant's development, ｆａｒｍｅｒ has
the farmer ｈａｓ another
ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ 10
１０ days
ｄａｙｓ to
ｔｏ conduct
ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ any
ａｎｙ
ｒｅｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇ
replantingｂｅｆｏｒｅ
beforeｔｈｅ
theｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ
majorityｏｆofｈｉｓ
his ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ ａｎｄchemical
fertilizer and ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ applications
ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓneed
ｎｅｅｄ toｔｏ occur.
ｏｃｃｕｒ．Once
Ｏｎｃｅ these
ｔｈｅｓｅ
ｈａｖｅ
haveｂｅｅｎ
beenａｐｐｌｉｅｄ，
applied,ｉｔit becomes
ｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌｌｙ
economicallyｕｎｖｉａｂｌｅ
unviableｔｏtoｔａｋｅ
takeｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｖｅ
corrective ａｃｔｉｏｎ， ｍａｋｉｎｇ ａｎｙ
action, making any ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ
further
ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ
collected ｄａｔａ
data ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ ａｎｄ useful
historical and ｕｓｅｆｕｌ only
ｏｎｌｙ toｔｏ inform
ｉｎｆｏｒｍ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ for
future practices ｆｏｒtheｔｈｅseason
ｓｅａｓｏｎ toｔｏcome.
ｃｏｍｅ．
Ｅ）Ｔｈｅ ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ
E) The softwareｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｓ
completesｉｔｓ
its ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ
processing ｉｎ
in ｕｎｄｅｒ
under １５
15 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ
minutes ｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇ
producing ａa ｐｌａｎｔ
plant ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｕｎｔ
population count
ｍａｐ．
map.Ｉ＇ｓIt'sｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ
difficult ｔｏ
to ｇｒａｓｐ
grasp ｊｕｓｔ ｈｏｗ ｉｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ
just how impressiveｔｈｉｓ
this ｉｓ， ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ understanding
is, without ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｊｕｓｔ over
that just ｏｖｅｒ aａ year
ｙｅａｒ
ａｇｏ
agoｉｔit ｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｈａｖｅ haveｔａｋｅｎ
takenｔｈｒｅｅ
threeｔｏtoｆｉｖｅ
fiveｄａｙｓ
daysｔｏtoｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ
processｔｈｅ theｅｘａｃｔ
exactｓａｍｅ ｄａｔａdataｓｅｔ，set,ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｎｇ
same ｔｈｅ
illustrating the
ａｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔｓ
advancementsｔｈａｔthatｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎbeenａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄ
have ｉｎ inｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ
achieved precisionａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
agriculture ａｎｄ
andｒｅｍｏｔｅ
remoteｓｅｎｓｉｎｇ
sensingｉｎin ｒｅｃｅｎｔ
recent ｙｅａｒｓ．
years.
Ｗｉｔｈ
Withｔｈｅ
the ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ
software ｈａｖｉｎｇ
having ｂｅｅｎ
been ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ
developedｉｎinｔｈｅ
the Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ
UnitedＳｔａｔｅｓ
States ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｓａｍｅ
sameｖａｒｉｅｔｙ
variety ｏｆ
of ｃｒｏｐｓ
crops ｉｎ
in
ｓｅｅｍｉｎｇｌｙ
seeminglyｓｉｍｉｌａｒ
similarｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ，
conditions, ｔｈｅ
the ａｇｒｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ
agronomistｆｅｅｌｓ
feels ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｔ
confident ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ software
that the ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ will
ｗｉｌｌproduce
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ aａ near
ｎｅａｒ
ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ
accurateｒｅｓｕｌｔ．
result.

Ｆ）F) ＡｓAsｔｈｅ
the ｍａｐ
mapａｐｐｅａｒｓ
appearsｏｎonｔｈｅ
theｓｃｒｅｅｎ，
screen, ｔｈｅ
the ａｇｒｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ＇ｓ ｆａｃｅ begins
agronomist's face ｂｅｇｉｎｓ toｔｏdrop.
ｄｒｏｐ．Having
Ｈａｖｉｎｇ walked
ｗａｌｋｅｄ through
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
ｔｈｅtheｐｌａｎｔｅｄ
plantedｒｏｗｓ
rowsｂｅｆｏｒｅ
beforeｔｈｅ
theｆｌｉｇｈｔ
flight ｔｏ
to ｇａｉｎ
gain ａa ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ
physical ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ
understanding ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ
the ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ ｏｎ the
situation on ｔｈｅ ground,
ｇｒｏｕｎｄ，
ｈｅheｋｎｏｗｓ
knowsｔｈｅtheｉｎｓｔａｎｔ
instantｈｅheｓｅｅｓ
seesｔｈｅ
theｄａｔａ
dataｏｎonｈｉｓ
his ｓｃｒｅｅｎ
screenｔｈａｔ
that ｔｈｅ
the ｐｌａｎｔ ｃｏｕｎｔ ｉｓis not
plant count ｎｏｔ correct,
ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ，and
ａｎｄ soｓｏ doｄｏ
ｔｈｅ
the ｆｒｍｅｒｓ，
farmers,ｅｖｅｎ
evenｗｉｔｈ
withｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ ofｏｆ how
limited understanding ｈｏｗ ｔｏ ｒｅａｄ remote
to read ｒｅｍｏｔｅ sensing
ｓｅｎｓｉｎｇ maps.
ｍａｐｓ．
Ｇ）G)Ｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｔｉｃａｌｌｙ，
Hypothetically, ｉｔ ｉｓ possible
it is ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅfor
ｆｏｒmachines
ｍａｃｈｉｎｅｓ toｔｏ learn
ｌｅａｒｎ toｔｏ solve
ｓｏｌｖｅ any
ａｎｙ problem
ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ｏｎonｅａｒｔｈ
earth ｒｅｌａｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ the
relating to ｔｈｅ
ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ
physical ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ allａｌｌ things
interaction of ｔｈｉｎｇｓwithin
ｗｉｔｈｉｎ aａ defined
ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ orｏｒ contained
ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ
environmentｂｙbyｕｓｉｎｇ
usingａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ
artificial
ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ machine
intelligence and ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ．
learning.

Ｈ）Ｒｅｍｏｔｅ ｓｅｎｓｏｒｓ
H) Remote ｅｎａｂｌｅ
sensors enable algorithms ( ,n. *) ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔ
ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｓ（算法）ｔｏ ａ ｆｉｅｌｄ＇ｓ
to interpret a field'sｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ
environmentａｓ as
ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌ
statistical ｄａｔａ
data ｔｈａｔ
that
ｃａｎ
canｂｅbeｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ
understoodａｎｄ
andｕｓｅｆｕｌ
usefulｔｏtoｆａｒｍｅｒｓ
farmersｆｏｒ
forｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ－ｍａｋｉｎｇ．
decision-making. Ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｓ
Algorithms ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ
process ｔｈｅ
the ｄａｔａ，
data,
ａｄａｐｔｉｎｇ
adapting ａｎｄ
andｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ
learning ｂａｓｅｄ
basedｏｎonｔｈｅ
theｄａｔａ
dataｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ．
received. Ｔｈｅ
Theｍｏｒｅ ｉｎｐｕｔｓ
more inputsａｎｄand
ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌ
statistical ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
information
ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ，
collected, ｔｈｅ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ the
the better ｔｈｅalgorithm
ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ will
ｗｉｌｌbeｂｅatａｔpredicting
ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇa ａrange
ｒａｎｇｅofｏｆoutcomes.
ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓ． And
Ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ
the ａｉｍ
aim ｉｓis ｔｈａｔ
that
ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ
farmersｃａｎ
canｕｓｅ
useｔｈｉｓ
thisａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅtoｔｏachieve
artificial intelligence ａｃｈｉｅｖｅtheir
ｔｈｅｉｒgoal
ｇｏａｌofｏｆa ａbetter
ｂｅｔｔｅｒharvest
ｈａｒｖｅｓｔthrough
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈmaking
ｍａｋｉｎｇ
ｂｅｔｔｅｒ
betterｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ
decisionsｉｎin ｔｈｅ
the ｆｉｅｌｄ．
field.

Ｉ）I) ＩｎIn ２０１１，

2011, ＩＢＭ，
IBM,ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｉｔｓ
its Ｒ＆Ｄ
R&DＨｅａｄｑｕａｒｔｅｒｓ ｉｎ inＨａｉｆａ，Ｉｓｒａｅｌ，
Headquarters Haifa, Israel,ｌａｕｎｃｈｅｄ
launchedａｎanａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ
agricultural ｃｌｏｕｄ－
cloud-
ｃｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ
computingｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ．
project.Ｔｈｅ
Theｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ，
project, ｉｎ
in ｃｏｌｌａｂｏｒａｔｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ aａ number
collaboration with ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆofｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄ
specialized ＩＴ
IT ａｎｄ
andａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ
agricultural

６・６
6· 6
 ｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓ， ｈａｄ one
partners, had ｏｎｅ goal
ｇｏａｌ in
ｉｎ mind-to
ｍｉｎｄ—ｔｏ ｔａｋｅ
take ａa variety
ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ of
ｏｆ academic
ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ and
ａｎｄ ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ ｄａｔａ sources
physical data ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ from
ｆｒｏｍ an
ａｎ
ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ
agricultural environment and ｔｕｒｎ
turn ｔｈｅｓｅ
these ｉｎｔｏ
into ａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃ
automatic ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｖｅ ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ for
predictive solutions ｆｏｒ farmers
ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ that
ｔｈａｔwould
ｗｏｕｌｄ
ａｓｓｉｓｔ ｔｈｅｍ ｉｎin ｍａｋｉｎｇ
assist them makingｒｅａｌ－ｔｉｍｅ
real-timeｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ
decisionsｉｎinｔｈｅ
theｆｉｅｌｄ．
field.

Ｊ）J) Ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗｓ
Interviews ｗｉｔｈ
with ｓｏｍｅ
someｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ＩＢＭ
IBMｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ
projectｔｅａｍ
teamｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ
membersａｔ atｔｈｅtheｔｉｍｅ
timeｒｅｖｅａｌｅｄ
revealedｔｈａｔ
thatｔｈｅ
the ｔｅａｍ
teamｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ
believed ｉｔ
it
ｗａｓ
wasｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｙ
entirely ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ
possible toｔｏ＂ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ＂ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ
"algorithm" agriculture, meaningｔｈａｔ
that ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｓ ｃｏｕｌｄ solve
algorithms could ｓｏｌｖｅ any
ａｎｙ problem
ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ inｉｎ
ｔｈｅ
the ｗｏｒｌｄ．
world. Ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ ｔｈａｔ year,
Earlier that ｙｅａｒ，IBM's
ＩＢＭ＇ｓ cognitive
ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅlearning
ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇsystem,
ｓｙｓｔｅｍ，Watson,
Ｗａｔｓｏｎ，competed
ｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｄ inｉｎ theｔｈｅ game
ｇａｍｅ
Ｊｅｏｐａｒｄｙ
Jeopardy ａｇａｉｎｓｔ
against ｆｏｒｍｅｒ
former ｗｉｎｎｅｒｓ
winners Ｂｒａｄ
BradＲｕｔｔｅｒ
Rutter ａｎｄ
andＫｅｎ
KenＪｅｎｎｉｎｇｓ
Jenningsｗｉｔｈ ａｓｔｏｎｉｓｈｉｎｇ
with astonishingｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ．
results. Ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ
Several
ｙｅａｒｓ
years ｌａｔｅｒ， Ｗａｔｓｏｎ went
later, Watson ｗｅｎｔ ｏｎon ｔｏto ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ
produce ｇｒｏｕｎｄ－ｂｒｅａｋｉｎｇ
ground-breakingａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ
achievementsｉｎinｔｈｅ
theｆｉｅｌｄ
field ｏｆ ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ．
of medicine.

Ｋ）K)ＳｏSoｗｈｙwhy
ｄｉｄdid
ｔｈｅtheｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ
projectｈａｖｅ
haveｓｕｃｈ
suchｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ
successｉｎinｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ
medicineｂｕｔbutｎｏｔnotａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ？
agriculture?Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ
Becauseｉｔit ｉｓ ｏｎｅ ｏｆ
is one ｔｈｅ
of the
ｍｏｓｔ
mostｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ
difficult ｆｉｅｌｄｓ ｔｏ contain
fields to ｃｏｎｔａｉｎ for
ｆｏｒ the
ｔｈｅ purpose
ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ ｏｆofｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌ ｑｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．Even
statistical quantification. Ｅｖｅｎ within
ｗｉｔｈｉｎ aａ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ
single
ｆｉｅｌｄ， ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ are
field, conditions ａｒｅ always
ａｌｗａｙｓ changing
ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ ｆｒｏｍ
from ｏｎｅ
oneｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
sectionｔｏto ｔｈｅ
the ｎｅｘｔ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ＇ｓ unpredictable
next. There's ｕｎｐｒｅｄｉｃｔａｂｌｅ weather,
ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ，
ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ
changesｉｎinｓｏｉｌ
soil ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ
quality, and the ｅｖｅｒ－ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ
ever-present ｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｔｈａｔpests
possibility that ｐｅｓｔｓand
ａｎｄ diseases
ｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ may
ｍａｙ ｐａｙ
payａ aｖｉｓｉｔ．
visit.
Ｇｒｏｗｅｒｓ
Growersｍａｙmay
ｆｅｅｌfeelｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓ
prospectsａｒｅ
areｇｏｏｄ
goodｆｏｒforａｎanｕｐｃｏｍｉｎｇ ｈａｒｖｅｓｔ，
upcoming ｂｕｔbutｕｎｔｉｌ
harvest, untilｔｈａｔ
thatｄａｙ
dayａｒｒｉｖｅｓ，
arrives, ｔｈｅ
the
ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅ
outcomeｗｉｌｌ
will ａｌｗａｙｓ
always ｂｅ be ｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎ．
uncertain.

Ｌ）L)ＢｙByｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ，
comparison,ｏｕｒ
ourｂｏｄｉｅｓ
bodiesａｒｅ
areａaｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ
contained ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．
environment. Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ｔａｋｅｓ place
Agriculture takes ｐｌａｃｅinｉｎnature,
ｎａｔｕｒｅ，ａｍｏｎｇ
among
ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ
ecosystemsｏｆofｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｎｇ
interacting ｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓ
organisms ａｎｄ
andａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ， ａｎｄ ｃｒｏｐ
activity, and crop ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
production ｔａｋｅｓ
takes ｐｌａｃｅ
place ｗｉｔｈｉｎ
within ｔｈａｔ
that
ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ
ecosystemｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．
environment. Ｂｕｔ
Butｔｈｅｓｅ
these ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ
ecosystemsａｒｅ
areｎｏｔ
notｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ．
contained. Ｔｈｅｙ
Theyａｒｅ
areｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ
subject ｔｏto ｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃ
climatic
ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｓ
occurrences ｓｕｃｈ
such ａｓ ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ systems,
as weather ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ， which
ｗｈｉｃｈ impact
ｉｍｐａｃｔ upon
ｕｐｏｎ hemispheres
ｈｅｍｉｓｐｈｅｒｅｓ asａｓ aａ whole,
ｗｈｏｌｅ， and
ａｎｄ from
ｆｒｏｍ
ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔ
continent ｔｏ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔ．Therefore,
to continent. Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，understanding
ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇhow
ｈｏｗ toｔｏmanage
ｍａｎａｇｅ an
ａｎ agricultural
ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌenvironment
ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔmeans
ｍｅａｎｓ
ｔａｋｉｎｇ
takingｌｉｔｅｒａｌｌｙ ｍａｎｙ ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ
literally many hundredsｉｆif ｎｏｔ
not ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ
thousandsｏｆofｆａｃｔｏｒｓ
factors ｉｎｔｏ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ．
into account.

Ｍ）M)Ｗｈａｔ ｍａｙmay
What ｏｃｃｕｒ ｗｉｔｈwith
occur ｔｈｅtheｓａｍｅsame
ｓｅｅｄseed
ａｎｄand
ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ
fertilizer ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ
programｉｎin ｔｈｅ
the Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ
United Ｓｔａｔｅｓ＇Ｍｉｄｗｅｓｔ
States' Midwest ｒｅｇｉｏｎ
region ｉｓ
is
ａｌｍｏｓｔ
almost ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ ｕｎｒｅｌａｔｅｄtoｔｏwhat
certainly unrelated ｗｈａｔ may
ｍａｙ ｏｃｃｕｒ
occur ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｈｅ
the ｓａｍｅ
same ｓｅｅｄ
seedａｎｄ
andｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ ｉｎ
fertilizer program in
Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ
Australia ｏｒ Ｓｏｕｔｈ Ａｆｒｉｃａ．Ａ
or South Africa. Aｆｅｗ
fewｆａｃｔｏｒｓ
factors ｔｈａｔ
that ｃｏｕｌｄ
could ｉｍｐａｃｔ
impact ｏｎ
onｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ
variation ｗｏｕｌｄ
wouldｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ
typically ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ
include
ｔｈｅ
theｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ
measurementｏｆ ｒａｉｎ ｐｅｒperｕｎｉｔunitｏｆ ofａ ｃｒｏｐ
of rain ｐｌａｎｔｅｄ，
a crop planted,ｓｏｉｌ
soilｔｙｐｅ，
type,ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ
patterns ｏｆ
of ｓｏｉｌ ｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ， daylight
soil degradation, ｄａｙｌｉｇｈｔ
ｈｏｕｒｓ，
hours, ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ
temperature ａｎｄ
and ｓｏ
so ｆｏｒｔｈ．
forth.

Ｎ）N)ＳｏSoｔｈｅtheｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ｗｉｔｈwith
problem ｄｅｐｌｏｙｉｎｇ ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ
deploying ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ
machine ａｎｄ ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ
learning ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ
and artificial intelligenceｉｎinａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
agricultureｉｓis ｎｏｔ
not ｔｈａｔ
that
ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓ ｌａｃｋ the
scientists lack ｔｈｅ capacity
ｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ toｔｏdevelop
ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ programs
ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ ａｎｄ
and ｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌｓ
protocols ｔｏ
to ｂｅｇｉｎ
begin ｔｏ
to ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ
address ｔｈｅ ｂｉｇｇｅｓｔ of
the biggest ｏｆ
ｇｒｏｗｅｒｓ＇ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ；
growers' concerns;ｔｈｅ
theｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ
problemｉｓisｔｈａｔ
that ｉｎ
in ｍｏｓｔ
mostｃａｓｅｓ，
cases, ｎｏ
no ｔｗｏ
twoｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ
environmentsｗｉｌｌ
willｂｅbeｅｘａｃｔｌｙ
exactly ａｌｉｋｅ，
alike,
ｗｈｉｃｈ
whichｍａｋｅｓ
makesｔｈｅtheｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ，
testing, ｖａｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ
validation and ｒｏｌｌｏｕｔofｏｆsuch
successful rollout ｓｕｃｈtechnologies
ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓmuch
ｍｕｃｈ more
ｍｏｒｅ
ｌａｂｏｒｉｏｕｓ
laborious ｔｈａｎ
than ｉｎin ｍｏｓｔ
mostｏｔｈｅｒ
otherｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ．
industries.

Ｏ）0)Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｌｙ， ｔｏ say
Practically, to ｓａｙ that
ｔｈａｔAIＡＩand
ａｎｄMachine
Ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ Ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ
Leaming ｃａｎ
canｂｅ
beｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ
developedｔｏtoｓｏｌｖｅ
solveａｌｌ
all ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ
problemsｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｔｏ
related to
ｏｕｒ
ourｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ
physical ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ
environmentｉｓisｔｏto ｂａｓｉｃａｌｌｙ
basically ｓａｙ
say ｔｈａｔ ｗｅ ｈａｖｅ
that we have ａa ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ
completeｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ
understandingｏｆofａｌｌ
all ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ
aspects
ｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ
interaction ｏｆ
of ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ
physical ｏｒ
or ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ
material ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ
activity on the ｐｌａｎｅｔ．
planet. Ａｆｔｅｒ
After ａｌｌ，
all, itｉｔisｉｓonly
ｏｎｌｙthrough
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ our
ｏｕｒ
ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ
understandingｏｆ＇ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｕｒｅ
of ' the natureｏｆof
ｔｈｉｎｇｓ＇ｔｈａｔ ｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌｓ
things' that protocolsａｎｄ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ
and processesａｒｅareｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ
designedｆｏｒforｔｈｅ
theｒａｔｉｏｎａｌ
rational

６・７
6• 7
 ｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆcognitive
capabilities of ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅsystems
ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓtoｔｏtake
ｔａｋｅplace.
ｐｌａｃｅ． Ａｎｄ，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ
And, although AIＡＩand
ａｎｄMachine
Ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ Leaming
Ｌｅａｒｍｉｎｇ ａｒｅ ｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇ
are teaching
ｕｓus ｍａｎｙ
manyｔｈｉｎｇｓ
thingsａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｈｏｗ
howｔｏ toｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ ｏｕｒourｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，
understand ｗｅ we
environment, ａｒｅareｓｔｉｌｌ
stillｆａｒ
far ｆｒｏｍ
from ｂｅｉｎｇ
beingａｂｌｅ
able ｔｏ
to ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔ
predict
ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓ ｉｎin ｆｉｅｌｄｓ
critical outcomes ｌｉｋｅ agriculture
fields like ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅpurely
ｐｕｒｅｌｙ through
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ the
ｔｈｅ cognitive
ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅ ability
ａｂｉｌｉｔｙofｏｆmachines.
ｍａｃｈｉｎｅｓ．
Ｐ）Ｂａｃｋｅｄ ｂｙ by
P) Backed ｔｈｅthe
ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅ ｃａｐｉｔａｌ
venture capitalｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ， ｗｈｉｃｈ
community, ｉｓ ｎｏｗ
which ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｎｇ
is now ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ
investing ｏｆ ofｄｏｌｌａｒｓ
billions dollarsｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｓｅｃｔｏｒ，
sector,
ｍｏｓｔ
mostａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ startups
agricultural technology ｓｔａｒｔｕｐｓtoday
ｔｏｄａｙareａｒｅpushed
ｐｕｓｈｅｄtoｔｏcomplete
ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ development
ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ asａｓ quickly
ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ asａｓ
ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ
possible ａｎｄ
andｔｈｅｎ
thenｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ
encouragedｔｏtoｆｌｏｏｄ
floodｔｈｅ
theｍａｒｋｅｔ
marketａｓasｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ
quicklyａｓasｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ
possible ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ．
their products.

Ｑ）Ｔｈｉｓ
Q) Thisｕｓｕａｌｌｙ
usuallyｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ
results ｉｎ
in ａa ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｏｆ aａ product,
failure of ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ， which
ｗｈｉｃｈ leads
ｌｅａｄｓ toｔｏ skepticism
ｓｋｅｐｔｉｃｉｓｍfrom
ｆｒｏｍ the
ｔｈｅ market
ｍａｒｋｅｔ and
ａｎｄ
ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｓ
delivers ａa ｂｌｏｗ
blowｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｔｙofｏｆMachine
the integrity Ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ Leaming
Ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ technology.
ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．ＩｎIn ｍｏｓｔ
mostｃａｓｅｓ，
cases, ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ｉｓis not
the problem ｎｏｔ
ｔｈａｔ
that ｔｈｅ
the ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ
technology ｄｏｅｓ
doesｎｏｔ
notｗｏｒｋ，
work,ｔｈｅ
theｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ
problemｉｓisｔｈａｔ
thatｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ
industry ｈａｓ
has ｎｏｔ
not ｔａｋｅｎ
taken ｔｈｅ
the ｔｉｍｅ
time ｔｏ
to ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔ
respect
ｔｈａｔ
that ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
agriculture isｉｓone
ｏｎｅofｏｆtheｔｈｅmost
ｍｏｓｔuncontained
ｕｎｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ environments
ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ toｔｏ manage.
ｍａｎａｇｅ． Ｆｏｒ
For ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ
technology ｔｏto ｔｒｕｌｙ
truly
ｍａｋｅ
make ａｎ anｉｍｐａｃｔ ｏｎ on
impact ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，
agriculture,ｍｏｒｅ
moreｅｆｆｏｒｔ，ｓｋｉｌｌｓ，
effort, skills, ａｎｄ
andｆｕｎｄｉｎｇ
:fundingｉｓis ｎｅｅｄｅｄ
neededｔｏtoｔｅｓｔ
test ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ
these technologies
ｉｎin ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ＇ｆｉｅｌｄｓ．
farmers' fields.

Ｒ）Ｔｈｅｒｅ
R) Thereｉｓ isｈｕｇｅ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ
huge potentialｆｏｒforａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅand
artificial intelligence ａｎｄ machine
ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ
learning ｔｏ
to ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｚｅ
revolutionize ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
agriculture
ｂｙbyｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｎｇ
integrating ｔｈｅｓｅ
these ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ
technologies ｉｎｔｏ ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌmarkets
into critical ｍａｒｋｅｔｓonｏｎaａglobal
ｇｌｏｂａｌscale.
ｓｃａｌｅ．Only
Ｏｎｌｙthen
ｔｈｅｎcanｃａｎ itｉｔmake
ｍａｋｅ aａ
ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ
difference ｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ
the ｇｒｏｗｅｒ，
grower, ｗｈｅｒｅ
whereｉｔit ｒｅａｌｌｙ ｃｏｕｎｔｓ．
really counts.

３６．Ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ
36. Farmersｗｉｌｌ
willｎｏｔ
notｐｒｏｆｉｔ
profit ｆｒｏｍ
fromｒｅｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇ
replanting ｏｎｃｅ
onceｔｈｅｙ
theyｈａｖｅ
haveａｐｐｌｉｅｄ
appliedｍｏｓｔ
mostｏｆof
ｔｈｅtheｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ ａｎｄ ｏｔｈｅｒ
fertilizer and other
ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓ
chemicalsｔｏtoｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｆｉｅｌｄｓ．
fields.

３７．Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
37. Agricultureｄｉｆｆｅｒｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ
differs from the ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ
medical ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ
science ｏｆ ｔｈｅ human
of the ｈｕｍａｎ ｂｏｄｙ
bodyｉｎinｔｈａｔ
that ｉｔｓ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ｉｓis not
its environment ｎｏｔ aａ
Ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ
contained ｏｎｅ．
one.

３８．Ｔｈｅ
38. Theａｇｒｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ ｉｓ isｓｕｒｅ
agronomist sureｔｈａｔ
thatｈｅheｗｉｌｌ
will ｏｂｔａｉｎ
obtain ａa ｎｅａｒ
near ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ
accurate ｃｏｕｎｔ
count ｏｆ
of ｐｌａｎｔ
plant ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
population ｗｉｔｈ
with ｈｉｓ
his
ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ．
software.

３９．Ｔｈｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
39. The applicationｏｆofａｒｔｉｆｉａｌ
artificialｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ ｔｏ agriculture
intelligence to ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅisｉｓmuch
ｍｕｃｈmore
ｍｏｒｅ challenging
ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇ than
ｔｈａｎ toｔｏ most
ｍｏｓｔ other
ｏｔｈｅｒ
ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ．
industries.

４０．Ｅｖｅｎ ｔｈｅtheｆａｒｍｅｒｓ
40. Even farmersｋｎｏｗ
knowｔｈｅtheｄａｔａ
dataｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ
providedｂｙbyｔｈｅ
the ＵＡＶ
UAVｉｓ isｎｏｔnotｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ．
correct.

４１．Ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ
41. The pressureｆｏｒforｑｕｉｃｋ
quickｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ
resultsｌｅａｄｓ
leads ｔｏ
to ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ
productｆａｉｌｕｒｅ， ｗｈｉｃｈ， inｉｎ tum,
failure, which, ｔｕｒｎ， arouses
ａｒｏｕｓｅｓ doubts
ｄｏｕｂｔｓ about
ａｂｏｕｔ the
ｔｈｅ
ａｐｐｌｉｃａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ AI
applicability of ＡＩ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ
technologyｔｏto ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．
agriculture.

４２．
42. Ｒｅｍｏｔｅ
Remoteｓｅｎｓｏｒｓ
sensorsａｒｅ
areａｉｍｅｄ
aimedｔｏtoｈｅｌｐ
helpｆａｒｍｅｒｓ
farmers ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ
improveｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ－ｍａｋｉｎｇ
decision-makingｔｏtoｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ
increaseｙｉｅｌｄｓ．
yields.

４３．
43. Ｔｈｅ
Theｆａｒｍｅｒ
farmerｅｘｐｅｃｔｓ
expectsｔｈｅ
theｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ
softwareｔｏtoｔｅｌｌ ｈｉｍ ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ
tell him whetherｈｅheｗｉｌｌ
will ｈａｖｅ
haveｔｏto ｒｅｐｌａｎｔ
replant ａｎｙ
any ｐａｒｔｓ
parts ｏｆ ｈｉｓ farm
of his ｆａｒｍ
ｆｅｌｄ．
fields.

６・ ８
6• 8
４４．
44.Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
Agricultureｐｒｏｖｅｓ
provesｖｅｒｙ
veryｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ ｔｏ quantify
difficult to ｑｕａｎｔｉｆｙ because
ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ of
ｏｆ the
ｔｈｅ constantly
ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙ changing
ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ conditions
ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ involved.
ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ．

４５．Ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅsame
45. The ｓｅｅｄseed
ａｎｄand
ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ
fertilizerｐｒｏｇｒａｍ
programｍａｙmay
ｙｉｅｌｄ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙ
yield ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ
completely differentｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓ
outcomesｉｎinｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ
different ｐｌａｃｅｓ．
places.

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
Section CＣ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions: Ｔｈｅｒｅ
There ａｒｅ
are ２2 ｐａｓｓａｇｅｓ
passages ｉｎin ｔｈｉｓ
this ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｅａｃｈ
section. Each ｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passage ｉｓis ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ
followed ｂｙ
by ｓｏｍｅ
some ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
questions ｏｒ
or
ｕｎｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ．Ｆｏｒ
unfinished statements. ｅａｃｈofｏｆ
For each ｔｈｅｍ
them ｔｈｅｒｅ
there ａｒｅ ｆｏｕｒ
are four ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ
choices markedｍａｒｋｅｄ Ａ），Ｂ），Ｃ）ａｎｄ
A) , B) , C) and
Ｄ）．Ｙｏｕ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
D). You shouldｄｅｃｉｄｅ
decideｏｎonｔｈｅ
the ｂｅｓｔ
best ｃｈｏｉｃｅ ａｎｄ mark
choice and ｍａｒｋ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇletter
the corresponding ｌｅｔｔｅｒon ｏｎ Ａｎｓｗｅｒ
Answer
Ｓｈｅｅｔ
Sheet２ 2ｗｉｔｈ
withａ aｓｉｎｇｌｅ
singleｌｉｎｅ
line ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｔｈｅ
the ｃｅｎｔｒｅ．
centre.

Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ Ｏｎｅ
Passage One
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions４６
46ｔｏ
to ５０
50 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
on ｔｈｅ
the ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ．
following passage.

Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｉｓisｔｈｅtheｐｌａｃｅ
placeｏｆofａｒｔ
artｉｎin ａaｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
culture ｏｆ
ofｉｎａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ？ Ｒｅｃｅｎｔ ｖｉｓｉｔｏｒｓ
inattention? Recent ｔｏ the
visitors to ｔｈｅ Louvre
Ｌｏｕｖｒｅ ｒｅｐｏｒｔ
report ｔｈａｔ
that
ｔｏｕｒｉｓｔｓ ｃａｎ now
tourists can ｎｏｗ ｓｐｅｎｄ
spend ｏｎｌｙ
only ａa minute
ｍｉｎｕｔｅ ｉｎ ｆｒｏｎｔofｏｆtheｔｈｅMona
in front Ｍｏｎａ Lisa
Ｌｉｓａbefore
ｂｅｆｏｒｅbeing
ｂｅｉｎｇasked
ａｓｋｅｄtoｔｏmove
ｍｏｖｅon.
ｏｎ．Much
Ｍｕｃｈ
ｏｆofｔｈａｔ
that ｔｉｍｅ， ｆｏｒ some
time, for ｓｏｍｅ ｏｆof ｔｈｅｍ，ｉｓ
them, is ｓｐｅｎｔ
spent ｔａｋｉｎｇ
taking ｐｈｏｔｏｇｒａｐｈｓ
photographsｎｏｔ
not ｅｖｅｎ
evenｏｆofｔｈｅ
the ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ ｂｕｔ of
painting but ｏｆ themselves
ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ
ｗｉｔｈ
with ｔｈｅ
the ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ ｉｎ the
painting in ｔｈｅ background.
ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄ．
Ｏｎｅ
Oneｖｉｅｗ ｉｓisｔｈａｔ
view that ｗｅ
weｈａｖｅ
haveｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｓｅｄ
democratised ｔｏｕｒｉｓｍ
tourism ａｎｄ
and ｇａｌｌｅｒｙ－ｇｏｉｎｇ ｓｏ much
gallery-going so ｍｕｃｈ ｔｈａｔ ｗｅ have
that we ｈａｖｅ made
ｍａｄｅ ｉｔit
ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｔｏto ａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｅ
effectively impossible ｗｈａｔ ｗｅ＇ｖｅ
appreciate what we'veｔｒａｖｅｌｌｅｄ
travelled ｔｏto ｓｅｅ．
see. Ｉｎ
In ｔｈｉｓ
this ｏｖｅｒｓｕｂｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ
oversubscribed ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ，
society,
ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ
experience ｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ
becomes ａa ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ
commodityｌｉｋｅ
like ａｎｙ
any ｏｔｈｅｒ． Ｔｈｅｒｅareａｒｅqueues
other. There ｑｕｅｕｅｓtoｔｏclimb
ｃｌｉｍｂMt.Ｍｔ．Ｊｏｌｍｏ Ｌｕｎｇｍａ ａｓ
Jolmo Lungma as
ｗｅｌｌ
well ａｓ
as ｔｏ
to ｓｅｅ
see ｆａｍｏｕｓ
famousｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇｓ．
paintings. Ｌｅｉｓｕｒｅ， ｔｈｕｓ conceived,
Leisure, thus ｃｏｎｃｅｉｖｅｄ， isｉｓhard
ｈａｒｄlabour,
ｌａｂｏｕｒ，ａｎｄ ｒｅｔｕｒｎｉｎｇ toｔｏwork
and returning ｗｏｒｋ
ｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ
becomesａ aｗｅｌｌ－ｅａｒｎｅｄ
well-earnedｂｒｅａｋ
breakｆｒｏｍ
fromｔｈｅ
the ｏｒｄｅａｌ．
ordeal.
Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｇｅｔｓ
getsｌｏｓｔ
lostｉｎinｔｈｉｓ
this ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｉｓｅｄ ｈａｓｔｅisｉｓtheｔｈｅquality
industrialised haste ｑｕａｌｉｔｙofｏｆlooking.
ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇ．Consider
Ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒanａｎextreme
ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅ example,
ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，
ｔｈｅ
the ｌａｔｅ ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｅｒ Richard
late philosopher Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ Wollheim.
Ｗｏｌｌｈｅｉｍ． When
Ｗｈｅｎ ｈｅheｖｉｓｉｔｅｄ ｔｈｅ Louvre
visited the Ｌｏｕｖｒｅ he
ｈｅ could
ｃｏｕｌｄ spent
ｓｐｅｎｔ asａｓ much
ｍｕｃｈ ａｓas ｆｏｕｒ
four
ｈｏｕｒｓ
hoursｓｉｔｔｉｎｇ ｂｅｆｏｒｅ aａ painting.
sitting before ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ． The
Ｔｈｅ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｈｏｕｒ，heｈｅclaimed,
first hour, ｃｌａｉｍｅｄ，was
ｗａｓ necessary
ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ for
ｆｏｒ misperceptions
ｍｉｓｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ toｔｏ be
ｂｅ
ｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｅｄ．
eliminated. Ｉｔ ｗａｓ ｏｎｌｙ
It was only ｔｈｅｎ
then ｔｈａｔ
that ｔｈｅ ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ would
the picture ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅｇｉｎ
begin ｔｏto ｄｉｓｃｌｏｓｅ
disclose ｉｔｓｅｌｆ． Ｔｈｉｓseems
itself. This ｓｅｅｍｓ unthinkable
ｕｎｔｈｉｎｋａｂｌｅ
ｔｏｄａｙ，
today, ｂｕｔ
but ｉｔ
it isｉｓstill
ｓｔｌｌpossible
ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅto organise.
ｔｏ ｏｒｇａｎｉｓｅ．Ｅｖｅｎ
Even in ｉｎ
theｔｈｅ ｂｕｓｉｅｓｔ
busiest ｍｕｓｅｕｍｓthere
museums ｔｈｅｒｅareａｒｅ ｍａｎｙrooms
many ｒｏｏｍｓandａｎｄmany
ｍａｎｙ
ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓ
pictures ｗｏｒｔｈ
worth ｈｏｕｒｓ
hours ｏｆ
of ｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｌａｔｉｏｎ
contemplation ｗｈｉｃｈ
whichｔｈｅ
the ｃｒｏｗｄｓ
crowdsｌａｒｇｅｌｙ
largely ｉｇｎｏｒｅ． Ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ ｔｈｅ
ignore. Sometimes the ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ ｃｒｏｗｄｓ
largest crowds
ａｒｅ
are ｐａｒｔｌｙ ｔｈｅ products
partly the ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ ofｏｆ bad
ｂａｄ management;
ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ； ｔｈｅ
the Ｍｏｎａ
MonaＬｉｓａ
Lisaｉｓisｓｕｃｈ
suchａ aｈｕｒｒｉｅｄ
hurried ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ
experience ｔｏｄａｙ
today ｐａｒｔｌｙ
partly
ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ
becauseｔｈｅ
theｍｕｓｅｕｍ
museumｉｓ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｒｅｏｒｇａｎｉｓｅｄ．
is being ＴｈｅTheＵｆｆｉｚｉ
reorganised. ｉｎ inＦｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ，
Uffizi Florence,ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ
anotherｓｉｔｅ
siteｏｆofｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ
cultural ｐｉｌｇｒｉｍａｇｅ，
pilgrimage,
ｈａｓhasｃｕｔ
cut ｉｔｓ ｅｎｔｒｙqueues
its entry ｑｕｅｕｅｓ down
ｄｏｗｎ toｔｏ seven
ｓｅｖｅｎ minutes
ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ byｂｙ clever
ｃｌｅｖｅｒmanagement.
ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ． And
Ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ some
there are ｓｏｍｅ forms
ｆｏｒｍｓ ofｏｆ
ａｒｔ，
art, ｔｈｏｓｅ
those ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ
designed ｔｏ
to ｂｅ
be ｓｐｅｃｔａｃｌｅｓ ａｓ well
spectacles as ｗｅｌｌ asａｓobjects
ｏｂｊｅｃｔｓofｏｆcontemplation,
ｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｌａｔｉｏｎ，which
ｗｈｉｃｈ can
ｃａｎ work
ｗｏｒｋ ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｌｙ ｗｅｌｌ
perfectly well
ｉｎinｔｈｅ
the ｆａｃｅ ｏｆ huge
face of ｈｕｇｅ crowds.
ｃｒｏｗｄｓ．
Ｏｌａｆｕｒ
Olafur Ｅｌａｓｓｏｎ＇ｓ
Eliasson's ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ Ｔａｔｅ Modern
current Tate Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ ｓｈｏｗ，
show, ｆｏｒ
for ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ， ｍｉｇｈｔseem
instance, might ｓｅｅｍ nothing
ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ more
ｍｏｒｅ than
ｔｈａｎ anａｎ
ｅｎｔｅｒｔａｉｎｍｅｎｔ，ｏｖｅｒｒｕｎ
entertainment, overrun asａｓit ｉｔ
is ｉｓ ｗｉｔｈ
with kidsｋｉｄｓ ｒｏｍｐｉｎｇ（喧闹地玩耍）ｉｎ
romping ｆｏｇ rooms
( ~ tifil ~ ~ -i- ) in fog ｒｏｏｍｓ ａｎｄ
and ｓｐｒａｙ
spray ｍｉｓｔ
mist
ｉｎｓｔａｌｌａｔｉｏｎｓ． Ｂｕｔ ｉｔ＇ｓ
installations. But ｍｏｒｅ than
it's more ｔｈａｎ that:
ｔｈａｔ：where
ｗｈｅｒｅ Eliasson
Ｅｌｉａｓｓｏｎ ｉｓis atａｔhisｈｉｓmost
ｍｏｓｔ entertaining,
ｅｎｔｅｒｔａｉｎｉｎｇ，ｈｅ ｉｓ atａｔhisｈｉｓmost
he is ｍｏｓｔ serious
ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ
ｔｏｏ，ａｎｄ
too, andｈｉｓhisｄｉｓｏｒｉｅｎｔｉｎｇ
disorientingｉｎｓｔａｌｌａｔｉｏｎｓ ｂｒｉｎｇ home
installations bring ｈｏｍｅ ｔｈｅ
the ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ the
reality of ｔｈｅ destructive
ｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅ effects
ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓweｗｅ are
ａｒｅhaving
ｈａｖｉｎｇ
ｏｎonｔｈｅtheｐｌａｎｅｔ—ｎｏｔ
planet-notｌｅａｓｔ
least ｗｈａｔ
whatｗｅweａｒｅ
areｄｏｉｎｇ
doingｔｏtoｔｈｅ
theｇｌａｃｉｅｒｓ
glaciers ｏｆ
of Ｅｌｉａｓｓｏｎ＇ｓ ｂｅｌｏｖｅｄ Ｉｃｅｌａｎｄ．
Eliasson's beloved Iceland.

６・
6 • 9９
 Ｍａｒｃｅｌ
MarcelＰｒｏｕｓｔ，
Proust, ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ
another ｌｏｖｅｒ ｏｆ the
lover of ｔｈｅ Louvre,
Ｌｏｕｖｒｅ， wrote:
ｗｒｏｔｅ：＂Ｉｔ
" It ｉｓ ｏｎｌｙ through
is only ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ａｒｔ ｔｈａｔweｗｅ can
art that ｃａｎ escape
ｅｓｃａｐｅ
ｆｒｏｍ
fromｏｕｒｓｅｌｖｅｓ
ourselves ａｎｄ
and ｋｎｏｗ
knowｈｏｗ
howａｎｏｔｈｅｒ
anotherｐｅｒｓｏｎ
personｓｅｅｓ
seesｔｈｅ
the ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｅ， ｗｈｏｓｅ ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓ
universe, whose ｗｏｕｌｄ ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ
landscapes would otherwise
ｈａｖｅ
haveｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄ
remainedａｓasｕｎｋｎｏｗｎ
unknownａｓ asａｎｙanyｏｎ onｔｈｅtheｍｏｏｎ．＂Ｉｆ
moon." ａｎｙ ａｒｔ artｒｅｍａｉｎｓ．ｗｏｒｔｈ
If any ｓｅｅｉｎｇ，
remains-worth seeing,ｉｔit ｍｕｓｔ
must ｌｅａｄ
lead ｕｓ ｔｏ
us to
ｓｕｃｈ
suchｅｓｃａｐｅｓ．
escapes.Ｂｕｔ
Butａ aｍｉｎｕｔｅ
minuteｉｎinｆｒｏｎｔ
front ｏｆofａa ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ
painting ｉｎ
in aａ hurried
ｈｕｒｒｉｅｄ crowd
ｃｒｏｗｄ ｗｏｎ＇ｔ
won't ｄｏ
doｔｈａｔ．
that.

４６．Ｗｈａｔ ｄｏｅｓ
46. What ｔｈｅtheｓｃｅｎｅ
does sceneａｔatｔｈｅ
theＬｏｕｖｒｅ
Louvreｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ
demonstrateａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
accordingｔｏ
to ｔｈｅ
the ａｕｔｈｏｒ？
author?
Ａ）
A)Ｔｈｅ
Theｅｎｏｒｍｏｕｓ ａｐｐｅａｌ
enormous ｏｆ ａofｇｒｅａｔ
appeal ｐｉｅｃｅ
a great ｏｆ of
piece ａｒｔｉｓｔｉｃ
artistic ｗｏｒｋ
workｔｏtoｔｏｕｒｉｓｔｓ．
tourists.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｈｅ
Theｎｅａｒ
nearｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ
impossibility ｏｆofａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｉｎｇ
appreciating ａｒｔ ｉｎ an
art in ａｎ age
ａｇｅ of
ｏｆ mass
ｍａｓｓ ｔｏｕｒｉｓｍ．
tourism.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅ
Theｅｖｅｒ－ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ
ever-growingｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌ
commercial ｖａｌｕｅ ｏｆ of
value ｌｏｎｇ－ｃｈｅｒｉｓｈｅｄ
long-cherishedａｒｔｉｓｔｉｃ ｗｏｒｋｓ．
artistic works.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅ
Theｒｅａｌ
realｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｙ ｉｎ getting
difficulty in ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇaａglimpse
ｇｌｉｍｐｓｅ atａｔaａmasterpiece
ｍａｓｔｅｒｐｉｅｃｅamid
ａｍｉｄ aａ crowd.
ｃｒｏｗｄ．

４７．
4 7. Ｗｈｙ
Whyｄｉｄdidｔｈｅ
theｌａｔｅ
late ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｅｒ
philosopher Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ
Richard Ｗｏｌｌｈｅｉｍ
Wollheimｓｐｅｎｄ
spendｆｏｕｒ
fourｈｏｕｒｓ
hoursｂｅｆｏｒｅ
before ａa ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ？
picture?
Ａ）A)ＩｔIt ｔａｋｅｓ
takes ｔｉｍｅ
timeｔｏtoａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｅ
appreciateａaｐｉｅｃｅ
pieceｏｆofａｒｔ
art ｆｕｌｌｙ．
fully.
Ｂ）Ｉｔ
B) Itｉｓis ｑｕｉｔｅ
quite ｃｏｍｍｏｎ
common ｔｏ toｍｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔ
misinterpretａｒｔｉｓｔｉｃ ｗｏｒｋｓ．
artistic works.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅ
Theｌｏｎｇｅｒ
longerｐｅｏｐｌｅ
peopleｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｌａｔｅ
contemplate ａ ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ，
a picture,ｔｈｅ
theｍｏｒｅ
moreｌｉｋｅｌｙ
likelyｔｈｅｙ
theyｗｉｌｌ
will ｅｎｊｏｙ
enjoyｉｔ．
it.
Ｄ）D)Ｔｈｅ
Theｍｏｒｅ
moreｔｉｍｅ ｏｎｅoneｓｐｅｎｄｓ
time ｂｅｆｏｒｅ
spends ａ ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ，
before a painting,ｔｈｅ
theｍｏｒｅ
moreｖａｌｕａｂｌｅ
valuableｏｎｅ
oneｆｉｎｄｓ
findsｉｔ．
it.

４８．
48. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏｅｓ
doesｔｈｅ
theｃａｓｅ
caseｏｆ
ofｔｈｅ
the Ｕｆｆｉｚｉ
Uffizi inｉｎFlorence
Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅshow?
ｓｈｏｗ？
Ａ）
A)Ａｒｔ
Artｗｏｒｋｓ
worksｉｎinｍｕｓｅｕｍｓ
museums ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
shouldｂｅ be
ｂｅｔｔｅｒ
betterｔａｋｅｎ
taken ｃａｒｅ
care ｏｆ．
of.
Ｂ）B)Ｓｉｔｅｓ
Sites ｏｆ
of ｃｕｌｕｒａｌ
cultural ｐｉｌｇｒｉｍａｇｅ
pilgrimage ａｒｅ
are ａｌｗａｙｓ
alwaysｆｌｏｏｄｅｄ
floodedｗｉｔｈ
withｖｉｓｉｔｏｒｓ．
visitors.
Ｃ）C)Ｇｏｏｄ
Goodｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ ｉｓ ｋｅｙ
management ｔｏ to
is key ｈａｎｄｌｉｎｇ ｌａｒｇｅ
handling largeｃｒｏｗｄｓ ｏｆ ofｖｉｓｉｔｏｒｓ．
crowds visitors.
Ｄ）
D)Ｌａｒｇｅ
Largeｃｒｏｗｄｓ
crowdsｏｆofｖｉｓｉｔｏｒｓ ｃａｕｓｅmanagement
visitors cause ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ problems
ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ for
ｆｏｒmuseums.
ｍｕｓｅｕｍｓ．

４９．
49. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏdoｗｅweｌｅａｒｎ
learnｆｒｏｍ
fromＯｌａｆｕｒ
Olafur Ｅｌｉａｓｓｏｎ＇ｓ ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔTate
Eliasson's current ＴａｔｅModern
Ｍｏｄｅｒｎshow?
ｓｈｏｗ？
Ａ）A)Ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ
Childrenｌｅａｒｎ
learnｔｏtoａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｅ
appreciate ａｒｔ ｗｏｒｋｓ ｍｏｓｔ
art works mostｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ
effectively ｗｈｉｌｅ
while ｔｈｅｙ
they ａｒｅ
are ｐｌａｙｉｎｇ．
playing.
Ｂ）Ｉｔ
B) Itｉｓisｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ
possible ｔｏ
to ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅ
combineｅｎｔｅｒｔａｉｎｍｅｎｔ
entertainmentｗｉｔｈ
withａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｉｏｎ
appreciationｏｆofｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ
serious ａｒｔ．
art.
Ｃ）C)Ａｒｔ
Artｗｏｒｋｓ
worksａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｔｈｅthe ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ
environmentａｐｐｅａｌ
appeal ｍｏｓｔ
mostｔｏ
to ｙｏｕｎｇ
youngｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ．
children.
Ｄ）D)Ｓｏｍｅ
Someｆｏｒｍｓ
formsｏｆofａｒｔ
art ｃａｎ
can ａｃｃｏｍｍｏｄａｔｅ
accommodateｈｕｇｅ
hugeｃｒｏｗｄｓ
crowdsｏｆ of
ｖｉｓｉｔｏｒｓ．
visitors.

５０．
50. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｃａｎ
canａｒｔ
art ｄｏ
do ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
according ｔｏ Ｍａｒｃｅｌ Ｐｒｏｕｓｔ？
to Marcel Proust?
Ａ）A)Ｅｎａｂｌｅ
Enableｕｓusｔｏtoｌｉｖｅ
liveａaｍｕｃｈ
much ｆｕｌｌｅｒ
fullerｌｉｆｅ．
life.
Ｂ）B)Ａｌｌｏｗ
Allowｕｓusｔｏtoｅｓｃａｐｅ
escapeｔｈｅ
theｈａｒｓｈ
harshｒｅａｌｉｔｙ．
reality.
Ｃ）C)Ｈｅｌｐ
Helpｕｓusｔｏtoｓｅｅ
seeｔｈｅ
theｗｏｒｌｄ
worldｆｒｏｍ
fromａ aｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ
different ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ．
perspective.
Ｄ）D)Ｕｒｇｅ
Urgeｕｓusｔｏto ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅ
explore ｔｈｅ ｕｎｋｎｏｗｎ ｄｏｍａｉｎ
the unknown domainｏｆofｔｈｅtheｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｅ．
universe.

Ｐａｓｓａｇｅ Ｔｗｏ
Passage Two
Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ
Questions５１51ｔｏto ５５
55 ａｒｅ
are ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
onｔｈｅ
the ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ．
following passage.

Ｅｖｅｒｙ
Everyｆｉｖｅ
fiveｙｅａｒｓ，
years, ｔｈｅ
the ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ
governmentｔｒｉｅｓ
tries ｔｏ
to ｔｅｌｌ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ ｗｈａｔ
tell Americans whatｔｏtoｐｕｔ
putｉｎinｔｈｅｉｒ
their ｂｅｌｌｉｅｓ． Ｅａｔmore
bellies. Eat ｍｏｒｅ
ｖｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅｓ．
vegetables. Ｄｉａｌ
Dialｂａｃｋ
backｔｈｅ
theｆａｔｓ．Ｉｔｓ
fats. It's ａｌｌ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎonｔｈｅthe ｂｅｓｔ
all based best ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ for
available science ｆｏｒ leading
ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ aａ healthy
ｈｅａｌｔｈｙ life.
ｌｉｆｅ．Ｂｕｔ
But

６．１０
6 · 10
ｔｈｅ
the ｂｅｓｔ
best ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ also
available science ａｌｓｏ has
ｈａｓ aａ lot
ｌｏｔtoｔｏsayｓａｙabout
ａｂｏｕｔwhat
ｗｈａｔ those
ｔｈｏｓｅ food
ｆｏｏｄ choices
ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ do
ｄｏ to
ｔｏ the
ｔｈｅ environment,
ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，
ａｎｄ
and ｓｏｍｅ
someｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ
researchers are ａｒｅ annoyed
ａｎｎｏｙｅｄ ｔｈａｔ that new ｎｅｗ ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ of
dietary recommendations ｏｆ the
ｔｈｅUSDA
ＵＳＤＡ （Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ
(United Ｓｔａｔｅｓ
States
Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ
Departmentｏｆ of Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ）
Agriculture)ｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ
releasedｙｅｓｔｅｒｄａｙ
yesterdayｓｅｅｍ seem ｔｏ toｕｔｔｅｒｌｙ
utterlyｉｇｎｏｒｅ
ignoreｔｈａｔthatｆａｃｔ．
fact.
Ｂｒｏａｄｌｙ，
Broadly, ｔｈｅ ２０１６－２０２０
the 2016 - 2020ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ
dietaryｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ
recommendationsａｉｍ aimｆｏｒforｂａｌａｎｃｅ：
balance: Ｍｏｒｅ
Moreｖｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅｓ，
vegetables, ｌｅａｎｅｒ
leaner
ｍｅａｔｓ ａｎｄ ｆａｒ ｌｅｓｓ ｓｕｇａｒ．
meats and far less sugar.
Ｂｕｔ
ButＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ
Americansｃｏｎｓｕｍｅ
consume ｍｏｒｅmore
ｃａｌｏｒｉｅｓ
calories ｐｅｒperｃａｐｉｔａ
capitaｔｈａｎthanａｌｍｏｓｔ
almostａｎｙ anyｏｔｈｅｒ
otherｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ
countryｉｎ in ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ． So
the world. Ｓｏ
ｔｈｅ
the ｔｈｉｎｇｓ
things Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ
Americansｅａｔ eatｈａｖｅ
haveａ aｈｕｇｅ
hugeｉｍｐａｃｔimpactｏｎ on ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ
climateｃｈａｎｇｅ．
change. ＳｏｉｌSoilｔｉｌｌｉｎｇ
tilling ｒｅｌｅａｓｅｓ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｄｉｏｘｉｄｅ，
releases carbon dioxide,
ａｎｄ
andｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ
delivery ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｓ
vehicles emitｅｍｉｔ exhaust.
ｅｘｈａｕｓｔ． The Ｔｈｅ government's
ｇｏｖｅｍｍｅｎｔ＇ｓ ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ dietary ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ
guidelines couldｃｏｕｌｄ have
ｈａｖｅ ｄｏｎｅ
done ａa ｌｏｔ
lot ｔｏ
to
ｌｏｗｅｒ
lowerｔｈａｔ
thatｃｌｉｍａｔｅ
climateｃｏｓｔ．Ｎｏｔｊｕｓｔ
cost. Not justｂｅｃａｕｓｅ
because ｏｆ of
ｔｈｅｉｒ
theirｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ
positionｏｆofａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ：
authority: ＴｈｅTheｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ
guidelinesｄｒｉｖｅ
driveｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ
billions of
ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ
dollars ｏｆof ｆｏｏｄ
food ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
production ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｆｅｄｅｒａｌ
federal ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ
programsｌｉｋｅ likeｓｃｈｏｏｌ
schoolｌｕｎｃｈｅｓ
lunchesａｎｄ andｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ
nutrition ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｆｏｒ
assistance for
ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄｙ．
the needy.
Ｏｎ ｉｔｓ ｏｗｎ， ｐｌａｎｔ ａｎｄ ａｎｉｍａｌ ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｓ ９ ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ＇ｓ ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅ ｇａｓ
On its own, plant and animal agriculture contributes 9 percent of all the country's greenhouse gas
ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ． Ｔｈａｔ＇ｓ ｎｏｔ ｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｆｕｅｌ ｂｕｒｎｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ， ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ， ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｉｏｎ， ａｎｄ ｏｔｈｅｒ
emissions. That's not counting the fuel burned in transportation, processing, refrigeration, and other
ｗａｙｐｏｉｎｔｓ
waypointsｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ
betweenｆａｒｍ farmａｎｄandｂｅｌｌｙ．
belly.ＲｅｄRedｍｅａｔｓ
meatsａｒｅ areａｍｏｎｇ
among ｔｈｅtheｂｉｇｇｅｓｔ
biggestａｎｄ andｍｏｓｔ
mostｎｏｔｏｒｉｏｕｓ
notoriousｅｍｉｔｔｅｒｓ， ｂｕｔ
emitters, but
ｔｒｕｃｋｉｎｇ
trucking ａa ｓａｌａｄ
salad ｆｒｏｍ
from Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｉａ
California ｔｏto Ｍｉｎｎｅｓｏｔａ
MinnesotaｉｎinＪａｎｕａｒｙ Januaryａｌｓｏ alsoｃａｒｒｉｅｓ
carries ａa ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｂｕｒｄｅｎ．And
significant burden. Ａｎｄ
ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅ ｇａｓ ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ ａｒｅｎ＇ｔ ｔｈｅ ｗｈｏｌｅ ｓｔｏｒｙ． Ｆｏｏｄ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ ｕｓｅｒ ｏｆ ｆｒｅｓｈ ｗａｔｅｒ，
greenhouse gas emissions aren't the whole story. Food production is the largest user of fresh water,
ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ
largest ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒ
contributor ｔｏ ｔｈｅ loss
to the ｌｏｓｓ ofｏｆ biodiversity,
ｂｉｏｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ａｎｄ and aａ major
ｍａｊｏｒ ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒ
contributor ｔｏ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｕｐ
to using up ｎａｔｕｒａｌ
natural ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ．
resources.
Ａｌｌ
All ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅｓｅ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ and
these points ａｎｄ more
ｍｏｒｅ ｓｈｏｗｅｄ
showed ｕｐupｉｎinｔｈｅ theＤｉｅｔａｒｙ
Dietary Ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ
Guidelines Ａｄｖｉｓｏｒｙ
Advisory Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ＇ｓ
Committee's
ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ ｒｅｐｏｒｔ，released
scientific report, ｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄlastｌａｓｔFebruary.
Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ． ＭｉｒｉａｍNelson
Miriam Ｎｅｌｓｏｎchaired
ｃｈａｉｒｅｄtheｔｈｅsubcommittee
ｓｕｂｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ inｉｎ charge
ｃｈａｒｇｅ ofｏｆ
ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ
sustainability forｆｏｒ the
ｔｈｅ report,
ｒｅｐｏｒｔ，and ａｎｄ isｉｓdisappointed
ｄｉｓａｐｐｏｉｎｔｅｄ that ｔｈａｔeating
ｅａｔｉｎｇlessｌｅｓｓmeat
ｍｅａｔandａｎｄ buying
ｂｕｙｉｎｇ ｌｏｃａｌ
local ｆｏｏｄ
food ａｒｅｎ＇ｔ
aren't ｉｎ
in
ｔｈｅ ｆｉｎａｌ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ．＂Ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｉｆ ｙｏｕ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒ ｔｈａｔ ｅａｔｉｎｇ ｌｅｓｓ ｍｅａｔ， ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｒｅｄ ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｄ， ｈａｓ
the final product. "Especially if you consider that eating less meat, especially red and processed, has
ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ，＂ ｓｈｅ ｓａｙｓ．
health benefits," she says.
ＳｏSoｗｈａｔ
whatｈａｐｐｅｎｅｄ？
happened? Ｔｈｅ The
ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ
official responseｉｓ ｔｈａｔ ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ
is that sustainabilityｆａｌｌｓfallsｔｏｏ
tooｆａｒ
far ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅ
outside ｔｈｅ
the ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ＇
guidelines'
ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ ｓｃｏｐｅ， which
official scope, ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓis toｔｏ provide
ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ＂ｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎａｌ
"nutritional and ａｎｄ ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ．＂
dietary information."
Ｐｏｓｓｂｌｙ
Possiblyｔｈｅtheａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ
agenciesｉｎ inｃｈａｒｇｅ
chargeｏｆ of ｄｒａｆｔｉｎｇ
draftingｔｈｅ theｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ
decisionsａｒｅ areｔｏｏ
tooｃｌｏｓｅ
closeｔｏto ｔｈｅ
the ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ
industries they are
ｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅ． Ｏｎ ｏｎｅ ｈａｎｄ， ｔｈｅ ＵＳＤＡ ｉｓ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｉｎｇ ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ ａｄｖｉｃｅ．Ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｔｈｅｒ， ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ
supposed to regulate. On one hand, the USDA is compiling dietary advice. On the other, their clients
ａｒｅ ＵＳ ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ．
are US agriculture companies.
Ｔｈｅ
Theｌｉｎｅ
line ａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ
keepingｔｈｅ theｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ＇ｓｃｏｐｅ
guidelines' scopeｔｏ toｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎnutritionａｎｄ andｄｉｅｔdietｄｏｅｓｎ＇ｔ
doesn't ｒｉｎｇ
ring ｑｕｉｔｅ
quite ｒｉｇｈｔ ｗｉｔｈ
right with
ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ．
researchers. DavidＤａｖｉｄ Wallinga,
Ｗａｌｌｉｎｇａ， for ｆｏｒ example,
ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｓａｙｓ，＂Ｉｎ
says, " Inｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓpreviousｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ，
guidelines, ｔｈｅｙ＇ｖｅ ａｌｗａｙｓ been
they've always ｂｅｅｎ
ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｉｎｇｓ ｌｉｋｅ ｆｏｄ ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ—ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓ ｐｒｅｓｕｍａｂｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ＵＳＤＡ．Ｙｏｕ
concerned with things like food security-which is presumably the mission of the USDA. You
ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｌｙ
absolutely ｎｅｅｄneedｔｏto ｂｅbeｗｏｒｒｉｅｄ
worriedａｂｏｕｔ
aboutｃｌｉｍａｔｅ
climateｉｍｐａｃｔｓ
impactsａｎｄ andｆｕｔｕｒｅ
futureｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ
sustainability ifｉｆyou ｙｏｕ want
ｗａｎｔ secure
ｓｅｃｕｒｅ food
ｆｏｏｄ
ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ．＂
in the future."

５１．
51. Ｗｈｙ
Whyａｒｅ
areｓｏｍｅ
someｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ
researchers ｉｒｉｔａｔｅｄ
irritated atａｔthe
ｔｈｅUSDA's
ＵＳＤＡ＇ｓ 2016-2020
２０１６－２０２０ Ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ
Dietary Ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ？
Guidelines?
Ａ）A)ＩｔIt ｉｇｎｏｒｅｓ
ignores ｔｈｅ
the ｈａｒｍｆｕｌ
harmful ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ red
effect of ｒｅｄ meat
ｍｅａｔ and
ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｄ
processed ｆｏｏｄ
food ｏｎ
on ｈｅａｌｔｈ．
health.
Ｂ）B)Ｔｏｏ
Tooｍｕｃｈ ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓ
much ｉｓ isｇｉｖｅｎ
emphasis givenｔｏtoｅａｔｉｎｇ
eatingｌｅｓｓ
less ｍｅａｔ
meat ａｎｄ
and ｂｕｙｉｎｇ
buyingｌｏｃａｌ
local ｆｏｏｄ．
food.
Ｃ）C)Ｔｈｅ
Theｄｉｅｔａｒｙ
dietary ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ
recommendationsａｒｅ
areｎｏｔ
not ｂａｓｅｄ
based ｏｎ
onｍｅｄｉｃａｌ
medicalｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ．
science.
Ｄ）D)ＩｔIt ｔａｋｅｓ
takes ｎｏ
no ｎｏｔｉｃｅ
notice ｏｆ
of ｔｈｅ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌimpact
the potential ｉｍｐａｃｔ on
ｏｎ the
ｔｈｅ environment.
ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．

６．１１
6 • 11
 ５２．Ｗｈｙ ｄｏｅｓ
52. Why ｔｈｅtheａｕｔｈｏｒ
does authorｓａｙ
sayｔｈｅ
theＵＳＤＡ
USDAｃｏｕｌｄ ｈａｖｅhave
could ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ ａ ｌｏｔ
contributed a lotｔｏtoｌｏｗｅｒｉｎｇ
loweringｔｈｅ
the ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ
climate ｃｏｓｔ
cost
ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
throughｉｔｓ
its ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ？
dietary guidelines?
Ａ）Ｉｔ
A) Itｈａｓhasｔｈｅ
theｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ
capacity ａｎｄ
andｔｈｅ
theｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ
financial ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ ｔｏ do
resources to ｄｏ ｓｏ．
so.
Ｂ）B)Ｉｔｓ
Its ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ ｈａｖｅ ａｌｒｅａｄｙ
researchers have already ｓｕｂｍｉｔｔｅｄ
submitted ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
relevant ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌｓ．
proposals.
Ｃ）C)Ｉｔｓ
Its ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ
agencies ｉｎin ｃｈａｒｇｅ
chargeｏｆofｄｒａｆｔｉｎｇ
drafting ｔｈｅ
the ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ
guidelines ｈａｖｅ
have ｔｈｅ
the ｅｘｐｅｒｔｉｓｅ．
expertise.
Ｄ）D)ＩｔIt ｃａｎ
can ｒａｉｓｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ＇ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ
raise students' environmental ａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ
awareness ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
through ｉｔｓ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ．
its programs.

５３．53. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｄｏdoｗｅwe
ｌｅａｒｎ
learnｆｒｏｍ
fromｔｈｅ
theＤｉｅｔａｒｙ
DietaryＧｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ
Guidelines Ａｄｖｉｓｏｒｙ
AdvisoryＣｏｍｍｉｔｔｅ＇ｓ ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ
Committee's scientific ｒｅｐｏｒｔ？
report?
Ａ）A)Ｆｏｏｄ
Foodｉｓisｅａｓｉｌｙ
easily ｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄ
contaminated ｆｒｏｍ
fromｆａｒｍ
farmｔｏto ｂｅｌｌｙ．
belly.
Ｂ）B)Ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅ
Greenhouseｅｆｆｅｃｔ
effectｉｓisａｎanｉｓｓｕｅ
issueｓｔｉｌｌ ｕｎｄｅｒ debate.
still under ｄｅｂａｔｅ．
Ｃ）C)Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ
Modem ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ
agricultureｈａｓ
hasｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ
increasedｆｏｏｄfoodｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ．
diversity.
Ｄ）D)Ｆａｒｍｉｎｇ
Farmingｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｓ
consumesｍｏｓｔ
mostｏｆ ofｏｕｒourｎａｔｕｒａｌ
naturalｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ．
resources.

５４．54.Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｍａｙmay
ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ ｆｏｒforｔｈｅtheｎｅｇｌｅｃｔ
account neglectｏｆofｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ
sustainability inｉｎthe
ｔｈｅUSDA's
ＵＳＤＡ＇ｓ Ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ Ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ according
Dietary Guidelines ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ toｔｏ
ｔｈｅthe ａｕｔｈｏｒ？
author?
Ａ）A)Ｉｔｓ
Its ｅｘｃｌｕｓｉｖｅ
exclusive ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ
concern ｗｉｔｈ
with Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ＇＇ｆｏｏｄ
Americans' foodｓａｆｅｔｙ．
safety.
Ｂ）B)Ｉｔｓ
Its ｓｏｌｅ
sole ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｆｏｒ providing
responsibility for ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ ａｄｖｉｃｅ．
dietary advice.
Ｃ）C)Ｉｔｓ
Its ｃｌｏｓｅ
close ｔｉｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ the
ties with ｔｈｅ agriculture
ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅcompanies.
ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ．
Ｄ）D)Ｉｔｓ
Its ａｌｌｅｇｅｄ
allegedｆａｉｌｕｒｅ
failure ｔｏ
to ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅ
regulate ｔｈｅ
the ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ．
industries.

５５．
55. Ｗｈａｔ
Whatｓｈｏｕｌｄ
shouldｔｈｅ
the ＵＳＤＡ
USDA ｄｏ doｔｏ toａｃｈｉｅｖｅ
achieveｆｏｏｄ
foodｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ
security ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ
according ｔｏ Ｄａｖｉｄ Wallinga?
to David Ｗａｌｌｉｎｇａ？
Ａ）A)Ｇｉｖｅ
Giveｔｏｐtopｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙ
priorityｔｏtoｔｈｉｎｇｓ
thingsｌｉｋｅ
like ｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｆｏｏｄ
nutrition and food ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ．
security.
Ｂ）B)Ｅｎｄｅａｖｏｒ
Endeavorｔｏtoｅｎｓｕｒｅ
ensureｔｈｅ
theｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅ
sustainable ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ
developmentｏｆofａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．
agriculture.
Ｃ）C)Ｆｕｌｉｌｌ
Fulfillｉｔｓ
its ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ
mission ｂｙ
by ｃｌｏｓｅｌｙ
closely ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ
cooperatingｗｉｔｈ
withｔｈｅ
theｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ．
industries.
Ｄ）D)Ｓｔｕｄｙ
Studyｔｈｅtheｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍ
long-termｉｍｐａｃｔ
impact ｏｆof ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｏｎ
climate change on ｆｏｏｄ
food ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ．
production.

Ｐａｒｔ ＩＶ
Part IV Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ
Translation （３０
(30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
minutes)
Ｄｉｒｅｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｆｏｒ ｔｈｉｓthi,sｐａｒｔ，ｙｏｕ
Directions: For ａｒｅareａｌｌｏｗｅｄ
part, you ３０ 30ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ
allowed ｔｏ toｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅａ
minutes translate aｐａｓｓａｇｅ
passageｆｒｏｍ
fromＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ
Chineseｉｎｔｏ
into Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ．
Engli.sh.
Ｙｏｕ
You ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｗｒｉｔｅyour
should write ｙｏｕｒanswer
ａｎｓｗｅｒonｏｎAnswer
Ａｎｓｗｅｒ Sheet
Ｓｈｅｅｔ 2.２．
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的美景。

Ｐａｒｔ
Part IＩ Ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ
Writing (30 ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）
（３０ minutes)
*� *
c-iw ,=- IE j\ E ¥,J\Jt-t r,1g 3t � $ :$t , z ,rg �4 itt fr n1r :n �m)
（请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试）
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Directions:Ｆｏｒ
Forｔｈｉｓ
th�s ｐａｒｔ，ｙｏｕ
part, youａｒｅ
areａｌｌｏｗｅｄ
allowed３０
30ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ
minutes ｔｏ
to ｗｒｉｔｅ ａｎ essay
write an ｅｓｓａｙonｏｎwhy
ｗｈｙ students
ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓshould
ｓｈｏｕｌｄ beｂｅ
ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ
encouragedｔｏtoｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ
developｃｒｅａｔｉｖｉｔｙ．Ｙｏｕ
creativity. Youｓｈｏｕｌｌ
should ｗｒｉｔｅ
write ａｔ
al ｌｅａｓｔ １５０ words
least 150 ｗｏｒｄｓ but
ｂｕｔ noｎｏ more
ｍｏｒｅ
ｔｈａｎ． ２００ ｗｏｒｄｓ．
than 200 words.

６・１２
6 • 12