ZEMedS School Technical and Financial To

ZEMedS School Technical & Financial Toolkit
nZEB* renovation for Mediterranean schools
*nearly Zero Energy Buildings

Introduction
This Toolkit has been developed by the joint collaboration of the ZEMedS Project
Consortium. It is aimed at providing regional public institutions, decision-makers,
building designers, contractors and other professionals of the Mediterranean Area
with valuable information on appropriate techniques and financial resources and
mechanisms to implement nZEB renovation initiatives in schools (primary and
secondary education).
The Toolkit incorporates detailed information on the benefits, technical strategies,

available technologies, regional perspectives, public and private funding
mechanisms and best practice studies on nZEB renovation of schools.
Renovation with the ZEMedS’ strategy include high energy and indoor
environment goals.
The ZEMedS Toolkit has been developed as product of the collaboration of the
project partners and it is intended solely to provide general guidance on matters
of interest for public institutions and professionals of the MED area. The content
of this toolkit does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
Responsibility for the information and views contained herein lies entirely with the
authors.
This Toolkit has been created as an interactive PDF, which will allow the user to
easily navigate around the document and its external information sources, by
using embedded links.
Objectives
- Raise awareness about the benefits of nZEB (as an holistic
approach) for existing schools
- Help building designers and decision makers to pave the way to
renovated schools consuming net zero energy as a final goal, with
key intermediate steps
- Provide guidance in assessing the deep renovation process, even if
it is implemented in different stages
- Highlight key steps and strategies in the refurbishment process
towards nZEB
- Provide decision makers with tools to assess the opportunities of
implementing nZEB renovation measures
- Allow decision makers to take informed decisions on nZEB
renovation
- Give guidance in the global cost approach and inform about the
current costs for nZEB related measures
- Act as an assistant in the selection of existing funding mechanisms
and channels and explore innovative supporting policies to help
policy makers set up new ones
- Promote a paradigm shift in the building sector by enforcing the
involvement of public administration.
ZEMedS in a nutshell: Energy
Reduce the energy demand-Source the remaining energy

requirement from RES KEY STRATEGIES
(a) Annual energy balance of non-renewable energy UFaçade : 0.20- 0.40 W/m2K
URoofs: 0.15 - 0.30 W/m2K
sources is at maximum zero:
UWindows: 1.40 -1.80 W/m2K
CPE – ProdRES ≤
CPE: Primary energy consumption yearly for following uses: External solar protection is
heating, cooling, ventilation, DHW and lighting. In needed
accordance with national primary energy factors
ProdRES: Renewable energy supply Limited air leakage
Key points to succeed in

nZEB:
(b) Final energy consumption (all uses except DHW, - Integrated design
Cooking, ICT and appliances): - Commitment from all users
CFE ≤ 25 kWh/mreference area².year - Energy management
Heating/Cooling and Ventilation: CHVAC ≤ kWh/m².year - Monitoring
Lighting: Clighting ≤ kWh/m².year
Important note! This TOOLkit deals with many strategies that cover all energy uses, with the final target
of reaching net-zero energy balance. However, in line with EPBD recast (2010), energy requirements have
been set up for most energy consuming uses currently (HVAC, DHW and lighting).
ZEMedS in a nutshell: IEQ
Ensure good indoor air quality & KEY STRATEGIES

appropriate visual & acoustical
comfort Ventilation rate: 5 -13 (l/s per
person)
The indoor air should have Average value: 8 l/s per person
concentrations of
Ventilation strategy may vary upon
the site and local climate, from a
CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm controlled natural ventilation
(probably assisted by a fan to ensure
In addition the suggested the minimum rates all over the school
concentrations for Volatile organic year) to a fully mechanical ventilation
compounds, VOCs< 0.05 ppm & with heat recovery, considering
Particulate matter, PM10< 50 µg/m3 intermediate solutions too.
(average in 24 hours)
The use of non-toxic materials and
properly choice of ventilation filters
will help improving air quality
ZEMedS in a nutshell: Thermal Comfort
Adequate thermal environment should be guaranteed
Minimum Operative Temperature in Winter season: 19-21ºC
Overheating should be limited to 40 hours in which internal

Temperature is above 28ºC annually
T air above 28 °C ≤ hours/year
Maximum Operative Temperature in Summer season: 25-27ºC

(only in the case where passive cooling techniques appear insufficient
and a cooling system is finally adopted)
Sections
Goal & Benefits
Technical Strategies
Operating Strategies
Solutions
Costs
Funding
1 Goal & Benefits
Motivation
Goal & Benefits
Climate change is the leading challenge we face today and the
building environment is in the front line of the battle to minimize
Technical carbon emissions
Strategies
Schools represent an important part of the public building stock. In

Operating Mediterranean regions of Italy, Greece, Spain and France, there
Strategies
are around 87.000 schools
Solutions In the field of energy savings in buildings, the interest towards the
school sector is deeply motivated: schools have standardized
energy demands, and high levels of environmental comfort should
Costs be guaranteed
School buildings are one of the building sectors that should be

Funding given precedence, as they affect the life of most people
ZEMedS
Motivation nZEB Definition Benefits
approach
nZEB definition in ZEMedS
Goal & Benefits
Currently (August 2014), there is no official definition regarding nZEB that
nZEB
applies to existing buildings. definition in
ZEMedS
Technical
Strategies In the framework of this TOOLKIT (ZEMedS project), the nZEB definition
Key criteria
has been defined as a FINAL ENERGY GOAL. This goal is very ambitious. for nZEB in
The authors do believe that ambitious targets need to be set up, particularly Med schools
Operating when it concerns the young population.

Strategies
nZEB schools:
A nearly Zero Energy school has been defined as the one in which annual requirements
energy balance of non-renewable energy sources is zero for: heating,

Solutions
cooling, ventilation, lighting and DHW. Methodology
requirements
Additionally, the maximum final energy consumption allowed, without

Costs considering cooking, DHW, ICT and appliances is 25 kWh/m2/year.
Special cases
Finally, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) needs to be guaranteed, at

Funding least in regards to air quality and overheating.
Remarks
ZEMedS
approach
nZEB definition in ZEMedS
Goal & Benefits
nZEB
definition in
ZEMedS
Technical Primary Energy from
Strategies non-renewable energy Final energy Indoor Environmental Key criteria
sources covered by consumption (HVAC Overheating limited to Quality (IEQ) is for nZEB in
renewable energy and lighting) guaranteed Med schools
(EPBD uses)
Operating
Strategies
nZEB schools:
requirements
0
Solutions
kWh/m².year CFE ≤ 40 hours over CO2 ≤ Methodology
(annual kWh/m².year 28ºC annually ppm requirements
balance)
Costs
Special cases
Funding
Remarks
ZEMedS
approach
Key criteria for nZEB in MED schools
Goal & Benefits
Very low
heating nZEB
definition in
demand ZEMedS
Technical
Strategies
Local Avoid Key criteria
for nZEB in
architecture overheating Med schools
Operating
Strategies
nZEB schools:
requirements
Solutions
nZEB
Users/Educa
tion for
School Renewable
energy
Methodology
requirements
future
supply
Costs generation
Special cases
Funding
Remarks
Raise Guarantee
awareness of IEQ
ZEMedS
approach
nZEB schools: requirements
Goal & Benefits
nZEB
definition in
ZEMedS
Technical
Strategies Requirement 3
Key criteria
A nearly Zero for nZEB in
Requirement 2 Energy school Med schools
Operating ensures a healthy

Strategies A nearly Zero environment and
Requirement 1 Energy school has a comfort for building
nZEB schools:
requirements
maximum allowable occupants
Solutions
A nearly Zero final energy
Energy school is consumption of 25 Methodology
one in which annual kWh/m2/y requirements
energy balance of
Costs non-renewable
energy sources is at Special cases
maximum zero
(EPBD uses)
Funding
Remarks
ZEMedS
approach
Goal & Benefits
Requirement 1 nZEB
definition in
ZEMedS
Technical
Strategies
A nearly Zero Energy school is the one which annual energy balance on
non-renewable energy sources is maximum zero Key criteria
for nZEB in
Med schools
Operating
Strategies
CPE – ProdRES ≤
nZEB schools:
requirements
CPE: Primary energy consumption yearly for uses: heating, cooling,
Solutions ventilation, DHW and lighting. Conversion coefficients are national ones.
Methodology
requirements
ProdRES: Local renewable energy production yearly in primary energy
Costs
If local renewable energy is not feasible (it is required to demonstrate it Special cases
with a feasibility study) these options are possible (in order of priority):
Funding - Neighborhood/town RES installation
- 100 % green electricity from the grid (to be demonstrated with Remarks
the energy contract)
ZEMedS
approach
Goal & Benefits
Requirement 2 nZEB
definition in
ZEMedS
Technical
Strategies
A nearly Zero Energy school has a maximum allowable final energy
consumption of 25 kWh/m2.y Key criteria
for nZEB in
Med schools
Operating
Strategies
CFE ≤ 25 kWh/m².year
nZEB schools:
requirements
CFE: Final energy consumption for uses heating, cooling, ventilation and
Solutions lighting.
Methodology
requirements
Reference surface area: surface area used in the regulation in the

Costs national regulatory thermal calculation
Special cases
Indicative maximum values are defined for final energy consumption for
certain uses:
Funding
Heating, cooling and ventilation CHVAC ≤ 20 kWh/ ². ea Remarks
Lighting Clighting ≤ 5 kWh/m².year
ZEMedS
approach
Goal & Benefits
Requirement 3 nZEB
definition in
Technical
A nearly Zero Energy school ensures a healthy environment and ZEMedS
Strategies comfort for building occupants Key criteria

for nZEB in
Med schools
Operating
Indoor Air Quality is guaranteed:
Strategies CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm
nZEB schools:
requirements
Summer comfort:
Solutions
Maximum overheating time: T above 28 °C ≤ 40 hours/year during Methodology
occupancy requirements
Costs
Decision/policy makers & designers are highly encouraged to fix other Special cases
requirements regarding indoor air quality (e.g. formaldehyde HCHO,
particle matter PM), noise, natural light, cold surface effect, etc.)
Funding
Remarks
ZEMedS
approach
Goal & Benefits
nZEB
definition in
Renewable energy balance (RES-fossil fuels)

ZEMedS
Technical
Strategies
Key criteria
for nZEB in
Net-zero line Med schools
(for considered
Operating uses)
Strategies
nZEB schools:
requirements
25 kWh/m2/y
Solutions
Methodology
requirements
nZEB energy
Costs
balance range
Special cases
Funding
Remarks
Final energy consumption
ZEMedS
approach
Methodology requirements
Goal & Benefits
Performing a d a i thermal si ulatio nZEB
definition in
- To validate the predicted final energy consumption (indicating the ZEMedS
Technical consumption per use)
Strategies - To validate the summer comfort goal Key criteria
for nZEB in
- To help decision makers to optimize the project (best compromise between Med schools
insulation, summer comfort and natural light)
Operating
Strategies
nZEB schools:
Making a calculation of other energy consumption requirements
- To estimate the DHW consumption

Solutions
- To estimate the cooking/kitchen consumption Methodology
- To estimate the specific electricity consumption depending on the requirements
appliances
Costs
- To identify the most energy-consuming equipment
Special cases
Performing a Renewable Energy Sources study

Funding
- To evaluate the local energy potential Remarks
- To determine the techno-economic feasibility
- To consider, when needed, nearby or grid RES
ZEMedS
approach
Methodology requirements
Goal & Benefits
Measuring the uildi g’s air tightness nZEB
- Before works, to identify the existing weaknesses definition in
ZEMedS
Technical - After works, to validate the implementation according to project
Strategies
specific requirements and apply corrective measures Key criteria
for nZEB in
Med schools
Operating
Strategies
Monitoring the building nZEB schools:
requirements
- To measure the real consumption per use
Solutions - To measure the indoor conditions to assess comfort and health
requirements Methodology
requirements
- To adopt corrective measures or new actions to improve building use
Costs - To support the communication plan that involves the users
Special cases
Funding
Remarks
ZEMedS
approach
Special cases
Goal & Benefits
nZEB
My school has special facilities (gymnasium, laboratory, ...) definition in
ZEMedS
Technical A global approach is best to minimize energy consumption but, in very
Strategies
special cases, some facilities may not be taken into account in the Key criteria
for nZEB in
ZEMedS goals Med schools
Operating
Strategies
It is not possible to install photovoltaic panels nZEB schools:
requirements
Achieve ZEMedS goal is still possible, for example by producing heat
Solutions and/or DHW from a renewable energy (i.e. geothermal, biomass) and
subscribing a "100% green electricity" contract from your electricity Methodology
requirements
supplier
Costs
Solar thermal collectors may not be installed as a rule Special cases
Because of heritage protection regulations.

Funding Because energy demand and strategies adopted may not justify it
Remarks
ZEMedS
approach
Remarks
Goal & Benefits
- )EB’s goal needs to be supported by a global approach, including dynamic
nZEB
simulations. Current regulative procedures in Italy, France, Spain and Greece definition in
Technical
do not allow achieving the goals of ZEMedS’s approach ZEMedS
Strategies
- )EB’s goal is more difficult to achieve in renovation than in new buildings Key criteria
for nZEB in
- )EB’s goal is a long-term oriented approach. Some measures may not be cost Med schools
Operating effective if they are considered separately

Strategies
- Why an absolute value? Because we will call nZEB the same energy result. If nZEB schools:
requirements
the energy goal was a relative criteria (i.e. -70% of heating demand), indeed
Solutions the energy consumption can vary from each building because of different
starting points Methodology
requirements
- In some cases, nZEB will be simply not possible

Costs
- Beyond works, it is necessary to organize the maintenance/use of the school Special cases
to maintain the level of performance. nZEB is not just for one year
Funding - Documentation and instructions should be provided to users. nZEB is very

sensitive to behavior Remarks
ZEMedS
approach
Legislative and regulatory compliance
Goal & Benefits Legislative and
regulatory
compliance
European Legal framework

Technical Energetic and
Strategies Environmental
benefits
Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies
French Health and

Safety benefits
Solutions National
framework
Spanish Italian Social benefits
Costs National Catalan National

framework Regional framework
framework
Greek Educational
benefits
National
Funding framework
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
European Legal Framework
regulatory
Three directives drive public effort on the renovation and energy efficiency of buildings: compliance

- Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD): The EPBD sets out several Environmental
Strategies
benefits
requirements, including the need for public buildings to be nearly zero-energy by 2019
and all new buildings by 2021. The EPBD also requires Member States to set a Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies minimum energy performance requirements fir new buildings and buildings undergoing
renovation with a view of achieving cost optimal levels
Health and
Solutions - Energy Efficiency Directive (EED): The EED contains a number of mandatory Safety benefits
measures designed to deliver energy savings across all sectors and prescribes
Member States to establish a long-term strategy for mobilising investment in the Social benefits
Costs renovation of residential and commercial buildings

- Renewable Energy Directive (RED): The RED is a piece of legislation driving the
Educational
benefits
deployment of renewable energy solutions in buildings and their integration in local
Funding
energy infrastructures
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
European Legal Framework
regulatory
The closest definition to an nZEB building available at EU level is mentioned in the compliance
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), Article 2, as a building that has a

Technical
“very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required
Energetic and
benefits
should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources,
including energy from renewable sources produced on site or nearby” Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies
The same Directive states that “Member States shall ensure by 31 December 2020 all
Health and
new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December 2018 new Safety benefits
Solutions
buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zero energy buildings”
Social benefits
Costs Also Member States shall “draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly
zero-energy“ and “following the leading example of the public sector, develop policies
Educational
benefits
and take measures such as the setting of targets in order to stimulate the transformation
Funding
of buildings that are refurbished into near zero-energy buildings”
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Greek National framework
regulatory
nZEB Definition: To date there is not any national law that embodies the 2012/27 EED compliance
as far as concern a definition of nZEB that contains both a numerical target & a share of
renewable energy sources Environmental
Strategies
benefits
Legislative framework: Law N.3851/2010 on RES (FEK 85/A/4.6.2010); All public
buildings by 2015 & all new buildings by 2020, should cover their primary energy Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies consumption from RES, combined heat & power, district heating or cooling, & energy
efficient heat pumps. National targets by 2020: reach a contribution of 20% from RES in
Health and
Solutions the national gross final energy consumption (from 5% in 2007), 40% in gross electricity Safety benefits
generation (from 4.6% in 2007), and 20% in final energy consumption for heating and
cooling Social benefits
Costs Implementation: Implementation still not monitored. It will be based on intermediate

targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings by 2015, with most
Educational
benefits
focusing on strengthening the building regulations &/or the energy performance
Funding
certificate level
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
French National framework
regulatory
nZEB Definition: There is no national accepted definition of an nZEB solution in France. compliance
However, Effinergie association recently proposed a label for new buildings. For the
renovation, we must wait for a new thermal regulation of existing buildings (not before Environmental
Strategies
benefits
2016)
Legislative framework: Laws of the Grenelle Environment (2007) set the objectives of Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies the energy transition. The building sector is a strategic sector because it is the most
energy intensive, with almost 44% of the final energy consumed. It also generates 21%
Health and
Solutions of greenhouse gases emitted in France Safety benefits
- Reduction of energy consumption of the entire park buildings: -38% by 2020. (act n°
2009-967 of 3 August 2009) Social benefits
Costs - 500,000 major residential energy renovations by 2017 and obligation to renovate
public and private tertiary buildings before 2020 (act n° 2010-788 of 12 July 2010)
Educational
benefits
Implementation: some buildings are monitored with calls for regional projects co-
Funding
financed by ADEME
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Italian National framework
regulatory
nZEB Definition: There is no national accepted definition of an nZEB solution compliance
Legislative framework:
Technical
- Law n. 90, August 3, 2013 adopts The Directive 2010/31/UE – EPBD recasts and
Energetic and
benefits
introduces the concept of nZEB buildings. However, several decrees are still missing,
including the decree defining the methodology for calculating the energy performance Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies of buildings (Annex 1 to Directive 2010/31/UE – EPBD Recast)
- The regulation in force, D.Lgs. 311/06, prescribes thresholds for the heating
Health and
Solutions consumption and for the thermal features of the envelope. It defines the Energetic Safety benefits
Performance Index and the maximum transmittance values for building envelope
depending on climatic zones and Surface to Volume ratio Social benefits
Costs - Italian NREAP, 2010 states that for new buildings and existing major renovations, 50%
of expected energy consumption for domestic hot water, heating and cooling must be
Educational
benefits
covered by RES. There will be a gradual increase of that percentage until 2017
Funding
Implementation: The implementation of the Italian National Strategy is still under
Aesthetical and
negotiation Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Spanish National framework
regulatory
nZEB Definition: There is no accepted definition of nZEB solution in Spain. A definition compliance
is expected to be produced before 2018

Legislative framework: Environmental
Strategies
benefits
- Royal Decree 235/2013 addressing the energetic certificate of those buildings built,
sold or rented in the terms established by the basic procedure. According to this Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies disposition will need to be nZEB new buildings from 2021 and the public buildings
built from 2019
Health and
Solutions - Modification of the CTE-HE 12/09/2013 for which limited values on the use of non- Safety benefits
renewable energies are established based on geographical zones. Need to comply

with energetic qualification B Social benefits
Costs Implementation: Implementation still not monitored although it will be based on the
definition A of the energetic qualification for those buildings built from 2021 onwards.
Educational
benefits
Intermediate measures will be implemented by 2015 and new funding instruments might
Funding
be designed accordingly
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Catalan Regional framework
regulatory
Legislative framework: compliance
- Catalan Plan for Energy and Climate Change of Catalonia 2012-2020 (PEAC 2020).
Technical
The plan will define the Catalan Government’s approach towards energy policies, and
Energetic and
benefits
addresses issues related to the mitigation of climate change and energy
- The Catalan Government passed in 2013 the Catalan Strategy for the Energy Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies Renovation of Buildings in Catalonia. The strategy is expected to be implemented
during the 1st trimester of 2014 after the development of the Action Plan for the Energy
Health and
Solutions renovation of Buildings in Catalonia. The plan will be endowed with 2.6 million Euros Safety benefits
and will run between 2014-2020

Implementation: The implementation of the Catalan National Strategy is still under Social benefits
Costs negotiation
Educational
benefits
Funding
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Energetic and Environmental benefits
regulatory
Reduced Emissions compliance
The mitigation potential of emissions from buildings is important and as much as 80% of
the operational costs of standard new buildings can be saved through integrated design Environmental
Strategies
benefits
principles, often at no or little extra cost over the lifetime of the measure
Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies Engagement of Public institutions in a new energy paradigm
When analysing the situation in a macroeconomic perspective it is important that the
Health and
Solutions public sector engages in the development of specific activities aimed at the modification Safety benefits
of an energy paradigm deemed to generate significant conflicts due to the MED area
heavy reliance on energy imports and the subsequent vulnerability to external and Social benefits
Costs international energy shocks
Educational
benefits
Funding
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Economic benefits
regulatory
Reduced Energy Demand compliance
Implementing nZEB solutions will result in a reduction of fuel demand in the public sector
premises. The long term optimisation of nZEB solutions will result in the reduction of Environmental
Strategies
benefits
energy bills and a more sustainable energetic approach
Spill-over effect Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies The successful implementation of nZEB solutions in educational buildings will have a
spill over effect on other public sector buildings and departments. The extension to other
Health and
Solutions public areas will have a significant effect on the overall public budget Safety benefits
Disruptive Innovation
Even further than this it can be assumed that nZEB renovation and the tools used might Social benefits
Costs constitute a disruptive innovation that will help creating and fostering a new market for
renovation and retrofitting actions, displacing earlier technologies
Educational
benefits
Retention of economic activity
Funding
The implementation nZEB solutions will contribute to the retention of tradesmen and
Aesthetical and
service engineering activity Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Health and Safety benefits
regulatory
Air quality improvement compliance
Air quality in nZEB schools is improved when compared to buildings constructed according
Technical to the current practice. The improved air quality will results in much safer and healthier Energetic and
benefits
environments for pupils and personnel working in the school premises
Reduced impact of allergies and respiratory problems
Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies According to some studies buildings equipped with mechanical supply and exhaust heat
recovery ventilation systems show a correlation with health problems (allergy and respiratory
Health and
problems) that will be reduced with nZEB solutions Safety benefits
Solutions
Reduction of artificial light
The reduction of artificial light use will have a positive impact on the well being of students
Social benefits
and their educational environment
Costs
Reduced danger of mould and fungus formation
Cultures of mould fungus tend to grow at critical places in a high humidity environment. Educational
benefits
Funding Humidity is usually increased in premises occupied by a significant number of people, as it is

the case with schools. Mouldy and fungus can be prevented by good thermal insulation
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Social benefits
regulatory
Alleviation of fuel needs compliance
One of the main benefits of implementing nZEB solutions stems from the need to alleviate fuel
Technical demand. It is important to note that as in the rest of benefits produced by nZEB solutions the payback Energetic and
will be fully grasped over time benefits
Development of a new construction sector paradigm

Economic
Operating In a wider perspective the development of a new paradigm in the management of public buildings will benefits
Strategies have an impact on the economic and social conditions in the region
Reinforcement of a new economic model for the sector
Health and
nZEB might help overcome current obsolete values and behaviours in a sector so fundamental for Safety benefits
Solutions
economic and social development; a process in which public procurement should act as an
accelerator
Social benefits
Regeneration of local job conditions
Costs
The implementation and development of new technical skills and capacities within the building and
renovation sector will have a significant impact on the regeneration of a sector a deeply hit by the Educational
benefits
economic stagnation of the last few years
Funding
Innovative statement about society
Aesthetical and
Supporting the development of nZEB buildings is a statement about the society we want for our kids
Cultural
and about the environmental and community values we want to bestow to new generations benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Educational benefits
regulatory
Promote education in eco-friendly environments compliance
Allowing the new generations to grow and be educated in an eco-friendly environment as

that of nZEB schools will have as a result an ingrained sensitisation of children, thus Environmental
Strategies
benefits
generating an acculturation process that will have a fundamental impact when these kids
reach the adult life Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies Promoting the “normality” of energy efficient solutions among kids
Promoting the “normality” of energy efficient solutions within young people’s values and
Health and
Solutions behaviours will be one of the most valuable outputs of any nZEB aimed action Safety benefits
Allowing students to monitor their energetic consumption

In energy efficient schools, students can monitor their school’s energy consumption from Social benefits
Costs energy data bases and have the opportunity to learn about the benefits of smart energy
management
Educational
benefits
Enhanced well being of the student will result in improved academic performance
Funding
Thermal comfort is an important factor for schools, since it guarantees the well being of
Aesthetical and
students Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
Aesthetical and Cultural benefits
regulatory
Safeguard of architectural and cultural heritage compliance
Technical The construction boom experienced in some of the Mediterranean countries in Energetic and
Environmental
Strategies
benefits
the last decades, have resulted in the construction of new school buildings from
scratch. Although these new buildings have been constructed following the Economic
Operating benefits
Strategies highest technical and energetic standards, it might be argued that in the process,
the vast architectural and cultural heritage of the region might have been Health and
Safety benefits
Solutions forgotten.
nZEB must be seen as a valuable mechanism to improve this situation.
Social benefits
Costs
A guide to developing strategies for building energy renovation (Published in
Educational
February 2013, Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE) benefits
Funding
Aesthetical and
Cultural
benefits
ZEMedS
approach
ZEMedS approach: Paradigm Shift
Goal & Benefits
When a renovation has an nZEB target, a
paradigm shift is needed. Current approaches
Technical to increase energy efficiency of schools are Long-term
Strategies
no longer appropriate, because energy • Local economy Paradigm
savings potential is limited. • Low energy dependence shift
Operating Moreover, many other criteria, i.e. • Environmental impact
Strategies
indoor air quality, are traditionally • Climate change Path to
• High savings nZEB
not considered from the beginning
• Low CO2 emissions
Solutions of the design phase. The new
• Health improvement Importance
paradigm needs to be based on a
• Pupils performance of Using RE
holistic approach and then resources
Costs consider not only energy issues but
Short-term
also other criteria (i.e. global cost, •Low savings Key issues
•High CO2
indoor conditions, environmental issues). emissions
Funding •Delocalization
Current short-term oriented renovations
•High energy
neglect many aspects compared to long-term dependance
oriented approaches.
Key aspects short-term vs. long-term oriented approach
ZEMedS
approach
Path to nZEB
Goal & Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Paradigm
shift
Operating
Strategies
Path to
nZEB
Solutions
Importance
of Using RE
resources
Costs
Key issues
Funding
Source: IEA SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52 – J. Ayoub & S. Pogharian: http://task40.iea-shc.org/
ZEMedS
approach
Path to nZEB
Goal & Benefits
In contrast with current practice,
when a renovation has an nZEB
Technical
target, the role of renewable energy
Strategies
is no longer secondary but it may Paradigm
shift
represent 100% energy supply.
Operating
Strategies
Path to
nZEB
Solutions Consequently, during the design of

an nZEB renovation, a previous Importance
of Using RE
analysis of local renewable resources
Costs energy sources is required in order
to make the most appropriate Key issues
choices.
Funding
ZEMedS
approach
Key issues
Goal & Benefits
KEY ISSUES FOR MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS
- Choosing the right ventilation strategy
Technical
Strategies - Relying on a set of passive cooling techniques
Paradigm
- Heating demand is the highest energy demand, even in EU-MED shift
Operating
Strategies - High solar energy potential
Path to
- Abundant natural light being well-managed nZEB
Solutions
Importance
KEY ISSUES FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS of Using RE
resources
- Indoor environmental quality needs to be assured
Costs
- Renovation period must be strictly planned according to holidays
Key issues
- High internal heat gains
Funding
- User behavior is key both to guarantee energy goal and to train future
generations
ZEMedS
approach
2 Technical Strategies
Consumption and Comfort
Goal & Benefits
Schools in the Mediterranean consume most of their energy in heating the
indoor space (around 60-80% of the total energy consumption is heat, Consumption
Technical including heating and domestic hot water uses). & comfort
Strategies
Current overall consumption varies greatly according to local climate,
building typology, equipment and users’ behavior. Although there is few
Operating
Strategies statistical data, first estimations show that the average consumption may
Environment
not be far from 100 kWh/m2/year.
Solutions Current indoor conditions generally need to be improved to offer high

quality learning environments; insufficient ventilation rates (e.g. high CO2
(and other pollutants) concentrations have been recorded in many Greek Building
schools), glare problems, and common overheating during spring and
Costs
autumn have been reported.
Building designers, policy makers, constructors and school users need to

RES
Funding know the starting point in order to build and implement the strategies
both concerning the energy and the indoor conditions to guarantee the
energy goal and to train future generations.
MED Energy
Current Situation nZEB Design IEQ School Yards
Strategy
Initial Consumption of the School
Goal & Benefits
Where does the consumption come from? What consumes the most?
Consumption
Technical Heating, cooling, lighting… are there other important energy uses? & comfort
Strategies
Action needed: ENERGY AUDIT
It is necessary to have a good knowledge about the energy use and
Operating consumption in the school buildings that face a renovation process with high
Strategies
energy goals. Environment
- National methodologies
- Local auditors repertory
Solutions
- EN 16247-1:2012 Energy audits - Part 1: General requirements
- ZEMedS – School energy assessment template
Building
- Workshop on Energy Audits and Energy Management (EC)
Costs - Criteria of an energy audit:
- Representative
- Reliable
Funding - Based on measured, traceable operational data RES
- Build when possible on LCCA (Life Cycle Cost Analysis)
instead of SPP (Simple Payback Period)
MED Energy
Strategy
Comfort and Users
Goal & Benefits
What are the current problems in indoor environments? Are there too high
concentrations of some pollutants? Where do they come from? What is the
Consumption
Technical ventilation rate? Are there any meetings planned to collect users’ feelings & comfort
Strategies (too hot, too cold, problems with glare, noise, etc...)?
Action needed: IEQ AUDIT

Operating - No reference standard is currently available for an IEQ (Indoor
Strategies
Environmental Quality) audit Environment
- An IEQ audit should include:
- comfort (temperature, relative humidity, lighting, noise, smells...)
Solutions
- ventilation rate
- gases and emissions (VOCs, CO, CO2, NOX, SO2, O3,
Building
formaldehyde, radon)
Costs - particles, bacteria, fungi and suspended fibers
- Electric and electromagnetic fields, static electricity
Funding See the section IEQ in this Toolkit RES

IEQ course for students (Green Education Foundation-USA)
IEQ related to HVAC (checklist)
MED Energy
Strategy
Integration into environment
Goal & Benefits
Architecture and heritage
Identify architectural elements to
allow an appropriate choice of Consumption
Technical technical solutions. This analysis & comfort
Strategies shows whether the walls are
insulated from the outside or inside.
Can the windows be modified to
Operating optimize the contribution of natural
Strategies light or solar gain? Environment
Regulatory environment
Solutions
Know the regulations defined
by the planning documents
(for France: PLU, SCOT, PADD Building
...) and architecture
Costs
regulations (for France:
ZPPAUP, historic building ...).
Identify the limits to the
public domain (thickness of RES
Funding
outside insulation, position of
rainwater gutters ...).
MED Energy
Strategy
Surrounding landscape
Goal & Benefits
Orientation and exposure
Sunshine and solar of the building and the
access: shadows over windows?
the building (high-rise Consumption
Technical Wind & comfort
Strategies building with a drop
shadow for example)? conditions
(direction,
Operating frequency
Nature of the materials of and
Strategies Environment
walls, school yard, street, strength)?
sidewalks, heat island
Solutions
effect?
Solar
shading? Building
Costs
RES
Funding
Vegetation to
improve
Do outdoor areas need to summer
be considered? comfort?
MED Energy
Strategy
Surrounding landscape
Goal & Benefits
Consumption
Technical & comfort
Strategies
Operating Other sources of pollution? Air pollution?

Solutions
Noise pollution?
Building
Costs
RES
Funding Other sources of
pollution: soil,
pollen .. ?
MED Energy
Strategy
Building diagnostic
Goal & Benefits
The school needs to be assessed in regards to the building level, the urban
Consumption
Technical planning and the educational programs. Information about current situation & comfort
Strategies and future programs may be needed to develop the nZEB renovation
project.
Operating Action needed: BUILDING DIAGNOSTIC

- Is there a technical history of the building? Interventions, maintenance,
energy upgrade, other works already done, …?
Solutions
- Does the building conform to all existing regulations? Accessibility,
earthquake, asbestos, lead, …?
Building
- Are there existing disorders to which the renovation will also answer?
Costs Humidity, noise, …?
- According to educational plans, which are the criteria that may affect
building renovation?
Funding - What is the school community involved in this particular building(s)? RES
MED Energy
Strategy
RES potential
Goal & Benefits
Can renewable energy sources on-site/nearby supply the future renovated

Consumption
Technical school? & comfort
Strategies
Action needed: ASSESSMENT OF RES POTENTIAL
Operating - Is there any RES District heating existing or planned in the

Strategies
neighborhood? Environment
- Does the building have solar access (presence of existing or potential
future shadow)?
Solutions
- Biomass boiler: Is it feasible? Can the site be supplied with wood (truck
access, close, wood in the close vicinity, room for the boiler and wood
Building
reserve …)?
Costs - Is the site favorable to geothermal energy (ground favorable, sea/lake
water ...)?
- Is this a windy region? Are there wind maps available? Is the building
Funding located in an open area? RES
MED Energy
Strategy
The Key Steps of a Renovation Project NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
According to Effinergie (French association), the general steps for a low Design
methodology
Technical energy renovation are the following 7. In the framework of Mediterranean
Strategies schools, 3 of them are highlighted.
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Diagnostic
Companies Reception Use and
/Current Planning Design Works
consulting of works maintenance
situation Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
Funding Step-by-Step
renovation
“pe ial atte tio i MED s hools’
renovation
Implementation
MED Energy and follow up
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
When designing a Zero Energy School, energy demand reduction must be Design
methodology
Technical tackled at the same time as the evaluation of the local renewable energy
Strategies resources (RES)’s potential.
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies Energy RES Energy RES
demand contribution demand contribution
Design tools
& resources
Solutions Good habits Geothermal
System needs Biomass

Design with
Costs climate
Envelope
Solar
losses
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
In the energy balance, special attention must be given in studying RES Design
methodology
Technical potential, energy demand by use and the potential to reduce it.
Strategies
Energy demand for heating may be covered by a determinate energy
Integrated
source, while electricity may be covered probably by solar PV. For each team
Operating case, a thorough study is needed in line with the specificities of the building,
Strategies
the site, the surroundings, the energy uses, and the occupants' needs.
Design tools
In addition, indoor conditions need to be guaranteed in terms of health and & resources
Solutions
comfort.
Consequently, the energy balance is to be achieved with improved IEQ. Design with
Costs climate
Finally, cost and implementation issues should be considered during the

analysis in order to take the feasible decisions at each step. Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Mediterranean Approach NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Current energy consumption of schools is far from nZEB goals. Additionally, Design
methodology
Technical current indoor conditions are not satisfying.
Strategies
nZEB’s approach is ambitious. It intends to both comply with zero energy
Integrated
consumption and current standards for indoor environments. team
Operating
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Primary Energy
Costs climate
IEQ
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Current Regulation NZEB
Implementation
Strategy
The Way Towards Healthy nZEB Schools NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
THERMAL Design
methodology
Technical ELECTRICITY
Strategies Heating
Heating
Thermal Integrated
Heating team
Operating RES
Strategies DHW OR
DHW
DHW Electrical
RES Design tools
Cooking Cooking Cooking Extra RES & resources
Solutions
PV/wind
Design with
Costs climate
Reduced RES
demand supply Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Now Better IEQ nZEB
Implementation
Strategy
The Way Towards Healthy nZEB Schools NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
In order to achieve the nZEB final goal in renovation, a global approach Design
methodology
Technical needs to be undertaken, considering criteria such as: energy, environment,
Strategies users, health, comfort, learning outcomes, current situation, climate change,
local resources, local traditions, economy, regulations, policies, education
Integrated
plans, commitment, etc. team
Operating
Strategies
Even though it is not often used, the current way to consider all these
factors in a successful way is to follow a holistic approach, involving all the Design tools
necessary actors. & resources
Solutions
Traditional way
Design with
Costs climate
Holistic approach Deep

renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Holistic Approach NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Holistic definition: Characterized by the belief that the parts of something Design
methodology
Technical are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole.
Strategies
The holistic approach is the one considering the building as a whole and its
Integrated
interconnected subsystems, functions, uses and benefits. team
Operating
Strategies
A Holistic Methodology for Sustainable Renovation towards Residential Net-
Zero Energy Buildings (under development in University of Aalborg, Design tools
Denmark) & resources
Solutions
Method for Developing and Assessing Holistic Energy Renovation of Multi-

storey Buildings (Technical University of Denmark) Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Holistic Approach NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Before designing the renovation, it is necessary to check that the building Design
methodology
Technical selection has been done according to a planning phase and that it is still
Strategies current.
Actually, Public Authorities (or private school owners) are highly
Integrated
encouraged to analyze the school’s portfolio and set the renovation priorities team
Operating in order to elaborate a Master Plan.
Strategies
This analysis will then determine which schools are the most concerned for
the ZEMedS’s renovations. Design tools
In this sense, the methodology proposed in the framework of & resources
Solutions
SchoolVentCool project can be applied.
It proposes some criteria to help elaborate the Master Plan and end up with
a best practice renovation. Design with
Costs Therefore, it is very important to make a good choice and devote the efforts climate
needed in achieving the first successful real cases.

Otherwise, if the first renovation cases fail in achieving the targets, a lack of Deep
renovation vs
Funding confidence may spread among the actors involved. Step-by-Step
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Existing Stock and Best Practice Renovation NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Design
methodology
Technical
Strategies
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Source: SchoolVentCool project, AEE INTEC

Implementation
Strategy
Integrated Design NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
When it comes to renovating a school building with high energy and/or Design
methodology
Technical environmental goals, it is highly recommended to start following an
Strategies Integrated Design (ID) process.
Integrated
team
Operating According to MaTrID project guidelines, Integrated Design is advisable in
Strategies
managing the complex issues arising from planning buildings with high
energy and environmental ambitions. Key issues are collaboration in multi- Design tools
disciplinary teams, discussion and evaluation of multiple design concepts as & resources
Solutions
well as clear goal-setting and systematic monitoring. In the early design
phases, the opportunities to positively influence building performance are
great, while cost and disruptions associated with design changes are very Design with
Costs small. climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits Source: MaTrID project, Supplement on scope of services and remuneration models,
www.integrateddesign.eu)
Design
methodology
Technical
Strategies
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
Integrated Design (ID) is more time and effort consuming during early Design
methodology
Technical phases (as illustrated in the previous slide). But this constitutes an
Strategies investment that will save future operational costs and maintenance during
whole building lifecycle. Suggested steps from MaTrID guidelines are:
Integrated
team
Operating Step 0. Project Development
Strategies
Step 1. Design basis
Step 2. Iterative problem solving Design tools
Step 3. On track monitoring & resources
Solutions
Step 4. Delivery
Step 5. In use
Design with
Costs climate
The performance of buildings should be assessed in a lifecycle

perspective, both regarding environmental performance (LCA) and Deep
renovation vs
Funding costs (LCC). Step-by-Step
(Source: MaTrID) renovation
LCA: Life cycle assessment

LCC: Life cycle cost
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits BENEFITS OF ID Main BARRIERS WITH ID

1. Higher energy performance 1. Conventional thinking Design
2. Reduced embodied carbon 2. ID seems to costs too much methodology
Technical 3. Optimized indoor climate 3. Time constraints in initial
Strategies 4. Lower running costs design phase
5. Reduction of risks and 4. “kills t a
construction defects Integrated
6. More user involvement team
Operating
Strategies 7. Higher value
8. Green image and exposure of
the building
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Source: Estimations of increased/reduced costs connected to ID. (Source: MaTrID project, ID

Process Guide, www.integrateddesign.eu)
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
Integrated Design Process was firstly developed in Canada, with the Design
methodology
Technical experience gained from the demonstration program C2000 (from 1993),
Strategies focusing on high-performance buildings. Later on, Canada, USA, Europe
and other regions have applied the same principles to design more recent
Integrated
buildings. team
Operating
Strategies
When ID is called Integrated Energy Design (IED), the focus is on the
energy consumption. There, early decisions are taken in favor of energy Design tools
performance in order to ensure achieving a better final performance. & resources
Solutions
- The Integrated Design Process (iiSBE 2005)

- Engage the Integrated Design Process (WBDG 2012), including Design with
Costs “charrettes” (creative multi-day sessions) climate
- The integrated design process – Benefits and phases (Canadian

Government Webpage 2014) Deep
renovation vs
Funding - Integrated Design Process Guide (Canadian Gouvernment) Step-by-Step
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits

Lessons learnt
Design
methodology
Technical Some lessons learnt from implementation of ID in real building projects are the following:
Strategies 1. “The earlier you start, the better it is”
2. ID is a process that works
3. Communication and collaboration among actors involved from the beginning Integrated
(including the occupants) is a key point for a successful implementation team
Operating
Strategies 4. Some additional tasks may be required (i.e. LCCA, Feasibility studies,
Monitoring users’ satisfaction)
5. Benefits of ID need to be comprehensive and clearly explained to the Design tools
decision makers & resources
Solutions 6. It is needed to define the design requirements as much as possible before
launching the tenders
7. Short simple payback times are a limiting factor for implementing sustainable
Design with
measures
Costs climate
8. Lack of methodological procedures easy to implement
9. ID facilitator should be an expert in nZEB and have managing skills
10. ID should be included in educational programs and follow latter building Deep
phases, as implementation and use renovation vs
11. ID implies a higher effort in the beginning. That means a higher risk that renovation
constitutes a barrier. It is important to identify the risks and opportunities.
Source: MaTrID Workshop (Vienna 26th November 2014)

Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
ID and nZEB schools Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies - High energy target is at the core of the nZEB approach. Energy design is
then a key issue
- The use of dynamic thermal simulation is needed to ensure the nZEB Integrated
team
Operating design. However, current regulative procedures will probably not be
Strategies compatible with the nZEB approach
- Moreover, indoor environmental quality – IEQ – is an additional key issue for
every building and particularly important in school buildings Design tools
& resources
Solutions - Involving school community in the design is necessary and offers great
replication potential about energy efficiency knowledge and habits to be
deployed into other kind of buildings
- Additionally, an implementation program is needed to achieve design Design with
Costs climate
objectives during the use phase of the building
- Renovation works could be implemented in phases. Design phase needs to
pay particular attention to this aspect Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Integrated Team NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Success is linked to the team involved in elaborating the strategies and Design
methodology
Technical making decisions. Multi-disciplinary teams will be needed to cover the
Strategies broader aspects linked to school renovation. Skilled professionals will
represent the different parts involved: owner, designer, consultant, manager,
Integrated
operator, funder, and user, and may include: team
Operating
Strategies
- Building and building technology related experts: urban planners,
monument conservators, architects, HVAC and structural engineers, Design tools
specialists in fire precaution, ecological aspects, etc & resources
Solutions
- Energy related experts
- Experts in social and health matters
- Experts in the field of education Design with
Costs - Operators and ESCos (Energy Service Companies) climate
- Users and user-related persons like teachers, pupils and parents

Deep
renovation vs
Funding The first buildings with low energy design have shown that commitment of Step-by-Step
key actors (at least owner, designer and user) and support from local renovation
institutions are key elements.
Implementation
Strategy
Guidelines for Low Energy SCHOOLS / for NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits

energy efficiency in schools
- School Vent Cool project: Design
methodology
Technical High performance renovation strategies for school
Strategies buildings in Europe. New solutions for ventilation
systems, natural cooling and application of prefabricated modules (2010-
Integrated
2013) team
Operating Design approach
Strategies
- School of the Future project: Design tools

Towards Zero Emission with High Performance & resources
Solutions
Indoor Environment - 4 demonstration buildings
in EU (1 in Mediterranean Italy) – Reports on technology,
IEQ and implementation (2011-2016) Design with
Costs nZEB approach climate
- Teenergy Schools project: Deep

renovation vs
Funding High energy-efficient architecture and improved comfort Step-by-Step
for secondary school buildings in the Mediterranean area. renovation
Mediterranean architecture design approach
Implementation
Strategy
Guidelines for Low Energy SCHOOLS / for NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits

energy efficiency in schools
- Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings Design
methodology
Technical Achieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building
Strategies (USA-ASHRAE 2011)
NZEB approach
Integrated
team
Operating - EURONET 50/50 MAX project:
Strategies
Energy use and education in schools and
other public buildings (2013-2016) Design tools
Building use approach & resources
Solutions
- VERYschool project:
Smart solutions and energy management integrated Design with
Costs Into the platform "Energy Action Navigator” with climate
4 demonstration sites (2012-2014)

Energy management approach Deep
renovation vs
renovation
More links and guidelines in the Appendix
Implementation
Strategy
Building Information Modeling (BIM) NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
BIMobject AB: The European Parliament recommends BIM-technology Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies Leaders from Europe's architecture, engineering and construction industry
expressed their support today of the European Parliament's decision to
Integrated
modernize European public procurement rules by recommending the use of team
Operating electronic tools, such as building information electronic modeling, or BIM, for
Strategies
public works contracts and design contests.
Design tools
As a result, building and infrastructure projects are created and completed & resources
Solutions
faster, more economically and sustainably.
The adoption of the directive, officially called the European Union Public Design with
Costs Procurement Directive (EUPPD), means that all the 28 European Member climate
States may encourage, specify or mandate the use of BIM for publicly
funded construction and building projects in the European Union by Deep
renovation vs
Funding 2016. The UK, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland and Norway already require Step-by-Step
the use of BIM for publicly funded building projects. renovation
Source: http://info.bimobject.com/Read.aspx?type=pr&id=1755425&date=201401
Implementation
Strategy
Energy Design NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
- IES-VE (Energy + Ventilation + Comfort + Lighting) Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies - EnergyPlus – Open Studio(Free) / Design Builder
Integrated
- Trnsys team
Operating
Strategies
- TAS
Design tools
- Comfie-Pleiades (French) & resources
Solutions
- MIT Design Advisor (5 minutes early design)

Design with
Costs - Energy tools directory US-Energy Dpt climate
- Energy tools directory – WBDG Deep

renovation vs
- Software and resources directory for Environmental buildings (French) renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Daylighting NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
- WBDG daylighting Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies - Radiance – Open Studio (free)
Integrated
- Ecotect team
Operating
Strategies
- DIALux
Design tools
- Daysim & resources
Solutions
- Lighting software directory – US Energy Dpt

Design with
Costs climate
Other specific tools are provided in the corresponding chapters

Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Heat Island Effect NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
nZEB’s design needs to take into account the local microclimate. Design
methodology
Technical
Strategies
Cool materials and vegetation could mitigate heat island effects.
Integrated
Animated picture of heat island effect team
Operating
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Source: NASA Source: ALE Montpellier

Implementation
Strategy
Sunshine NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
The objective is to use the available solar energy as light or heat, including Design
methodology
Technical recovering maximum solar gain in winter, while simultaneously reducing
Strategies direct sunlight in summer.
Integrated
Best Practice: the maximum window area should face south because direct team
Operating exposure from the east and west often causes "overheating area" and visual
Strategies
discomfort.
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Sources: http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/
www.cuepe.ch
www.airdesignlab.com and info@airdesignlab.com
Implementation
Strategy
Wind NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
The aim is to protect the building from wind and rain during winter, and to Design
methodology
Technical ensure the summer comfort when the cool night air is needed.
Strategies
The knowledge of the direction, frequency and speed of the prevailing winds
Integrated
is essential. The topology of the site and the surrounding environment can team
Operating also help protect against winds discomfort.
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Source: www.meteofrance.com
Implementation
Strategy
Deep Renovation (Macro-Scale) NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
In a global approach, deep renovation means renovating a high number of Design

methodology
Technical buildings with high efficiency targets.
Strategies
Particularly, in the Deep Renovation of Buildings report, Ecofys states the
Integrated
following: team
Operating
Strategies
‘Deep renovation’ means: a high level of energy efficiency improvement at a
rate of 2.3% of the building stock, with a high focus on the efficiency of the Design tools
building envelope and high use of renewable energy. This track leads to a & resources
Solutions
75% reduction in final energy use by 2050 (compared to 2010). Including
cooling, the present study estimates that the energy demand will be reduced
by at least 66%. Design with
Costs (...) Literature shows that alternatives to deep renovation for reducing the climate
fossil fuel import dependency, e.g. shallow renovation with a very high share
of renewables or alternative (domestic) supply options, are not cheaper and Deep
renovation vs
Funding create other dependencies or risks. Step-by-Step
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Deep vs. Step-by-Step Renovation NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Design
methodology
Technical
Strategies
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
"Deep renovation benefits" renovation
Source: Eurima (2012):
Renovation Tracks for Europe
up to 2050
Implementation
Strategy
Deep Renovation (Micro-Scale) NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
At a building scale, according to Global Buildings Performance Network, a Design

methodology
Technical standard renovation or refurbishment will often achieve energy savings
Strategies ranging between 20% and 30% and sometimes less.
However, as the GBPN research shows with a “deep” renovation, it is
Integrated
possible to reduce a building’s energy use by more than 75%. team
Operating
Strategies
According to “Renovate Europe Campaign”, staged deep renovation Design tools

means the deep renovation of a building that takes place in a series of & resources
Solutions
planned stages, whereby the costs of undertaking a particular stage does
not preclude or increase the costs of carrying out subsequent stages.
Design with
Costs climate
Multiple Benefits of Investing in Energy Efficient Renovations - Impact on

Public Finances. Among the many benefits, Renovate Europe states that Deep
renovation vs
Funding energy efficient renovation is a great investment: 1€ invested by Step-by-Step
government in renovations can return up to 5€ back to public finances. renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Step-by-Step Renovation NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
The term step-by-step renovation may apply to steps done in favor of Design
methodology
Technical energy efficiency without having a final global target.
Strategies On the contrary, a deep renovation approach must be considered from the
beginning in order to achieve the final ambitious targets.
Integrated
However, when funding or schedule reasons prevent the deep renovation at team
Operating a given time, it is then proposed to follow a staged deep renovation.
Strategies
Key issues for a staged deep renovation: Design tools

- From the beginning, define long-term objectives & resources
Solutions
- Strict plan to implement the actions at different steps
- At each step, revision of status, targets and actions to carry out
- Keeping the commitment from the beginning until the end Design with
Costs - Technical key points: climate
- Envelope and ventilation should be implemented at the same step

- Thermal bridges treatment may imply some simultaneous actions Deep
renovation vs
Funding (i.e. changing windows and façade insulation) Step-by-Step
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Step-by-Step Renovation NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Design
methodology
Technical
Strategies
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies
Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Examples of staged deep renovations, as proposed in the EuroPHit Project
© Passive House Institute, http://europhit.eu/
Implementation
Strategy
Staged deep renovation NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Design
methodology
Technical Deep renovation
Strategies 100
Integrated
80
team
Operating RES
Strategies 60
Others
40 Catering
Design tools
20 Lighting & resources
Solutions
DHW
0
Heating
% %
-20 Design with
Costs climate
-40
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Source: ASCAMM elaboration
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
When it is time to implement a staged deep renovation, several scenarios are Design
methodology
Technical
possible. Decision makers will need to take into account many criteria (renovation
Strategies needs, school programs…) as well as availability of funds.
Integrated
Some possible Implementation Plans: team
Operating
Strategies
- Renovation in 2 steps
1. Envelope upgrade Design tools
2. Systems and renewable energy & resources
Solutions
- Renovation in 3 steps
1. Envelope upgrade Design with
Costs 2. Systems climate
3. Renewable energy
Deep
renovation vs
Funding - Renovation in 3 steps Step-by-Step
1. Windows , ventilation and lighting renovation
2. Façade and roof insulation, shading, thermal bridges
3. Systems and RES
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
Implementation Plan – Example 1 Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies
STEP 1: STEP 2: Façade,
Windows, Roof, Shading, Design tools
Now Ventilation, Thermal bridges, NZEB: Heating system,
& resources
Solutions Lighting, School yard, RES, Investment, LCC
Investment, LCC Investment, LCC
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
Implementation Plan – Example 2 Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies
Integrated
team
Operating
Strategies
STEP 1, Façade, STEP 2: Roof,
Thermal bridges, Thermal bridges, Design tools
Now Windows, Lighting, Shading, NZEB: School yard, RES,
& resources
Solutions Ventilation, Heating system, Investment, LCC
Investment, LCC Investment, LCC
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
Important considerations Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies - Whatever staged renovation is to be implemented, it is imperative to
develop a full NZEB renovation plan to ensure achievement of
Integrated
ambitious final NZEB goals team
Operating - Users need to make part of renovation process from the beginning.
Strategies
During the first step, users’ related actions should be implemented. Apart
from habits, a procurement process needs to be implemented to give Design tools
priority to Energy Star products & resources
Solutions
- Windows replacement should be done at the same time than ventilation
- If envelope is upgraded in stages, it is needed to foresee the future
actions in order to avoid thermal bridging and air infiltrations. Special Design with
Costs attention in windows-façade junction climate
- It is needed to foresee the future heating system (in NZEB situation),

among other reasons, in case a coupling between ventilation and Deep
renovation vs
Funding heating is to be done Step-by-Step
- If ventilation ducts need to be installed, their integration could be done at renovation
the same time than lighting replacement
Implementation
Strategy
approach
Goal & Benefits
Important considerations Design

methodology
Technical
Strategies - When the boiler is so old that waiting for the final step is not possible,
intermediate possibilities need to be studied before installing a new
Integrated
efficient boiler (i.e. two boilers/heat pumps of lower capacity, one of team
Operating which could be installed later in another school…)
Strategies
- When renovating the roof, building integration of PV system needs to be
tackled Design tools
- Windows can be replaced before or after façade renovation (ideally at & resources
Solutions
the same time); however in both cases special care and some additional
work is needed to ensure thermal bridges treatment
- Ventilation works are directly linked to windows and airtightness Design with
Costs - If it is urgent to change the heating system, provide two boilers in climate
cascade with one which is sized to the needs after work

Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
Staged Construction and Use Phase NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Construction phase Design

methodology
Technical - Strict planning and execution to follow holiday period
Strategies - Foresee a margin period for eventual delays
- Engagement for the use phase
Integrated
team
Operating Use phase
Strategies
- Monitoring (Effinergie guide, in French)
- Setting up a continuous improvement plan Design tools
- i.e. Energy management ISO 50001 & resources
Solutions
- PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act)
Design with
Costs climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Source: www.bulsuk.com
Implementation
Strategy
The Way to Achieve the Real Goal NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
From current energy consumption to achievement of the final nZEB goal, an Design
methodology
Technical implementation program needs to guarantee the final result.
Strategies
Most likely, the project goal will not be achieved during first year.
Integrated
The implementation plan will include actions to monitor real results and team
Operating adopt measures (following PDCA methodology).
Strategies
Current
situation Design tools
& resources
Solutions
Project target
2nd year? Design with
Costs 1st year? climate
Deep
renovation vs
renovation
Implementation
Strategy
The Way to Achieve the Real Goal NZEB
approach
Goal & Benefits
Example: low energy renovation in 2012 in La Castelle school (Lattes - Design

methodology
Technical France)
Strategies
Final energy consumption (HDD= 1553)
100 95 Integrated
team
Operating 90
Strategies
80
70 Design tools
& resources
Solutions 60 55
kWh/m²
50 46 heating
40.6
40 Electricity Design with
Costs climate
30
20
18 17
20 14
Deep
10 renovation vs
0 renovation
Existing Year 1 Year 2 Dynamic simulation
Implementation
Strategy
The Way to Achieve the Real Goal Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
Goal & Benefits Indoor Environment
of Schools
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is most simply described as the
conditions inside the building. Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
Four main components are identified for an acceptable indoor
environment: Comfort
Operating Indoor Air Quality IAQ How IEQ affects

Strategies Pupils Performance?
Enhance Indoor
Environmental
Solutions
Thermal Comfort Quality
IAQ Plan
Costs Visual Comfort

Comfort Plan
Funding Acoustic Comfort IEQ issues
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Indoor Environment of Schools: Unique aspects Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
A. Schools are building with high occupancy: Indoor Air Quality

(IAQ)
Technical - The number of people per square meter is quite high
Strategies
- In addition, children spend almost 12% of their time inside classrooms, which is more Comfort
time than in any other building except their homes

Operating How IEQ affects
Strategies
B. Students’ comfort is related to learning performance Pupils Performance?
Enhance Indoor
C. Indoor air problems do not always produce easily recognized impacts on health or Environmental
Solutions Quality
well-being
IAQ Plan
D. Students are much more vulnerable to indoor pollutants than adults due to their
Costs differences in their absorption, metabolism, and physiology
Comfort Plan
E. Therefore, as children breathe more air than adults relative to their weights, they have
higher activity while their organs and tissues are growing IEQ issues
Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Indoor air is 2 to 5 times more polluted than outdoor air due to: Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
- Chemicals
- Mold (Moisture problems - indoor mold growth) Comfort
Operating - Particulates How IEQ affects

- Poor Ventilation.
Enhance Indoor
Acceptable IAQ: “air in which there are no harmful concentrations of contaminants as Environmental
Solutions Quality
determined by cognizant authorities and with which 80% or more the exposed
occupants do not express dissatisfaction“ (ASHRAE) IAQ Guide IAQ Plan
Costs
Comfort Plan
Tair C RH% Air

PM10 CO CO2 TVOC HCHO NO2 O3 Rn Bacteria IEQ issues
Funding movement
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Indoor Air Quality

(IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
Comfort

Enhance Indoor
Environmental
Solutions Quality
IAQ Plan
Costs
Comfort Plan
IEQ issues
Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
Source: EPA: IAQ Tools for Schools
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Thermal Comfort Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Thermal neutrality, where an individual desires neither a warmer nor a colder Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
Technical environment, is a necessary condition for thermal comfort:
Strategies
Comfort
a condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment
Enhance Indoor
- Air temperature Environmental
Solutions Quality
- Exchange of radiation
IAQ Plan
- Air movement
Costs - Humidity Comfort Plan
- Activity
Funding - Clothing IEQ issues
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
Source: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE, 2009
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Acoustical Comfort Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Good acoustics for learning support easy verbal Indoor Air Quality
communication. (IAQ)
Technical
Strategies Formerly, classrooms may have been constructed
without adequate consideration of sound acoustical Comfort
principles.
Sources of noise hampering students' concentration
Operating consist of: How IEQ affects
Strategies - Outdoor external noise due to traffic Pupils Performance?
- Sounds produced in hallways
Enhance Indoor
- Sounds produced in other classrooms Environmental
Solutions - Sounds produced from mechanical equipment Quality
- Sounds produced inside the classroom
Room acoustical quality IAQ Plan
- reverberation time
- undesirable echoes and reflections
Costs Sound insulation between rooms Comfort Plan
- air-borne sound insulation
- structure-borne sound insulation
Background noise levels IEQ issues
Funding - technical installations
- environmental noise
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
Source: OSHA
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Visual Comfort Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
Visual comfort depends on appropriate natural and artificial lighting. of Schools
The proper design of an illumination system should offer the optimal conditions for visual
Indoor Air Quality
comfort. (IAQ)
Technical Factors that Determine
Strategies Visual Comfort
Comfort
•10000-20000 LUX-
Additional illumination for Special tasks
exacting visual tasks
Uniform illumination
Operating •5000-10000 LUX-
Exceptionally exacting How IEQ affects
Strategies 5000-20000 LUX tasks Pupils Performance?
Optimal luminance
• 2000-5000 LUX-Prolonged Enhance Indoor
General illumination for work tasks that require precision Environmental
indoors • 1000-2000 LUX-Tasks with Quality
Solutions special visual requirement No glare
500-5000 LUX • 500-1000 LUX-Tasks with
normal visual requirement
Adequate contrast IAQ Plan
• 200-500 LUX-Tasks with limited conditions
Reccomanded illuminance in visual requirements
• 100-200 LUX-Areas not intended
Costs low traffic zones or simple for continuous work
visual requirements • 50-100 LUX-Only as a means to Correct colors Comfort Plan
guide visitors
20-500 LUX • 20-50 LUX-Zones open to public
access with dark surrondings Absence of
stroboscopic effect or
IEQ issues
Funding intermittent light
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
Source: Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, ILO
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
How IEQ affects pupils´ performance Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
Poor Air Quality of Schools
Indoor Air Quality is decreased by a large number of pollutants of very different kinds and Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
Technical multiple sources.
Strategies In the context of the low-energy buildings and the development of nZEB buildings,
several questions arise as to their ability to ensure safety and reasonable comfort for the Comfort
users, and regarding the actual energy consumption of these buildings.
Strategies The indoor air pollution in classes has specific characteristics. This variation is explained Pupils Performance?
by a higher use, so there is more CO2 and bacterial load, a higher density of furniture
Enhance Indoor
that emits most pollutants, the frequent use of work and maintenance products, and the Environmental
Solutions lack of specific ventilation systems involving stuffy air. Quality
As the experience shows us, the concentration of formaldehyde is usually high, the IAQ IAQ Plan
perception is quite bad, and the air flow rate in both mechanical and naturally ventilated
Costs schools is usually not enough.
Comfort Plan
High indoor pollutant concentration may have a significant adverse impact on the health
of students, given that children are much more vulnerable to indoor pollutants, as they
breathe more air than adults relative to their weights, while their organs and tissues are IEQ issues
Funding
growing.
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
How IEQ affects pupils´ performance Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Thermal Discomfort
Indoor Air Quality
Comfort requirements are many and they are not all (IAQ)
Technical related to the single temperature: thermal comfort
Strategies includes thermal temperature, but also humidity, cold
wall effect and air movement. Comfort
Operating The resulting temperature & the "cold wall" effect

How IEQ affects
Strategies The resulting temperature at the center of a room is the average of the air temperature and the Pupils Performance?
surface temperature of the walls. Non insulated exterior walls are naturally colder than the center
of the room. Cold radiation caused by a cold wall creates a discomfort. Rather than increasing Enhance Indoor
the temperature of heating and therefore the expense of heating, it is necessary to insulate the Environmental
Solutions walls. Quality
Humidity IAQ Plan

Thermo-hygrometric comfort is generally considered satisfactory when the air has a temperature
Costs of 20 °C and contains between 40% -60% relative humidity (RH%).
Below 30% of relative humidity, air can dry out the respiratory mucosa which then cannot stop Comfort Plan
pathogens. Above 80%, the air, too humid, does not allow sweating and promotes the
development of micro-organisms (fungi, mites, etc.).
IEQ issues
Funding Draught
A higher air velocity is seen as a drop in temperature: for 18°C, an air velocity of 0.50 m/s results
IEQ Standards &
in a decrease of the sensation of temperature of 1°C.
Guidelines
A shift from 0.10 to 0.30 m/s causes a cooling sensation.
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Poor Lighting & Noise Pollution Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Visual quality Acoustics
The visual quality of classrooms is important. In the classroom, Indoor Air Quality
communication is essential to (IAQ)
Technical - Insufficient lighting requires a greater effort for the learning process.
Strategies
the eye, increasing eye strain, and may cause
Comfort
headaches or long-term blurred vision. Proper acoustics is especially
- A dazzling lighting enhances and accelerates important for children, because
Operating
the adverse effects mentioned above and can their ability to hear and listen How IEQ affects
lead to a loss of readability. differs from that of adults. In
- Glare can make boards or computer screens addition providing good sound Enhance Indoor
unreadable. quality reduces barriers to Environmental
Quality
Solutions education for people with non-
These effects are particularly harmful as the child, native language skills, learning
in full development, is vulnerable to inefficient disabilities, and/or impaired IAQ Plan
visual quality. hearing.
Costs
Comfort Plan
Studies have shown a significant improvement of
memory, logical reasoning and concentration with
improved lighting. IEQ issues
Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
How to promote Health & Comfort Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
- Use materials that do not emit pollutants or are low-emitting Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
- Supply adequate levels and quality of ventilation and fresh air for acceptable indoor
air quality Comfort
Operating
- Prevent airborne bacteria, mold and other fungi, as well as radon, through building an
envelope design that properly manages moisture sources from outside and inside the How IEQ affects
building, and with heating, ventilating, air-conditioning (HVAC) system designs that are
effective at controlling indoor humidity Enhance Indoor
Environmental
Solutions - Provide thermal comfort with a maximum degree of personal control over Quality
temperature and airflow

IAQ Plan
- Create a high-performance luminous environment through the careful integration
Costs of natural and artificial light sources Comfort Plan
- Assure acoustic privacy and comfort through the use of sound absorbing material
and equipment insulation IEQ issues
Funding
- Control disturbing odors through contaminant insulation and removal, and by careful
IEQ Standards &
selection of cleaning products Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Reduce the Emission Sources Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
To achieve acceptable IAQ, the initial strategy to practice is source control, not only Indoor Air Quality
during building renovation, but also over the life of the building. (IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
For instance, decision makers can ask the designer to select and use materials/building Comfort
products that do not emit pollutants or are low-emitting of noxious or irritating odors,
and volatile organic compounds (VOC).
For example, formaldehyde (HCHO) is ubiquitous in our indoor environment, found in:
adhesives, paints, pens, markers, cleaning products, furniture, board, laminated Enhance Indoor
materials, varnishes, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, vitrifying, etc. Environmental
Solutions Quality
Decision makers may take into account IAQ as a criterion in the tendering
IAQ Plan
specifications, requiring the use of materials boasting a label on low VOC emissions, as
the European label Indoor Air Comfort, or equivalent.
Costs
Comfort Plan
IEQ issues
Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Ensure proper ventilation Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
IAQ can be achieved with high ventilation rates for effective air renewal. However, there Indoor Air Quality
are conflicts between energy performance and IAQ: significant airflow increases heat (IAQ)
Technical
loss and degrades the energy performance. Moreover, in the Mediterranean climate, the
Strategies
question of ventilation is also closely linked to summer comfort. Comfort

Strategies Ventilation rate: Parameter ranges -- 5 (low): 8 (mid): 13 (high) (l/s per person) Pupils Performance?
Enhance Indoor
Environmental
Solutions Quality
- Natural ventilation may offer a feasible solution when outdoor environment is not
polluted or noisy, but needs to be properly designed and controlled in order to satisfy IAQ Plan
both IAQ requirements and energy savings
Costs - To minimize ventilation losses during the heating season, the baseline designs are
often provided with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery Comfort Plan
- Additionally an hybrid solution with automated controlled windows could be feasible
IEQ issues
Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Thermal Comfort Plan Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
Indoor Environment
Goal & Benefits
- Providing indoor environmental comfort involves wall insulation and ventilation control of Schools
- Overheating in the warm period is an issue for the Mediterranean school building
design Indoor Air Quality
Technical - As new buildings are built with more thermal insulation and have improved standards
(IAQ)
Strategies of air tightness, concerns are emerging about an increased risk of overheating
- Along with the importance of IAQ, overheating is a risk that needs to be managed Comfort
carefully as we move further towards the aim of nZEB and this now is a great concern
Operating and priority that needs to be addressed. How IEQ affects
Controlling Thermal Comfort: Enhance Indoor

Environmental
1. Administrative controls [planning & rescheduling work times & practices] Quality
Solutions
2. Engineering controls: Heating, Air movement, AC, Evaporative cooling, Thermal
IAQ Plan
insulation
Costs
Comfort Plan
Source: https://www.ashrae.org/resources--
IEQ issues
Funding publications/bookstore/thermal-comfort-tool
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Visual Comfort Plan Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
If designed and integrated properly, day lighting together with artificial lighting will of Schools
maximize visual comfort in the space:
- Natural and artificial lighting should be designed according to recommended EU Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
Technical standards plus the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES)
Strategies - Direct sun penetration should be minimized in work areas because the resulting
high contrast ratio may cause discomfort Comfort
- Optimizing student orientation in relation to the windows is also essential in

Operating
minimizing discomfort How IEQ affects
- Computer screens should never be orientated facing the window (student with
back to window) or facing directly away from the window (student facing window). Enhance Indoor
Both of these alignments produce high-contrast ratios that cause eye strain. Situate Environmental
Quality
Solutions the computer screen and student facing perpendicular to the window wall to minimize
visual discomfort
IAQ Plan
- Direct glare from both natural and man-made sources in the field of view should be
reduced, particularly in spaces with highly reflective surfaces, such as visual display
Costs terminals (VDTs) Comfort Plan
- Flickering from some magnetic fluorescent lamps should be reduced using high-
frequency electronic ballasts
IEQ issues
Funding Conditions Required for
Visual Comfort
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Acoustical Comfort Plan Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
There are a number of things you can do to improve the classroom acoustics strategy. Indoor Air Quality
The need for clear communication in classrooms has been recognized for many years (IAQ)
Technical
and is addressed by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) in Acoustical Performance
Strategies
Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools. Comfort
Proper acoustics must be a priority in all design decisions and not adversely affected by
Operating
energy reduction measures. Addressing acoustics during the design phase of a project, How IEQ affects
rather than attempting to fix problems after construction, likely will minimize costs.
Enhance Indoor
Noise disturbances can come from external elements (road, construction, …). In this Environmental
Quality
Solutions case, the ventilation by opening the windows can bring discomfort. During a major
renovation, it is possible to redistribute classrooms and activities, depending on the
IAQ Plan
external elements, so in addition to optimizing the bioclimatic approach, noise pollution
can be reduced.
Costs
Comfort Plan
In the case of a Mechanical Ventilation, when the fans are not installed properly, it can
make noise, forcing users to cut the ventilation. Again, the proper implementation,
maintenance and monitoring of the system is essential. IEQ issues
Funding Acoustic comfort can be also achieved through the use of sound absorbing material and
equipment insulation.
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Indoor Air Quality Assessment Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
An Indoor Air Quality Assessment is based on: Indoor Air Quality

Technical - Questionnaires: Due to a growing awareness of the indoor (IAQ)
Strategies environmental influence on occupants’ productivity and efficiency, there

Comfort
is an increased interest in obtaining feedback from occupants, which is
often obtained by using a questionnaire:
Operating
Strategies (an example of occupants survey) How IEQ affects
Pupils Performance?
- Field Measurements: 1.Measurement techniques, 2.Instrumentation Enhance Indoor

Environmental
Solutions 3.Methodology (Sampling criteria, Analysis), 4.Parameters: Physical Quality
(Temperature, Relative Humidity, Air Movement), Chemical (CO2, CO,
PM10, NO2, O3, HCHO, TVOCs & Rn), Biological (Airborne Bacteria) IAQ Plan
Costs
- Simulations: Models could be used for analyzing the impact of sources, Comfort Plan
sinks, ventilation, and air cleaners on indoor environment, plus to predict
indoor air flows and contaminant levels (IAQ models, CFD models:
IEQ issues
Funding CONTAM, COMIS).
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
IEQ can be assessed through measurements (temperature, humidity, air stuffiness, Indoor Air Quality
brightness), but also through user feedback on their feeling of comfort. As it is subjective; (IAQ)
Technical
it is complex to find indicators of well-being
Strategies
- Temperature sensors: temperature monitoring will, in addition to verifying the Comfort
proper operation of heating and its regulation, assess the level of summer comfort
- Light sensors: to control and optimize daylight and artificial lighting
Operating
- Humidity & CO2 sensors: to avoid health problems, measurement of carbon How IEQ affects
dioxide and humidity are good indicators
Enhance Indoor
To optimize the opening of windows, some Environmental
Solutions studies developed a light indicator to visualize the Quality
air stuffiness in classrooms, based on the on-line

measurement of carbon dioxide. It lets the IAQ Plan
teacher know the status of air stuffiness in the
Costs classroom in real time.
Comfort Plan
The use of the light indicator showed a reduction
of the air stuffiness so even if it may not be an
Funding
adequate tool for all situations, it can be the Lum’Air®: apparatus dedicated to the air IEQ issues
stuffiness measurement and control in
current means of awareness on indoor air quality schools. Crédit Photo: Arnaud Bouissou,
in schools. MEDDE IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Users´ Indicators Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Through a questionnaire it is possible to obtain feedback from occupants, also Indoor Air Quality
Technical thank to a growing awareness of the indoor environmental influence on (IAQ)
Strategies occupants’ productivity and efficiency.

Comfort
Poor indoor environmental quality is often blamed for causing sick building
Operating syndrome and the impact on health is even higher in schools. How IEQ affects
Many studies have been conducted on the links between IEQ and health, and Enhance Indoor
also between IEQ and academic success. Environmental
Solutions Quality
The studies agree that improving the physical environment quality contributes
IAQ Plan
to a positive school climate and thus to academic success.
Costs
Based off the surveys of user's satisfaction, simple solutions regarding complaints Comfort Plan
about discomfort (heat, noise...) can be implemented.
Classroom Survey IEQ issues

Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
IEQ vs. Energy Efficiency Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Parameters of Comfort Key Actions Impact on Energy Performance
Increased energy consumption if poor manag Indoor Air Quality
Natural Ventilation
ement & misuse (IAQ)
Technical IAQ
Humidity No effect, decrease or increase in energy con
Strategies Mechanical ventilation
sumption depending on the initial situation
Comfort
Indoor T°C in cold period Insulation Decreases energy consumption
Operating Ventilation, insulation, shading Decreases energy consumption How IEQ affects
Strategies Indoor T°C in warm perio Pupils Performance?
Decreases energy consumption (for planned o
d Passive cooling
r current active cooling)
(overheating) Enhance Indoor
Air cooling Increased energy consumption Environmental
Solutions Quality
“Cold wall” effect Wall insulation Decreases energy consumption
Air movements Airtightness & controlled airflow Decreases energy consumption IAQ Plan
Optimization of daylight Decreases energy consumption
Increased use of artificial lighting (avoid
Costs Visual quality Increased energy consumption
glare, reach visual required standards)
Comfort Plan
Installation of energy efficient bulbs Decreases energy consumption
Acoustic quality Maintenance of mechanical ventilation Decreases energy consumption
IEQ issues
Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
IEQ Limits: Ventilation Rate Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Ventilation according to CIBSE Indoor Air Quality

(IAQ)
Technical Parameter ranges - low : mid-point : high
Strategies
- Day (l/s per person) 5 : 8 : 13 Comfort
- Night (air changes/h) 0 : 4 : 12

Strategies To minimize ventilation losses during the heating season, the baseline designs are often Pupils Performance?
provided with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery.
Enhance Indoor
Ventilation according to ASHRAE Environmental
Solutions Quality
In line with the ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE, 2004) a minimum outdoor
ventilation rate in breathing zone for classrooms (age 9 plus) is 5L/s-person. IAQ Plan
Costs Guidance/ Building Bulletin 101: ventilation for school buildings

Comfort Plan
Specify a minimum ventilation rate of 3 l/s per person in all teaching and learning spaces
when they are occupied. Furthermore, a ventilation rate of 8 l/s per person should be
IEQ issues
Funding achievable under the control of occupants, although it may not be required at all times if
the occupancy density decreases.
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
IEQ Limits Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
Parameter Source Concentration Level Exposure period of Schools
mg/m3 ppm Indoor Air Quality

(IAQ)
Technical WHO 100 15 min
Strategies
USEPA 60 25 30min Comfort
ASHRAE 30 9 1h
Strategies HWC 10 35 8h Pupils Performance?
TEE 29 9 1h Enhance Indoor

CO Environmental
10 25 8h Quality
Solutions
40 11 1h
IAQ Plan
10 8h
Costs 29 1h
Comfort Plan
13 8h
WHO 1800 1001 1h IEQ issues
Funding
CO2 ASHRAE 1800 1001 8h
HWC 6300 3504 IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
IEQ Limits Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
Indoor Air Quality

The health effects of exposure to VOCs (IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
Concentration Level TVOC Effects Comfort
Operating Below 0.2 mg/m³ How IEQ affects

Strategies Comfort Pupils Performance?
(or 0.05 ppm)
Enhance Indoor
0.2 - 3,0 mg/m³ Environmental
Solutions Discomfort Quality
( 0.05 - 0.80 ppm)
IAQ Plan
3,0 - 25 mg/m³
Symptoms– Headache
Costs (0.80 - 6.64 ppm) Comfort Plan
Over 25 mg/m³
Possible additional neuron toxic effects IEQ issues
Funding (6.64 ppm)
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
IEQ Standards Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
- ASHRAE: Ventilation for acceptable IAQ: Standard 62.1-2013 Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
- ASHRAE 55, 2004: Conditions that provide thermal comfort, Method for
Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied Spaces Comfort
Operating
- ISO 7730 (last reviewed 2009): Ergonomics of the thermal environment, the main
thermal comfort standard is ISO 7730 which is based upon the Predicted Mean Vote How IEQ affects
(PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) thermal comfort indices
(Fanger, 1970) Enhance Indoor
Environmental
Solutions - ISO 14415:2005 (last reviewed 2014)Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Quality
Application of International Standards to people with special requirements provides

IAQ Plan
background information on the thermal responses and needs of groups of persons
with special requirements so that International Standards concerned with the
Costs assessment of the thermal environment can be appropriately applied for their benefit Comfort Plan
- Pr EN 15251:CEN/TC 156 “Ventilation for Buildings”, Indoor environmental input

parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings - IEQ issues
Funding addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
- Pr EN 15239:CEN/TC 156, Ventilation for buildings,Guidelines for inspection of Indoor Air Quality
ventilation systems (IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
- WHO (global update 2005), Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, Comfort
nitrogen, dioxide & and sulfur dioxide
Operating
Strategies
- EN 12464-1 Lighting of workplaces – Part 1: indoor workplaces (CEN, 2002a) How IEQ affects
Pupils Performance?
- EN 12665 Light and Lighting – Basic terms and criteria for Specifying Lighting Enhance Indoor
requirements Environmental
Solutions Quality
- EN 13032-2: Lighting applications – Measurements and presentation of Photometric

IAQ Plan
Data of Lamps and luminaries
Costs - CIE 117 Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting (CIE1995) Comfort Plan
- NEN 2057 Daylight openings of buildings

IEQ issues
Funding - EN 12354 Building acoustics: estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from
the performance of elements
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
- EN ISO 14257 Acoustics: measurements and parametric description of spatial sound Indoor Air Quality
distribution curves in workrooms for evaluating acoustical performance (IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
- EN ISO 140 Acoustics: measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building Comfort
elements
Operating
Strategies
- EN ISO 10052 Acoustics: field measurement of airborne and impact sound insulation How IEQ affects
Pupils Performance?
and of service equipment noise; survey method
Enhance Indoor
- ISO 9921 Ergonomics: assessment of speech communication Environmental
Solutions Quality
- EN ISO 18233 Acoustics: application of new measurement methods in building and

IAQ Plan
room acoustics
Costs
Comfort Plan
IEQ issues
Funding
IEQ Standards &

Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
IEQ Standards & Guidelines Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
IAQ: Tools for Schools: Action Kit (EPA) A framework for School IAQ Management, IAQ Indoor Air Quality
Coordinator’s Guide, IAQ Reference, Checklists (IAQ)
Technical
Strategies
Comfort

Enhance Indoor
Environmental
Solutions Quality
IAQ Plan
Costs
Comfort Plan
IEQ issues
Funding
More links and guidelines in the Appendix
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
IEQ Concluding Remarks Definition of IEQ
Unique Aspects of
of Schools
ASHRAE’S Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction, and Indoor Air Quality
Commissioning (ASHRAE 2009), which provides specific guidance for achieving the (IAQ)
Technical
following key objectives:
Strategies
Comfort
- Manage the design and construction process to achieve good IAQ
Operating
- Control moisture in building assemblies How IEQ affects
- Limit entry of outdoor contaminants Enhance Indoor

Environmental
Quality
Solutions - Control moisture and contaminants related to mechanical systems
IAQ Plan
- Limit contaminants from indoor sources
Costs - Capture and exhaust contaminants from building equipment and activities Comfort Plan
- Reduce contaminant concentrations through ventilation, filtration, and air

cleaning IEQ issues
Funding
- Apply more advanced ventilation approaches.
IEQ Standards &
Guidelines
IEQ Concluding
MED Energy Remarks
Strategy
Mediterranean Challenges Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Technical - Saving energy and improving indoor conditions at the

1. Use &
Strategies
same time Management
- Minimising already known overheating problems

Operating
Strategies
- Diversity of climate and habits 2. Demand
Reduction
- Facing climate change
- Involving current and future generations 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions
- At the minimum cost Systems
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Mediterranean Approach Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
When designing the renovation of a school in a Mediterranean climate, some
Technical basic criteria must be taken into account in the framework of a broader
Strategies methodology (see nZEB Design chapter): 1. Use &
Management
- Current situation needs to be carefully studied

Operating - Energy strategies are closely linked to indoor conditions, so IEQ strategies 2. Demand
Strategies must be considered at the same time Reduction
- Passive heating and cooling strategies must be combined in order to
achieve optimum results and minimise overheating 3. Energy
Solutions - Energy strategies must take into account all seasons (comfort during mid- Efficient
Systems
season has to be also guaranteed)
- Existing strategies for colder regions should not be transferred without
pondering the benefits and drawbacks first 4. Renewable
Costs
- Heating demand is the highest relative demand. However, other energy Energy Supply
needs become more important in the energy balance than in colder climates
- A study of implementation of local energy from renewable sources is 5. Building
Funding needed Operating
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Energy Steps Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
The following steps are proposed to face the energy challenge in MED schools. They are
arranged by priority in order to achieve the final nZEB goal and to develop firstly some
Technical
savings to help finance the works. 1. Use &
Strategies
Management
WISE! If we start with low cost

measures, savings can be invested in
Operating following steps
2. Demand
Strategies Reduction
3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
Energy Renewabl Building

Use and Demand 4. Renewable
NOW management reduction
efficient e energy Management NZEB
Costs supply System Energy Supply
systems
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
HELP! Usually not considered in short-term oriented

Must-Have
energy renovations
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Use and Management (low cost) Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits A better use and simple energy management actions can
result in average energy savings of around 10%, even though Energy Steps
savings can differ widely depending on the status quo
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
- Improve current energy use Management
- Assign an energy manager (see Solution S01)
Operating - Adjust heating/cooling setpoint temperatures (see Solution S02) 2. Demand
- Improve users’ behaviour through their engagement, from previous analysis up to
implementation of solutions (see Solution S03) 3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
- Set up an energy education plan (Teachers role and energy education) Systems
- Install simple monitoring equipment (sensors and energy meters) in order to develop some
knowledge and identify short-term corrective actions 4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
- Set up a program to know and improve IEQ running in parallel to the energy actions
- Set up a PLAN to purchase only best energy rated equipment (see Solution S28).
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Challenge: integrate improved comfort standards and ICT without booming the energy goal
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Changes in user behaviour and simple energy management, with low cost investments,
result in average energy savings of around 10%. Savings potential varies widely
Technical
depending on the status quo, achieving up to 30% in some cases. 1. Use &
Strategies
Management
The first step of a renovation is to conduct an energy audit. At the same time, users can
set up an energy program to raise awareness and commitment among users, improve
Operating 2. Demand
energy use and have more knowledge to define the renovation strategy. During this first Reduction
Strategies
stage, simple energy management tools may be used. However, it may not be
convenient to install a robust and expensive energy management system because of the
many changes in the systems that will occur during the renovation process. 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions These first low cost measures will promote users’ commitment and can facilitate the
Systems
funding of more ambitious measures, such as demand reduction actions, like upgrading
the building’s envelope.
4. Renewable
Costs Best energy rated equipment is crucial for achieving the nZEB goal. It is highly Energy Supply
recommended to set up a purchase plan that will cover any future equipment purchase.
However, this plan can not be used directly to purchase a new boiler, because prior
demand reduction strategies and RES availability have to be tackled. 5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Investments in energy efficiency equipment at this stage will compromise achieving
nZEB goals, thus making steps outside the path to nZEB.
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Approach
Goal & Benefits Current situation and good

knowledge of facilities :
plans, maintenance reports, bills Check Energy Steps
(works & energy), contract power setpoint temperatures,
tariff su s riptio optio s … book boiler with
Technical maintenance operations
Strategies actually carried out and Monitoring 1. Use &
illi g… Management
Record (on dashboards
for example) the bills
and personal
Operating Manage Users’ awareness & state e ts, users’ 2. Demand
Ventilation (reduce feed a k o o fort … Reduction
Strategies involvement on
heating consumption, Compare actual energy
assure IAQ, summer management :
opening of windows, extinction of
consumption accounted
comfort) & Lighting (use by the building owner
daylight when possible, electrical appliances, et … 3. Energy
with the amounts
Solutions ensure light extinction invoiced Efficient
Alert of any possible
Systems
malfunction or
deviations as soon as
Taining of maintenance staff possible
4. Renewable
Costs if necessary
Low cost Energy Supply
equipments :
purchase plan for
Adjust
A++ equipment, 5. Building
Regulate energy supply and Operating
Funding heating circuits maintenance contracts
and programming System
insulation, water to actual needs,
saving heating and cooling frequency of equipment
ai te a e …
equipments, … Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Demand Reduction Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Upgrading the building envelope in a holistic way (considering openings, walls, roof,
basement and thermal bridges) is a key factor that must be tackled before investing in
Technical
new efficient energy systems (i.e. boilers), that may become oversized with the new 1. Use &
Strategies
reduced demand. Management
Care must be taken with passive heating techniques in MED schools, because it may
Operating 2. Demand
result in an increase in cooling needs. Passive heating and cooling strategies must be Reduction
Strategies
tackled at the same time in order to assure the best decisions in each case.
3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs Passive Passive Efficient Efficient Daylighting Energy Supply
heating cooling cooking DHW management
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Passive Heating Passive
heating
Passive
cooling
Efficient
cooking
Efficient
DHW
Daylighting
MNT
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Passive heating includes all the techniques and solutions that use free heat from the sun
and internal gains in order to avoid heating with active systems.
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
- Passive solar design: Solar gains can be maximized through some changes in the Management
existing windows, but no changes of orientation can be done in existing buildings.
Attention must be paid to manage the solar gains without causing glare or
Operating 2. Demand
overheating; therefore, strategies in this sense are closely linked to daylight Reduction
Strategies
management and cooling loads.
- Thermal insulation: It is imperative to insulate the envelope (prioritizing exterior
insulation) beyond current thermal regulations in order to achieve the nZEB goal. 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions Indicative values for thermal transmittance are:
Systems
Openings (frame+glass) Wall Roof Basement 4. Renewable

Costs Energy Supply
U-value 1.40-1.80 0.20-0.40 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.60
5. Building
Funding These values need to be evaluated in energy studies, using design software (dynamic Operating
System
thermal simulations). They are not universal target values, just indicative ranges for MED
regions. (See solutions S5-8 and S11-S13)
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Passive Heating Passive
heating
Passive
cooling
Efficient
cooking
Efficient
DHW
Daylighting
MNT
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Thermal bridges: When insulation is needed, thermal bridges become very important. For
nZEB, losses through thermal bridges can be up to 15-30% of the envelope losses. Thermal
Technical bridges are encountered when different construction systems are connected or when a
1. Use &
Strategies discontinuity on the insulation material appears. They can be linear or punctual. In renovation Management
projects, some thermal bridges are difficult to solve. However, efforts must be done to minimize
them, including appropriate design, planning and innovative products.
Operating Generally, in the nZEB renovation approach, linear transmittance (-value) should be kept in 2. Demand
Strategies average under 0.45 W/(mK). (See solution S14) Reduction
Reduction of air infiltrations: In order to have the control on energy and ventilation flows, it is
needed to reduce air infiltrations. In MED schools they occur mainly through the windows, doors, 3. Energy
Solutions and also in installations (where walls or roofs have been pierced to introduce an element). (See Efficient
Systems
Solution S15)
Internal gains:
4. Renewable
Costs - People: In a school, free heat provided by the occupants is a major energy source. This Energy Supply
needs to be well-managed in order to provide heating when needed and displace heat during
warm periods to avoid overheating.
One possible strategy is to combine ventilation with free heat management in order to transfer 5. Building
heat gains among different spaces. Other options are tackled in ventilation strategies Operating
Funding
- Appliances: In a school, appliances are less implemented than in office buildings, therefore System
causing less internal gains. Nevertheless, the increase in ICT usage, especially the computers
room, creates the need for tailored strategies
Highly efficient equipment must be prioritized at the moment of any purchase. (See solution S28) Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Passive Cooling Passive
heating
Passive
cooling
Efficient
cooking
Efficient
DHW
Daylighting
MNT
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
In Mediterranean schools, it is imperative to use a range of passive cooling techniques in
order to avoid active cooling; otherwise, we will face the situation where existing schools
Technical
(running without cooling systems nowadays) are equipped with cooling devices, 1. Use &
Strategies
therefore increasing energy consumption. For this reason, the first three cooling Management
strategies (solar shading, cool surfaces and ventilative cooling) are applicable to all
cases.
Operating 2. Demand
Solar shading: It is imperative to use solar protections in MED schools. These have to
be designed to offer solar protection to avoid possible overheating or glare effects.
External devices offer good protection. Internal may be used just to manage daylight and 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions avoid glare problems. Adjustable brise-soleil offer an optimum solution. South, east and
Systems
west façades need solar shading. Completely automated systems may be limiting in
some cases, but user-managed systems are not recommended. A hybrid solution may
be consistent, with the commitment of trained users. (See Solution S03) 4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
Cool surfaces: High reflective surfaces, also called cool surfaces, are low cost and
efficient solutions to decrease solar gains during warm periods. They are included in
exterior paintings for roofs and façades as well as in outdoors pavements. If a choice has 5. Building
Operating
Funding to be made, the roof should be prioritized. Additionally, when a PV system is installed, System
cool surfaces help reduce overheating of solar panels, so higher efficiency is achieved.
(see Solution S10)
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Passive Cooling Passive
heating
Passive
cooling
Efficient
cooking
Efficient
DHW
Daylighting
MNT
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Ventilative cooling: This refers to the use of natural or mechanical ventilation strategies
to cool indoor spaces. Attention must be paid to ventilation strategies as there is no
Technical
universal solution to prescribe and the one to be implemented has to fulfill three 1. Use &
Strategies
requirements at the same time: health, comfort and energy savings. For cooling Management
purposes, night cooling and free-cooling techniques must be prioritized. Ceiling fans can
help improve comfort when temperature rises. (See Solution S16 and Venticool platform)
Operating 2. Demand
Thermal mass activation: This refers to allowing high thermal inertia elements (such as
concrete slabs) to activate during daily temperature oscillation in order to reduce cooling
loads. Thermal mass cooling potential is lower in MED regions than in cooler climates, 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions but it is a solution easy to implement when it just entails removing the false ceiling. (See
Systems
Solution S17)
Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers: EATHE is a ground source of heat and cold. Especially 4. Renewable
Costs in MED climates it offers a good option to cool buildings with low energy (if coupled with Energy Supply
a heat pump) and even no energy (if it is coupled with the ventilation system). It is often
called “climatic well”, “Canadian well” or “Provencal well”. In order to evaluate the cooling
potential, detailed information about the soil is needed. Design must be carried out by a 5. Building
Operating
Funding specialist in order to ensure the expected results. Ground tubes can conduct ventilation System
air or constitute an independent net (then generally water is used). In renovation, high
investment cost in soil movements is a major barrier. (See Solution S22)
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Efficient Cooking Passive
heating
Passive
cooling
Efficient
cooking
Efficient
DHW
Daylighting
MNT
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Energy demand for cooking includes the need to cook or heat the meals.
Technical
Different situations are used in different countries: a vending machine with cold food 1. Use &
Strategies
when almost all pupils eat at home (Greece), a fully equipped kitchen for almost all Management
pupils (most cases in Catalonia), or the catering option (heated on site or not).
Operating 2. Demand
In order to reduce cooking demand, many strategies can be followed. Reduction
Strategies
Apart from the vending machine (see Solution S28), two main strategies need to be
implemented: good habits and best energy class equipment. 3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
Additionally, tailored strategies to reuse the cooking heat or evacuate it (depending on
the needs), and its link to the ventilation strategies, need to be investigated. (See
Solution S29) 4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Efficient DHW Passive
heating
Passive
cooling
Efficient
cooking
Efficient
DHW
Daylighting
MNT
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
DHW demand may vary greatly depending on each school.
Technical
When the demand is very low, it may not be a good option to install a specific system - 1. Use &
Strategies
just an electric thermos will be enough. Management
When demand is higher than 200 litres/day, renewable energy supply options need to be
Operating 2. Demand
studied. Reduction
Strategies
Moreover, aerated taps and good habits need to be implemented to ensure minimum
demand. 3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Daylighting Management Passive
heating
Passive
cooling
Efficient
cooking
Efficient
DHW
Daylighting
MNT
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Energy for lighting purposes may be high because there is not enough daylight entering
the classrooms, or because there is no appropriate management.
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
Improved daylight management may include light sensors, dimming, redirection of Management
daylight and even installing solar tubes. (See Solution S25)
Operating 2. Demand
3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Energy Efficient Systems Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Once the energy demand of the school has been reduced, it is time to integrate energy
efficient systems.
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
Systems powered by renewable energy must be the first option. When these are not Management
possible, fossil fuels may be introduced, keeping in mind that other systems working with
renewable energies should compensate this consumption.
Operating 2. Demand
Systems include a wide range of equipment and appliances, many of them often running
with electricity:
3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
Active 4. Renewable
Costs Ventilation Heating Lighting Kitchen DHW Appliances
cooling Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Ventilation Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Lighting Kitchen DHW Appliances
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Technical
Available
Strategies technologies 1. Use &
Ventilation Managemen Management
options t
Operating 2. Demand
Requirements Users 3. Energy

Solutions Efficient
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs
Best Energy Supply
Current
ventilation Cost
situation
strategy 5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Design Criteria Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Analysis of current situation The aspects of ventilation that the designer
of classroom ventilation must relate to during
Technical
- Exterior pollutant sources the design process. 1. Use &
Strategies
- Exterior noise Management
- Interior pollutant sources Source: SchoolVentCool project, DTU
- Seasonal climate differences
Operating 2. Demand
- Winds and microclimate Reduction
Strategies
- Heating and cooling demand
- Current air flow Building
- Current IEQ problems characteritics 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions - Building characteristics
Systems
- Current costs
Energy
Comfort
Purposes of ventilation Ventilation
consumption
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
in
- Reduce indoor pollutants
- Reduce outdoor pollutants
classroom
- Reduce cooling demand 5. Building
Operating
Funding (evacuate internal heat gains) System
- Heat recovery Initial Running
costs costs
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Strategies Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Urban area: If the exterior environment is polluted or noisy, natural ventilation will
probably not be feasible. However, night cooling can be certainly implemented.
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
Controlled natural ventilation will be suitable for many cases, even though natural Management
ventilation depending exclusively on opening of windows by the users is not compatible
with the nZEB approach. It has been demonstrated that this strategy for ventilation
Operating 2. Demand
results in poor air quality (high CO2 concentration and other pollutants). A natural and Reduction
Strategies
controlled ventilation, with automated windows (and/or vents) linked to air-monitoring
sensors, is a highly recommended solution. Moreover, the design of the ventilation must
ensure appropriate air flow distribution and rate. In this sense, a Danish study has 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions concluded that natural ventilation performs better with an exhaust fan. (See Solution
Systems
S16)
Mechanical ventilation: In many cases it may be necessary to install a mechanical 4. Renewable

Costs ventilation system. The system can be centralized, decentralized or room-by-room. The Energy Supply
last option is easier to implement in already existing schools. The air flows, equipment,
filters, and ducts must be carefully chosen. Special care must be taken during both
design and implementation phases to avoid noise problems. (See Solution S18) 5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Hybrid (natural and mechanical): Natural and mechanical ventilation may be beneficial
to combine in order to fulfil ventilation requirements by limiting the investment cost. In
Technical
this sense, a controlled natural ventilation can be supported by a mechanical system 1. Use &
Strategies
(from an exhaust fan up to an AHU with lower capacity) in order to reach higher required Management
airflows, especially when wind or thermal conditions are not favourable for natural
ventilation.
Operating 2. Demand
Heat recovery: Heat recovery is not prescribed for all MED schools. Instead, its
convenience should be evaluated for each particular case. The decision will be made
taking into account the heat recovery potential (for colder MED regions it will be certainly 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions more interesting), the presence or absence of active cooling systems, the air-flow, and
Systems
the investment costs.
Management: It is very important to ensure the functioning and maintenance of the 4. Renewable
Costs ventilation system. Specialized staff and additional training may be needed. Energy Supply
High efficiency ventilators: Solutions should integrate low consumption ventilators.

5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits Controlled natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation

Building current
Energy Steps
situation:
Orientation and openings shall allow Room height and size requirements to design
building features
Technical (orientation,
cross ventilation / stack ventilation ducted ventilation systems
Strategies 1. Use &
shape) Management
Outdoor Can not deal with highly polluted or Allows dealing with highly polluted environments
environment noisy environments and better control of external noises
Operating 2. Demand
Strategies Automatic windows or vents (users Reduction
Users can participate in punctual ventilation Users usually have little control
by opening windows)
3. Energy
IAQ needs : System must ensure good IAQ: Efficient
Solutions System can easily ensure good IAQ if maintenance
minimum sensors, monitoring, controllable Systems
is diligently performed
ventilation windows opening, users awareness
Risk of draughts with some systems, although these
Risk of draughts
should be easy to engineer out 4. Renewable
Costs Implementation of passive cooling
Comfort Potential fan noise and higher room-to-room sound Energy Supply
techniques: openings, shading, night
transmission. Good engineering can reduce this.
cooling, thermal mass
Easier to use for night cooling
Natural ventilation can deteriorate 5. Building
Operating
Funding Energy energy performance if not properly More energy efficient with heat recovery in winter
System
consumption controlled. Sensors and actuators but higher electrical load because of fans
consume very reduced energy
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Resources Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
A recent Danish study in classrooms concludes that mechanical ventilation and natural
ventilation with automatically operable windows with exhaust fan performed notably
Technical
better than the other systems. 1. Use &
Strategies
Management
Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project)
Operating 2. Demand
Implementation of ventilation in existing schools – A design criteria list towards passive Reduction
Strategies
schools (SchoolVentCool project)
Integrated ventilation and free night cooling in classrooms with diffuse ceiling ventilation 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions (SchoolVentCool project)
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Requirements Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
REGIONS Limit value (CO2 ppm) Ventilation rate (min)
Goal & Benefits
United Kingdom 1500 (average)
Energy Steps
Germany 1500
Belgium 500 8.3 l/s/person
Technical 1000 or 1500 (under 5.5 l/s/person (for 1000
Austria
Strategies discussion) ppm) 1. Use &
Finland 1200 6 l/s/person Management
Holland 1200
Denmark 1000 5.7 l/s/person
Operating Lithuania 6 l/s/person 2. Demand
Portugal 1000 8.3 l/s/person
Norway, Canada, Brazil, China,
1000
Japan, Korea, New Zealand 3. Energy
Solutions USA 700 over exterior air 7 l/s/person Efficient
MEDITERRANEAN Regions Systems
France 1000
Italy 3.5 air changes/hour
Greece 6.2 l/s/p 4. Renewable
Costs Spain (schools) 500 over exterior air 12.5 l/s/person Energy Supply
Spain (kindergarten) 350 over exterior air 20 l/s/person
Health-based reference according to
HealthVent, which does not include 5. Building
Operating
Funding outdoor or indoor pollutants, other 4 l/s/person System
than the own occupants pollution
load
Table. CO2 limit values for schools in different countries (and associated ventilation rates) Must-Have
Source: ANSES, HealthVent, SchoolVentCool and own elaboration Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Heating Systems Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Heating demand will be highly reduced in comparison to the initial state. Oversized and
old heating system needs to be replaced or, at least, adapted.
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
Options to consider: Management
- SOLAR THERMAL (RES): Solar collectors to supply storage tank and use existing
Operating 2. Demand
radiators Reduction
Strategies
- BIOMASS (RES): Wood biomass boiler

3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions - NATURAL GAS (FOSSIL): High efficiency boiler (condensing boiler)
Systems
- ELECTRICITY (I): Low-temperature heat pump (linked to the ventilation system or to

radiators). If a split is considered, pay attention first to comfort related issues (dry air, 4. Renewable
Costs air speed and noise). It can be used as active cooling if needed Energy Supply
- ELECTRICITY (II): Ground source heat pump (water-water) (linked to the ventilation
system or to radiators). It can be used as active cooling if needed. High investment 5. Building
Operating
Funding cost System
- District heating (RES): If available, it may constitute a good alternative

Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Considerations Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Heating system upgrade will take into account current situation, new heating
Technical demand (after demand reduction) and technical and cost issues.
Strategies 1. Use &
Management
For example, if boiler was replaced 3 years ago, it may be preferable to
invest the budget into actions other than the heating system.
Operating 2. Demand
In another hypothetic case, if existing radiators are in a good state and
budget is limited, a beneficial option can be to replace the energy supply 3. Energy
Solutions while keeping the existing radiators in the short-term. Efficient
Systems
When a thermal storage is needed, highly thermal insulated products will be

prioritized. Ducts need to be well insulated too. 4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Cooling Systems Ventilation Heating
Active
cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
If, after a range of passive cooling techniques, extra cooling is needed to
Technical prevent overheating, high efficiency heat pumps will constitute a good
1. Use &
Strategies solution Management
Solar cooling: Even though very promising, investment cost is currently still
Operating 2. Demand
Strategies quite high and it will be most probably not cost-effective Reduction
Radiant ceiling: This provides satisfactory comfort to distribute cooling 3. Energy

Solutions energy Efficient
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Active
High Efficiency Systems Ventilation Heating

cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
- Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the
Technical European Union (2012)
Strategies 1. Use &
Management
- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Boilers
Operating 2. Demand
Strategies - ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Central Air Conditioners and Air Reduction
Source Heat Pumps
3. Energy
Solutions - ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Geothermal Heat Pumps Efficient
Systems
- REHVA - Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air

Conditioning Associations 4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Active
High Efficiency Systems Ventilation Heating

cooling
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Lighting
Artificial lighting needs to be improved by an appropriate daylight management,
Technical
sectorization, sensors and timing. (See solution 21 and 22) 1. Use &
Strategies
Bulbs need to be replaced by high efficiency bulbs (LED offer currently good colors). Management
(See solution 20)
Operating 2. Demand
Kitchen Reduction
Strategies
The kitchen consumes energy in appliances, cooking or reheating, and ventilation.
Regarding the cooking needs, many options are possible: electrical cooking, bio-
fuel/biogas powered, fossil-fuel powered (to compensate with other RES). (See solution 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions 29)
Systems
DHW
When DHW demand is higher than 200 l/day, it is needed to cover 60% demand with 4. Renewable
Costs RES (solar thermal or biomass). Storage tank and ducts need to be highly insulated. Energy Supply
(See solution S31)
5. Building
Appliances
Operating
Funding In an nZEB school building, appliances will constitute an important part of energy System
consumption. In order to save energy, any new equipment or replacement will be chosen
according to best energy class criteria. (See solution S28)
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Renewable Energy Supply Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
RES supply must be studied in order to choose the
most suitable energy(ies) for each case. Different
Technical
possibilities may be identified at first and need to be 1. Use &
Strategies
weighed taking into account several criteria Management
(availability, local resource, renewable character,
feasibility, investment cost, maintenance, school
Operating 2. Demand
energy demand).
Strategies Solar PV Reduction
In Mediterranean regions, solar energy has

high potential. 3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
Nevertheless, in some cases it will not be Solar
indicated. Thermal
4. Renewable
Costs Biomass, geothermal or wind may offer Energy Supply
good alternatives if local available
potential is evidenced.
Biomass Wind 5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Renewable Energy Supply
Solar
Solar PV Wind Biomass
Thermal
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Local RES available?
YES NO
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
NZEB possible NZEB still possible Management
If existing/projected RES District Heating, Supply alternative:

Operating consider it first 2. Demand
neighbourhood RES Reduction
Strategies installation or
purchase/invest on off-site
RES to be 100% RES powered
Low thermal needs High thermal needs 3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
When
Systems
PV/Wind
is
feasible
4. Renewable
Costs Thermal supply Energy Supply
NZEB 100% electrically PV/Wind for electrical
according to the
powered/balanced (PV/wind) needs
site
5. Building
Urban: Solar Thermal/Geothermal may Rural: Solar thermal/Local Operating
Funding
offer good options. Is biomass local, biomass/Geothermal or System
emission-free and feasible? other
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Solar PV
Solar
Thermal
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
This is reliable, abundant and easy to implement. Roof-integrated is to be prioritized.
Even if pitched modules offer better performance, building integration (BIPV) will be
Technical
carefully studied (roof, façade, solar protections in the building and shades in the 1. Use &
Strategies
playground…). Management
Indeed, district solar PV installation needs to be considered an option in the framework

Operating 2. Demand
of other energy needs in the area. Reduction
Strategies
Feed-in tariffs and current fees may constitute opportunities or important barriers today
(depending on national regulations).
However, self consumption could be interesting because production and demand both 3. Energy
Efficient
Solutions take place during the day.
Systems
Big figures: Annual production around 1200–1500 kWh/kWp. Module surface needed is
around 8 m2/kWp. Horizontal surface needed for installation of modules around 15-20 4. Renewable
Costs m2/kWp. Energy Supply
That means that only solar photovoltaic can come up for a minimum of 60 kWh/m2 if the
building has only one floor, 30 kWh/m2 for 2-storeys, 20 kWh/m2 for 3-storeys, etc.. (See 5. Building
Operating
Funding solution S30) System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Solar Thermal
Solar
Thermal
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
This is reliable, abundant and not subject to feed-in tariffs. Installation must guarantee a
good design and prevent overheating and possible damage of collectors, especially
Technical
during summertime (holidays). 1. Use &
Strategies
Management
Maintenance is needed. Solar thermal can supply DHW and heating energy demand, but
a back-up system will be needed for cloudy periods.
Operating 2. Demand
Building integration needs to be considered from the beginning.
Solar cooling is technically feasible but still needs a high investment cost. 3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
Big figures: Current flat plate collectors may offer around 700 W/m2. (See solutions S31
and S32)
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Wind
Solar
Thermal
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Wind can be an abundant resource in some places. However, detailed wind maps
Technical are not often available.
Strategies 1. Use &
Management
Wind turbines may offer a good option in rural sites with “constant” wind (even
though human perception might characterize a site as windy, wind is usually not
Operating enough to run a turbine); while in urban areas, wind resource is more limited 2. Demand
Strategies (existing buildings limits and affects wind resource). (See solution 34) Reduction
3. Energy
Solutions Efficient
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Supply
5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Biomass and other RES
Solar
Thermal
Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
Wooden local biomass offers a renewable source that is available when needed.
Technical
Strategies A storage system is needed and some precautions need to be considered. 1. Use &
Management
It should be noted that rain may be scarce in the Mediterranean basin, which
Operating implies low biomass production in the forests. 2. Demand
Indeed, only local sustainable biomass can offer a solution for nZEB buildings
(remote biomass will have a high embodied energy because of transportation). 3. Energy
Solutions (See solution S35) Efficient
Systems
4. Renewable
Costs
Other RES may be possible according to the site conditions. Some possibilities Energy Supply
include the use of (local) biofuels or high efficiency heat pumps using the exterior
air, ground or groundwater as heat or cold source. (See solution S27) 5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
SMART Building Operating Strategies Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
BMS (Building Management System) is used to manage energy demand. It is a computer-based
control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building’s mechanical and
Technical electrical equipment such as heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, etc.
Strategies 1. Use &
EN 15232 “Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Management
Building Management” describes methods for evaluating the influence of building automation
and technical building management on the energy consumption of buildings and estimates that
Operating for schools, the introduction of BACS can give savings up to 40% of thermal energy and up to 2. Demand
Strategies 20% of electrical energy. Different options are available in the market, from complex systems to Reduction
more simple ones.
The goal is to have an overall view of the building and know what is going on in terms of 3. Energy
Solutions operating conditions (equipment, return control), measurements (temperature, operating times, Efficient
number of failures) and alarms (failure, abnormal stopping, measurement exceeding a Systems
threshold). (See solution S38)
4. Renewable
Costs Benefits of BMS Energy Supply
- Good control of internal comfort conditions
- Effective response to HVAC-related complaints: users’ comfort improved
- Effective monitoring and targeting of energy consumption 5. Building
Operating
Funding - Early detection of problems System
- Effective use of maintenance staff (maintenance scheduling)
VERYschool project has developed a useful energy management tool for school buildings.
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
SMART Building Operating Strategies Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Equipments
Energy Steps
Valves, power,
(heating, cooling, Control
electric shutters,
ventilation, lighting, …) lights …
Technical
Strategies 1. Use &
Management
Improvement Detection of
Regulation
Operating Programming problems 2. Demand
Strategies ALARM Reduction
Reduction
3. Energy
Comfort parameters Efficient
Solutions Sensors Monitoring
(T°C, humidity, CO2, Systems
lighting …)
4. Renewable
Costs Energy Energy Supply
Energy consumptions meters
5. Building
Optimize Operating
Funding coverage needs System
RES
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Must-Have Criteria for nZEB Schools Challenges &
Approach
Goal & Benefits

Energy Steps
- Engagement of school community
Technical - Solar shading
Strategies 1. Use &
Management
- Envelope thermal insulation
- Improved ventilation
Operating 2. Demand
Strategies - A range of passive cooling techniques (solar shading, cool roof and night ventilation) Reduction
- Strategies to decrease electrical consumption:

3. Energy
- LEDs or similar Efficient
Solutions
Systems
- Purchase only certified A++ equipment
- Acquire good energy practices
4. Renewable
Costs - Make a “moderate” use of ICT and appliances according to educational needs Energy Supply
- PV or Wind supply in order to cover electrical demand

- Efficient cooking 5. Building
Operating
Funding
System
Must-Have
Criteria
nZEB schools
MED Energy
Strategy
Regeneration of the school yards
Goal & Benefits
The regeneration of the schoolyards is a challenge for environmental sustainable schools.

In summer, sunshine overheats grounds and facades. Microclimate and its interaction on the Regeneration
Technical indoor thermal comfort must be controlled to minimize summer discomfort without compromising of the school
yards
Strategies the winter comfort and efficiency.
The main parameters affecting the urban microclimate are radiation, convection and humidity.
Other parameters can be taken into account: lighting, whose variability in space and time is very
Operating important in the summer, contributing to users’ comfort or discomfort, and surrounding noise
Strategies which may aggravate sensation of thermal stress.
The purpose of regeneration of the school yards is to create comfortable spaces around
buildings. Solar Control
- The designer can try to see what enhances radiation, convection and humidity.
Solutions - The planning and architectural design of outdoor living spaces should take into account
seasonal changes and daily fluctuations in external environments (mainly temperature and
sunshine) and choose their location and optimal configuration.
Promote
Objectives Means Natural
Costs Eliminate exposure to Solar Solar protection and Shading devices Ventilation
Radiation, create shade
The location and height of buildings
Enhance Natural Ventilation
Funding Vegetation
Color of materials Regulate Air

Regulate Temperature &
temperature
Humidity of the air and relative
Use of water
humidity
MED Energy
Strategy
Regeneration of the school yards
Goal & Benefits
Treatment of outdoor spaces helps mitigate the harsh climatic constraints around
Regeneration
buildings which make these areas used for only a part of the day. Also, regeneration of of the school
Technical
the school yards can improve comfort inside the premises. yards
Strategies
There is an urban microclimate around the buildings. In summer, sunshine overheats
grounds and facades.
Microclimate and its interaction on the indoor thermal comfort must be controlled to
Operating
minimize summer discomfort without compromising the winter comfort and efficiency.
Strategies
The main parameters affecting the urban microclimate are radiation, convection and Solar Control
humidity.
Solutions Other parameters can be taken into account: lighting (whose variability in space and time
is very important in the summer), contributing to users’ comfort or discomfort, and
surrounding noise which may aggravate sensation of thermal stress.
Promote
Natural
Costs The purpose of regeneration of the school yards is to create comfortable spaces around Ventilation
buildings.
- For this, the designer can try to see what enhances radiation, convection and
humidity.
Funding - The planning and architectural design of outdoor living spaces should take into
account seasonal changes and daily fluctuations in external environments (mainly Regulate Air
temperature and sunshine) and choose their location and optimal configuration. temperature
and relative
humidity
MED Energy
Strategy
Solar Control
Source: http://buildingdignity.wscadv.org/site-design/empower/
Goal & Benefits
The first step to improving summer

comfort in outdoor spaces is to control Regeneration
Technical exposure to solar radiation: solar of the school
Strategies protection, seasonal vegetation, etc. yards
These external devices extend the

architectural shading system of the
Operating building in order to create comfortable,
Strategies sheltered areas and reduce indoor
thermal discomfort. Additionally, they
limit sun exposure of the scholars Solar Control
(promoting skin health)
Solutions
Fixed shading devices
Generally used as protection for rain,
covered outdoor areas (walkways, Promote
awnings, canopies), if opaque and Natural
Costs ventilated, can create comfortable Ventilation
shaded area.
Spaces with significant shade are also
caused by multi-store buildings which
can be considered as fixed sunscreen
Funding
Variable and mobile shading devices Regulate Air
Their effectiveness is optimal on the south side of buildings where summer solar sector constraints are not temperature
the strongest; the sun is above the horizon and the energy received is lower than for the east and west and relative
exposures. Deciduous vegetation is part of this type of protection humidity
MED Energy
Strategy
Solar Control
Goal & Benefits
Vegetation as summer sunscreen: Plantations near buildings provide shade in summer
without blocking the winter sun (deciduous trees) and reduce soil exposure to solar
radiation. Deciduous vegetation planted on the east, southeast, southwest and west sides Regeneration
Technical of buildings can reduce the cooling energy demand or increase summer comfort (highest of the school
Strategies priority should be given to west-facing windows). yards
Plants create shade on the ground and walls and allow the use of outdoor spaces while
keeping indoor comfort. For example, climbing plants protect the walls from direct
sunlight.
Operating
Strategies The choice of plants: Plants should be selected based on their ability to adapt (soil,
temperature, humidity), their size and nature (trees, lining, deciduous trees) but above all, Solar Control
depending on their role (sun or wind protection). Thus, it is recommended:
- Use local species of Mediterranean type, more robust and resistant to high heat
Solutions
conditions
- Choose the species according to the type of area concerned and leaf: diversify the
species as much as possible to take advantage of the thermal characteristics
Promote
associated (linden promote dense shade, pine filter light, willows are adapted to
Natural
Costs wetlands) Ventilation
- Plant windbreaks around hedges to reduce the phenomenon of drying soil by the wind.
When choosing plants, pay particular attention to future maintenance needs (consumption
Funding of water for watering, pruning trees and shrubs, etc) and the risk of allergy they can cause
by pollen.
Regulate Air
Applications: hedges, pergolas, lawns, ground cover plants on walls temperature
and relative
humidity
MED Energy
Strategy
Promote Natural Ventilation
Goal & Benefits
- The movement of the air increases the cooling body by accelerating Regeneration
Technical convective exchanges but also the evaporation of perspiration of the school
Strategies yards
- The cooling effect is achieved with air temperature below 32° C, in the
shade. This situation happens throughout the day in the coastal strip and
Operating
Strategies in the morning and evening in land
Solar Control
- The choice of plant or mineral windbreaks against strong winds for winter
Solutions is not incompatible with the development of comfortable outdoor
environment; these have to be placed in areas where the air must
circulate freely
Promote
Natural
Costs
- Outdoor vegetation should guide the movement of air by filtering dust Ventilation
during warm periods
Funding - As mentioned above, walkways naturally ventilated can create comfort in

summer. Regulate Air
temperature
and relative
humidity
MED Energy
Strategy
Regulate Air Temperature and Humidity
Goal & Benefits Radiation can cause a "cold wall" effect, which is a source of discomfort during winter inside the
premises, but which can improve the comfort of the user outside.
For example, in summer, while solar radiation increases the temperature of the walls and of the Regeneration
air, walls and grounds which have been in the shade for at least 6 hours can create a beneficial of the school
Technical
role of “cold wall”. Work on outdoor environment radiation is essentially based on the choice of yards
Strategies
colors and materials, as well as vegetation.
Outside walls and materials’ color

Operating The ability of materials to reflect solar radiation (albedo) depends upon their color and their
Strategies nature (mineral or vegetable). The colors have different absorption coefficients of solar radiation.
The so-called "cold" colors (blue and green) absorb strongly solar radiation: light blue is more Solar Control
absorbent than brown. Avoid absorbing colors: under the action of sunlight, they contribute to
heat the air and create a radiator effect for the user who passes nearby.
Solutions
For summer comfort, light colors are required because clear surfaces store and radiate less
heat. Highly reflective materials, such as polished aluminum, almost do not heat up.
Promote
Natural
Costs In winter, a high coefficient of solar reflectance of grounds located in the south will be favorable Ventilation
for buildings: the reflected part of the radiation increases the thermal and light contribution
through windows.
Funding Application: clear gravel, concrete slabs, paving light color, etc.
Regulate Air
temperature
and relative
humidity
MED Energy
Strategy
Regulate Air Temperature and Humidity
Goal & Benefits
Vegetation as "cold wall“: Compared to a building wall which heats by the effect of sunshine,
the planted wall façades act as a very effective "cold wall": the color and texture of foliage allow Regeneration
Technical absorption of solar radiation who (approximately 30%) is removed by evapotranspiration. of the school
yards
Strategies This phenomenon works better with deciduous plants.
Vegetation also provides humidification through gas exchange and water vapor between plants
and the atmosphere. In addition, the presence of plants reduces the heat island through albedo
Operating and evapotranspiration.
Strategies
The use of water: cooling by humidification: The natural evaporation of water of a fountain or
transpired by vegetation (lawns, trees) creates a lowering of the temperature of the ambient air in Solar Control
the immediate vicinity. However, for plants, the amount of water involved is relatively low, so the
Solutions cooling effect of evapotranspiration is limited.
Warning : water-wise gardens in the Mediterranean area can be a solution for resistance to high
heat and water savings, but these plants, with limited capacity of shading and Promote
evapotranspiration, do not significantly contribute to cooling the environment. Water-wise Natural
Costs
gardens only have a decorative role. Ventilation
The evaporation of irrigation water plays a more important role (wet soil storage, thermal
regulator).
The effect is more effective when the air is dry. Evaporation caused by misting, watering soil, etc.
Funding
is more effective but is a high water consumer.
Moreover, artificial methods of humidification must be well studied regarding the safety of Regulate Air
children, as well as the consumption of water and energy. Also, be attentive to the presence of temperature
stagnant water, always conducive to the proliferation of mosquitoes. and relative
humidity
MED Energy
Strategy
3 Operating Strategies
Roles and Responsibilities
Goal & Benefits European Union
Technical Negotiating Directives and Regulations Guiding Member States

Strategies implementation of nZEB National
Governments
Operating Establishing the objectives and Regional

Strategies priorities informing EU Funding Administration
Solutions Developing and monitoring funding Municipalities

mechanisms
Costs Energy Agencies

Enforcing concerted actions and
promoting cooperative initiatives
Funding
Raising awareness on the development and need to Schools
develop nZEB activities
Regional Municipal Public building

Public Actors Private Actors New Actors
Strategies EMS renovation
- Comply with the regulations and directives agreed at EU level

Technical
- Set the strategies and action plan aimed at achieving the EU guidelines National
Strategies
Governments
- Elaborate the National Operational Plans to distribute EU’s Cohesion Policy Funds
Operating
- Collect taxes and use own resources in financing nZEB initiatives Regional
Strategies
Administration
- Articulate collaboration with regional administration in the funding and implementation
of strategies and actions
Solutions
Municipalities
- Responsible for Education Competences (in some countries together with regional
governments)
Costs - Manage the General Education Budget: for further details please refer to the National Energy Agencies
State Scheme Budget Section
Funding
Schools

- Comply with the regulations and directives set up by national strategies

Technical
- Elaborate the Regional Operational Plans and Strategies to distribute EU’s Cohesion National
Strategies
Policy Funds allocated by the national government Governments
- Elaborate the regional strategies and action plans to invest the region’s own resources
Operating
Regional
Strategies
- Collect taxes and use own resources in financing nZEB initiatives Administration
- Articulate collaboration with national administration in the funding and implementation

Solutions of strategies and actions Municipalities
- Articulate collaboration with municipalities in the identification and funding of

renovation actions
- In some countries responsible for educational competences
Funding
Schools

- In charge of the maintenance of School buildings and equipment

Technical
- Responsible for the identification of renovation needs in public buildings and National
Strategies
equipment Governments
- Articulate collaboration with regional government in the identification and funding of

Operating
renovation actions Regional
Strategies
Administration
- Articulate collaboration with schools in the identification of renovation needs and
requirements
Solutions
Municipalities
- Responsible for the assessment of energetic rehabilitation results and identifying best
practices
Funding
Schools

- Responsible for the implementation at regional and national and local level of the
current strategies and action plans
Technical
Strategies National
- Promotion of cooperation activities in the sector and meeting for relevant agents Governments
- Analysis and sector assessment tasks

Operating
Regional
Strategies
- Participating in the development and management of related funding mechanisms Administration
- Responsible for the transfer of international best practices related to the sector
Solutions
Municipalities
Funding
Schools

- Educational responsibilities
Technical
- In charge of the identification malfunctioning or needs of improvement in the premises National
Strategies
and the equipment Governments
- Responsible for the communication of the improvements and renovation requirements

Operating
to decision – maker level Regional
Strategies
Administration
- Ensure that municipalities and decision-making institution are aware of the renovation
needs and requirements
Solutions
Municipalities
- Collaborate with municipalities (mainly environment departments) in promoting energy
saving programmes, encouraging Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency through the
application of usage and management best practices and i.e. 50/50 methodology,
Costs which consist in introducing economic incentives in exchange for energy saving Energy Agencies
Funding
Schools

Energy Service
Goal & Benefits Companies
- Consultancy support in the implementation of nZEB solutions

Technical
- Capture energy efficiency potential of schools Financial
Strategies
Entities
- Provision of a service model that overcomes traditional market barriers
Operating
- Identification of technical and financial solutions for nZEB implementation in schools
Strategies Energy Firms
- Ensure that nZEB savings cover the costs of its implementation on the long term
Solutions - Provision of a comprehensive package of services
- Monitoring and supervision of the project from its beginning to end
Costs - Assume the technical risks on behalf of the school/municipality
Funding

Energy Service
- Provision of financial mechanisms supporting the implementation of nZEB solutions

Technical
- Promotion of a new long-term pay-back approach towards nZEB Financial
Strategies
Entities
- Set up cooperation mechanisms and channels with public authorities
Operating
- Development of energy efficiency oriented financial packages
- Offer interest reduced loans to introduce nZEB
Solutions
Costs
Funding

Energy Service
- Invest efforts in the identification of renewable energy solutions

Technical
- Provide the technical expertise for the implementation of renewable energy solutions Financial
Strategies
in schools Entities
- Ensure the energy performance is achieved

Operating
- Help setting nZEB standards
Solutions
Costs
Funding

Goal & Benefits
Energy Clusters
- Promote competitiveness and new solutions
Technical
- Foster collaboration among its members and with local actors
Strategies
Energy
- Define innovative packages and solutions for nZEB actions Consortium
Operating
- Cooperate with public actors in the identification of energetic needs and opportunities
Strategies
Public-Private
Partnership
Solutions
Educational
Definition: Consortium
Costs
Non-Profit organisations bringing together companies to
promote and develop new products and solutions
Funding

Goal & Benefits
Energy Clusters
- Foster and carry out energy research to obtain results of high scientific and
technological value
Technical
Strategies
- Lead the development of the energy technology research lines and market valorization Energy
Consortium
- Offer engineering services with high added value to the companies in the energy field
Operating
Strategies
- Become a strategic consultant for the Administration on energy issues
Public-Private
Partnership
- Build a collaboration network with the major national and international energy
Solutions technology and research centers
- Offer companies and entrepreneurs the technological innovations resulting from Educational
Consortium
research.
Costs
Funding

Goal & Benefits
Energy Clusters
- Bring together the private and public capacities for the development of nZEB actions
Technical
- Enhance economic and technical capacities of the actions
Strategies
Energy
- Reduce the risks associated to nZEB actions Consortium
Operating
- Foster the involvement of a wider variety of actors
Strategies
Public-Private
- Combine operational capacities of public bodies with the technical expertise of the
Partnership
private sector
Solutions
Educational
Consortium
Costs
Funding

Goal & Benefits
Energy Clusters
- Instruments for the cooperation and collaboration between public administration
bodies in the deployment of their responsibilities
Technical
Strategies
- Traditionally formed by regional and municipal bodies Energy
Consortium
- In charge of the maintenance of School buildings and equipment
Operating
Strategies
- Responsible for the identification of renovation needs in public buildings and
Public-Private
equipment
Partnership
Solutions - Articulate collaboration with regional government in the identification and funding of
renovation actions
Educational
Consortium
- Articulate collaboration with schools in the identification of renovation needs and
Costs requirements
Funding

Objectives and steps of Regional Strategies for nZEB
Goal & Benefits Objectives
- Assessing public building stock nature, state and needs

Technical National
- Assessing the actual financial mechanisms and designing new financial support lines Structure
Strategies
- Identification of legal and technical parameters and measures

Operating Regional
- Evaluation of the impact of nZEB on the environmental and educational systems Structure
Strategies
- Identification of the necessary procedures for tendering and contracting

Example of
Solutions - Identification of new energetic indicators Regional
Strategies
- Designing new promotional strategies
Costs - Creation of supporting agents and instruments for the implementation of nZEB
solutions
Funding

National Structure for nZEB
EU Directives National Government
Technical National
Strategies Structure
Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Public
Ministry of Education Ministry of Finance Food, and Ministry of Energy
Works and Transport
Environment
Operating a) Evaluation and a) Assess the existing a) Identify the impacts of the a) Collaborate with the
Regional
a) Identify the impacts of nZEB on
Strategies diagnostics of existing the educational system funding mechanisms implementation of nZEB on rest of entities in the Structure
public buildings b) Identify actions and strategies b) Identify new lines of the environment development and
b) Develop new that could improve the funding b) Identify promotional implementation of nZEB
technical parameters acceptance of nZEB concept strategies concept
c) Develop new possible c) Assess and identify the b) Assess national needs
financial instruments possible changes in the c) Promoting nZEB as an Example of
Solutions and tools educational system components innovative socioeconomic Regional
d) Develop new legal solution
and technical measures Strategies
e) Identify the
necessary procedures
for tendering and
contracting
Stakeholders: Stakeholders: Stakeholders: Stakeholders: Stakeholders:
Costs a) Constructors a) Educational associations a) Banks a) Environmental a) Representatives of
Associations b) Schools b) Individual Financial Organizations Regional and municipal
b) Construction c) NGO advisors b) NGO Energy Agencies
consortium d) Individual experts c) Financial advisor c) Civic Associations b) Energy Services
c) Public and private e) Public and private firms firms
universities universities d) Public and private c) Energy clusters
Funding d) Architecting universities d) Energy consortium
associations
e) Private Architecting
companies
f) Individual architecture

Regional Structure for nZEB
Goal & Benefits EU Directives
Objectives
National Directives Regional Government
Technical National
Dpt. of Public Works
Dpt. of Education Dpt. of Finance Dpt. of Environment Dpt. of Energy
and Transport
Operating Regional
This department will The Education The financial This department will The department
be the responsible Department will be the department will be the responsible of of energy
for developing and responsible of evaluate have the evaluate the impacts throughout the
issuing the the public awareness in responsibility to of the implementation regional and
correspondent the regional educational develop new of nZEB on the local municipal energy Example of
Solutions licenses and centers and assess the funding environment , agencies will be Regional
certificates, providing compatibility of the mechanisms that promote the new the responsible of Strategies
technical support, educational materials allow individuals, strategies , and raise developing all
designing new with the nZEB concept. private and public the public awareness strategies related
Costs technical measures entities to apply about the importance to the usage of
and classifying the nZEB concept. of nZEB in the renewable energy
materials utilized. environment resources,
protection.
Funding

1º Draft Strategy MARIE: General Overview
Level Strategic Managment, Financing, Monitoring and
EU
Common Framework
Evaluation
Technical National
Structure
Level
Strategies
MS
Common Framework Ensuring the coherence for all MED regions
Operating Public and private Regional

Improving the Regional and Local legislations Plannings adaptation to
Trans-national, Regional and Local
Strategies commitment in favor of Structure

regarding Renewable Energy Efficiency facilitate the REE
REE
Example of
Level
Solutions Complementaries formation and Investment and Funding Innovative products Regional
communication programmes Mechanisms Programmes and services
Strategies
Costs
Organising and Coordinating
Funding Final users + REE ´s Agents (Investors, Building

Local Framework
administrators, consultants, constructors)

Municipal Energy Management Strategies
Goal & Benefits
Administration
Buildings
Technical
Strategies
Government of Housing (Social
Catalonia housing, etc.)
Provinces Municipalities
Operating (Generalitat de
Strategies Catalunya)
Other public
buildings
Public fund (Schools,
Solutions Hospitals, etc.)
a) Assigned taxes
b) Transfer of the guarantee fund of
Private Fund
Costs basic public services
c) Global sufficiency fund
a) Grants
Funding b) Energy Performance
contracting with
Energy Services
Company

Creation of a “Central Point”
Goal & Benefits What is it
Gather
Information
Technical Evaluates
Strategies Monitors Responsibilities
school
the process
needs
Operating
Strategies
Ensures
public nZEB Central Guarantees
audits and
bodies
Solutions
involvement Office data
Costs Centralizes
Cooperates
tendering
with energy
and funding
clusters
process
Involves
Funding sector firms

Creation of a “Central Point”
Goal & Benefits What is it
- Identify target buildings, typologies and conditions

Technical
Strategies - Identify beneficiaries and eligible cases Responsibilities
- Guarantee that an energy audit is conducted by the candidate school

Operating
Strategies
- Prioritise measures to be implemented
Solutions - Assess options for deep renovation
- Determine actions required

Costs
- Create comprehensive packages of measures with a clear long term
objective
Funding - Set requirements for sustained energy efficiency and performance

4 Solutions
Solutions
Goal & Benefits
The Solutions chapter includes a repertory of technical solutions for the

Technical building use, the building envelope, energy related equipment, renewable
Strategies energy sources, control and management and school outdoors.
These solutions constitute many different proposals that may be selected

Operating
Strategies and combined according to each particular case.
Each solution is provided with key information, useful links and highlights
Solutions particular points regarding the schools in the Mediterranean regions.
In order to make a suitable selection of solutions for each particular school,

please read before the guidelines and support to taking decision that is
Costs
provided in previous sections (Technical strategies and Operational
strategies)
Funding
Overview
Goal & Benefits
USE
S17. Mechanical ventilation
S01. Energy manager/team S18. Thermal mass activation
Technical S02. Adjust heating/cooling temperatures S19. Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE)
Strategies S03. Users’ commitment S20. Daylight management
S21. Artificial lighting improvement
ENVELOPE
S22. Lighting system improvement
Operating
Strategies S04. Solar shading S23. Best energy class substitutes
S05. Windows’ replacement S24. Efficient cooking
S06. Exterior roof insulation
ENERGY SUPPLY
Solutions S07. Interior roof insulation
S08. Cavity roof insulation S25. Solar photovoltaic
S09. Green roof S26. Solar thermal for DHW
S10. Cool roof and façades S27. RES Heat pump
Costs
S11. Exterior façade insulation S28. Wind turbine
S12. Interior façade insulation S29. Biomass/wood energy
S13. Cavity wall insulation
Funding CONTROL & MANAGEMENT
S14. Reduction of thermal bridges
S15. Reduction of air infiltrations S30. BMS - Building Management System
SYSTEMS OUTDOORS
S16. Controlled natural ventilation S31. Exterior environment

S01. Energy
Goal & Technical Operating
Manager/team Benefits Strategies Strategies

Solutions Costs
ENERGY
Funding
CONTROL &
Overview USE ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
CONTROL AND MONITOR INVOLVE USERS

An energy manager is responsible for planning, controlling and monitoring Energy managers need to be motivated and organize communication
energy use in the school, and can be represented by a person or a team. throughout the school. As everyone in a school has an impact on energy
Their goal is to improve energy efficiency by evaluating energy use and use, the energy manager/team needs to work closely with managers,
implementing new policies and changes where necessary. This is not a full teachers, maintenance staff, cleaners, students and parents to help identify
time job and it does not require technical skills opportunities for savings
In MED Schools Tools

In nZEB MED schools, consumption is moderate and every bit counts: temperature control that does not www.carbontrust.com (Energy Management
work, lights left on, faulty ventilation ... all problems that may exist must be quickly detected. guide)
For example: http://www.energystar.gov (ENERGY STAR
• Ask cleaning staff to report any faulty lighting; Guidelines for Energy Management)
• Ask students to report areas that are overheated, where doors and windows do not close properly, http://www.ksba.org (Kentucky SCHOOL
or where lighting or equipment is being left on; ENERGY MANAGERS PROJECT)
• Ask maintenance staff to monitor and adjust control settings to meet but not exceed internal
requirements for heating and ensure all ventilation equipment is switched off when the building is See project EURONET 50/50max
unoccupied.
KEY POINTS
 Control and monitor energy use
 Elaborate an action plan, including objectives
 Involve staff and students
 Eliminate wasteful practices and ensure they do not recur
 Involve maintenance staff
S02. Adjust
heating/cooling
temperature Benefits Strategies Strategies

Solutions Costs
ENERGY
Funding
CONTROL &
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
CONTROL ROOM BY ROOM

An efficient heating/cooling control is essential to create the conditions for Today it is possible to manage the temperature room by room and to take
optimal comfort, namely, taking advantage of solar and internal gains, which into account the occupancy. The users need to be informed but leaving them
can cover up to 50% of heating needs. The main control unit will adjust the the control of thermostat may be risky, because they do not usually have
heating/cooling power as needed. But it must also integrate a terminal control enough information to ensure good comfort while keeping energy savings. A
to be able to react locally, quickly and accurately program to manage occupancy in order to adjust temperature could provide
a beneficial solution
In MED Schools
In MED Schools
In nZEB MED schools, adding 1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or Tools
about
In nZEB2 kWh/m² year in Primary
MED schools, adding Energy.
1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or
Current adjustment of temperatures
about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary Energy. sometimes involves
Current third parties
adjustment that are not sometimes
of temperatures participatinginvolves
in everythird
day http://www.energieplus-lesite.be/
life of the school. This increases the gap between need and energy provided. Energy
parties that are not participating in every day life of the school. This increases the gap between need and systems should be
managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. Moreover, adjustments
energy provided. Energy systems should be managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. made according to local
weather forecasts
Moreover, may offer
adjustments madea better
according thermal response
to local of the
weather building.
forecasts may offer a better thermal response of
The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic
the building. The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic valves shouldvalves
be replaced
should by besystems
replacedable to react
by systems
much more quickly and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 °
able to react much more quickly and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 ° C. This to
C. This allows you stay
allows
very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than
you to stay very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than at 19 °C. In at 19 °C.
In the
the casecaseof of
airair conditioning,it itis isnecessary
conditioning, necessarytotoinstall
installaacontrol
controldevice
devicethat
that will
will stop
stop itit when
when internal
internal air
air
temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry
temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and discomfort.air and discomfort.
KEY POINTS
KEY POINTS
 Control
Control temperature
temperature setting
setting and
and take
take measures
measures to
to check
check;
 Heat
Heat // cool
cool only when needed;
 Make
only when needed
Make sure
sure radiators and vents are not
not obstructed;
 Involve
radiators and vents are obstructed
Involve users to optimize the settings
users to optimize the settings
Source pictures: Ademe / F. Macard
S03. Users’
Solutions Costs Funding
Commitment Benefits Strategies Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
The occupants are key actors to succeed in nZEB goals. They can have either a positive or
negative influence on the total energy consumption and comfort of a building, depending on
their behaviour. Commitment in energy issues in a school community will offer both short-term
results and long-term goals, because of pedagogic purposes. A users’ program needs to be set
up, focusing on the people, rather than the equipment. This program will include raising
awareness, training for energy and training for building management. Users need to be
involved from the design process and feel responsible for the comfort and energy use. In
regards to nZEB buildings, users’ impact is more important than in traditional buildings. Even
with the most energy efficient equipment, if people are leaving lights on 24/7, or if programming
set points and run times are incorrect, you will never see the expected savings.
In MED Schools
In MED Schools
In nZEB MED schools, adding 1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or Tools
about
In MED 2 kWh/m² year inare
schools there Primary Energy.
two factors that should be faced:
• Raising awareness of the school sometimes
Current adjustment of temperatures community,involves
tackling third
both parties
energy that are not
education participating
and in every day
building system - Energy tips for schools
life of the school.
management This increases the gap between need and energy provided. Energy systems should be - Calculation of energy savings
• A high variability of indoor conditions depending mainly on the solar pattern. This involves thermaltoloads
managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. Moreover, adjustments made according local - See project EURONET 50/50max
weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of the building.
and natural lighting. Users respond dynamically to the change of solar conditions, while usually the - User Behaviour
The systems
terminal are
control must
static. Thebeintroduction
very precise. Thermostatic
of intelligent valves and
automatic should be replaced
dynamic controlby systems
systems ableimprove
could to react - Powering Down
much more quickly
this situation. and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 ° C. This allows you to stay - Saving Energy Money in Schools
very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than at 19 °C. - Increasing EE behaviours among
In MED
In the case of airthe
schools, conditioning, it is necessary deeply
aspects of user-behaviour to install a control
affecting device
energy that will stop
performance are: it when internal air adolescents
temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and
• Opening of windows: special attention must be paid to not open the windows while the heating or air discomfort.
conditioning systems are on and IAQ is guaranteed
•KEYSolar
POINTS shading: used when needed, to avoid recurrent overheating due to the incoming solar radiation or
• Control
glare problems
Turn offtemperature setting and take measures to check;
• Heat
lighting when not needed
/ cool only when needed;
• Make
Don't leave equipment in stand-by mode
sure radiators
about theand vents are
ofnot obstructed;
 Involve
Be aware correct use existing components and systems (valves, local controller, set points
users
and so on) to optimize the settings
Source picture: http://www.designshare.com/index.php/projects/three-mile-creek-elementary/images@4072
S04. Solar Shading Goal & Technical Operating
Benefits Strategies Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
CONTROL OF SOLAR RADIATION EXTERNAL SHADING INTERNAL SHADING

Can be achieved through: - Horizontal overhangs: are a common traditional, fixed - Curtains: reduce significantly the light but only reduce
- Shading devices shading system in hot climates. On a south façade, they heat gain by a small amount They also reduce ventilation
- Orientation & aperture geometry can block high summer sun but permit the lower angle & block views
- Control of solar-optical properties of opaque & transparent winter sun - Blinds: permit diffuse light while excluding direct sunlight,
surfaces - Shutter: The horizontal slats of the shutter successfully & can also act as a daylighting device by redirecting light
- Urban design reduce solar heat gains while allowing illuminance & onto the ceiling
- Vegetation ventilation. Direct & Diffuse radiation are blocked by the
The most apparent role of shading device is the protection
In MED shutter, but reflected light is permitted to pass (results in
from Schools According to BRE data, the shading coefficient varies
In nZEB
direct solarMED schools,
radiation adding 1 °C
& the consequential to indoor
internal improved
heat temperature may visual comfortconsumption
increase & reduced heat by about 15% orbetween 0.40 (Cream Holland linen blind) to 0.81 (Dark green
gains)
Benefits of Solar Shading Systems: - Blinds: moveable adjustable device open weave plastic blind). According to ETSU data, the
about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary Energy.
- Less cooling load - Louvre: can be adjusted to different climatic conditions shading coefficient varies between 0.49 (Light curtain-closed)
-Current adjustment
Better thermal comfortof temperatures sometimes involves third parties that are not participating in every dayto 0.85 (Venetian blind-open OR net curtain-open weave)
-lifeBetter
of the school.
visual comfortThis increases the gap between need and energy provided. Energy systems should be
managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. Moreover, adjustments made according to local
In MED Schools
weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of the building. Tools
The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic valves should be replaced by systems able to react
-much
In Mediterranean
more quickly climate,
and withsolar heat gains
a value through
of control glazing can
accuracy represent
(CA) of lessathan 0.8 ° C.
substantial input of heat
This to ayou
allows building
to stay - Solar Shading For the European Climate
-very
External
close toshading
the setdevices (80-90%remember
temperature: reduction ofthat
the21
heat
°Cgains of the window)
consumes 30% morearethan
recommended
at 19 °C. as they are more - Solar Control
efficient
In the casethan
of internal
air conditioning, it is necessary to install a control device that will stop it when internal air - Window Orientation & Shading
- Sun shading devices can be fixed or movable. For classes exposed to the east or the west, it is better to install
temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and discomfort. - Integrated PV in shading systems for
movable sun shading devices, because they can be removed in winter to let the sun come in and heat the air
- Simple devices, correctly designed, are often as effective as high-tech systems Mediterranean countries
-KEY
ForPOINTS
rooms exposed to the south, either movable or fixed shading devices can be installed, because even with fixed
shading devices sufficient winter sun will be allowed into the room
- The
Control
solartemperature setting
shading systems areand takefor
suitable measures to check; schools
new and refurbished
- Some
Heat /solar
cool shading
only when needed;
systems can also be used to produce electricity, when they contain photovoltaic modules
- A common
Make sure approach
radiators for
andthe MED
vents climate
are is the traditional external wood shutters and blinds, which is a very
not obstructed;
 effective deviceto
Involve users with day lighting
optimize function
the settings
S05. Window’s Goal & Technical Operating
Replacement Overview
Benefits
USE
Strategies Strategies
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
GLAZING
Glazing is a key element. It must provide daylight, allow solar HIGH PERFORMANCE FRAMES
gain and, with the help of solar shading, prevent overheating. High performance frames are
Commercial products include double to triple pane. Energy available in the market, now efforts WINDOWS
performance indicators are: thermal transmittance in the center are mainly made in lowering the Windows represent a big potential in
of the glass (Uglass), solar factor (g-value, used in Europe for purchase cost. U-value for frames energy savings. In the nZEB
the glass; SHGC is used in USA to evaluate solar heat gain of can reach 0.6 for the highest approach, high performance windows
the whole window, including solar shades), and psi-value for insulating frames. Many materials are needed to minimize heating and
the glass edge (including spacer). Typical Uglass for double can be used; when an aluminum cooling demands. U-value for windows
glazing with Argon gas can reach 1 W/m2K, meanwhile triple or steel frame is chosen a good include Uglass, Uframe and psi-value
pane reaches 0.6. Glass solar factors in the market range thermal break is imperative. High (spacer) and it depends on the
between 0.8 and 0.3. Traditional metal spacers (psi value 0.1) performance frames are proposed product, the geometry and dimensions
are being replaced by “warm edge” products (psi value 0.04). in aluminum, wood-metal, PVC or of the window.
Glass light transmittance (LT) values range between 0.1 and steel. Tools
0.9.
In MED Schools SOFT: Window software from LBNL, Comsol software
Thermal properties of windows
Windows to be prescribed in MED schools should be high performance, low-e double glazed windows. No triple glazing INDUSTRY: EuroWindoor umbrella organization,
is necessary in MED climate; only in schools with important Heating Degree Days values, located in the mountains or Glass for Europe, European Windows Film Association
nearby could be interesting. Solar factor for MED schools should not be lower than 0.4-0.5. Windows will be chosen
INTERACTIVE: BUILD UP Community Windows,
according to heating and cooling demand, and other criteria (airtightness, acoustics, daylight…). When replacing the
Interactive platform Glassfiles
window, ventilation strategy and façade insulation need to be studied too. Then, ventilation through the window could
be one option. Attention must be paid to the overall energy performance of the chosen solution to be implemented. A TECHNOLOGY: Envelope Technology Roadmap
solar film could be installed in existing windows to reduce current heat solar gain; however, if thermal properties are low (IEA), and Annex
performing, whole replacement of the window is needed. NATIONAL: Verre online (French)
Source pictures: 1. Technoform Bautec; 2. http://www.technoform-bautec.com/solutions/thermal-break/
S06. Exterior roof Goal & Technical Operating
insulation Overview
Benefits
USE
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
FLAT ROOF INSULATION PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (HEAVY) PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (LIGHT)
A flat roof is the most common case for Mediterranean school buildings. Pitched roofs may be less common in MED Wooden structure pitched roof may be
External insulation is easy to apply and may be done following two basic buildings. However, the typical solution is a high encountered mainly in mountain regions
techniques: inverted roof and conventional roof. In the first choice, the inertia pitched slab. Even local particularities and in France.
waterproofing layer is in the warm side, so it is exposed to fewer thermal can show brick pitched roof over a series of Usually, a wool-type insulation is
differences; while in the second option, it is exposed to higher thermal masonry wall partitions. Roofing material installed, with the corresponding
differences but insulating material is more protected. When insulating a flat (commonly tiles) must be removed (carefully to waterproof membrane and raster to
roof, it must be considered if it is accessible to people (i.e. used as minimize breaking of tiles) and replaced again. support the tiles.
playground). Additionally, PV and cool roof materials may be integrated at the
same time.
Exterior roof insulation consists of an insulating material applied on top of the roof slab or over the wooden structure, which is covered with a roofing material. The manner in
which the insulation is applied and the type of covering depends mainly on whether the roof is flat or pitched. Advantages: Best option to minimize thermal bridges; protection
of roof structure; mature technology and vast product offer; does not affect interior space. Disadvantages: Higher investment cost than other roof insulations due to the need
to remove existing covering material (for pitched roofs).

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. In order to undergo a
good implementation, insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; additionally, it is highly
- Thermal Insulation Report EC
encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Waterproofing needs to be guaranteed and roof junctions
with façade, openings need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. At the moment of installing an - International Federation for the Roofing
exterior roof insulation, a cool roof and integrate photovoltaic can easily be applied. In the case of a ventilated covering Trade
(tiles or similar), it is highly encouraged to place a radiant barrier over the insulation material to help reduce heat gains.
Moreover, fire regulations can affect choosing one or other solution/material. When acting on the roof, it is a good - Envelope Technology Roadmap (IEA), and
moment to consider other functions and aesthetics; so major changes as converting a pitched roof into a flat roof or Annex
vice versa may apply. In warm climates, a flat roof could even be refurbished into a new pitched roof including a - E-toiture (in French)
ventilated attic. The higher investment in this cases may be one of the main barriers.
Source pictures: 1 and 2: DOW Building Solutions; 3: Rockwool
S07. Interior roof Goal & Technical Operating
insulation Overview
Benefits
USE
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
FLAT ROOF INSULATION PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (HEAVY) PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (LIGHT)
A flat roof is the most common case for Mediterranean school Pitched roofs may be less common, and typical MED solution is Wooden structure pitched roofs may be
buildings. Internal insulation may be placed when external is a high inertia pitched slab. In this case, applying internal encountered mainly in mountain regions
not possible. Insulation is installed with the help of a support insulation is easy and fast. Sometimes there is no insulation and in France. Wooltype insulation tends
and a finishing is added over it. The system needs to be access because of architectural peculiarities, for example a to be common and it is installed with the
adapted to the current situation, where previous removing of brick pitched roof over a series of masonry wall partitions. help of wooden profiles.
existing materials (false ceiling…) may be needed.
Interior roof insulation consists in applying insulation material from the inside of the roof; what is to say, in the inner side of the roof structure. Usually a vapor retardant barrier
is needed in the inner side of the insulation in order to avoid interstitial condensation. Advantages: Low investment cost; easy to apply; no scaffolding needed. Disadvantages:
Affects the use of the loft space; implementation interrupts activities inside the building; may increase thermal bridges, must be complemented with insulation on interior
façade; no other energy measure can be applied at the same time (cool roof, PV, radiant barrier).

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. When not possible,
interior insulation can be prescribed. Insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; - Thermal Insulation Report EC
additionally, it is highly encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Waterproofing needs to be
guaranteed and roof junctions with façade, openings… need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. - International Federation for the Roofing
Finally, fire regulations can affect choosing one or other solution/material. Trade
- Envelope Technology Roadmap (IEA), and
BE AWARE that in France, structural disorders have appeared for some flat roofs insulated in the interior side, Annex
because of colder temperatures for the roof slab and condensation problems. In any case, this solutions needs to be
studied in detail to guarantee no damage and correct functioning. - E-toiture (in French)
Source pictures: 1 and 2: Rockwool; 3. URSA

S08. Cavity roof Goal & Technical Operating
insulation Overview
Benefits
USE
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
FLAT VENTILATED ROOF PITCHED ROOF PITCHED ROOF WITH PARTITIONS

When the existing roof is a flat ventilated roof, Pitched roofs are less common in Mediterranean school Locally, some particular roofs have been built
blowing/injecting an insulating material may be a buildings. Nonetheless, when encountered, they can be with a range of internal partitions. Access to the
possibility to improve roof thermal properties. However, insulated with rolled or blown/foamed materials on the upper attic will be probably limited but blown, foamed
potential for energy savings will be limited by air chamber side of the slab. or rolled insulation, even panels, could be
width, intermediate masonry (acting as thermal bridges) considered for installation. However, partitions
and the current state of the chamber. will create thermal bridging.
Cavity roof insulation consists in applying insulation material in an existing air chamber (in flat roofs) or inside the attic, over the upper slab. The first option (flat roof) offers
low potential and should not be the sole roof insulation; while the second option (without partitions) will represent a low payback measure. Previous analysis and skilled
professionals are needed to implement this solution; in addition, final check with thermography is highly recommended. Advantages: Low investment cost; generally easy and
fast to apply; no scaffolding needed; does not affect the interior space. Disadvantages: It may increase some thermal bridges (if many partitions are present, this is a weak
point), final performance uncertain, no other energy measure can be applied at the same time (cool roof, PV, radiant barrier).

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. Cavity roof insulation
is a low cost solution that needs to be previously analyzed in terms of energy savings potential. Depending on the
- Thermal Insulation Report EC
existing roof, it may constitute a good alternative or just a complement/intermediate step to achieve moderate
performance. Insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; additionally, it is highly - Carbon Trust - Roof insulation
encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Singular points as roof junctions with façade, wall partitions,
openings… need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. Finally, fire regulations can affect choosing one
or other solution/material. If a cavity roof insulation is performed, little work is needed to convert the attic into a
ventilated chamber, in order to help reduce heat gain from solar radiation.
Source pictures: 1 and 4: ETSAV-UPC
S09. Green Roof
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
Extensive Semi-intensive Intensive

Thickness 3 – 12 cm 12 – 30 cm > 30 cm
Bearing 30 – 150 kg/m² 150 – 350 kg/m² > 350 kg/m²
Vegetation Sedum Grasses, Perennial Herbaceous,
shrubs, trees
Maintenance Twice a year, no Four times per year, As traditional
much watering watering recommended garden
Access no Yes Yes
Cost 30 – 70 €/m² 100€/m² 150 – 200€/m²
A green roof is a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop, which includes, as a minimum, a root repellent system, a drainage system, a filtering layer, a lightweight
growing medium and plants, and shall be installed on a waterproof membrane of an applicable roof. There are three main types of green roof systems,
according to their thickness: the extensive roof, semi-intensive roof and intensive roof. Extensive roofs are currently the most common type at present, mainly
due to their low cost, light weight and low maintenance, making them adaptable to many existing buildings. They are also often planted with sedum, due to
their resilience to drought and their high covering power, but they are generally not diverse enough and the substrate is too thin to increase biodiversity. Also,
it is recommended to avoid the monoculture of sedum to strive for greater plant diversity (between 20 and 30 species). Benefits : Green roof can increase
roofing membrane durability by decreasing their exposure to large temperature fluctuations that can cause micro-tearing, and ultraviolet radiation; it can
enhance storm water management by reducing and slowing storm water runoff in the urban environment; can increase biodiversity. Limitations : Costs
(installation and maintenance) ; accessibility and maintenance ; bearing capacity of the roof ; water demand.

The benefits of a green roof vary widely depending on the type of green roof, thickness and density in particular. If
properly designed, a green roof can reduce energy needed to provide cooling and heating by absorbing heat and acting - http://www.greenroofs.org/
as thermal insulators for buildings. It can also improve pupils’ health and comfort: urban heat island can be moderated, - http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/gree
air quality can be improved, noise can be reduced (especially for low frequency sounds), quality of life and aesthetic nroofs.htm
value can be improved but only if the green roof is visible and/or accessible to the public, which is rarely the case - Design Guidelines for Green Roofs Peck, S.
(safety, risk of deterioration)). In a school, a green roof can offer educational opportunities. Furthermore, when the and M. Kuhn. 2003 (French)
objective of achieving an nZEB school involves a PV system, a green roof can be compatible. However, limiting factors
such as water demand, maintenance and mosquitoes need to be previously assessed.
Source pictures: SIPLAST
S10. Cool roof & Goal & Technical Operating
façades Overview
Benefits
USE
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
COOL ROOF COOL COATINGS BENEFITS OF COOL ROOF PRODUCTS

A Cool Roofing product is characterized by higher Cool coatings are white or special reflective pigments that reflect sunlight. Coatings are FOR POLICY MAKERS
solar reflectance in comparison to conventional roof like very thick paints that can protect the surfaces from ultra-violet (UV) light and • Have a positive impact on the global
materials of the same color and high infrared chemical damage, and some offer water protection and restorative features. The use of environment by reducing the energy required
emittance values. Cool Roofing products can be cool coatings is an inexpensive and passive solution that can contribute to the for interior cooling and related greenhouse gas
applied to all types of roofs. Α Cool Roof minimizes reduction of cooling loads in air-conditioned buildings and the improvement of indoor emissions
solar heat gain keeping roof surfaces cooler under thermal comfort conditions by decreasing the hours of discomfort and the maximum • Help to mitigate the urban heat island
the sun. This is due to the materials used, which both temperatures in non air-conditioned residential buildings. effect.
reflect the solar radiation (increased solar reflectance) Hourly values of surface
and release the absorbed heat (high infrared BENEFITS OF COOL ROOF PRODUCTS temperatures for both, the
emittance). FOR BUILDING OWNERS reference (A) and cool (B) roof
• Reduce the energy required for interior cooling building. The surface temperature
• Reduce thermal stresses on the roof, potentially improving system lifetimes difference can reach a maximum of
Conventional • Improve indoor thermal comfort 25 °C during summer (Experimental
roof system • Reduce running and maintenance costs. and numerical assessment of the
impact of increased roof
reflectance on a school building in
Athens, A. Synnefa et al, 2012,
Cool Roof Energy & Buildings, Vol.55, pp7-15)
(Img copyright pending)
Solar reflectance (% of solar energy reflected by a surface) and thermal emittance (how much heat a material will radiate per unit area at a given
temperature), have noticeable effects on surface temperature of the materials. Conventional roofs have low reflectance but high thermal emittance, while cool
roofs have high reflectance and infrared emittance. According to the research (EPA), conventional roofs can be 31- 47°C hotter than the air, while cool roofs
tend to stay within 6-11°C of the ambient temperature. The cost premium for cool roofs versus conventional roofing materials ranges from zero to 1,63 cents
per square meter (6,1-24,4 €/m²), depending on the application.
Tools
In MED Schools
Cool roofing is a system that reflects solar radiation and emits heat, keeping roof surfaces cool under the sun (due to increased solar - European Cool Roofs Council
reflectance and high infrared emittance). It can be made of a highly reflective type of paint, a sheet covering, or highly reflective tiles Cool Roofing Information CRRC
or shingles.
Cool Roofs allow building owners, architects, civil engineers, energy consultants and policy makers to optimize the energy and - Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium
environmental performance of a single building or an urban environment, depending on the use, design, environment and the of Strategies , EPA
surrounding climate.
White painted roofs have been popular since ancient times in Mediterranean buildings. It is known that the use of light colors redirect - Cool roof Project IEE
most of the incident solar radiation and results in lower surface temperatures. Cool roofs are a mix of these old concepts and modern
- Cost & energy savings, DOE cool roof
technologies. Studies have shown that Cool Roofs technology is efficient in Mediterranean climatic conditions.
A low cost measure such as a cool coating can significantly contribute to increasing thermal comfort conditions inside a building, calculator
making it more energy efficient and additionally increasing the life time of the roof. - Mitigation Techniques IDES EDU
Source picture: 2: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812001028
S11. Exterior Façade Goal & Technical Operating
insulatioon Overview
Benefits
USE
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
ETICS - EIFS OTHER

External Thermal Insulation System Exterior insulation can be included in
(ETICS/EIFS): Composed envelope consisting finishing elements, non-ventilated
of various prefabricated components (adhesive, cladding, double-wall or even in heavy
insulation material, anchors (if required), base cladding solutions.
coat, reinforcement (glass fiber mesh), finishing
coat/top coat with system primer and/or paint
coating, accessories) that are applied directly
on the façade.
VENTILATED FAÇADE
The ventilated façade allows air circulation through its structure. It is an
envelope consisting of an outer layer made of different materials that is
attached to the building walls using a substructure usually made of wood,
steel or aluminum, and a ventilated air gap of varying width which contains
the thermal insulation.
External Façade Insulation consists in applying a layer of a thermal insulation material to the external walls. Many techniques can be used, ETICS and ventilated façades
being the most widespread in MED countries. If needed, previous treatment of the existing wall will be performed.
Advantages: Reduction of thermal bridges and consequently of condensations; building walls suffer less thermal solicitations; conservation of the walls thermal inertia; does
not affect the inside of the building and the activities performed; adaptable to any façade geometry; opportunity to include other energy measures; gives the façade a new look;
mature technology; board variety of insulating materials can be used.
Disadvantages: Reduced number of skilled professionals; scaffolding needed; balconies may form thermal bridges that are difficult to solve; changing the aesthetics may be
a barrier for some high value façades; higher investment cost than other insulation techniques; invasion of public space may occur due to increase of the building’s volume;
façade may become less resistant to vandalism actions.
Tools
In MED Schools
In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options because of the - ETICS European Association
greater benefits comparing to internal or gap insulation. To achieve a successful implementation, insulation material should be
chosen according to technical properties (thermal, mechanical, acoustic, fire, water and vapor, stability…); additionally, it is highly - Rockwool ventilated façade
recommended to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Vapor diffusion retarders (not vapor barriers) are generally not needed.
- French association Mur Manteau
However, they should be carefully studied and their properties should be chosen according to the construction materials, the
ventilation strategy and local climate conditions. For ventilated solutions, a radiant barrier added in the inner side may help to reduce - EURIMA
heat gain. When installing external systems it may be the appropriate moment to integrate solar shading, cool materials and/or BIPV.
Moreover, fire regulations can influence the choice of one or other solution/material. Finally, because of exterior intervention, some - Energy Saving Trust UK
work could be performed during school days if needed.
Source picture: 1: ISONAT: 2: Rockwool; 3 and 4: ©Mur Manteau

S12. Interior Façade Goal & Technical Operating
insulatioon Overview
Benefits
USE
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
RIGID INSULATION BOARDS

Plasterboard backed with rigid insulation
(foamed plastic) is fitted to the inner part of the
walls. Insulation boards are attached to the wall
using continuous ribbons of plaster or adhesive. BEHIND INNER WALL
Internal insulation can be installed over
the inner side of the existing wall. A new
masonry wall is built afterwards to protect
it and give a finishing.
STUD WALL
A metal or wooden studwork is attached to the wall, filled with insulating
material, and covered with plaster. The use of both a vapor control layer
(internal) and a breathable membrane (external) creates an air barrier that
helps to improve the air tightness of the building and to limit condensations.
Interior Façade Insulation consists in applying an insulating material and a covering to the inner side of the façade. The systems commonly used include anchors, insulation
and finishing (usually supplied by the same dealer). Different techniques can be used depending on the insulation material and the implementation choices. Because of many
identified drawbacks, in Belgium interior façade insulation is only prescribed in cases where external façade must remain unchanged.
Advantages: External façade remains unchanged; well-known technique among professionals; mature technology; scaffolding is not needed or very simple; board variety of
insulating materials can be used; lower investment cost than for external insulation.
Disadvantages: Important increase of thermal bridges; building walls increase thermal solicitations; reduction of room space; wall’s thermal inertia is not conserved; major
impact on the inside of the building and the activities performed; risk of interstitial condensations.

In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options. However, if the
- EURIMA
external façade must be preserved in its original state, internal insulation may be the right option. To achieve a successful
implementation, insulation materials should be chosen according to technical properties (thermal, mechanical, acoustic, fire, water - Energy Saving Trust UK
and vapor, stability…); additionally, it is highly recommended to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Vapor diffusion retarders
(not vapor barriers) may be needed to avoid interstitial condensations. Therefore, a previous analysis needs to be performed,
including the construction materials, the ventilation strategy and local climate conditions. Finally, fire regulations can influence the
choice of one or other solution/material.
Source picture: 1: Pladur-Uralita; 2. ISONAT; 3. Rockwool
S13. Cavity Wall Goal & Technical Operating
insulation Overview
Benefits
USE
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
ENERGY CONTROL &
OUTDOORS
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY INSULATION MATERIALS

Cavity façade insulation consists of the incorporation of an insulating Only shape-free materials are
material into the air cavity between the building blocks, inside the wall. suitable to be applied. A broad
The insulation is injected through small holes drilled through the outer commercial offer is available: blown
or inner brickwork. This technique can be used in well-maintained mineral wool, blown cellulose or
double-walls, and it is recommended that the cavity is at least 5 cm sheep wool, plastic beads (EPS),
wide. It is applied by skilled professionals following specific expanded perlite/vermiculite,
indications. Final thermal performance may be very limited and quite polyurethane or urea formaldehyde
uncertain; therefore, in the nZEB approach, it may only be foam. Insulation material should be
recommended as a low cost complementary measure to future chosen according to technical and
insulation improvements. environmental criteria.
Advantages: Low cost; easy to apply; exterior and interior appearance is conserved; scaffolding is not needed; no reduction of room or outdoors space;
board variety of insulating materials can be used.
Disadvantages: Lack of information about current condition of the air cavity (may contain rubble or building scrap); low final thermal performance; insulation
thickness is limited by the width of the cavity; thermal bridges will be increased in most cases; walls thermal inertia is reduced.
Tools
In MED Schools - Carbon Trust guidelines
In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options. However, cavity - Cavity Insulation Guarantee Agency UK
walls may be present in MED schools built before 1975. If cavity insulation appears to be a good complement or an intermediate
solution, some precautions need to be taken. A preliminary analysis is needed to evaluate the current wall condition and energy - ECIMA Cellulose EU association (in French)
savings potential, as some construction material will probably be stocked in the wall cavity. Then, it is necessary to find the
appropriate insulation material, the right technology to introduce it and qualified staff to implemented it. A final verification procedure - ATEC CSTB Cellulose insufflation in cavity
(including thermography) is needed. wall (in French)
Source picture: 1 and 2: ThermaBead; 3: ECIMA; 4: Rockwool
S.14 Reduction of
thermal bridges Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
Thermal bridges can occur at various locations of the building envelope, whenever there is a
break in the continuity, or a penetration of, the insulation. It can result in increased heat flow,
which causes additional transmission losses, lower inner surface temperatures and possibly
moisture and mould problems. Examples of thermal bridges include :
• Junctions between: low floor and exterior wall, intermediate floor and walls, high floor and
exterior walls, high floor and parapet;
• Load-bearing walls penetrating through the basement ceiling;
• Masonry projecting out of the envelope (balconies);
• Reveals around windows and doors (sides/above and below at the window sill);
• Studwork in timber frame walls (interrupting the insulation);
• Steel wall ties in masonry construction.
Benefits: Problems with cold spots and moisture damage are reduced; no
complicated and tedious calculations to make, just a few clearly
formulated principles for planning the details.
Limitations: Higher costs; in renovation, completely thermal bridge free
implementation is not possible with justifiable effort (e.g. basement plinth,
projecting balcony slabs etc) ; external insulation, most effective solution
to reduce thermal bridge can be impossible in some buildings with
architectural value; In renovation, thermal bridge breakers’ use is limited
because they primarily aim at junctions between floors and internal
insulated walls. The implementation of thermal bridges breakers includes
special attention in terms of mechanical strength, fire resistance and the
risk of noise transmission between floors.
In MED Schools
The additional transmission losses lead to a higher heating energy need and are becoming especially important in the case of Tools
nZEB buildings; reducing the thermal bridge is highly desirable to reach nZEB performance. Thermal bridges are strongly related
http://www.asiepi.eu
to the insulation system, internal or external insulation, which determines the possibilities of treating thermal bridges of the
http://www.passivhaustagung.de
envelope and those related to any balconies, rolling shutter cases, etc. Impact of insulation attachment systems in masonry
http://www.buildup.eu/communities/thermalbridges
construction can be reduced by using, if possible, low-conductive ties and limiting the frequency. Many solutions could be
http://www.energieplus-lesite.be
a
considered to reduce thermal bridges of balconies, as insulating the lower side of the balconies. A more complicated and costly
option is to demolish it. Thermal bridge breakers can also be used to reduce heat losses. For example, they can be placed at the
junctions between walls and floors. They are also integrated into the frame of aluminium windows to improve their performance.
S.15 Reduction of
Air infiltrations Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
ENERGY SAVINGS COMFORT IMPROVEMENT

Improving the air tightness limits air infiltration and therefore heating requirements Improving the air tightness also controls air flow circulating through the
of the building. In existing buildings, these air leaks can represent up to 40% of ventilation system for better air quality. Furthermore, an airtightness defect
heating needs. We must therefore set a goal that must be measured to validate the results in cold drafts and moisture laden. This creates discomfort to the user and a
quality of work. For example : n50 < 0.6 /h (PassivHaus label); 0.6 -1.0 m3/(m2·h) risk of mildew. It also improves acoustic comfort in relation to outside noise.
(BBC French label for housing).
In MED Schools
Tools
Even if the average outside temperatures are lower in Mediterranean climate, our regions are often very
windy. So it is important to work on the air tightness, especially to ensure thermal comfort for users and
ensure a good quality of indoor air. Movies :
In addition, after improving building insulation and equipment, air infiltration becomes the most consistent Energivie program in France
source of loss, along with thermal bridges. It is therefore impossible to reach a level of nZEB if air tightness of Guides
the building is not improved.
Government of Ireland
Although the regulation does not impose, it is necessary to make an in situ measurement of airtightness. It is Energivie France
ideal to first perform a blower door test before finishing for validating the quality of structural and insulation
works. A second blower door test will definitively confirm the results at the end of the work. Minergie Swiss
Guide technique Étanchéité des Menuiseries
COST The price of a blower door test depends on the size of the building and measurement tools available Extérieures (TREMCO)
(€ 1,000 minimum for a blower door test).
S.16 Controlled natural
ventilation (I) Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
Solutions Costs
ENERGY
Funding
CONTROL &
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
NATURAL VENTILATION – VARIABLES THAT AFFECT AIR MOVEMENTS

Natural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, occurs due to air moving through the building under the natural forces of buoyancy and wind. Fresh air is required in buildings to
ensure air quality and comfort (eliminate odors, cooling).
Natural ventilation, without any control, does not guarantee current indoor air quality standards and high energy savings in Mediterranean school buildings, even if it has
been well-designed. That is the reason why it needs to be controlled and even, when needed, combined to a mechanical ventilation.
3 types of natural ventilation effects :

Wind causes a positive pressure on the windward side and a negative pressure on the leeward side of buildings. To equalize pressure, fresh air will enter any windward opening
and be exhausted from any opening on the leeward side and the roof.
Buoyancy ventilation may be temperature-induced (stack ventilation) or humidity induced (cool tower).
Temperature differences between warm air inside and cool air outside can cause the air in the room to rise and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and enter via lower openings in the
wall.
Differences in humidity can allow a pressurized column of dense, evaporated cooled air to supply a space, and lighter, warmer, humid air to exhaust near the top.
Factors affecting natural ventilation:

• At site scale : Local topography, vegetation, and surrounding buildings have an effect on the speed of wind hitting a building.
Approximate wind directions are summarized in seasonal "wind rose" diagrams. However, wind data collected in a weather station can differ dramatically from actual values at a
remote building site with local microclimate conditions (influenced by natural and man-made obstructions).
• At building scale :
- Wind-induced ventilation is maximized when the ridge of the building is perpendicular to the summer winds.
-Natural ventilation is more easily created in narrow buildings; consequently, buildings that rely on natural ventilation often have an articulated floor plan.
Moreover, the amount of ventilation depends critically on the careful design of internal spaces, and the size and placement of openings in the building :
Each room should have two separate A ridge vent is an opening at the
supply and exhaust openings. Locate highest point in the roof that offers a
exhaust high above inlet to maximize good outlet for both buoyancy and
stack effect. Orient windows across the wind-induced ventilation. The ridge
room and offset from each other to opening should be free of obstructions
maximize mixing within the room while to allow air to freely flow out of the
minimizing the obstructions to airflow building.
a within the room.
S.16 Controlled natural
ventilation (II) Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
Solutions Costs
ENERGY
Funding
CONTROL &
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
CONTROLLED NATURAL VENTILATION KEY ELEMENTS

Natural ventilation may offer a feasible solution when properly designed A system that allows controlled natural ventilation includes automated windows
(considering all the criteria that affect air movement), for areas not affected and/or vents, actuators and motor controllers, in order to ensure the required flow
by air pollution or noise. In nZEB approaches, it is required to control natural and proper diffusion of fresh air. These elements are offered by many manufacturers.
ventilation, via an automated system, which the user should be able to It is important to choose the ones offering at least a soundless mode (slow speed),
override (always supported by a warni g’s systems to avoid significant energy protection of window durability (many actuators in the same window need to be
loss). Interior air velocity should not compromise thermal comfort for the correctly coordinated). The proposed system needs to be linked to the general BMS in
occupants (at air velocities of 0.5 m/s, the perceived interior temperature can order to optimize opening/closing schedule and times. Automated windows may be
be reduced by as much as 1°C). Air diffusion is a complex phenomena, so it is placed in upper zones in schools, while internal openings are subjected to sound issues
advisable to refer to specialists in this field (engineering, manufacturer, ...). (to be studied in each case). Maintenance is needed to ensure proper function of all
the elements.
Tools
In MED Schools Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project)
ClassVent and ClassCool: school ventilation design tool (UK)
Natural ventilation, properly controlled, may be appropriate for nZEB MED schools. Natural ventilation COOLVENT tool (MIT)
Previous studies need to be performed to ensure air quality, thermal comfort, air Software LOOP DA 3.0 (US)
distribution and flow. Control is done by actuators placed in automated windows or Ventilative cooling and venticool
vents. When the school is one-storey high, stack ventilation with roof openings will be AIVC Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre
considered. Needed night cooling will be much easier to implement in this situation. In Danish experimental study in classrooms
Trend Controls Brochure
school buildings, where high ventilation flows are needed to ensure IAQ, it may be
Potential of night ventilation in office buildings in Spain
necessary to include an exhaust-fan into the outlet window/vent. This would be the most Natural ventilation (WBDG)
simple case of hybrid ventilation, and even in other cases a complete mechanical Control of naturally ventilated buildings (Univ Sheffield)
ventilation system may be needed. http://www.shef.ac.uk/civil/research/eeb/naturally-ventilated-buildings
S.17 Mechanical
ventilation Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
Solutions Costs
ENERGY
Funding
CONTROL &
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
Mechanical ventilation is characterized by a fan transporting inlet and/or outlet air through duct systems where heat recovery, air flow control and conditioning of inlet air are possible. A
mechanical ventilation system is either characterized as a central system or as a decentralized system. In Europe, mechanical ventilation is usually provided with negative pressure while
positive pressure could also be considered to avoid some particular pollutants (radon).
CENTRAL DECENTRALISED DECENTRALISED COMPACT ROOM UNIT

One air handling unit and large ducts ventilate large areas. Multiple air handling units and smaller ducts for smaller Compact air handling unit in each room eliminates ducts.
areas.
The appropriate ventilation solution for an existing school is primarily constrained by the existing conditions (service space, load-bearing elements, room height, location etc.) and
secondary by trade-offs between initial costs, running costs, desired indoor climate quality, and expected energy use. A new system is being demonstrated in Belgium : These windows
include in their frame a double flow ventilation system with heat recovery (http://www.bricker-project.com/Technologies/Aerating_windows.kl).
Benefits : Appropriate strategies and ventilation system can satisfy IAQ, quiet environment, and energy savings.
Limitations and watch-points:
• Ventilation can be supplied in a number of ways in the classroom with more or less risk of draught to the occupants in the comfort zone;
• Control air flow necessarily involves the airtightness of the building but also, and especially, the airtightness of ductworks;
• Maintenance must be ensured : replacement of defective components, check the flow fans, vents, etc.
Tools
SchoolVentCool guidelines
In MED Schools Health-based ventilation guidelines
In schools, rooms have intermittent and variable occupancy. All solutions must adapt the flows according to the occupation : a minimum for Europe (Healthvent project)
flows to the occupation, through several possible ways: AIVC Air Infiltration and Ventilation
- Programming acting on the flow, depending on occupancy classroom scenarios; Centre
- Modulating the flow depending on the CO2, humidity or presence. REHVA (Federation of associations)
Careful design and skilled professionals are needed to avoid disturbance caused by the noise of a poorly designed and implemented system. EVIA (European Ventilation Industry
Other complementary solutions can help to further minimize energy consumption: hybrid ventilation, heat recovery in the case of a double Association)
flow ventilation, fans with low energy consumption, preheating of fresh air (Heat-to-air heat exchanger, Trombe all, ai sola olle to … . CETIAT (France)
S.18 Thermal mass Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
activation Overview USE ENVELOPE SYSTEMS

ENERGY
SUPPLY
CONTROL &
MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
IN SUMMER IN WINTER
Thermal mass absorbs heat from within the room, keeping it cool. Of course, it will also absorb heat from Thermal mass works where it can absorb heat generated by the sun. The sun enters the room
the hot air outside – the external surface must therefore be insulated to prevent this. It is vital to be able through windows and heats the surfaces it falls on, as well as the air in the room. It will re-
to remove the heat being released by the thermal mass overnight (night ventilation): cool night breezes radiate this warmth back into the room at night.
pass over the thermal mass, drawing out stored energy.
Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb, store and re-release heat. Thermal mass is mainly provided by load-bearing interior walls, exterior walls, ceilings and floor. How much heat these elements can
hold depends on what they are made of and how thick they are. The color of a surface significantly impacts its ability to absorb heat. Dark, matt and textured thermal mass surfaces absorb more heat than light,
reflective surfaces. Some materials take longer to absorb heat, but can hold it for longer. For example, concrete floors will absorb more heat and hold it longer than timber floors. To be effective, thermal mass
must be integrated with passive design techniques : appropriate areas of glazing facing appropriate directions with appropriate levels of shading, ventilation and insulation.
Benefits : In the Mediterranean areas, thermal mass is generally very advantageous for better comfort and lower consumption of cooling.
Limitations and watch-points:
• In renovation, it is not always possible to enhance the thermal mass of a building;
• Thermal mass is lowered by:
- Internal insulation: external insulation of walls is preferable;
- Presence of light lining, airtight false ceilings, raised floor: high-floor and low-floor have to be heavy, false ceilings have to be ventilated (if it does not compromise fire protection between floors);
• Heating control may be more complicated.

In schools, usually not equipped with active cooling systems, premises must be protected against temperature peaks; inertia is an
indispensable complement to sunscreens and night ventilation. Correctly used, thermal mass evens out variations in temperature, which http://www.level.org.nz/passive-
can increase comfort and reduce energy costs. design/thermal-mass/
In school premises, internal partitioning is often light and low. In this case, thermal mass is mainly provided by external walls and floor
slabs. Where false ceilings are present, they should be removed to allow thermal mass activation. Moreover, in schools, with intermittent
occupancy, thermal mass requires a certain anticipation for operating the heating and/or cooling; a precise and quality programming is
http://environmentdesignguide.com.au/media
required. In the Mediterranean region, even useful, cooling potential is limited (around 10% in cooling demand) comparing to colder /misc%20notes/EDG_65_AH.pdf
climates.
S.19 Earth to Air heat Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
exchange Overview USE ENVELOPE SYSTEMS

ENERGY
SUPPLY
CONTROL &
MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
IN WINTER IN SUMMER
Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers allow the use of the relative warmth of the ground in winter This cools the external air due to the coolness of the ground.
to heat the incoming air.
Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers, also known as earth tubes, are tubes buried in the ground that use geothermal exchange to pre-heat / pre-cool outside air entering a uildi g’s HVAC system. As the temperature
of the ground is practically constant, it substantially reduces ambient air temperature fluctuations. Systems can be driven by natural stack ventilation, but usually require mechanical ventilation. In some cases
air is circulated via air handling units, allowing filtering and supplementary heating/cooling. A simple controller can be used to monitor inlet and outlet temperatures, as well as indoor air temperatures.
Regarding the cooling phase, the EAHEs are used either as stand alone systems or as additional auxiliary systems: e.g. in summer the pre-cooling effect can be used to increase the performance of reversible
air-to-air heat pumps (GSHP), but it is also possible to combine it with other passive or low-energy strategies, such as night natural or mechanical ventilation. Ground coupling ducts or tubes can be of plastic,
concrete or clay – the material choice is of little consequence thermally due to the high thermal resistance of the ground. Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers are suited for mechanically ventilated buildings with a
moderate cooling demand, located in climates with a large temperature differential between summer and winter, and between day and night. A technical study is systematically required for tubes and
ventilation rates sizing, and to define its management.
Benefits : Provide low-consumption cooling in the summer and pre-heating of air in the winter; can be interesting in noisy areas where opening windows can be problematic.
Limitations and watch-points: Difficult implementation in renovation; high installation costs; can be economically attractive if the renovation requires earthworks; need available land to accommodate the
length of tubes; maintenance necessary to avoid any health risk with indoor air quality.
In MED Schools
Given the technical and economic difficulties in renovation, Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers can rarely be implemented in a school renovation.
The interest of the EAHE in MED schools is mainly based on the pre-cooling effect in summer. In the case where it could be implemented, a
Tools
study is required to define energy savings arising in relation to an active cooling system. It is also imperative to provide a contract for health http://www.ibpsa.org
maintenance. To avoid the risk of degrading IAQ, it is preferable to use a water glycol heat exchanger with buried tubes.
S.20 Daylighting Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
Management Overview USE ENVELOPE SYSTEMS

ENERGY
SUPPLY
CONTROL &
MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS

SOLAR TUBES LIGHT SHELVES BLINDS
Tubular daylight guidance systems, widely used for transporting Horizontal surfaces, mounted either inside, outside or on Made from plastic or fabric, or even the Venetian
daylight usually from the roof to the core of buildings, where both sides of a window, dividing it into a larger lower part type, they are positioned on the internal or
windows are not available. and a clerestory window above the shelf. Light shelves shade external part of the window, so as to shade the
the areas close to the windows from direct sunlight while space by reducing the incoming
reflecting daylight to the ceiling, thus increasing and daylight/sunlight.
homogenizing daylight levels in the space.
In MED Schools
Solar Tubes: Even though Mediterranean schools usually have adequate area of side windows, solar tubes can be used in order to bring daylight
to the deepest areas of classrooms and to dark corridors. Great tube lengths and elbows decrease the s ste ’s performance. The system is Tools
difficult to be implemented on existing buildings. Furthermore, special attention must be paid in ensuring proper sealing and preventing
overheating (a solar protection may be needed). Solar Tubes
Light Shelves: Light shelves should be placed at a height that would minimize the risk of accidents for all types of users and that would avoid Light Shelves
direct view of the upper reflective surface of the shelf, that would cause glare. Their performance is maximum to southern exposures. Blinds
should only be placed below the shelf. Blinds
Blinds: Blinds are considered necessary in all Mediterranean schools, for minimizing glare. When positioned outside the window they may also
offer thermal protection from sun radiation.
Glare in MED Schools: Glare is a very common problem in Mediterranean countries, because of the increased levels of sunlight. The factors most
likely to create glare issues and should be encountered are: 1. Very high levels of daylight (large, non-shaded windows); 2. Highly reflective
interior surfaces; 3. Highly reflective facades of the opposite buildings.
S.21 Artificial lighting Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
improvement Overview USE ENVELOPE SYSTEMS

ENERGY
SUPPLY
CONTROL &
MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
AUTOMATIC CONTROL DAYLIGHT SENSITIVE CONTROL SECTORIZATION

Automatic controls switch or dim lighting based on time, occupancy, lighting-level strategies, Daylight control is also one of the Circuiting the lights to allow individual
or a combination of all three. In situations where lighting may be on longer than needed, left automatic controls. It also integrates lamps within a fixture to be controlled
on in unoccupied areas, or used when sufficient daylight exists, consider installing automatic common lighting sensors that give separately adds flexibility, providing
controls as a supplement or replacement for manual controls. feedback to the system about the lighting different levels of lighting that can be used
An occupancy sensor automatically turns on lighting when someone enters the space. If the performance status. If daylight is enough, for different activities, and maximizes
last person to leave the rooms does not turn the lights off manually, the occupancy sensor artificial lighting is switched off, and vice energy saving.
turns them off after a pre-set time delay. versa.
In MED Schools
Minimizing the use of the load related to the lighting system is very important in the perspective of nZEB buildings. On one hand, by improving the lighting Tools
source technology (see S22 – Lighting system improvement), on the other, through an optimization of lighting management through control systems.
Best Tools
Practices for Schools
In the case of schools, expected savings from the use of occupancy sensors in classrooms alone can range from 10-50%. These savings come from simply
turning lighting off when the rooms are unoccupied and lighting is not necessary. Other lighting controls can reduce lighting energy consumption as well. For Daylighting Controls 1
instance, the EPA has estimated that the use of daylight controls can result in savings up to 40%. Perhaps most importantly, these savings can be realized
without affecting the quality of educational activities or the efficiency of the learning environment.
Daylighting Controls 2
Many other areas in a school are ideal for lighting control including administrative offices, libraries, cafeterias, auditoriums, storage areas, field lighting, Occupancy Based Lighting
locker rooms, and more. Control Systems
The use of daylight controls is an effective strategy for classrooms and administrative areas where the daylight contribution is substantial. In such areas,
occupancy-based controls can be added to switch or dim the lights as needed. When daylight drops below the target level, the photo-sensor sends a signal
to return the electric lighting to a higher level of light.
S.22 Lighting system Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
improvement Overview USE ENVELOPE SYSTEMS

ENERGY
SUPPLY
CONTROL &
MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
SIMPLE BULB REPLACEMENT – PLUG&PLAY BALLAST REMOVAL WHOLE FIXTURE REPLACEMENT

Fluorescent tube replacement with LED tubes requires sol i g the ballast issue . In fact, Although electrical modifications are Equivalent products should have similar
fluorescent tubes need ballasts to operate (giving a high voltage burst to get started and required, ballast removal has several light distributions to ensure the lumens
regulating the amount of power) and LEDs do not (they just use a driver). However, the ballast advantages : produced are directed where they are
removal is expensive, as it requires electrical works, and this is why fluorescent tube - no wasted power in the ballast, needed. The photometric features of a
replacement is ’t very popular. Fortunately, now the market has introduced products with an - reduced long term maintenance costs, lighting source highly depends on the
integrated driver that operates on the existing ballast, meaning that the LED tube can simply - dimming option is possible. fixture. This is why in some cases, the whole
replace the fluorescent tube without removing the ballast. fixture replacement can be the most
efficient solution.
In MED Schools
The amount of savings related to fluorescent lamp replacement depends greatly on the chosen method. Nevertheless, the majority of the LED advantages is
clearly known:
Tools
• Mercury Free – Unlike fluorescents, LEDs contain no mercury. This makes them safe for the environment and results in no recycling fees;
Green Public Procurement -
• Dimmable – Many LEDs have full dimming capabilities, whereas FLs are expensive to dim and do so poorly;
Indoor Lighting - Technical
• Directional Lighting – LEDs offer directional light (illumination exactly where you need it). On the other hand, fluorescents have multi-directional light, which Background Report
means some light is lost in the fixture and other unnecessary places;
European Lighting Industry
• Work Well with Controls – Fluorescent lights tend to burn out faster when integrated with occupancy sensors and other controls. In contrast, LEDs work
perfectly with control systems, since their life is not affected by turning them on/off;
• Quality Light - Toda ’s LEDs produce light in a variety of color temperatures similar to fluorescent, but do ’t have any flickering issues that can happen with
fluorescent;
• Lifespan – The average life of a T8 LED is 50,000 hours, versus only 30,000 hours for an average T8 LFL. One thing to keep in mind though, is that there are
now linear fluorescent T8 lamps that last up to 84,000 hours.
S.23 Best energy
class substitutes Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
ENERGY CONSUMPTION OTHER ADVANTAGES

Opting for the cheapest product is not always the best solution. Computers, televisions, More efficient equipment in terms of energy efficiency results in reduced
video-projectors, refrigerators - all of these devices consume a lot of electricity. The analysis heat generation, valuable extra workspace and longer life of your
must be based on a 5-year lifecycle of your equipment. For example, the difference in terms equipment.
of energy consumption, if you compare the most and least efficient equipment, you can save Also, in case of active cooling, your air conditioning costs will decrease.
up to € 200 per computer.
In MED Schools
In nZEB Med schools, it is possible that there is virtually no need for heating but, paradoxically, the risk of discomfort in summer is
considerable. Some internal heat sources must be limited in the summer. In addition, in the primary energy balance, the specific
Tools
electricity use can be 50% of total consumption. This consumption is often underestimated because it depends on equipment that http://www.eu-energystar.org
is not always identified at the design stage.
http://www.guide-topten.com/
Opting for the best energy efficient equipment has multiple benefits and is essential for MED schools if you want to do without air http://www.energyrating.gov.au/
conditioning. Therefore, an nZEB renovation needs to include a est energy lass replacement PLAN to face the new acquisitions.
Benefits : Low energy consumption, financial savings in the long term, less noise in operation, less heat in the atmosphere.
Limitations : Higher purchasing costs, higher embodied energy product.
COST: For each purchase, a life cycle cost analysis should be performed.
Source picture: 1: http://www.eu-energystar.org/fr/; 2. http://goo.gl/JA9qdO

S.24 Efficient cooking
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
EQUIPMENT AND HABITS REFRIGERATORS EXAMPLE

After lighting, the kitchen equipment consumes the most electricity. So ‐ Position fridges/freezers away from heat sources;
choose high performance equipment (label A+++) and adopt good cooking ‐ Set the thermostat at the right level, defrost regularly;
habits. Whatever the cooking method or equipment (electricity, gas…), limit ‐ Keep doors closed (install alarms for example);
the number of appliances and optimize their size and adopt several simple ‐ Respect temperature regulations of cold room or refrigerator. Increasing cooling
measures which can minimize consumption. temperature by 1°C can reduce energy consumption by 4%.

Meals are not always prepared on site. They can be warmed or sometimes there is no canteen in the Austin public schools project
building. In any type of school buildings, especially in Mediterranean areas, limiting the use and the (energystar)
consumption of kitchen equipment can limit the internal source of heat and so, the use/need of cooling
system. http://www.savingtrust.dk
(criteria for high performance
COST: The first rule is to adapt the size of the equipment to its needs. Indeed, the purchase price and products)
energy consumption are directly dependent on the size. Equally beneficial, choosing the equipment that
consumes less does not always mean higher prices. http://www.carbontrust.com/res
ources/guides
Source picture: 1: http://goo.gl/oI2otc; 2. http://goo.gl/5DRQu6

S.25 Solar PV Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
Photovoltaic (PV in short) is a form of clean renewable energy. Most PV Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, There are many ways to install PV systems in a building.
modules use crystalline silicon solar cells, made of semiconductor materials and generally are the most efficient. Second-generation solar cells For existing buildings, the most common manner
similar to those used in computer chips. Thin film modules use other types of are called thin-film solar cells because they are made from without drastically affecting its appearance is to mount
semiconductor materials to generate electricity. When sunlight is absorbed by amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials such as cadmium the PV modules on a frame on the roof top. In a new
these materials, the semi-conductor material in the PV cells is stimulated by telluride. Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials development, besides mounting on the roof top, the PV
the photons of the sunlight to generate direct electrical current (DC). They will only a few micrometers thick. Because of their flexibility, thin film modules or panels could in a creative, aesthetically-
work as long as they are exposed to daylight. The electricity generated is solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles, building facades, pleasing manner be integrated into the building facade.
either used immediately or is stored (eg. in batteries) for future use. Solar or the glazing for skylights. Third-generation solar cells are being It could also be integrated into external structures such
modules themselves do not store electricity. made from a variety of new materials besides silicon, including solar as canopies, car park shelters and railings.
inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, and
conductive plastics.
Tools
In MED Schools
The following factors shall be considered, for the installation of PV panel in a school: Annual electricity consumption, local regulations refer
to the installation and the system power, electricity tariff, orientation and size of the roof surface, and economic point of view. Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics National
Benefits:
Center for Photovoltaics Photovoltaic Reliability
• U li ited e e a le e e g sou e;
• “ola e e g is a lo all a aila le esou e a ou t depe ds o lo atio ;
Publications Pre-dimensioning tool PV-GIS Design
• Whe g id o e ted, it a displa e the highest ost ele t i it du i g ti es of peak de a d; Software Pvsyst, PV Database, BIPV Report 2013
• PV pa els a p o ide e e ue selli g e ess ele t i it i ti es of lo de a d lo al poli ; http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/pv_guid
• Noise-free operation. e.pdf
Limitations: http://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/pdf/rpts/Guide_to
• High i stallatio osts; _the_installation_of_PV_systems_2nd_Edition.pdf
• High e odied e e g of PV ells a d e ui e e t of a e etals;
• PV pa els e ui e egula lea i g; http://www.epia.org/home/
• Asso iated i e te s a ause elia ilit a d e e g o su ptio if ot p ope l desig ed issues e ause the heat up during operation;
http://web.ornl.gov/sci/solarsummit/presentations/
• Re ui es a eful positio i g to o tai opti u pe fo a e;
• “ola e e g is ot a aila le du i g ight a d is less a aila le du i g loud da s. ORNL-Coonen.pdf
PV SOFTWARE FREE
Source picture: 2: ASCAMM; 3: ©Mur Manteau

S.26 Solar thermal for
DHW & heating Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR

Using a solar collector, they turn the su ’s radiation into heat and then Consists of: (1) a dark flat-plate absorber, (2) a transparent cover It is composed of hollow glass tubes. The air between
transfer that heat to air or water. There are multiple types of solar thermal that reduces heat losses, (3) a heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze or the tubes is pumped out, while the outside of the tubes
collectors: evacuated tube, batch systems, air collectors and flat-plate water) to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating is heated, creating a vacuum. This mechanism creates
collectors. These can be mounted to a roof or wall to provide solar water backing. excellent insulation, trapping the heat inside the tube,
heating and space heating for the building. making solar hot water evacuated tubes highly
efficient.
Solar thermal for heating : Operation is the same, but it needs more olle to s’ surface and a large storage volume. However, the size and initial cost of conventional solar thermal systems for heat supply, which
depend not only on the heat collected but also on the storage facilities, affect its successful utilization on a large scale. Careful design and skilled professionals are needed to optimize solar thermal olle to s’
surface and thermal storage. Solar thermal energy can be used for cooling systems, but these systems are more complex and rare.

For the installation of solar thermal systems, the following factors shall be considered: annual DHW and heating demand and,
its distribution, existing technology for DHW production and heating, orientation and size of the roof surface, the location of the
Solar Thermal Energy
existing DHW storage tanks in the facility, the installation of DHW and heating storage from architectural viewpoint (available
place), and economic point of view. Free Solar Thermal Software
The potential for Solar Thermal and the associated environmental benefits are significant.
Advantages: Solar Thermal Requirements
• Unlimited renewable energy source; Types of Solar Thermal Collectors
• Locally available resource;
• Different types of collectors are available, which makes integration flexible for different building types; http://www.slideshare.net/AmericanSolar/solar-heating-
• Simple and robust design of collectors. for-schools-1454385
Limitations:
• In sunny periods too much heat is generated which can cause water to boil in pipes; http://www.solarschools.net/resources/stuff/solar_ther
• In case hot water consumption is limited it is important to decide how to use the generated heat; mal.aspx
• The system always requires a source of back-up heating, which can represent a double investment.
S.27 RES heat pump
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
HEAT PUMP TECHNOLOGY EFFICIENCY

Heat pump technologies are used to collect heat or cold from air, ground or groundwater. Most of the energy for heating/cooling comes from the external
In electrically powered heat pumps, the heat transferred can be three or four times greater than environment. According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps
the electrical power consumed, giving the system a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3 or 4, as can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air-
opposed to a COP of 1 for a conventional electrical resistance heater. source heat pumps, and up to 72% compared with electric
resistance heating. Minimum COP required should be 3 or more.
In MED Schools
Tools
In nZEB Med’s school renovation, because of the lower heating requirements of the building, the existing heating
system can operate with low temperature. This situation is perfectly adapted to the heat pumps which can operate www.groundmed.eu - technical
with optimum efficiency. guidelines and case studies
However, the thermo-geology of the ground under and around the school must also be known or analyzed, to be sure www.geotrainet.eu - training online
that all the proper criteria are met (a high conductivity, a high specific heat capacity and a good geothermal gradient).
www.geopimed.eu - general
Aerothermal heat pumps are easier to install and more cost-effective. However, high efficiency current products are information and case studies
more adapted to residential market than schools or commercial buildings.
www.regeocities.eu - general
Benefits: Low energy consumption, low operating costs, financial savings in the long term (for geothermal), both information
heating and cooling, minimum installation space, no combustion and no chimney.
Limitations: Lack of knowledge ranging from technicians to decision makers, requires low temperature heating
distribution, requires good thermo-geological conditions (geothermal). Current refrigerant are more environmentally
friendly (ozone) but have still moderate global warming potential. Only few innovative products are offering atu al
ef ige a ts as CO2 gaz.
S.28 Wind Turbine Goal & Technical Operating
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
Wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The energy in the wind turns two or three propellers around a rotor. The rotor is connected to
the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety and
the vertical-axis design. Currently, horizontal-axis wind turbines offer the best guarantees in terms of technical and financial matters. Utility-
scale turbines range in size from hundred kilowatts to as large as several megawatts. Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are
grouped together into wind farms. Single small turbines, generally below 36 kilowatts, are for domestic use. Wind turbines attached to the
building have to be avoided.
Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly depending on the region, the altitude, and are modified by surrounding vegetation, buildings and
differences in terrain. Ideally, wind must be regular and strong without turbulence or gusty wind conditions throughout the year. Wind
turbines operate for wind speeds generally between 14 and 90 km/h.
Implementation of one or several wind turbines must take into account :

• Wind resource : wind studies are needed on-site, at different heights;
• Neighborhood : distance to buildings, trees, etc. to reduce turbulence issues and distance to
users to reduce noise;
• Landscape (protected architectural and natural sites);
• Maintenance: production monitoring, type of wind turbine mast (tilt system mast otherwise
nacelle needed).
Benefits : Unlimited renewable energy source; wind energy is a locally available resource (amount depends on location).
Limitations : High installation costs; requires careful positioning to obtain optimum performance; wind resource is very random, production is intermittent.
Tools
Catalogue of European Urban Wind
In MED Schools Turbine Manufacturers (2005)
Only schools located in rural areas may consider installing a wind turbine, because it needs a very open space to get some results. Urban wind technologies (2005)
Given the technical and economic constraints, the value of a wind turbine is mainly based on the educational aspect, because a wind Urban wind turbines Master Thesis
tu i e that spi s a help "see e e g , i o t ast to PV s ste . Ho e e , to go th ough ith the p o ess, displa i g the eal-time (2010)
production with a counter can be a plus. Experimental results (UK)
Small scale wind energy (Carbon
Trust UK)
Source picture: 1: © Région Rhône-Alpes / Jean-Luc Rigaux
S.29 Biomass/ Wood Goal & Technical Operating
energy Benefits Strategies Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
RENEWABLE AND LOCAL EFFICIENT ECONOMIC

Its low carbon energy if obtained from sustainable sources, leading to Wood energy is a suitable solution to Wood energy could make savings on the
significant savings in carbon dioxide emissions. heat schools and eventually produces heating costs by replacing the current fossil
domestic hot water. Modern boilers are fuel system. Its price depends on local
Use of biomass heating systems increases rural employment and keeps efficient, almost as clean as other supply chains and is not dependent on
revenue in the local economy. energies, and are automatic. global issues.

Control and performance : Modern boilers have very good performance and there are even wood condensing boilers. The
http://www.southwestwoodshe
regulation system is identical to that used in other energies.
d.co.uk/static/wp-
Wood type and storage : The wood pellet boilers are best suited to the low heating requirements of nZEB schools. The content/uploads/Regen_-
size of the storage silo is low and maintenance is reduced. The distribution of heating can also be preserved. If no space is _guidance_note_schools.pdf
available inside the building, there are boxes ready to be connected (including the boiler, pellet silo, hydraulics, chimney).
Primary balance energy: The presence of wood energy helps to more easily achieve the nZEB goal and limit the http://www.cibe.fr/
investment needed to produce electricity locally.
Educational opportunity : The presence of a wood heating system can be used for educational purposes to explain the
energy supply chains.
COST: National and local financial aid is often available.
Source picture: 1: http://goo.gl/ubPx6T; 2: http://goo.gl/ovWJgq; 3: http://goo.gl/22lfzE

S.30 BMS Building
Management System Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
According to the European Building Automation and Controls Association (eu.bac), around 20% of energy
consumed by buildings is wasted and in the 27 EU countries only one in five buildings has BEMS, and a large
number of non-residential buildings do not have any. Demand for building automation technologies is expected
to increase with new regulation constraints because it’s more energy efficient, in comparison with other retrofit
solutions (e.g. increasing insulation, window replacement, etc). In fact BEMS are cost-effective measures,
requiring low costs, and with a quick return on your investment. Great benefits, both in terms of energy and
economic savings, can be achieved through an optimal building energy management.
In MED Schools
From quasi-passive buildings to active buildings Tools
Big savings can also be reached by introducing automated control system in schools, that remotely manage not only the
systems but also the building components: a monitoring system that could observe what is happening -especially non- eu.bac Position Paper - Proposal for
efficient solutions (e.g. a window left open in winter while students move to a lab for the next hour) - and activate a a Directive on energy efficiency
change immediately (e.g. automatically closing the window). First of all, an automated system consisting, where both a
sensor network (which monitors in real time the status), and a control system (that identifies and activates a control EN 15232 Energy performance of
policy), has to be integrated. Furthermore, a set of building components and technologies that could perform quick buildings – Impact of Building
response actions (e.g. automated windows, automated natural vents, automated solar radiation screens) can be Automation, Controls and Building
included in the school. The challenge is to identify a set of building elements and technological components that can be Management
easily and cheaply installed.
ISO 50001:2011 – Energy
From automated control to shared o trol Management System
In schools, as in all public buildings, with a high occupancy rate, the integration of an automated control system can
reveal a lot of possible inefficiencies (in terms of comfort and/or energy) due to the contrast between the automatic Example 1- Can2Go
controller and human actions.
Thus, it is necessary to foresee a shared control system, where humans have continuous interaction and Example 2 - Siemens
communication with the automation system. In this system, the occupants are the final deciders, but are aware of the
best energy saving strategy (e.g. opening the window contrary the s ste ’s advice). Many solutions can be identified,
using a smart end-user device (smart display). The potential of the interactive communication between the control
system and the school user has to be exploited.
Source picture: http://goo.gl/vsnSLV

S.31 Exterior
Environment Goal &
Benefits
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
ENERGY CONTROL &

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
OUTDOORS
GREEN SCHOOLYARD BENEFITS

1) Increases the environmental awareness of children;
(2) Contributes to health promotion;
(3) Helps children contact and interact with the natural
environment, as a combination of both entertainment
and creative play;
(4) Improves the stude ts’ physical activity;
(5) Enhances their innate sense and curiosity with the
natural environment;
(6) Contributes to the environmental improvement of
the entire neighborhood.
MICROCLIMATE THERMAL COMFORT INTEGRATED PLANNING

A local atmospheric zone (a small-scale area such as a garden, park, valley or A condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal An integrated planning of the microclimate can provide
part of a city) where the climate differs from the surrounding area. The e i o e t (ASHRAE). the tools for creating thermally comfortable
conditions in a microclimate are impacted by a number of factors: The main factors that affect comfort are: environments and energy efficiency landscapes: (1)
(1) Air temperature, (2) Exchange of radiation, (3) Air movement, (4) Knowledge of prevailing climate conditions (2) Analysis
1. Temperature; 2. Humidity; 3. Wind; 4. Radiation; 5. Ius,; 6. the nature of the Humidity, (5) Activity, (6) Clothing & understanding of landscape data (3) Methods for
Soil & Vegetation; 7. the local Topography; 8. Latitude; 9. Elevation; 10. Designing for thermal comfort requires tools that can provide for applying, through landscape design, to create
Season objective assessment of the landscape and an understanding of the comfortable microclimate and minimize the energy
conditions of comfort. use.

• MED schools exhibit usually a rigid, concrete structure, with lack of vegetation, shading and water elements; Designing open spaces
• Regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and hot summers, so the regeneration of the school yards could
contribute to the environmental and energy efficient design of schools; Interventions for Outdoor Environment
• The main reason for considering microclimate in landscape design is to create comfortable habitats for humans; UHI & Mitigation techniques
• Students and adults should become more active and generate sustainable and innovative ideas for the a ea’s development, to
achieve greener environments; Sustainable Schoolyards
• Designing for thermal comfort requires tools that can provide for objective assessment of the landscape and an understanding of Transforming Urban School yards
the conditions of comfort;
• Design Factors: (1)Height, Spacing & orientation of buildings (2) Road pattern (3) Size & location of open spaces
(4) Vegetation (5) Wind shelter (6)Shading (7)Wind breaks
5 Costs
Cost Calculation Methodologies
Cost Calculation
Goal & Benefits
Sources
Global data is available at a country level. For reference, please, follow the next links to
your specific countries:
Technical
- Austria (Statistics Austria) Considerations
Strategies
- Finland (Statistics Finland)
- France (batitel)
- Greece (Hellenic Statistical Authority)
Operating - Ireland (Central Statistics Office Ireland)
Strategies - Norway (Statistics Norway)
- Poland (PMR Poland)
- Portugal (Statistics Portugal)
- Spain (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica)
Solutions
- Sweden (Statistics Sweden CCI)
- United Kingdom (Building Cost Information Service)
- United Kingdom (BIS Construction Market Intelligence)
Costs Regarding the cost of energy and carbon emissions, the values published by the European
Union (http://ec.europa.I/energy/observatory/trends2030/indexen.htm) and the 2010 scenario of
the International Energy Agency for the Gas were assumed
(http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2010).
Funding
For a review of the electricity and gas price evolution developed by ZEMEDS with EUROSTAT
DATA please click HERE
Cost Renovation/
Renovation Discouraging Cost- Energy
Calculation Replacemen
Costs Factors effectiveness prices
Sources t
Cost Calculation Methodologies
Cost Calculation
Goal & Benefits
Sources
Each country also count with different specific databases (free to use and fee based) which will provide
more specific data. As an example please refer to the following (ES) Databases:
Technical - CYPE, SA (www.generadordeprecios.info)
- Colegio de Aparejadores de Guadalajara (goo.gl/5FNbVc) Considerations
Strategies
- Base de Costes de la Construcción de Andalucía www.juntadeandalucia.es (Download)
- Comunidad de Madrid www.madrid.org (Internet )
- Fundación de Estudios para la Calidad en la Edificación de Asturias www.fecea.org (Internet)
Operating - Gobierno Vasco www.presupuesta.com (Internet)
Strategies - Institut de Tecnologia de la Construcció de Catalunya ITeC www.itec.es (Internet )
- Instituto de la Construcción de Castilla y León www.iccl.es (Download)
- Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia www.presupuesta.com (Internet)
- Instituto Valenciano de la Edificación www.five.es (Internet)
Solutions
NOTE: Due to the early success of Presto, thirty years ago, many different private and public entities (most
from Autonomic regions) published this type of databases. Non Spanish Presto users may easily use these
databases as long as the use the integrated translation tools and allow for price adaptation to the local
market. Sometimes the labor may be cheaper and the industrial products more expensive, or the other way
Costs around.
Other databases
- RSMeans: www.rsmeans.com (USA: CD & Internet)
- SPON: www.sponpress.com (UK, Asia-Pacific, Ireland, Africa, Europe, Latin America Books)
Funding - Batiprix: www.batiprix.com (France Internet)
- Free Construction Cost Data: www.allcostdata.info (Internet )
- Compass International: www.compassinternational.net (International Books)
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Cost Calculation Considerations
Cost Calculation
Goal & Benefits Sources
In the case of energy efficiency refurbishments, it is always necessary to distinguish

between expenditure for refurbishment measures, which would have anyway been
Technical
required from a maintenance point of view, enhancement measures, and measures Considerations
Strategies
having the sole purpose of improving the condition of the school in terms of energy
efficiency.
Operating
Strategies
Only the investments associated with energy efficiency, may be taken into
account when considering the cost-effectiveness of a refurbishment,
i.e. expenditure (investment) versus income (value of energy savings).
Solutions
Costs
Funding
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Cost of Thermal Envelope Renovation
Site Renovation action Average cost Comments Thermal
Goal & Benefits
Envelope
Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat
External thermal insulation 24 – 34 €/m2 and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include
VAT. Based on a standard insulation thickness.
Technical Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat
Strategies Internal thermal insulation 18 – 26 €/m2 and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include Installations
VAT. Based on projected foam insulation.
Façade Includes manpower. M2 of installed awning. Does not
include VAT. The lower range applies to manual
Awning 70 – 96 €/m2 systems while the higher range applies to motorized
Operating
systems. Does not include scaffolding costs.
Strategies
Insulation of pillars and other
31 – 55 €/m2 and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include
thermal bridges VAT.
Solutions Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat

Additional external insulation 38 – 52 €/m2 and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include
VAT.

Additional internal insulation 23.5 – 32.5 €/m2 and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include
Costs VAT.
Roofs
Including manpower, painting. M2 of created thermal
Increase thermal mass 120 – 196 €/m2 mass. Does not include VAT.

Funding External double insulation 80 – 102 €/m2 and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include
VAT.
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Cost of Renovation of Installations
Site Renovation action Average cost Comments Thermal
Goal & Benefits
Envelope
Replacement of Includes collection of replaced frame, installation of the new frame,
35 – 45 €/m2
window frames manpower. Price for m2 of window. Does not include VAT.
Technical Gaps Replacement of Includes collection of replaced glass, installation of the new glass,
28 – 36 €/m2
Strategies window glass manpower .Price for m2 of glass Does not include VAT. Installations
Glass improvement 18 – 25 €/m2 Price for m2 of glass. Does not include VAT.
Floor insulation is rather complex and needs an individual analysis for each case. 40-60€m2 of
Operating Floor treated area; however, consider requirements such as minimum height and the need for further
Strategies renovation actions (such as door frames)
Domestic Includes complete panels installation, piping, pumps and other required
Introduction of DHW equipment. Price per m2 of installed panel. Price for solar installation.
Hot 400 – 620 €/m2
systems (Solar Thermal) Does not include VAT. Assumes pre-existence of gas heater. The higher
Water price range would also include the potential for heating.
Solutions
Substitution by new
high-performance
Need specific technical details
systems (full installation
required)
Costs High-performance gas Assuming a pre-existing gas installation and based on a

1500-2000€
system approximated 70kw- 1000m2.
HVAC
Prices of biomass heating, including deposit, can vary significantly
Biomass heating 6000-10000€ depending on the different sources of biomass and their efficiency.
70kw-1000m2 including installation.
Funding Includes manpower and debris collection. Price for m2 of treated wall.
Natural ventilation 120 – 180 €/m2 Does not include VAT.
Substitution of
Includes lamp substitution and collection of old lamp. Does not include
Lighting conventional lights by 130 -200 €/unit VAT.
LED s
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Factors discouraging renovation
Goal & Benefits
- Long waiting period for return on investment, economically speaking
Technical - Limited financial instruments available in the EU that are aimed exclusively at nZEB promotion
Strategies
- Budgetary constraints from local, regional and national public administrations in charge
Operating - Renovations for nZEB almost always entail other investments for regulation purposes (fire
Strategies safety, handicap access...)
- Technical issues often lead to increased financial requirements
Solutions - Not considering the life-cycle of the building and focusing only on the initial investment and
not the yearly operating costs
- Lack of legal and regulatory standards

Costs
- nZEB solutions are technically challenging for historical and cultural buildings
- Absence of awareness and knowledge among policy makers and financial institutions on
nZEB solutions
Funding
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
School renovation cost-effectiveness
Goal & Benefits
Maintenance costs (% of
installation costs per year)
Site Renovation action
Technical Maintenance includes a reserve
Strategies for replacement
External thermal insulation 2-5%

Operating
Internal thermal insulation 2-5%
Strategies
Façade
Awning 15-20%
Insulation of pillars and other thermal
Solutions 2-5%
bridges
Additional external insulation 4-6%
Costs Additional internal insulation 2-5%

Roofs
Increase thermal mass 2-4%
Funding
External double insulation 4-8%
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Maintenance costs (% of
Site Renovation action
installation costs per year)
Technical
Strategies Substitution of windows frames 3-5%
Operating Gaps Substitution of window glass 4-6%

Strategies
Improvement of glass properties 2-6%
Solutions Substitution by new high-performance

7-15%
systems
HVAC
Natural ventilation 2-5%
Costs
Substitution of traditional lights by
Lighting 4-6%
LEDs
Funding Domestic
Hot Introduction of DHW systems 8-13%
Water
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Site Renovation action Energy Reduction
Technical External thermal insulation 4-7%

Strategies Internal Thermal insulation 4-8%
Façade
Awning <1%
insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges <1%
Operating Additional External insulation 4-6%
Strategies Additional Internal insulation 2-3%
Roofs
Increase thermal mass 3 - 5%
External double insulation 2-3%
Substitution of windows frames 3-4%
Solutions
Gaps Substitution of windows glass 3-4%
Improvement of glass property 1-2%
Floor
Substitution by new high performance systems 4-7%
Costs
Natural ventilation N/A
HVAC
Biomass boiler 5 - 10 %
Condensation boiler 10 - 15 %
Lighting Substitution of traditional lights by LED ones 3-4%
Funding Introduction of DHW systems (solar thermal assuming also a use
Domestic Hot Water 25 - 35 %
for heating)
Based on the model of a Mediterranean-climate school, with an average of 1000m2, built on the 1980S and
that has not undergone any significant renovation since then. (figures based on CE3 software)
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Site Renovation action CO2 Emissions Reduction
Technical External thermal insulation 5-8%

Strategies Internal Thermal insulation 5-9%
Façade Awning <2%
insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges 2-3 %
Operating Additional External insulation 4-7%
Strategies Additional Internal insulation 3-4%
Roofs
Increase thermal mass 5-7%
External doble insulation 4-5%
Solutions Substitution of windows frames 4-5%
Gaps Substitution of windows glass 3-4%
Improvement of glass property 1-2%
HVAC Substitution by new high performance systems <15%
Only recommended when properly
Costs Natural ventilation controlled and planned. (see solution
S16)
Biomass boiler 100 % *
Condensation boiler 17 - 21 %
Funding
Lighting Substitution of traditional lights by LED ones 4-5%
Based on the model of a Mediterranean-climate school, with an average of 1000m2, built on the 1980S and
that has not undergone any significant renovation since then. (figures based on CE3X software)
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Site Renovation action Durability

External thermal insulation 30 - 40 years
Technical
Strategies Internal thermal insulation 30- 40 years
Façade
Awning 5 - 10 years
Insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges 30 - 40 years

Operating
Additional external insulation 20 - 30 years
Strategies
Additional internal insulation 30 - 40 years
Roofs
Increase thermal mass 40 - 50 years
Solutions External double insulation 20 - 30 years
Replacement of window frames 20 - 30 years
Gaps Replacement of window glass 20 - 30 years
Improvement of glass properties 15 - 25 years

Costs
HVAC Substitution by new high-performance systems 15 - 25 years
Natural ventilation 40 - 50 years
Lighting Replacement of traditional lights by LED ones 10 - 15 years

Funding
Domestic Hot Water Introduction of DHW systems 10 - 15 years
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
- Study “reference” buildings – New and existing schools

Technical
- Apply various energy performance measures to exemplary buildings using thermal
Strategies
dynamic simulation software
- Calculate overall cost of improvements for various energy performance measures

Operating
which integrate economic factors (fluctuating interest rates, energy prices…)
Strategies
- Perform calculation from an investor’s perspective and from a social perspective
Solutions - Calculate cost Eur/m2 vs KWh/m2/yr (refer not only to present prices but carry
projections based on average cost increases)
- Identify gaps between current energy performance standards in building regulations

Costs and cost-effective solutions
Funding
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Schools’ main investments apply to the following categories:

Technical
- Major renovation projects (or new construction)
Strategies
- Building retrofits
Operating
- Exterior lightning upgrade
Strategies
- Cogeneration plants
Solutions - Renewable technologies
- Heating and cooling systems
Costs All of these will have a major impact when considering the costs of an nZEB project.
Therefore, it is important to apply some careful thinking and reflection that will condition
the return of nZEB investments.
Funding Among the issues that could facilitate a major return of these projects are a careful
planning, avoiding cream skimming, identifying cash flows, focus on life cycle analysis
and monitor cost-effectiveness.
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
CAREFULL PLANNING
Technical
nZEB Projects with comprehensive objectives increase the range of financing
Strategies
possibilities and allow for greater short and long term benefits and a broader focus when
considering future needs and goals.
Operating
Clearly defined objectives such as:
Strategies
- modernised infrastructure
- environmental compliance or
- improved comfort / functionality will increase the projects option for success
Solutions
These objectives must be carefully analysed in order to guarantee the major coherence
with the available funding mechanisms.
Costs Along with determining the project’s objectives, the school must clearly define its
investment criteria, enabling project designers and managers to make fiscally sound
investment decisions.
Funding
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
AVOID CREAM SKIMMING
Technical “Cream skimming” is the undesirable yet common practice of investing in simple projects with
Strategies relatively low initial costs (relative to school size and budget parameters) and quick paybacks.
While such investments are financially attractive in the short term, pursuing them may prevent a
Operating school from capturing more significant long term benefits that are likely to result from more
Strategies extensive and capital intensive retrofits.
For instance, the graphic below illustrates an example where 2 options are open to a school:
- Option 1: A basic renovation targeting measures with low cost and a rapid payback
- Option 2: A deep retrofit with a long term and nZEB approach
Solutions
2.000.000 Option 2: Deep
1.750.000 - Pros: significant energy/€ savings,
longuer term results, CO2 ↓.
1.500.000
- Cons: Higher initial costs, longer
Costs 1.250.000
renovation period.
1.000.000
750.000 Option 1: Basic

- Pros: fast, easy, low cost; short
500.000
Funding payback.
250.000
- Cons: Lower savings; higher
0 consumption, shorter periods
-250.000 5 10 15 20 for replacement and higher
-500.000 Years maintenance costs.
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
IDENTIFY ALL CASH FLOWS

Technical
Cash flow scenarios that identify all costs and savings over the life of an nZEB project
Strategies
are crucial elements of any financial analysis. The life of an nZEB project is determined
by taking into account the term for any project financing and identifying how long
resultant benefits will accrue to the end user, while also considering the life span of all
Operating
other costs and savings associated. When considering clash flows scenarios the
Strategies
following range of costs must be taken in to account:
- Planning and Management

Solutions - Capital acquisition and financing
- Installation and commissioning
- Operations and maintenance
Costs Internal expertise, as well as financial advisors / consultants are required to estimate
several cash flows components, including inflation, price changes, legislative (tax)
implications and future cost deviations. Both responsible agents and external
consultants must those cash flows that turn positive more quickly (i.e. ESCOs
Funding contributions help reduce initial negative cash flaws and speed up returns).
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
FOCUS ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Technical
Lifecycle costs (LCCs) should be used when measuring alternate approaches (including
Strategies
no action alternatives). Life Cycle Analysis include costs of acquiring, installing, owning,
operating, disposing of a building, facility or equipment. Lifecycle cost integrates all
positive and negative cash flows accruing to a project over its useful life. The value of
Operating
broad based benefits outweighs the value of energy savings alone, and project
Strategies
managers should include them in the cost benefit analyses.
Solutions
MONITOR COST-EFFECTIVENESS
The performance of efficiency measures and the resulting savings must be monitored
Costs and quantified through sound measurement and verification methods defined at the
beginning of the project. Protocols should set the basis for energy efficiency performance
and energy efficiency monitoring.
Funding
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Installatio Installatio
Replacem
Façade, Solar Roofs, Roofs, Roofs, Increasing
n of n of Installatio
Case Reduction ent of
internal heating Awning internal external double thermaldouble reflective n of LED
Study P.T.: windows
insulation system insulation insulation insulation masswindow window bulbs
frames
glass glass
kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2
Energy consumption
Technical year year year year year year year year year year year year year
Heating System 124,06 115,63 124,23 123 118,6 113,19 113,85 111,41 109,21 111,65 112,67 120,15 124,06
Strategies HVAC 17,59 17,17 17,59 17,56 15,26 14,87 14,98 14,06 13,82 14,54 14,68 16,84 17,59
Hot Sanitary Water 195,23 195,23 67,74 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23 195,23
Lighting 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 17,63 2,95
14.558,79 2.675,43 513,74 13.330,00 14.840,00 23.850,00 46.640,00 83.740,00 3.456,60 2.765,28 1.728,30 15.450,00
Operating COST
€ € € € € € € € € € € €
Strategies
Energy consumption 0,42 0 0,03 2,33 2,72 2,61 3,53 3,77 3,05 2,91 0,75 0
Heating System 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVAC 0 127,49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Solutions Hot Sanitary Water
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,68
Total savings 8,85 127,32 1,09 7,79 13,59 12,82 16,18 18,62 15,46 14,3 4,66 14,68
Investment/ Saving:
1.645,06 21,01 471,32 1.711,17 1.091,98 1.860,37 2.882,57 4.497,31 223,58 193,38 370,88 1.052,45
€/m2/Year/KWh
Costs
Price KWH 0,178168
22,684349 0,1942031 2,4213031 2,2841137 2,8827582 3,3174881 2,7544772 0,8302628 2,6155062
Savings (€/Year/m2) 1,5767868 1,38792872 2,5478024
8 2 2 6 4 6 8 8 4
Total savings:
1671,39 24045,41 205,86 1471,20 2566,58 2421,16 3055,72 3516,54 2919,75 2700,67 880,08 2772,44
(€/Year/1060m2)
Funding Return: (Year) 8,71 0,11 2,50 9,06 5,78 9,85 15,26 23,81 1,18 1,02 1,96 5,57
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Assessing renovation Vs Replacement / New
construction
Goal & Benefits
There are many factors apart from the renovation cost that have an important effect on
the decision of the improvement of the existing building or the new construction.
Technical
Strategies
Social
Responsibility
Operating
Strategies
Solutions
Projected Decision
Funding
objectives Makers
Costs
Funding Time
factor
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Assessing renovation Vs Replacement / New
construction
Goal & Benefits

Time Factor Social Responsibility
Technical Existing building is protected or considered

as historic heritage?
Strategies Is the building improvement compatible
with the educational systems
What is the environmentally impact of the
requirements?
Operating new construction on the educational
Strategies community?
Projected Objectives Funding

Solutions
In case of renovation, Is considered the high
Is the target CO2 emission achievable? validity of the additional cost?
Is high participation of Renewable energy The necessary investments are available and
Costs
compatibles with the budgetary objectives?
available?
The building improvement or new building
Are energy consumption rates reducible? construction is compatible with the budgetary
Funding allocations?
Is Cost – Effectiveness achievable?
What are the possible financial tools?
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
The importance of Energy prices
Goal & Benefits
Energy prices represent a major driver for the nature and composition of energy demand. Both
gas and electricity are considered essential goods in the sense that they cover basic needs.
Technical Consumption of essential good, is on the other hand, inelastic, with respect to price changes. By
Strategies inelastic is not meant here that consumption does not respond to prices change, but rather, that
consumption will decrease (if it does) in very different percentages than that of the prices’
change. When considering the development of nZEB initiatives it is, therefore, important to bear
Operating in mind both prices fluctuation and the limited margin for response.
Strategies In the case of energy efficiency measures we may assume that there is a general tendency
towards an overall increase of energy prices; this has a direct impact in encouraging actors to
take the necessary action towards energy consumption reduction, as well as represent a major
factor to be considered in any kind of pay-back calculation method.
Solutions
As an example of this impact the following tables present the energy prices evolution during the
last decade in order to help understanding their impact upon any nZEB renovation initiative.
Costs
NOTE: The following tables and graphs include both consumer and industrial prices;
depending on the typology and size of the school, they might fall into one of both
categories.
Funding NOTE II: Please note that the calculations do not include taxes (industrial); fees or other
additional costs.
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Electricity Prices (medium households) Electricity Prices Medium Industries
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
Solutions
Costs
Funding
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Gas Prices (medium households) Gas Prices Medium Industries
Technical
Strategies
Operating
Strategies
Solutions
Costs
Funding
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits Source of Data: Eurostat
Last update: 28.11.2014
Hyperlink to the table: here
General Disclaimer of the EC website: http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm
Technical
NOTE: Based on the EUROSTAT data, the partners have developed the tables below. These represent the
Strategies yearly increase (or decrease) in electricity prices for medium sized households, as well as providing an
average based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.
Operating
Strategies YEAR 2003 Av. ↑↓ 2004 Av. ↑↓2 2005 Av. ↑↓3 2006 Av. ↑↓4 2007 Av. ↑↓5
EU (28 countries) : : : : :
Greece 0,0606 2,5% 0,0621 2,6% 0,0637 0,9% 0,0643 2,8% 0,0661 44,8%
Spain 0,0872 1,5% 0,0885 1,7% 0,09 4,4% 0,094 6,8% 0,1004 12,0%
Solutions
France 0,089 1,7% 0,0905 0,0% 0,0905 0,0% 0,0905 1,8% 0,0921 -0,8%
Italy 0,1449 -1,0% 0,1434 0,4% 0,144 7,5% 0,1548 7,1% 0,1658
Average
Av. Av. Electricity
Costs YEAR 2008 Av. ↑↓6 2009 Av. ↑↓7 2010 Av. ↑↓8 2011 Av. ↑↓9 2012 2013 2014
↑↓10 ↑↓11 cost price
increase
EU (28 countries) 0,1175 4,2% 0,1224 -0,5% 0,1218 5,2% 0,1281 4,2% 0,1335 2,6% 0,137 1,1% 0,1385 2,80%
Greece 0,0957 10,2% 0,1055 -7,6% 0,0975 5,1% 0,1025 3,9% 0,1065 9,9% 0,117 2,9% 0,1204 7,09%
Funding Spain 0,1124 15,1% 0,1294 9,5% 0,1417 12,7% 0,1597 10,6% 0,1766 -0,8% 0,1752 1,1% 0,1771 6,78%
France 0,0914 -0,7% 0,0908 3,5% 0,094 5,7% 0,0994 -0,8% 0,0986 2,1% 0,1007 5,7% 0,1064 1,66%
Italy : : : 0,1397 3,4% 0,1445 3,7% 0,1498 2,7% 0,1539 3,40%
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Source of Data: Eurostat
Goal & Benefits
Technical NOTE: Based on the EUROSTAT data, the partners have developed the tables below. These represent the
Strategies yearly increase (or decrease) in gas prices for medium size households, as well as providing an average
based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.
Operating YEAR 2003 Av.↑↓ 2004 Av.↑↓2 2005 Av.↑↓3 2006 Av.↑↓4 2007 Av.↑↓5
Strategies
Greece : : : : :
Spain 10,43 -4,6% 9,9528 3,0% 10,2548 12,7% 11,75 4,2% 12,271 10,9%
Solutions
France 9,06 -4,5% 8,65 4,0% 9 16,7% 10,81 5,3% 11,42 7,1%
Italy 9,86 -9,9% 8,879 1,2% 8,984 13,9% 10,43 11,6% 11,794 2,0%
Costs Average
2008 Av.↑↓6 2009 Av.↑↓7 2010 Av.↑↓8 2011 Av.↑↓9 2012 Av.↑↓10 2013 Av.↑↓11 2014 Gas Cost
Increase
11,68 7,5% 12,63 -14,1% 11,07 7,1% 11,92 11,6% 13,49 3,9% 14,04 2,2% 14,36 3,06%
: : : : : 17,4 -7,4% 16,2 -7,41%
Funding
13,777 5,9% 14,64 -14,5% 12,7863 -1,3% 12,62 18,9% 15,57 3,7% 16,16 2,8% 16,62 1,40%
12,29 5,5% 13,01 -6,2% 12,25 8,8% 13,43 8,6% 14,7 6,3% 15,69 2,8% 16,14 2,35%
12,031 15,0% 14,158 -35,5% 10,449 14,7% 12,25 13,7% 14,19 9,4% 15,66 -6,0% 14,78 1,03%
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Strategies yearly increase (or decrease) in electricity prices for industrial consumers, as well as providing an average
based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.
Operating YEAR 2003 Av.↑↓ 2004 Av.↑↓2 2005 Av.↑↓3 2006 Av.↑↓4 2007
Strategies EU (28 countries) : : : : :
Greece 0,0614 2,5% 0,063 2,3% 0,0645 3,4% 0,0668 4,3% 0,0698
Spain 0,0528 1,9% 0,0538 21,6% 0,0686 4,9% 0,0721 11,0% 0,081
France 0,0529 0,8% 0,0533 0,0% 0,0533 0,0% 0,0533 1,5% 0,0541
Solutions Italy 0,0826 -4,6% 0,079 6,3% 0,0843 9,7% 0,0934 9,1% 0,1027
Average
yearly
Costs increase
Av.↑↓5 2008 Av.↑↓6 2009 Av.↑↓7 2010 Av.↑↓8 2011 Av.↑↓9 2012 Av.↑↓10 2013 Av.↑↓11 2014 in prices
0,088 7,9% 0,0956 -4,5% 0,0915 1,5% 0,0929 2,9% 0,0957 -1,8% 0,094 -2,5% 0,0917 0,60%
18,9% 0,0861 9,2% 0,0948 -10,9% 0,0855 6,8% 0,0917 8,8% 0,1006 3,3% 0,104 4,6% 0,109 4,85%
11,5% 0,0915 16,7% 0,1098 1,1% 0,111 -2,6% 0,1082 6,3% 0,1155 0,9% 0,1165 1,7% 0,1185 6,80%
Funding
9,7% 0,0599 10,2% 0,0667 2,9% 0,0687 4,8% 0,0722 10,8% 0,0809 -4,9% 0,0771 -3,8% 0,0743 2,90%
: : : 0,1145 4,0% 0,1193 -6,3% 0,1122 -3,9% 0,108 2,05%
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
Goal & Benefits
Strategies yearly increase (or decrease) in gas prices for industrial consumers, as well as providing an average based
on the number of years for which reliable data is available.
Operating
YEAR 2003 Av.↑↓ 2004 Av.↑↓2 2005 Av.↑↓3 2006 Av.↑↓4 2007 Av.↑↓5
Strategies
Greece : : : : :
Spain 10,43 -4,8% 9,9528 2,9% 10,2548 12,7% 11,75 4,2% 12,271 10,9%
Solutions France 9,06 -4,7% 8,65 3,9% 9 16,7% 10,81 5,3% 11,42 7,1%
Italy 9,86 -11,0% 8,879 1,2% 8,984 13,9% 10,43 11,6% 11,794 2,0%
Average
yearly gas
2008 Av.↑↓6 2009 Av.↑↓7 2010 Av.↑↓8 2011 Av.↑↓9 2012 Av.↑↓10 2013 Av.↑↓11 2014
price
Costs
increase
-
11,68 7,5% 12,63 11,07 7,1% 11,92 11,6% 13,49 3,9% 14,04 2,2% 14,36 3,06%
14,1%
: : : : : 17,4 -7,4% 16,2 -7,41%
Funding -
13,777 5,9% 14,64 12,7863 -1,3% 12,62 18,9% 15,57 3,7% 16,16 2,8% 16,62 3,77%
14,5%
12,29 5,5% 13,01 -6,2% 12,25 8,8% 13,43 8,6% 14,7 6,3% 15,69 2,8% 16,14 4,92%
-
12,031 15,0% 14,158 10,449 14,7% 12,25 13,7% 14,19 9,4% 15,66 -6,0% 14,78 2,62%
35,5%
Cost Renovation/
Sources t
6 Funding
The European Funding Scheme
Overview
Goal & Benefits
H2020 EU level
Technical ERDF
Strategies ELENA
ELENA
Operating EU level Horizon 2020
Strategies Other
Cross-Border
National/Region Cooperation
EU Funding
al level (incl. ERDF
Solutions mechanisms
Structural Fund) Transnational
Cooperation
Preferential
Loan INTERREG
Costs Private Europe
Funding Guarantee
Energy Performance European
Neighbourhood
contracting with Instrument
owner finance
Funding
Energy Performance European
contracting with ESCO Energy Efficient
finance Fund
European Regional/ Specific Funding National State

Self Funding Private Funding
Funding Scheme National Fund Programmes Budget Schemes
European Funding Scheme
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies ELENA
European
Cooperative Energy
Operating
ERDF (Project Efficiency Fund Horizon 2020
Strategies Based) EEEF-EEPR
Cross-Border
H2020 Cooperation
Solutions ELENA – Transnational

European Local Cooperation
Energy INTERREG
Costs Assistance Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

European Local Energy Assistance
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Part of the European Investment Bank (EIB) efforts on climate and energy policy
Technical objectives. This joint EIB – European Commission initiative helps local and
Strategies regional authorities to prepare energy efficient or renewable energy projects. ELENA
Funding for ELENA comes from the EC’s Intelligent Energy Europe Programme.
Horizon 2020
Operating The money is invested to provide technical assistance to local and regional
Strategies authorities seeking to implement energy plans.
Cross-Border
Cooperation
The aim is to generate bankable projects that ca attract external finance, for
Solutions instance forma local banks or other financial institutions and is also expected to Transnational
involve Energy Service Companies in its implementation (thus, financing third Cooperation
parties).
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

ELENA Current
Available Typology Examples
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies ELENA
Period 2014-2015
Operating Horizon 2020

Provides Grant Support for the development
Strategies Purpose
of large scale SE Investment Projects Cross-Border
Cooperation
Scheme Type Project Development Assistance
Solutions Transnational
Nature Public Beneficiaries Cooperation
Beneficiaries Project Partners INTERREG

Costs Europe
Process Project Application
Resources € 30 million European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Funding actions Current
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies - Structure municipal and regional large-scale and long-term programmes ELENA
on nZEB
- Develop Business and Viability Plans for the implementation of nZEB
Horizon 2020
Operating solutions at local level
Strategies
- Conduct Energy Audits setting the path for further nZEB projects Cross-Border
- Preparing tendering procedures and contracts framing large scale public Cooperation
nZEB operations
- Implement individual large scale projects on nZEB at local level
Cooperation
- Funding for the implementation of technical solutions
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

BEAM-GRAZ Current
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location City of Graz (Austria)
Technical Beneficiaries Municipality of Graz
Strategies Automated energy monitoring and controlling system (EMC) in 300 public buildings ELENA
(>500 m2)
Planned
Energy efficient refurbishment of 18 municipal buildings
Operating
Investments New concepts for integrating energy efficiency in 5 new public buildings reaching passive Horizon 2020
Strategies house standard
Financing model for the EMC system including profiling of requirements, building Cross-Border
surveys, preparation of tender documents and launching produces Cooperation
Detailed energy audits and planning of building interventions, as well as financial model
Solutions Main Transnational
development including energy performance contracting that goes beyond typical savings
Activities 15-20% Cooperation
Detailed planning for new buildings at passive house standard including architectural
contest INTERREG
Costs Energy savings: 356 toe/year Europe
Expected
RES production: 15 toe/year
results GHG reduction: 710 tCO2e/year
European
Neighbourhood
Total cost: 510.914 Euro Instrument
Funding Project cost
EU contribution: 383.202 Euro
European
Project web page: http://www.gbg.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10201841/4817071 Energy Efficient
More details
Contact Person: gbg@gbg.graz.at Fund

ESCOLIMBURG2020 Current
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Province of Limburg (Belgium)
Technical Beneficiaries Province of Limburg, Infrax (public grid operator), Dubolimburg (provincial consultancy)
Strategies Planned ELENA
EUR 19.8 million in the refurbishment of public buildings
Investments
Engage all 44 municipalities in the Province to define detailed building renovation plans Horizon 2020
Operating Develop an integrated renovation service delivered by Infrax, which includes energy
Strategies audits, detailed specifications, tendering, works supervision, and potentially pre-financing
Main Cross-Border
of the works
Activities Cooperation
Buildings will be retrofitted with an average of 40% savings (30% minimum)
Solutions Communication at national and EU level
Transnational
Capacity building for the building sector in the Province
Cooperation
Energy savings: 374 toe/year
Expected
results INTERREG
Costs GHG reduction: 19,504 tCO2e/year Europe
Total cost: 1.174.380 Euro
Project cost
EU Contribution: 880.785 Euro European
Web page: www.limburg.be Neighbourhood
More details Instrument
E-mail: pboucneau@limburg.be
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

2020 TOGETHER Current
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Province of Torino (Italy)
Technical Beneficiaries Province of Torino, Environment Park, Piedmont Region, City of Turin
Strategies Planned The project will invest in the energy efficiency refurbishment of 59 public buildings and ELENA
Investments 1,272 public street lighting points.
Refurbishment of 59 public buildings with an aim to save on average 36% of energy Horizon 2020
Operating Refurbishment of 1,272 public street lighting points with the aim to save on average 50%
Strategies of energy
Cross-Border
Development of “network procurement” as a model to reduce time and cost of
Cooperation
Main administrative tender procedures and increase the attractiveness of investments
Solutions Activities Explore how European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) can support the economic
Transnational
viability and de-risking of low energy efficiency refurbishment investment through EPC
Cooperation
schemes
Increase impacts of upcoming ERDF measures (2014-2020) on energy efficiency and
INTERREG
Costs tailor them to local specific needs Europe
Energy savings: 1,796 toe/year
Expected
RES production: 103 toe/year European
results GHG reduction: 4,362 tCO2e/year Neighbourhood
Instrument
Total cost: 9.4 Million Euro
EU Contribution: 365.967 Euro European
Web page: www.provincia.torino.it Energy Efficient
More details Fund
E-mail: denigris@provincia.torino.it

MARTE Current
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Region of Marche (Italy)
Technical Region of Marche, Regional Health Company, Modena Energy and
Strategies Beneficiaries Sustainable Development Agency, Marche Polytechnic University, ELENA
Italian Society for Healthcare Engineering and Architecture
The project will mobilise financing for the energy refurbishment of
Operating Planned Horizon 2020
5 healthcare buildings including acute care hospitals and nursing
Strategies Investments
homes.
Cross-Border
Refurbishment of 5 acute care hospitals and nursing homes
Cooperation
aiming to achieve energy savings of on average 36%
Main
Solutions Develop innovative financing models and strategies to support Transnational
Activities
energy efficiency investments using a mix of instruments Cooperation
including the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Energy savings: 1,917 toe/year INTERREG
Costs Expected Europe
results
GHG reduction: 2,480 tCO2e/year European
Total cost: 15.54 million Euro Neighbourhood
Project cost Instrument
EU Contribution: 427.599 Euro
Funding
Web page: www.regione.marche.it European
More details
E-mail: Mario.pompei@regione.marche.it Energy Efficient
Fund

POSIT”IF Current
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Region of Ile-de-France (France)
Technical Beneficiaries Société d’Economie Mixte Energies POSIT’IF
Strategies Planned Low-energy refurbishment with guaranteed energy savings in ELENA
Investments 32 condominiums as well as 8 social housing and public buildings
Developing extended Energy Performance Contracting services Horizon 2020
Operating
to condominiums beyond normal market standards
Strategies
Delivering Energy Performance Contracts (EPCs) to small Cross-Border
Main
housing companies and municipalities / local government Cooperation
Activities
services
Solutions Providing tailored capacity building activities to condominiums, Transnational
social housing companies and municipalities Cooperation
Energy savings: 1,942 toe/year
Expected INTERREG
RES production: N/A
Costs results Europe
GHG reduction: 5406 tCO2e/year
Total cost: 2.061.018 Euro European
Project cost
EU Contribution: 1.545.763 Euro Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding Web page: www.energiespositif.fr
More details
Email: Josep.lopez@energiespositif.fr European
Energy Efficient
Fund

REDIBA Current
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Barcelona province (Spain)
Technical Beneficiaries Diputacio de Barcelona
Strategies Development and rolling out of the investment programme: ELENA
Establishment of a contractual framework to ensure the development
of investments
Planned Horizon 2020
Operating Implementation of the EE projects through the involvement of
Strategies Investments ESCOs
Development of a PPP approach to implement investments in PV Cross-Border
and other RES in public buildings . Cooperation
Installation of PV plants on roofs of public buildings
Solutions Main Transnational
Retrofitting of public lighting and traffic lighting systems
Activities Municipal buildings refurbishment Cooperation
PV electricity production: 114 GWh/y

INTERREG
Costs Energy savings: 280 GWh/y Europe
Expected
CO2 reduced: 185.000 tCO2eq/y
results Jobs created/sustained: PV: 3,000 jobs in installation and European
maintenance; EE: 2,000 jobs Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding Project cost EU Contribution: 1.999.925 Euro
European
Energy Efficient
More details Email: ferran@diba.cat Fund

Horizon 2020
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Framework for the funding of the innovation and research activities at EU level. Horizon
2020 is a €79bn funding programme aimed at supporting research and innovation across
Technical
the European Union. Competitions for funding will run from 2014 to 2020. Each
Strategies ELENA
competition is run on a dedicated theme.
One of the pillars of the Horizon 2020 is “Societal Challenges” in the European Union Horizon 2020
Operating
were two funding are available for Energy and Climate Change.
Strategies
Cross-Border
Cooperation
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
Societal Challenges EUR million
European
Neighbourhood
Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy 5782 of which 183 for EIT Instrument
Funding
Climate action, resource efficiency and European
3160 of which 100 for EIT Energy Efficient
raw materials
Fund

Horizon 2020 Current
Available Typology
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies Period 2014-2015 ELENA
Supports the development and deployment of innovative SE

technologies and solutions. Horizon 2020
Operating Purpose
Strategies
Includes the successor to the IEE II and PDA activities under its
Energy Challenge – Energy Efficiency Focus Area, topic EE 20. Cross-Border
Funding Cooperation
Scheme Type
Solutions Project Development Assistance
Transnational
Nature Public and Private Beneficiaries Cooperation
3 Entities from EU Member States INTERREG

Beneficiaries
Costs Consortiums for Project Development Assistance Europe
Application to INEA, EASME, RTD or DG ENER
Process European
Application to EASME Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding Resources Based on Call
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Funding actions Current
Available Typology
Grants Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies - Projects aimed at the development of innovative technological solutions ELENA
for nZEB
- Cooperation initiatives between public and private agents in the
Horizon 2020
Operating development / deployment of nZEB solutions
Strategies
- nZEB project development assistance (funding for development Cross-Border
assistance) Cooperation
- Public engagement projects on nZEB (not strategic level)
- Demonstration project on nZEB
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Cooperative ERDF
Overview
Goal & Benefits
INTERREG A: Cross-Border Cooperation: Cross-border cooperation between adjacent regions aims to develop EU level
cross-border social and economic centres through common development strategies. The term cross-border region
is often used to refer to the resulting entities, provided there is some degree of local activity involved. The term
Technical Euroregion is also used to refer to the various types of entities that are used to administer Interreg funds. In many
cases, they have established secretariats that are funded via technical assistance: the Interreg funding component
Strategies aimed at establishing administrative infrastructure for local Interreg deployment. Interreg A is by far the largest ELENA
strand in terms of budget and number of programmes.

INTERREG B: Transnational Cooperation (SUDOE): Transnational cooperation involving national,
Strategies regional and local authorities aim to promote better integration within the Union through the
formation of large groups of European regions. Strand B is the intermediate level, where generally Cross-Border
non-contiguous regions from several different countries cooperate because they experience joint
or comparable problems. There are 13 Interreg IVB programmes. Cooperation
INTERREG C: Interregional Cooperation (INTERREG Europe): Interregional cooperation aims to Cooperation
improve the effectiveness of regional development policies and instruments through large-scale
information exchange and sharing of experience (networks). This is financially the smallest strand of INTERREG
the three, but the programmes cover all EU Member States.
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI): The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI),
Instrument
which has replaced the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The ENI
Funding will support the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and turn decisions taken on a political
level into actions on the ground. European
Energy Efficient
Fund

CBC Programme Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
The main aim of cross-border cooperation is to reduce the negative effects of borders as
administrative, legal and physical barriers, tackle common problems and exploit
Technical
untapped potential.
Strategies ELENA
Through joint management of programmes and projects, mutual trust and understanding
are strengthened and the cooperation process is enhanced. cross-border cooperation
deal with a wide range of issues, which include: Horizon 2020
Operating
Strategies
Cross-Border
Cooperation
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Funded Actions Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical - Exchange of regional strategies and best practices

Strategies ELENA
- Implementation of common strategies for the development of the nZEB
sector
Operating - Raising awareness initiatives Horizon 2020
Strategies - Identification of new competences among the regional key actors
Cross-Border
- Roles and responsibilities information exchange Cooperation
- Transnational studies and data compilation on nZEB
Solutions - Transnational cooperation among key actors Transnational
- Funding for the implementation of technical solutions Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Southwest EU STC Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION
EU level
The Southwest European Space Territorial Cooperation Programme is
supporting regional development by means of the joint financing transnational
Technical projects through the European Regional Development FUND (ERDF) within
Strategies the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation Objective for 2007-2013. ELENA
OBJECTIVES Horizon 2020

Operating TO1: Promoting research, technological development and innovation
Strategies TO3: Improving the competitiveness of SMEs
TO4: Encouraging the transition to a low-carbon economy in all sectors Cross-Border
TO5: Encouraging adaptation to climatic change and risk prevention and management Cooperation
TO6: Protecting the environment and promoting the efficient use of resources
Cooperation
BENEFICIARIES: All public entities and non-profit-making bodies involved in this cooperation space may
take part as partners in SUDOE projects (national, regional, and local administrations, other public bodies,
INTERREG
research centers, universities, socio-economic players or bodies, etc.)
Costs Europe
AVAILABLE BUDGET: € 106 Million Euros
European
Neighbourhood
TIPOLOGY OF ACTIONS TO BE FUNDED: Establishment of inter sector networks of cooperation; Instrument
Funding Implementation of common strategies for the development and implementation of nZEB solutions; Best
practices and knowledge exchange; Awareness raising actions; Identification of new roles and competences European
among the key agents; Transfer of information and knowledge between implementation agents and Energy Efficient
professionals; Funding for the implementation of technical solutions Fund

E4R Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Spain, Portugal and France
Technical ITG. Fundación Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia (ES)
Strategies INEGI. Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial (PT) ELENA
Beneficiaries Junta de Extremadura (ES)
EIGSI La Rochelle (FR)
Planned Encourage and promote energy rehabilitation of buildings within the European southwest, through Horizon 2020
Operating
Investments the realization of practical tools that help establish both energy efficient and economically criteria.
Strategies
Development of a Web Portal that is the meeting point of all agents involved in energy Cross-Border
rehabilitation and store the documents generated during the execution of the project and remain Cooperation
Main continuously updated.
Solutions Activities Cataloging measures and strategies specific energy saving energy rehabilitation.
Transnational
Organization of various public events for the dissemination of results among professionals in the
Cooperation
rehabilitation sector and the dissemination of brochures and other promotional items.
Development of a data base: Products, Technologies, Fund schemes, legislative, etc.
Creating a Web Application to evaluate energetic renovation of buildings, to quantify improvements INTERREG
in energy saving strategy and prioritize among the most efficient in both energy and economically.
results Organization of seminars and an international congress with different experiences for the
dissemination of results among other professionals from the rehabilitation sector European
Neighbourhood
Total cost: 1.032.916 Euro Instrument
Project cost EU Contribution: 774.687 Euro
Funding
Web page: www.e4rproject.eu European
More details Email: alejandro.garcia@aidico.es Energy Efficient
Fund

ECOHABITAT Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Spain and France
Technical Université de Toulouse (FR)
Strategies Féderation Sud Ouest des SCOP du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics (FR) ELENA
Mancomunidad de Municipios del Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (ES)
Beneficiaries Universitad Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) (ES)
Operating Fundación Privada Ascamm (ES) Horizon 2020
Strategies G.A.I.A. (Associación por la Generacion de Autonomia e Innovación en la Arquitectura)
(ES) Cross-Border
Establish a network of cooperation, transnational between the French and Spanish Cooperation
Planned
players in the field of construction and urban planning, to promote the implementation
Solutions Investments and dissemination of technological innovation in in terms of Buildings. Transnational
Identification - in each regional partners - practices, social practices, technologies, costs, Cooperation
Main regulations, government incentives and institutional procedures. In a second step building
Activities a common stock based on knowledge transfer and the opening of the application of new INTERREG
Costs technologies prospects for sustainable buildings. Europe
Expected Data base, Methodologies, protocols, strategic planes, Formation models, Pilot test,
European
results Clusters. Professional network Neighbourhood
Total Cost: 1.257.080 Euro Instrument
EU Contribution: 942.810 Euro
European
Web page: www.ecohabitat-sudoe.eu Energy Efficient
More details
Email: Christine.monjon@grandtoulouse.fr Fund

CBC Programme Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION EU level
The INTERREG EUROPE programme aims to
Technical improve the implementation of regional
Strategies development policies and programmes, in ELENA
particular programmes for Investment for Growth
and Jobs and European Territorial Cooperation
(ETC) programmes. Horizon 2020
Operating OBJECTIVES
Strategies The overall objective of the INTERREG EUROPE Programme
is to improve the effectiveness of regional policies and Cross-Border
instruments. Cooperation
Solutions The Programme will address four thematic objectives: Transnational

- Strengthening research, technological development and Cooperation
innovation
- Enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs INTERREG
Costs - Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy in Europe
all sectors
- Protecting the environment and promoting resource European
Neighbourhood
efficiency Instrument
Funding
BENEFICIARIES: Managing Authorities of Structural Funds European
Programmed; Regional/Local Authorities; Agencies, Research Energy Efficient
Institutes, Thematic policy Organizations Fund
BUDGET AVAILABLE: € 359 Million

Funded Actions Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical - Identification of nZEB best practices among European regions

Strategies ELENA
- Exchange and transfer of nZEB best practices among regional public
administrations
Operating - Implementation plans for the deployment of nZEB strategies Horizon 2020
Strategies - Strategic cooperation among policy decision makers
- Development and implementation of “mini-projects” under a more general Cross-Border
Cooperation
project
Solutions - Awareness raising initiatives Transnational
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

ECO REGIONS Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Sweden, France, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Malta, Norway
Technical Region Lombardy (Italy), Region of Bavaria (Germany), Region of Northern Great Plain (Hungary),
Beneficiaries Brussels (Belgium)
Strategies ELENA
Improving the governance of Eco-Innovation and Green Technologies in the Private Sector.
Planned
Actions will be based on transferring good practices based on the RUR@CT methodology and
Investments involving RUR@CT partners.
Disseminating the project’s activities and achievements outside the project to the relevant
Strategies Main stakeholders in Europe (e.g. policy makers at the local, regional, national and European levels).
Activities Exchange of experiences dedicated to the identification and analysis of good practices. (core Cross-Border
element to the project). Cooperation
More exclusively transfer-oriented, targeting transfers achievement during the project lifetime and
Solutions at a decisive stage (political validation), notably because a big part of the work was done before Transnational
the project starts. Cooperation
Expected Strong involvement of policy-makers, associated from scratch.
Involvement of every local stakeholder, for the real integration of the GP at all levels. INTERREG
results
Costs Ambitious implementation plans, planning the real transfer of the GP AND the improvement of Europe
the existing policy.
Creation of synergies with other projects and networks. European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Project cost Total Cost: 1.482.814 Euro
Funding
European
More details Web page: www.ecoregionsproject.eu Energy Efficient
Fund

SERPENTE Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Italy, Sweden, France, Cyprus, Belgium, Slovakia, Spain, Czech Rep, Poland, Ireland
Technical Planned Improve energy efficiency in different typologies of publicly owned or managed buildings
Strategies Investments through improved public policies. ELENA
Develops new competence and expertise in measurements and methods for advanced
design of energy efficient buildings, picks up and documents the best practices and
Horizon 2020
Operating Main recommendations based on real-life information, and finally, transfers all the
Strategies Activities accumulated knowledge to building professionals and industry representatives, local
building authorities and citizens, educators, equipment manufacturers and system Cross-Border
providers. Cooperation
theoretical understanding and practical application of energy efficiency initiatives
responsible energy consumption
Cooperation
Expected foster proactive involvement
results energy and economic savings INTERREG
Costs identify good practices related to energy efficiency in public buildings Europe
design and implement pilot actions
develop and disseminate a common manual European
Neighbourhood
EU contribution: 1.531.970 Euro
European
More details www.serpente-project.eu Energy Efficient
Fund

IEEB Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Sweden, France, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Malta, Norway
Technical Beneficiaries Nordic countries
Strategies Planned Create a Nordic network of universities, research, business and society to develop new ELENA
Investments solutions and promote energy efficiency in buildings.
Develops new competence and expertise in measurements and methods for advanced Horizon 2020
Operating design of energy efficient buildings, picks up and documents the best practices and
Strategies Main recommendations based on real-life information, and finally, transfers all the
Cross-Border
Activities accumulated knowledge to building professionals and industry representatives, local
Cooperation
building authorities and citizens, educators, equipment manufacturers and system
Solutions providers.
Transnational
Technological development of low-energy solutions in housing
Cooperation
Transfer of knowledge about energy solutions to the construction industry and the
Expected society
Measurement techniques to decrease energy consumption INTERREG
Costs results Measuring the energy consumption in existing buildings through the energy signature Europe
Contributing in matching standards and technical solutions for energy efficiency, thus
leading to better prerequisites for international trade. European
Total Cost: 32.568 Euro Neighbourhood
Project cost EU Contribution: 10.000 Euro
Instrument
Funding
More details www.oamk.fi European
Energy Efficient
Fund

ENI Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION EU level
The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI), which has replaced the
European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI).
Technical The ENI will support the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and turn
Strategies decisions taken on a political level into actions on the ground. ELENA
Effective from 2014 to 2020 the ENI seeks to streamline financial support,
concentrating on agreed policy objectives, and make programming shorter and
better focused, so that it is more effective.
KEY ACTIONS
Strategies
- Bilateral Programmes covering support to one partner country
Cross-Border
- Multi country Programmes which address challenges common to all or a number of partner countries,
and regional and sub-regional cooperation between two or more partner countries
Cooperation
- Cross-border cooperation Programmes between Member States and partner countries taking place
Solutions along their shared part of the external border of the EU (including Russia) Transnational
Cooperation
IMPACT
Under the ENI, Neighborhoods will:
INTERREG
- Become faster and more flexible
Costs - Offer incentives for best performers through the more- Europe
for-more approach that allows the EU to increase its
support to those partners that are genuinely European
implementing what has been jointly agreed Neighbourhood
- Be increasingly policy-driven based on the key policy Instrument
Funding objectives agreed with the partners, mainly in the ENP
bilateral action plans European
- Allow for greater differentiation Energy Efficient
- Mutual accountability Fund

ENI Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies ELENA

Strategies
Cross-Border
Cooperation
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding BUDGET: The ENI will build on the achievements of the European Neighborhood and Partnership
European
Instrument (ENPI) and bring more tangible benefits to both the EU and its Neighborhoods partners. It has Energy Efficient
a budget of €15.433 billion Euro and will provide the bulk of funding to the European Neighborhood Fund
countries through a number of programmes

Funding Actions Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical - Raising awareness activities on nZEB

Strategies ELENA
- Cooperative actions aimed at the identification of nZEB implementation
schemes
Horizon 2020
Operating - Cooperation actions among private and pubic actors
Strategies - nZEB industry development initiatives Cross-Border
- Funding for the implementation of technical solutions Cooperation
Transnational
Solutions Cooperation
INTERREG
Europe
Costs European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
European
Energy Efficient
Funding Fund

DIDSOLIT Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Greece, Egypt, Jordan, Spain
Technical Beneficiaries Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain, Barcelona)
Strategies Planned Promote and implement innovative technologies and know-how transfer of small-scale solar ELENA
Investments energy decentralized systems in public buildings/premises
Mapping and analysis of existing small-scale solar technologies Horizon 2020
Operating Production of standard “Conceptual Designs” concerning the solar-power applications developed
Strategies (including thermoelectric dish-stirling and parabolic-trough, photovoltaic glass-substitute sheets
Main Cross-Border
and thin-layer/film sheets)
Drafting of reports addressing the rules and regulations for installing decentralised solar power
Cooperation
Activities
systems in the regions concerned by the project Transnational
Solutions Organization of conferences, workshops and training sessions for promoting the developed solar Cooperation
solutions
Improved knowledge of the status of development and market-availability of innovative small-scale INTERREG
solar power technologies for in-buildings applications Europe
10 solar power applications implemented in 10 selected public buildings
Costs Expected European
Increased solar power created (260 kWp) and produced (380 MWh) in the selected buildings Neighbourhood
results Enhanced interest of local private and public stakeholders for decentralized applications of Instrument
innovative solar energy systems in public buildings and facilities
European
Innovative solar technologies, know-how and best practices transferred Energy Efficient
Funding Total cost: 4.438.553 Euro Fund
Project cost EU Contribution: 3.994.694 Euro
More details www.didsolit.eu

MED SOLAR Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Spain, France, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan
Technical Beneficiaries Trama TecnoAmbiental S.L (SPAIN, Catalunya)
Strategies Planned Promote and implement innovative technologies and know-how transfer in the field of solar ELENA
Investments energy, especially photovoltaic energy
Survey of the national regulations and legal frameworks related to photovoltaic energy Horizon 2020
Operating Identification of financing mechanisms allowing for the development of photovoltaic projects
Strategies Research and development on innovative photovoltaic technologies
Main Cross-Border
Drafting of a socio-economic impact study to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness and impact of the
Activities pilot plants
Cooperation
Creation of a cross-border network engaging several public authorities, universities, SMEs, Transnational
Solutions engineers, etc. Cooperation
National energy grids and their weakness characterized in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine
Set of recommendations defined to improve legal frameworks and energy tariff schemes INTERREG
Expected
Power from solar energy increased in 3 public buildings and 1 industry (between 500-800 m2 of Europe
results photovoltaic modules installed)
Costs European
Pilot plants tested, validated and monitored Neighbourhood
European
www.medsolarproject.com Energy Efficient
Funding More details Fund

MED DESIRE Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Lebanon, Egypt

EU level
Location
Puglia Region – Research and Competitiveness Service, Industrial Research and Technological Innovation
Technical Beneficiaries Office (Italy – Puglia)
Strategies Facilitate the take up of distributed solar energy and energy efficiency in the target regions, by achieving an ELENA
Planned
effective cross-border cooperation and by raising public awareness on the related benefits for the environment
Investments and for sustainable local development
Benchmarking of national/regional policies and programmes focused on solar energy and energy efficiency Horizon 2020
Operating Analysis of current certification procedures for solar energy technologies in MPC and EU regions
Strategies Elaboration of recommendations and action plans for improving legislative and regulatory frameworks
Main Cross-Border
Capacity building initiatives for solar energy technicians and professionals to ensure the quality of components
Activities and installations
Cooperation
Training sessions for policy-makers in charge of solar energy regulation
Elaboration of innovative financial and market stimulus instruments
Transnational
Solutions Cooperation
Strengthened capacity of public administrations and regional institutions
Higher and more diffused competences of local technicians and professionals, facilitating the removal of the
main technical barriers for distributed solar technology INTERREG
Innovative tailored financial mechanisms and market stimulation instruments designed to support the Europe
widespread diffusion of solar energy technologies
Costs Expected European
Strengthened participatory approaches and increased awareness among public and private local stakeholders Neighbourhood
results A wide consensus achieved amongst public and private key stakeholders on the central role of renewable Instrument
energies for sustainable development and environmental protection
A cooperation framework established among providers of energy technologies and services in EU European
Mediterranean Countries and Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC) to foster the development of a Energy Efficient
Funding sustainable common energy market Fund
Total cost: 4.655.007 Euro
More details www..med-desire.eu

FOSTER in MED Overview Typology Example
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Location Spain, Italy, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Tunisia
Technical University of Cagliari – Departament of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture (Italy,
Beneficiaries Sardegna)
Strategies ELENA
Planned Transfer knowhow in the solar energy field, to implement a shared design methodology and to
Investments promote solar energy innovative technologies at civil society level
Operating Creation of 6 info points Horizon 2020

Strategies Networking between similar projects and initiatives
Formulation of policy papers Cross-Border
Main
Training dedicated to 400 stakeholders (designers, SMEs/installers and university students) to Cooperation
Activities transfer technical knowhow
Solutions Information seminars to promote the benefits of solar technologies involving 350 citizens and 3500
Transnational
students
Cooperation
Cultural and normative barriers, design and technical gap that can delay the diffusion of solar
technologies identified through comprehensive context analysis
Solar technologies and its technological trends promoted INTERREG
Local legislations on solar energy compared and common innovation proposals defined
results Design, architectural integration and installation competences transferred
Solar energy consumption increased in 5 public buildings through 85 kWp of photovoltaic panels European
Neighbourhood
installed
Instrument
Funding Total cost: 4.500.000 Euro
Project cost EU Contribution: 4.050.000 Euro European
More details www.fosterinmed.eu Energy Efficient
Fund

Energy Efficient Fund Overview
Current
available Typology Examples
fund
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical The European Energy Efficiency Fund (EEEF) is an innovative Public-Private Partnership
Strategies dedicated to mitigating climate change through energy efficiency measures and the use of ELENA
renewable energy in the member states of the European Union. It focuses on financing energy
efficiency, small-scale renewable energy, and clean urban transport projects (at market rates)
The final beneficiaries of EEEF are municipal, local and regional authorities as well as public and Horizon 2020
Operating
private entities acting on behalf of those authorities such as utilities, public transportation
Strategies
providers, social housing associations, energy service companies etc. Investments can be made Cross-Border
in Euro, or local currencies, however the latter is restricted to a certain percentage. Cooperation
Solutions DIRECT INVESTMENTS: These comprise projects from project developers, energy service
Transnational
companies (ESCOs), small scale renewable energy and energy efficiency service and supply
Cooperation
companies that serve energy efficiency and renewable energy markets in the target countries.
INTERREG
Costs INVESTMENTS INTO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Europe
These include investments in local commercial banks,
leasing companies and other selected financial European
institutions that either finance or are committed to Neighbourhood
Instrument
financing projects of the Final Beneficiaries meeting the
Funding
eligibility criteria of EEEF European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Forfaiting structure-
guaranteed savings from
Current
the ESCO Overview available
fund
Typology Examples
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies ELENA

Strategies
Cross-Border
Cooperation
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Funding via special
Current
purpose vehicle Overview available Typology Examples
fund
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies ELENA

Strategies
Cross-Border
Cooperation
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Current
fund
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies Period Ongoing ELENA
Uses unspent funds of the EEPR. It focuses on financing energy

efficiency, small‐scale renewable energy, and clean urban transport Horizon 2020
Operating
Strategies
Purpose projects targeting municipal, local, regional authorities (and national
authorities, if justified) as well as public and private entities acting Cross-Border
on behalf of those authorities. Cooperation
Solutions Scheme Type Structured Finance Vehicle

Transnational
Nature Public Private Partnerships Cooperation
Beneficiaries Local Authorities and ESCO’s INTERREG

Costs Europe
Process Direct investment or via Financial Institutions
Resources € 265 million European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Current
fund
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical - nZEB oriented building upgrade initiatives

Strategies ELENA
- nZEB technical solutions installation
- Large scale operation in buildings
Operating - Development of role models Horizon 2020
Strategies - Applied research
Cross-Border
- Promotion of inter sector cooperation for the implementation of nZEB Cooperation
technical solutions
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Energy Efficiency upgrade
of the University Hospital
S.Orsola Malpighi – Current
Bologna, Italy Overview available
fund
Typology Examples
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies ELENA

Strategies
Cross-Border
Cooperation
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

Building retrofit of the
University of Applied Current
Science - Munich, Germany Overview available
fund
Typology Examples
Overview
Goal & Benefits
EU level
Technical
Strategies ELENA

Strategies
Cross-Border
Cooperation
Cooperation
INTERREG
Costs Europe
European
Neighbourhood
Instrument
Funding
European
Energy Efficient
Fund

European Regional Development Fund
Goal & Benefits Overview
In the 2014-2020 programming period the European Structural and Investment Funds
(ESI Funds), and specially the Cohesion Policy Funds, are expected to allocate a Current
Technical
minimum of 23bn€ to sustainable energy actions. The funds are governed by the Available Funds
Strategies
Commons Provision Regulation (CPR) as well as fund-specific regulations.
Under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) a minimum percentage of

Operating RIS 3 – Smart
funding will be directed to energy efficiency, renewable energies, smart distribution Specialization
Strategies
systems and sustainable urban mobility: 20% for developed regions, 15% for transition
regions and 12 for less developed regions.
Regional
Solutions These funds will be planned and deployed within the regional Operational Programmes. Operational
The investment priorities set within the ERDF and the Cohesion Fund (thematic Programmes
objective 4) and related to the nZEB initiatives in schools are:
Costs - Promoting the production and distribution of energy derived from renewable sources
- Supporting energy efficiency, smart energy management and renewable energy use in
public infrastructures, including public buildings
- Developing and implementing smart distribution systems at low and medium voltage
Funding levels
- Promoting the use of high-efficiency cogeneration of heat and power based on useful
heat demand

European Regional Development Fund
Technical Current
Strategies Period 2014-2020 Available Funds
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), European Social Fund

(ESF) and Cohesion Fund (CF), provide funding for investment in a wide
Operating Purpose range of areas to support economic, social and territorial cohesion, including RIS 3 – Smart
Strategies investments in EE, RE, energy infrastructure and sustainable urban transport, Specialization
as well as related research andinnovation.
Scheme Type Priorities set out in Operational Programmes at national or regional level Regional
Solutions Operational
Nature Public and Private Programmes
Beneficiaries Public and Private

Costs Specific to each MS or region, shared responsibility between EC and MS
Process
authorities
Resources € 325 million
Funding

Smart Specialization
In order to ensure the coherence of strategies and in order to make more efficient use of
the Structural Funds, the different member states have developed national and regional Current
Technical
strategies for smart specialization innovation (known as RIS3) and integrated agenda for Available Funds
Strategies
territorial economic transformation. Importantly, the proposal from the European
Commission's cohesion policy for 2014-2020 will be a prerequisite in this regard to the
use of ERDF funds.
The strategy RIS3 put into effect, thus there is the need to develop an innovation Specialization
Strategies
strategy based on intelligent research by concentrating efforts on promising areas of the
local context. These strategies support the technological innovation and practice through
the involvement of all stakeholders. Regional
During the period 2014-2020 regions will publish specific calls targeted to energy Programmes
efficiency and low carbon economy in order to follow these funding opportunities for
nZEB, please refer to the following links:
Costs
- Languedoc-Roussillon: www.laregion.fr
- Catalonia: www.gencat.cat
- Regione Veneto: www.regione.veneto.it
Funding - Regione Marche: www.regione.marche.it
- Regione Toscana: www.regione.toscana.it
- Attica: www.attikis.gr/en/Pages/Proclamations.aspx

Regional Operational Programmes
Goal & Benefits Veneto Overview
Region
Technical Current
Strategies Available Funds
Operating Languedoc RIS 3 – Smart

Strategies Tuscany Specialization
Roussillon
Region
Regional
Programmes
Costs
Funding Marche
Catalunya
Region
Attica

ROP Catalunya
Investment
Promoting energy efficiency and use of renewable energy by companies
Priority 4.2 IP
Technical Investment Support for energy efficiency and use of renewable energy in public infrastructure, Current
Strategies Priority 4.3 IP including public buildings and housing Available Funds
Savings Plan and energy efficiency in the buildings of the Generalitat de Catalunya.
Measures to improve efficiency and energy savings in the buildings of the Generalitat
Operating de Catalunya and the replacement of equipment and facilities and the addition of RIS 3 – Smart
Strategies control equipment and energy management for energy and cost savings at a time that Specialization
will be conducted the state of the equipment and facilities is improved. The
performances will be conducted primarily with energy service companies that assume
implementation of improvements and renovations of facilities and ensure energy Regional
Solutions savings. Operational
Savings Plan and energy efficiency in public infrastructure and buildings of local Programmes
Specific Actions authorities.
Measures to improve the efficiency and energy savings in buildings of local
authorities such as the renewal of equipment and facilities and the addition of control
Costs equipment and energy management for energy and cost savings at a time will be
conducted that improves the condition of equipment and facilities. Systems
implementation activities and renewable energy generation systems, high efficiency
air conditioning as neighbourhood networks will also be made ; and the
implementation of Management Systems Energy Efficiency ( SGE ) in buildings and
Funding public facilities , monitoring data collection, centralization and processing of
information through ICT technologies.
http://fonseuropeus.gencat.cat/web/.content/80_fons_europeus/arxius/PO_FEDER_C
Read More
ATALUNA1420_v5_versio-juliol.pdf

ROP Marche
To support energy efficiency, efficient use of energy and use renewable
energy in the Public infrastructure, including public buildings, and in
Technical housing Current
Strategies Available Funds
The choice of P.4.c) is due to the presence of high energy consumption by
the domestic sector, linked in case of the public to the age of the assets.
The high cost of investment efficiency energy would not be in most cases
sustainable absence of mechanisms incentiv .
Strategies Specialization
Foreseen investment in Objective 4 for the Regione Marche €32.7M
http://www.europa.marche.it/Portals/0/Documenti/programmazione_2014- Regional
Read More
Solutions 2020/POR-FESR_approvato_Assemblea_regionale.pdf Operational
Programmes
Costs
Funding

ROP Tuscany
To support energy efficiency, efficient use of energy and use renewable energy in
the Public infrastructure , including public buildings, and in housing
Technical PUBLIC: The Region intends to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy use in Current
Strategies industrial companies , also supporting measures to reduce CO2 emissions according to Available Funds
the criteria and guidelines of the Plan Environmental and Regional Energy (PAER) and
depending on the achievement of the objectives burden sharing set by national policies
(D.M 15/03/2012). The reasons are represented by the difficulties encountered in Regional
Operating which show: (i) the 30% of the final energy consumption due to industry; (ii) the industrial RIS 3 – Smart
Strategies sector is responsible for the emission into the atmosphere of 13 million tons of CO2; (iii) Specialization
the energy expenditure of companies is well above an average European, a factor that
reduces level international competitiveness.
Regional
Solutions PRIVATE: The heating of buildings is responsible for atmospheric emissions at a rate of Operational
approximately 43.07 % of the total CO2 emissions. For these reasons, the region in line Programmes
with the PAER - under Axis Urban – must implement measures designed to eco- efficiency
and reduction of primary energy consumption buildings and public facilities or to use public
in order to help reduce the energy consumption in macro land areas identified and the
Costs objectives of reducing atmospheric emissions and cost.
http://www.sviluppo.toscana.it/fesrtest/index.php?section=03_Documenti%20della%20Reg
Read More
ione%20Toscana
Funding

ROP Veneto
Priority 4 Supporting the shift towards a low carbon economy sectors
- Promoting Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Enterprises Current
Technical
- Supporting Energy Efficiency, Smart Energy Management and Available Funds
Strategies
Renewable Energy Use in Public Infrastructures, including in public
Key buildings and housing sector
actions to - Developing and implementing smart distribution systems that operate at
be funded low and medium voltage levels
- Promoting the use of high-efficiency co-generation of heat and power
based on useful heat demand
- Overall European Union support 46.3€ million (these actions will be Regional
Solutions further financed by Italian funds Operational
Programmes
Read http://www.regione.veneto.it/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=67d343b3-
More dc71-4d9b-aa29-d3d3bb704fb5&groupId=121704
Costs
Funding

ROP Languedoc
The final version of the Operational Programme for the Languedoc
Roussillon region has not been officially published at December 2014.
Technical Current
The draft for the Languedoc Roussillon Operational Plan does not include Available Funds
Strategies
any specific topic directly addressing the renovation of schools. However,
other priorities might offer the possibility to integrate initiatives indirectly
related to this field, such as:
AXIS II: Reduction of the territorial vulnerability, guaranteeing their
environmental activity and limit their CO2 emissions.
Regional
Solutions Measure III: Promote energy efficiency and development of renewable Operational
energies, and contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Programmes
For more information subsequent updates, please visit the link provided
Costs here
http://www.europe-en-france.gouv.fr/Des-programmes-pour-qui-pour-
Read
quoi/Trouver-une-aide/Programmes-regionaux-pluri-regionaux-et-
More
Funding nationaux/Le-FEDER-en-Languedoc-Roussillon-PO

nZEB Renovation Vouchers Systems
ERDF Based
Goal & Benefits
Vouchers
Public Agency //
Central Office
managing ERDF
Technical funds E“CO’s Based
Strategies Programmes
1
Operating School Voucher

Service Report Example
Strategies Application
2
6
Solutions
Voucher Delivery Voucher 5
reimbursement
Costs SCHOOL
4 Payment (Voucher)
ESCO
3
Funding Renovation Service

nZEB Renovation Vouchers Systems
ERDF Based
Goal & Benefits
Vouchers
- Esco’s willing to participate in the process will be certified by the managing public
authority Schools
Technical E“CO’s Based
- Following the publication of the of the nZEB Renovation Vouchers call by the
Strategies Programmes
Governing Authority the potential school candidates will fulfill an individual application,
indicating the service they wish to implement and the provider they want to collaborate
with
Operating
- Once the application has been received by the Governing Authority, a specific team is Example
Strategies
set up to assess the quality of applications and the optimality of the process will be
analysed
- If the action is accepted, the school will be awarded with a voucher and will submit a
Solutions formal petition to the already certified ESCO - Firm to receive the service
- Once the service is completed, the school handles the voucher to the company that
has offered the service
- The service provider sends a report on the service provided to the programme
Costs managing authority that will evaluate the work done in relation to the school initial
application
- If the service is positively evaluated, the managing authority of the programme makes
the payment to the service provider for the amount stipulated in the voucher.
Funding

ESCO’s Based Programmes
ERDF Based
Goal & Benefits
Vouchers
AGENCY
COMMITMENT TO INFORMATION AND
Technical PUBLIC AGENCY PROJECT E“CO’s Based
RESPONSIBILITY
CONDUCT RESOURCES
BRIEF
Strategies RENOVATION IDENTIFICATION Programmes
ACTIONS
Operating
Example
Strategies
CALL FOR
PORPOSALS
Solutions
INSTALLATION SERVICE
INVESTMENT
ESCO’S OF NZEB PROVIDER /
Costs RESPONSIBILITY
AND MEASURES
ENERGY MONITOR
PROPOSAL
MEASURES PERFORMANCE
Funding

RE:FIT Programme
ERDF Based
Goal & Benefits
Vouchers
Location City of London

Technical Beneficiaries The city of London E“CO’s Based
Strategies RE:FIT Schools energy efficiency programme is a London-wide schools energy Programmes
reduction initiative using the competitive, performance based RE:FIT building
retrofit programme.
Developed and supported by the Mayor of London, Department for Education (DfE) and
Operating Background the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC), the RE:FIT Schools energy Example
Strategies efficiency programme supports London’s schools to retrofit their existing buildings with
energy conservation measures, thereby reducing carbon emissions and achieving
substantial annual cost savings. The level of energy savings are guaranteed, thus
offering a secure financial return on investment.
Solutions The RE:FIT Schools energy efficiency programme is a streamlined version of the RE:FIT
scheme, which enables schools to enhance with the scheme and realise significant
Main energy and cost savings. The works are delivered by an Energy Service Company
Activities (ESCo), Mitie, who was is pre-procured from the RE:FIT Framework.
Costs The ESCo identifies the potential energy conservation measures that can be installed
and the outline savings that can be achieved. The ESCo guarantees these savings.
- Opt-in agreement and data gathering
- Survey Summary
Funding Process - Investment Grade Proposal
- Installation of energy conservation measures
- Benefits delivery and monitoring
Case studies http://refit.org.uk/refit-schools/case-studies/

RE:FIT Programme
ERDF Based
Goal & Benefits
Vouchers
The interested public sector organisation will sign a Memorandum of

Technical Understanding (MoU). E“CO’s Based
Agency commitment
Strategies This is a non-legally binding document which indicates the Programmes
to conduct renovation
organisation's interest and commitment in the programme at a senior
actions
level and allows the PDU to become fully involved in developing the
initial interest into a full retrofit project.
Operating The organisation identifies internal resources and begins to consider
Information and Example
Strategies the list of buildings to be considered for renovation. Energy data is
resources
collected to carry out a desktop energy assessment. This gives an
identification indicative energy saving and payback period for each building.
The project brief forms the basis for the mini-competition and can
Solutions
contain a number of areas including:
- The tendering approach being used
- Specific buying organisation’s financial, technical and operational
requirements
Costs Project Brief - Data on buildings included within the project
- Contract model options and any buying organisation specific terms
and conditions
- Financial requirements including payback periods
Funding - Guidance on expectations for performance measurement and
verification

Using Self-Produced Energy
Goal & Benefits
Self-produced energy means energy which a user or a group of users has saved or
produced locally using renewable energy sources.
Technical
Strategies
Operating 2
Strategies
School Energy Supplier

Solutions
1
Costs 1. The application of nZEB concept benefits
the school by reducing the electricity invoice,
this save would be reutilize in the improvement
of energetic status of the center.
Funding
Budget allocation: Electricity fees.
2. Any over-produced energy derived from the
application of nZEB would be a self-fund
resource.

National State Budget Schemes
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
France Categories
General
Budget
Solutions Greece
Spain Italy
General General Spain
Costs Budget Budget
France
Greece
Funding
General
Budget Italy

Regional Complexity
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
As it has been stated by Eurydice’s report “Financing Schools in Europe: Regional

Technical Mechanisms, Methods and criteria in public Funding” there exists an a great Complexity
Strategies variety across Europe with respect funding systems.
According to the report, “these systems have developed over many decades to Allocation
meet the needs of individuals, wider society and the economy. Methods
Operating The changing priorities of education systems have also shaped the way in which
Strategies funding mechanisms have evolved”. Major
It is, thus, important to recognise the particular national context when considering Categories
policy reforms, as certain types of reform may work differently in several
Solutions countries. Greece
Providing a comprehensive overview of the funding process and the specific roles
of the various public authorities involved is a complex task resulting from the
idiosyncrasies of the political and administrative landscape of every country and Spain
Costs
the way funding responsibilities are shared among authorities.
Another element that raises complexity into the equation is the autonomy enjoyed France
Funding by some intermediate institutions such as the Autonomous Communities in Spain.
Italy
Source: Eurydice Report, Education and Training, EC, (2014), “Financing Schools in
Europe: Mechanisms, Methods and Criteria in Public Funding”

Resource Allocation Methods
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Two main models for resources allocation can be identified: Regional

Complexity
Technical
Strategies Model A: Agreed procedure based on pre-defined criteria for determining the
amount of resources should receive. Allocation
Methods
Operating Model B: Based on an estimate of the schools’ needs which may, or not, take into
Strategies account pre-defined criteria. Under this model the responsible education Major
authorities have more autonomy in deciding the level of resources. Categories
Solutions Model A Model B

Greece
•Formula funding. Uses defined criteria and • Budgetary Approval. It involves awarding resources to
applies a universally agreed rule to these authorities / schools in line with a budget they have
drawn up themselves for approval by the responsible
criteria to set the amount of resources public authority.
allocated to the school. Spain
Costs
• Discretionary determination of resources. The amount
of resources is determined by the authority
concerned. It is fixed without having to refer to any
other authority and with the estimates taking place on France
a case-to-case basis.
Funding
Italy
Source: Euriydice Report, Education and Training, EC, (2014), “Financing Schools
in Europe: Mechanisms, Methods and Criteria in Public Funding”
Resource Allocation Methods
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Over the following slides we will see the different financing models applied in France, Regional
Greece, Italy and Spain were the exact lines of financing for operational goods and Complexity
Technical
capital will be clearly defined
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating OPERATIONAL GOODS AND
CAPITAL
Strategies SERVICES Major
Categories
• Under this heading we can • Under this budget line school

Solutions integrate the more significant can request some small actions Greece
costs in the nZEB retrofitting related to energy efficiency
process, namely, larger scale activities, The most important of
investments, renovations and which is probably maintenance* Spain
Costs the purchase of large scale
equipment,; as well as other
measures related to actions France
applicable to schools as an
Funding
infrastructure.
Italy
* The correct and regular maintenance of different EE measures has a significant impact in their efficiency, for instance,
a heavily soiled hot water system will not only have a direct impact on the student population but it may consume as
much as 20% more energy than a properly maintained one.

Greece
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
Categories
Solutions Greece
Spain
Costs
France
Funding
Italy

Spain
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
Categories
Solutions Greece
Spain
Costs
France
Funding
Italy

Spain
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
Categories
Solutions Greece
Spain
Costs
France
Funding
Italy

France
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
Categories
Solutions Greece
Spain
Costs
France
Funding
Italy

France
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
Categories
Solutions Greece
Spain
Costs
France
Funding
Italy

Italy
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
Categories
Solutions Greece
Spain
Costs
France
Funding
Italy

Italy
Introduction
Goal & Benefits
Regional
Complexity
Technical
Strategies
Allocation
Methods
Operating
Strategies Major
Categories
Solutions Greece
Spain
Costs
France
Funding
Italy

Private Funding
Goal & Benefits Type Description Process
Preferential loans refer to the acquisition of funds through borrowing: a lender

provides a loan to a borrower for a defined purpose over a fixed period of time. The
loan is provided at lower interest rates. Typically the interest rates are fixed over a Inclusion of specific
certain period of time, usually 10‐20 years and allow for long‐term maturity. The provision in the
Technical loan configuration varies depending on the borrower, lender and the type of regional / national
Strategies Preferential Loan measures taken; however it is usually configured in such way as to take into Operational Plan
account real payback time. In the context of nZEB funding, preferential loans can
be originated by a financial intermediary with support from an Operational Financial Institution
Programme based on a risk‐sharing arrangement. Under such a setup, the loan Act as an Intermediary
packages funding from the financial intermediary at market interest rate and
Operating funding from the Operational Programme at below market interest rate.
Strategies Guarantees refer to a risk sharing mechanism where “the guarantor” entity (e.g.,
bank, MA) assumes a debt obligation in case a borrower (e.g., ESCO) defaults.
Banks and Financial
Guarantees can be partial, where the guarantor is only liable for part of the
Institution guarantee
Guarantee outstanding balance at the time of default, usually defined as a fixed percentage. A
the risk to the final
loan guarantee allows beneficiaries/final recipients to receive a loan at a
Solutions beneficiary (ESCO’s)
preferential rate since the guarantee covers the risk run by the bank in providing
the loan.
In the case of EPC with owner finance, the contractual arrangement between the
ESCO and the building owner regarding SE measure implementation and
Energy Municipalities should
guaranteed energy performance levels can be the same as for EPC with ESCO
Costs performance provide the money
finance. The difference is that the building owner provides the money required for
contracting with required for the
the investment (from their own funds or a loan provided by a bank). In this context,
owner finance investment
Cohesion Policy funding can provide preferential loans to building owners or
guarantees.
Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is an arrangement in which a contracting

Funding Energy partner (e.g. ESCO) enters into an integrated contract with the end‐user and the
performance financing institution to design and implement energy conservation measures with a ESCO must provide
contracting with guaranteed level of energy performance for the duration of the contract. The the money required
ESCO stream of income from energy savings yielded from the measures is used to repay for the investment
finance the upfront investment costs, and payment is based on the achievement of EE
improvements and on meeting other agreed performance criteria.

Appendix
Links & References
- Capturing the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency. IEA
September 2014 (Book)
- The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and

Performance, L. Baker & H. Bernstein, February 2012 (Guide)
- A guide to developing strategies for building energy renovation,

Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE), February 2013
(Guide)
Building Energy
Design
Energy Tools Methodology Guidelines IEQ Ventilation Efficent
Renovation Systems
Energy Audit
- Workshop on Energy Audits and Energy Management Systems

under Article 8 of the Energy Efficiency Directive: Presentation
of Article 8, Eva Hoos, March 2004
IEQ Audit
- Course description for students, Green Education Foundation –

USA (Table of Contents)
- IEQ related to HVAC, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (HVAC checklists to assist with maintenance and
record keeping from USEPA/NIOSH Building Air Quality: A
Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
Energy Design Software
- IES-VE (Energy + Ventilation + Comfort + Lighting)

- EnergyPlus – Open Studio(Free) / Design Builder
- Trnsys
- TAS
- Comfie-Pleiades (French)
- MIT Design Advisor (5 minutes early design)
- Energy tools directory US-Energy Dpt
- Energy tools directory – WBDG
- Software and resources directory for Environmental buildings
(French)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
Daylighting Design Software
- WBDG daylighting
- Radiance – Open Studio (free)
- Ecotect
- DIALux
- Daysim
- Lighting software directory – US Energy Dpt
IAQ Models
- Indoor Air Quality Modeling, EPA

- CFD models: CONTAM, COMIS
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
- A Holistic Methodology for Sustainable Renovation towards
Residential Net-Zero Energy Buildings (under development in
University of Aalborg, Denmark)
- Method for Developing and Assessing Holistic Energy
Renovation of Multi-storey Buildings (Technical University of
Denmark)
- MaTrID project guidelines (Integrated Design Process Guide)
- The Integrated Design Process (iiSBE 2005)
- Engage the Integrated Design Process (WBDG 2012), including
“charrettes” (creative multi-day sessions)
- The integrated design process – Benefits and phases
(Canadian Government Webpage 2014)
- Integrated Design Process Guide (Canadian Gouvernment)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
- Deep Renovation of Buildings, Ecofys, May 2014 (Report)
- Renovation tracks for Europe up to 2050, EURIMA, 2012
(Report)
- “What is a Deep Renovation” report, Global Buildings
Performance Network, March 2013
- Multiple Benefits of Investing in Energy Efficient Renovations -
Impact on Public Finances, a study by Copenhagen Economics,
released at Renovate Europe Day, 11 October 2012
- EuroPHit Project (staged deep renovations)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
- SchoolVentCool project (Ventilation, cooling and strategies for
high performance school renovations) SchoolVentCool brochure
(EU
- Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide for K-12 Schools (US)
- School of the future (Technology screening report) (EU)
- Teenergy guidelines (MED)
- EURONET 50/50 max (user behaviour) (EU)
- VERYschool tool (energy management) (EU)
- Carbon Trust – Schools (UK)
- Low carbon refurbishment of buildings (Carbon Trust UK)
- Design of low carbon buildings – Learning – Case studies (UK)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
- Planning for energy efficiency (2009) – California Schools (case
studies)
- High performance school guidelines (California 2007)
- Energy efficiency programs in K-12 schools (EPA-US)
- Zero Net Energy Schools - California (Factsheet)
- Zero Net Energy for Policymakers – California (Factsheet)
- Low energy building – renovation – Effinergie (French)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
IEQ Standards & Guidelines
- EPA: IAQ Tools for Action Kit

- EPA Air Quality Renovation Check List
- European Environment Agency – IAQ
- European Institute of Health and Consumer Protection –
products testing for IAQ
- CBE Thermal Comfort Tool (free online tool for evaluating
comfort according to ASHRAE Standard-55)
- ANSI/ASA S12.60 American National Standard Acoustical
Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for
Schools
- Daylight in Classrooms & Recommendations for visual comfort
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
IEQ Standards & Guidelines
- WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness & mould

- Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools:
An analysis of existing information, article to be published in
Indoor Air Journal
Acoustical Comfort
- Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and

Guidelines for Schools, Acoustical Society of America
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
IAQ Guidelines
- IAQ Guide, ASHRAE

- IAQ Reference Guide, EPA (IAQ Tools for Schools)
- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Engineers, ASHRAE, 2009
- Example of IAQ Questionnaire (occupants Survey), GWU
- Classroom Survey, EPA Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds (WOC) in Indoor Air Quality
Investigations, Report No 19, ECA-IAQ
- ASHRAE: Ventilation for acceptable IAQ: Standard 62.1-2013
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
Thermal Comfort
- Controlling thermal comfort Guidance, Health and Safety

Executive
- ASHRAE's Thermal Comfort Tool in consistency with
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010
- ASHRAE 55, 2004: Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal
Conditions in Occupied Spaces
- ISO 7730 (last reviewed 2009): Ergonomics of the thermal
environment
- ISO 14415:2005 (last reviewed 2014)Ergonomics of the thermal
environment — Application of International Standards to people
with special requirements
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
- Ventilation according to CIBSE : The Development of
Regulatory Compliance Tools for Ventilation and Overheating in
Schools, J. Palmer – Chairman CIBSE Schools Design Group,
M. Orme & W. Pane
- Ventilation according to ASHRAE (Standards)
- Building Bulletin 101: ventilation for school buildings, Education
Funding Agency, March 2014 (Guidance)
- Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Environment in Classrooms with
Different Ventilation Systems, Danish study by J Gao, P.
Wargockia & Y. Wangb
- Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent
project)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
- Implementation of ventilation in existing schools – A design
criteria list towards passive schools (SchoolVentCool project)
- Integrated ventilation and free night cooling in classrooms with
diffuse ceiling ventilation (SchoolVentCool project)
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
Passive Cooling
Venticool platform : international platform for ventilation cooling
Heating & Cooling high efficiency systems
- Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in

the European Union (2012)
- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Boilers
- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Central Air Conditioners
and Air Source Heat Pumps
- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Geothermal Heat
Pumps
- REHVA - Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning Associations
Building Energy
Design
Renovation Systems
Glossary
Glossary
Zero Energy in Mediterranean Schools, a 3-year project co-funded by the European Commission within the
ZEMedS Intelligent Energy Europe Programme (IEE) that promotes the renovation of schools in a Mediterranean climate to
be nearly Zero-Energy Buildings
MED Mediterranean region/climate
Renewable Energy Sources. The energy from sources that are not depleted by extraction, such as solar energy
RES
(thermal and photovoltaic), wind,water power and renewed biomass
Domestic Hot Water: Water used, in any type of building, for domestic purposes, principally drinking, food
DHW preparation, sanitation and personal hygiene (but not including space heating, swimming pool heating, or use for
processes such as commercial food preparation or clothes washing)
Energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process. For a building, it is the energy
used to produce the energy delivered to the building. It is calculated from the delivered and exported amounts of
Primary energy energy carriers, using conversion factors. Primary energy includes resource energy and renewable energy. If both
are taken into account it can be called total primary energy. After energy losses at each level of transformation,
storage and transport, the quantity of primary energy is always superior to the final energy available.
Final energy consumption refers to energy that is supplied to the consumer for all energy uses such as heating,
Final energy
cooling and lighting
Indoor Air Quality: The air quality around and within structures and buildings, particularly as it relates to comfort
IAQ
and health concerns of the building occupants
Describes situations in which the occupants of a building experience serious health and comfort effects that seem
sick building syndrome
to be in relation to the time spent in a given building, but without a specific identification of the illness or cause
Information and Communication Technology: Refers to the technologies used to provide access to information
ICT through telecommunications, specifically cell phones, the Internet, wireless networks, and other communication
mediums
Photovoltaic system: A power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics which
PV system/pv
converts light directly into electricity.
Glossary
Building Research Establishment is a former UK government establishment (but now a private organisation) that
BRE carries out research, consultancy and testing for the construction and built environment sectors in the United
Kingdom.
ETSU Energy Technology Support Unit
Building Management System: A computer-based control system installed in a building that monitors and controls
BMS the building's electrical and mechanical equipment (lighting, power systems, ventilation, security systems, and
fire systems)
Building Energy Management Systems. The principal role of a BEMS is to regulate and monitor heating,
BEMS
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC Control) – and often lighting too.
Net Zero Energy Buildings is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy
NZEB
used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site.
nZEB Nearly Zero Energy Buildings is a building with nearly zero net energy consumption.
Indoor Environmental Quality: The conditions inside of the building, including air quality, acoustic conditions,
IEQ
access to daylight, and user's control of lighting and thermal comfort
Specific electricity corresponds to the electricity used for services that can be provided only by electricity
Specific electricity
(washing machine and dishwasher, cold producing appliances, audiovisual and multimedia stations, etc.)
ppm Parts per million is a way of quantifying small concentrations
The summer comfort summer is characterized by the indoor temperature during warm periods and can generate
Summer comfort
discomfort for the occupants when it exceeds a temperature limit usually set at 28 ° C.
Formaldehyde A colorless and poisonous gas made by the oxidation of methanol
Low surface temperatures (walls, windows, floor ...) can produce an unpleasant radiation that causes occupants
Cold surface effect
to increase setpoint temperatures to improve the feeling of comfort.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room
VOCs temperature. For example, formaldehyde which evaporates from paint. Some VOCs are dangerous to human
health and are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest.
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.
Glossary
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.
SMEs "SME" stands for small and medium-sized enterprises
Form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more courses of
Cost-effectiveness action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost-benefit analysis, which assigns a monetary value to the
measure of effect [Source: Wikipedia]
Efficiency is the extent to which the program has converted or is expected to convert its resources/inputs (such
Efficiency as funds, expertise, time, etc.) economically into results in order to achieve the maximum possible outputs,
outcomes, and impacts with the minimum possible inputs. [Source: BPIE]
Part of the European Investment Bank (EIB) efforts on climate and energy policy objectives. This joint EIB –
ELENA European Commission initiative helps local and regional authorities to prepare energy efficient or renewable
energy projects.
Energy Performance Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is an arrangement in which a contracting partner (e.g. ESCO) enters into
contracting with ESCOs an integrated contract with the end‐user and the financing institution to design and implement energy
finance conservation measures with a guaranteed level of energy performance for the duration of the contract
Energy Performance In the case of EPC with owner finance, the contractual arrangement between the ESCO and the building owner
contracting with owner regarding SE measure implementation and guaranteed energy performance levels can be the same as for EPC
finance with ESCO finance.
Commercial or non-profit business providing a broad range of energy solutions including designs and
Energy Service Company
implementation of energy savings projects, retrofitting, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing,
(ESCO)
power generation and energy supply, and risk management.[Source: Wikipedia]
In equity financing, investors provide cash to project developers in exchange for a stake in their project. The most
common example of equity financing is private equity. In such deal structures, the investors will typically invest in
Equity Financing a project for which he/she has secured an adequate medium‐to long‐term exit strategy that will be profitable.
Such exit strategies include the reselling of the share through, for instance, an initial public offering (IPO).
[Source: BPIE]
The European Energy Efficiency Fund (EEEF) is a public-private partnership dedicated to mitigating climate
European Energy
change through energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy in the Member States of the
Efficiency Fund
European Union
Glossary
Non-profit European Union institution based in Luxembourg that makes loans, guarantees, provides technical
European Investment Bank assistance and provides venture capital for business projects that are expected to further EU policy objectives
[SOURCE: Investopedia]
The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI), which has replaced the European Neighborhood and Partnership
European Neighbourhood
Instrument (ENPI)seeks to streamline financial support, concentrating on agreed policy objectives, and make
Instrument (ENI)
programming shorter and better focused, in the Mediterranean Area.
The Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund are financial tools set up to implement the regional policy of the
European Union. They aim to reduce regional disparities in terms of income, wealth and opportunities. Europe's
European Regional
poorer regions receive most of the support, but all European regions are eligible for funding under the policy's
Development Fund
various funds and programmes. The current Regional Policy framework is set for a period of seven years, from
2014 to 2020.Source: [Wikipedia]
Policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies. It achieves this by
offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of generation of each
Feed-in tariffs technology. Rather than pay an equal amount for energy, however generated, technologies such as wind power,
for instance, are awarded a lower per-kWh price, while technologies such as solar PV and tidal power are offered
a higher price, reflecting costs that are higher at the moment [SOURCE: Wikipedia]
Grants, which can be directly financed by the State or by local authorities, have traditionally targeted users rather
Grant than constructors. Grants are intended to allow the former to pay for part or all the cost of introducing energy
efficient measures.
Guarantees refer to a risk sharing mechanism where “the guarantor” entity (e.g., bank, MA) assumes a debt
Guarantee obligation in case a borrower (e.g., ESCO) defaults. Guarantees can be partial, where the guarantor is only liable
for part of the outstanding balance at the time of default, usually defined as a fixed percentage
Framework for the funding of the innovation and research activities at EU level. Horizon 2020 is a €79bn funding
Horizon 2020 programme aimed at supporting research and innovation across the European Union. Competitions for funding
will run from 2014 to 2020. Each competition is run on a dedicated theme
The Intelligent Energy-Europe was a programme launched by the European Commission in 2003 (and already
Intelligent Energy Europe closed) as a means of supporting the energy efficiency and renewable energy policies which bring the EU closer
to its 2020 targets.
Glossary
The INTERREG EUROPE programme aims to improve the implementation of regional development policies and
INTERREG Europe programmes, in particular programmes for Investment for Growth and Jobs and European Territorial Cooperation
(ETC) programmes.
Written instrument that serves to confirm or witness (vouch) for some fact such as a transaction. Commonly, a
Investment Voucher voucher is a document that shows goods have bought or services have been rendered, authorizes payment, and
indicates the ledger account(s) in which these transactions have to be recorded.[Source: Investopedia]
An amount of money that must be paid and that is collected by a government or other authority [SOURCE:
Levies
Merriam Webster]
Loan schemes are normally implemented through the provision of specific subsidies by the local or national
Loan Scheme
government to banks offering low interest rates to energy efficient practices
ManagEnergy is a technical support initiative of the Intelligent Energy - Europe (IEE) programme of the European
ManagEnergy Commission which aims to assist actors from the public sector and their advisers working on energy efficiency
and renewable energy at the local and regional level.
Bilateral or multilateral agreement between two or more parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the
Memorandum of parties, indicating an intended common line of action. It is often used in cases where parties either do not imply a
Understanding legal commitment or in situations where the parties cannot create a legally enforceable agreement. It is a more
formal alternative to a gentlemen's agreement.[SOURCE: Wikipedia]
Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of financing that combines debt and equity financing. In most cases, debt
will be ranked as a preferred equity share. This means that in case of default, it will be senior in priority only to
Mezzanine Financing
preferred stocks. Mezzanine debt financing is thus riskier than traditional debt‐financing but also more rewarding;
it is associated with a higher yield. [Source: IEA (2010) Money Matters]
Multianual Financial The Multiannual Financial Framework is an expenditures plan that translates EU priorities into financial terms. It
Framework sets the maximum annual amounts which the EU may spend in different political fields.
NZEB Renovation Renovation system based on the provision and trade of renovation vouchers. The system, that shoudl be funded
Vouchers through ERDFfunds should bring together schools representatives, ESCOs and public agents.
Of a selection, the property of having to choose explicitly to join or permit something; a decision having the
Opt-In Agreement default option being exclusion or avoidance; used particularly with regard to mailing lists and
advertisement.[Source: [wiktionary]
Glossary
Government sponsored initiative to stimulate capital investment, specially in less-developed or high
Preferential Loan
unemployment areas, by advancing loans at below market interest rates. [Source: Business Dictionary]
Project finance, by contrast to balance sheet financing (loans, debt and equity), bases its collateral on a project’s
Project Financing
cash flow expectations, not on individuals or institutions’ credit‐worthiness. [Source: BPIE]
Public Private Partnership Forms of cooperation between public authorities and the private sector that aim to modernise the delivery of
(PPP) infrastructure and strategic public services
An Operational Programme (O.P) is a document approved by the Commission for the purpose of implementing a
Regional Operational Community Support Framework, comprising a coherent set of priorities with multiannual measures, and which
Programmes may be implemented through recourse to one or more Funds, to one or more of the other existing financial
instruments and to the EIB. An integrated operational programme is one financed by more that one Fund.
Renovation cost refers to the amount of money spent on any kind of renovation project. A project is defined as a
Renovation Costs stage of improvements or alterations in a structure which is clearly detached in time at both ends from any other
construction, improvement, or alteration project [Source: PHORIO Standards]
Office that should integrate representatives of the key agents involved in nZEB actions (education, environment,
sustainability and energy, territorial development, etc. ) aimed at integrate the same body the sector needs as
Renovation Office
well as the financial capacities available in the region in order to consider the development of renovation funding
(Proposal)
packages and simplifying the development of strategic cooperation and initiatives between public and private
agents
Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation
RIS3 are integrated, place-based economic transformation agendas aimed at supporting investments in key regional
priorities and building on each region's strengths.
Social impact of the investement mechanisms, including the social non-econimic benefits conveyed by
Social Responsibility
investments
Form of financial or in kind support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual)
Subsidy generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.[1] Although commonly extended from
Government, the term subsidy can relate to any type of support - for example from NGOs or implicit subsidies
The Southwest European Space Territorial Cooperation Programme is supporting regional development by
SUDOE means of the joint financing transnational projects through the European Regional Development FUND (ERDF)
within the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation Objective for 2007-2013.
Glossary
Assistance model that sees the donor define the outputs they would like to see while leaving the technical detail
Technical Assistance
of the approach which should be taken fluid, placing a premium on the adaptability, connections and technical
Facility
ability of an implementing partner
A contractual arrangement involving a third party — in addition to the energy supplier and the beneficiary of the
energy efficiency improvement measure — that provides the capital for that measure and charges the beneficiary
Third Party Financing
a fee equivalent to a part of the energy savings achieved as a result of the energy efficiency improvement
measure. That third party may or may not be an ESCO. [Source: ESD, 2006/32/EC]
Form of consumption tax. From the perspective of the buyer, it is a tax on the purchase price. From that of the
seller, it is a tax only on the value added to a product, material, or service, from an accounting point of view, by
Value Added Tax
this stage of its manufacture or distribution. The manufacturer remits to the government the difference between
Mechanism
these two amounts, and retains the rest for themselves to offset the taxes they had previously paid on the
inputs.[Source: Wikipedia]
Document certifying that a certain reduction of energy consumption has been attained. In most applications, the
White Certificate white certificates are tradable and combined with an obligation to achieve a certain target of energy savings
[SOURCE: Wikipedia]

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ZEMedS School Technical & Financial Toolkit

nZEB* renovation for Mediterranean schools

*nearly Zero Energy Buildings

The Toolkit incorporates detailed information on the benefits, technical strategies,

Reduce the energy demand-Source the remaining energy

Key points to succeed in

Ensure good indoor air quality & KEY STRATEGIES

Adequate thermal environment should be guaranteed

Minimum Operative Temperature in Winter season: 19-21ºC

Overheating should be limited to 40 hours in which internal

Maximum Operative Temperature in Summer season: 25-27ºC

Goal & Benefits

Schools represent an important part of the public building stock. In

School buildings are one of the building sectors that should be

Operating when it concerns the young population.

energy balance of non-renewable energy sources is zero for: heating,

Additionally, the maximum final energy consumption allowed, without

Finally, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) needs to be guaranteed, at

Requirement 2 Energy school Med schools

Operating ensures a healthy

the energy contract)

Reference surface area: surface area used in the regulation in the

Lighting Clighting ≤ 5 kWh/m².year

Strategies comfort for building occupants Key criteria

Renewable energy balance (RES-fossil fuels)

Final energy consumption

- To estimate the DHW consumption

Performing a Renewable Energy Sources study

Because of heritage protection regulations.

Operating effective if they are considered separately

- In some cases, nZEB will be simply not possible

Funding - Documentation and instructions should be provided to users. nZEB is very

European Legal framework

French Health and

Spanish Italian Social benefits

Costs National Catalan National

Technical Energetic and

Costs renovation of residential and commercial buildings

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), Article 2, as a building that has a

Costs Implementation: Implementation still not monitored. It will be based on intermediate

Solutions of greenhouse gases emitted in France Safety benefits

is expected to be produced before 2018

renewable energies are established based on geographical zones. Need to comply

and will run between 2014-2020

Costs international energy shocks

Funding Humidity is usually increased in premises occupied by a significant number of people, as it is

Development of a new construction sector paradigm

Allowing the new generations to grow and be educated in an eco-friendly environment as

Allowing students to monitor their energetic consumption

Solutions Consequently, during the design of

Solutions Current indoor conditions generally need to be improved to offer high

Building designers, policy makers, constructors and school users need to

Action needed: IEQ AUDIT

Funding See the section IEQ in this Toolkit RES

Operating Other sources of pollution? Air pollution?

Operating Action needed: BUILDING DIAGNOSTIC

Can renewable energy sources on-site/nearby supply the future renovated

Operating - Is there any RES District heating existing or planned in the

Goal & Benefits

Goal & Benefits

System needs Biomass

Goal & Benefits