CESC REVIEWER (SEPTEMBER)

POVERTY as….

“a human condition characterized by the sustained or

chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities,
choices, security and power necessary for the
enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other
civil, cultural economic, political, and social rights.”

4 APPROACHES IN UNDERSTANDING POVERTY

Subsistence Minimum
Poverty here is seen either as income-poverty or
consumption-poverty. lack of or low quality access to
social services and to the acquisition of material
assets.
Capability
Poverty her is seen as the absence or inadequate
realization of certain basic freedoms, or as what
Amartya Sen (1989) coins as “capability deprivation”
These basic freedoms refer to:
Political freedom- right to participate in community life
and enjoy democracy
Economic freedom- right to participate in trade and
production to create abundance
Social freedom- right to access social services and
products so people can enjoy a decent standard of living
Social Exclusion
In this perspective, poverty is seen as the denial of
human rights
3.Economic Dimension of poverty
The Philippines is characterized by low economic growth
due to its failure to develop the agricultural sector, its
low industrial base, and an oversupply of the service
sector- that is, producing more graduate than jobs
available
3.Political dimensions of poverty
The Philippines is characterized by weak social
institutions
4. Social Dimension of Poverty
The Philippines is characterized high inequality
5. Environmental dimension of poverty
The Philippines is prone to disasters and vulnerable to
climate change, and both circumstances have proven
capable of wiping out or undoing any economic gains
made by the country.

Multidimensional

Poor health, lack of education, inadequate living
standard
Dimensions of Poverty
1.Cultural dimensions of poverty
Joaquin (1996) argues that it is the Filipino’s heritage of
smallness- thinking and acting small- that prevents
Filipinos from exploring and carrying out big, ambitious
projects.
Unjust Forms of Social Inequalities
refer to the denial of human rights of individuals based
on the perception
1.Classism refers to the systematic oppression of
subordinated groups to the advantage of dominant
groups on the basis of social class
Systematic oppression here includes individual
attitudes, behaviors, policies, and practices
2.Racism refers to the systematic oppression on the
basis of race or ethnicity
- Racism is often express when we joke around or meaningful occupations or have preferred occupations
laugh at people whose skin is of darker color, imposed upon them.

Systematic oppression here includes a host of practices,

beliefs and social relations that turn humans into
stereotype objects which reproduce a racial
stratification and racially structured society.

3. Sexism is the beliefs and practices that one’s sex is

innately superior to the others.

4. Gender bias refers to the systematic oppression of

any sex- including men, intersexual people, and
transgender people- on the basis of nonconformity to
the expected gender stereotypes attached to one’s sex

5.Ageism pertains to prejudice and discrimination based

on differences in age.

6. Disability bias refers to the unequal treatment and

systematic oppression of a group of persons based on
their physical or mental impairments or challenges.

5. Occupational marginalization. It refers to the process

of unjustly limiting or excluding people to participate in
certain occupations due to situations wherein people
are stigmatized by their gender, illness, or disability.
7. Ideological bias refers to the intense commitment
to certain religious, political, or philosophical ideas that Climate Change Injustice
results to the oppressive dismissal of other ideas.
Is a condition in which those who are least responsible
for climate change bear the greatest brunt or negative
impacts. The least responsible are often the oppressed,
Predatory capitalism refers to the unregulated actions
and strategies of corporations to make profit at
whatever cause- that is, whenever profit making
conflicts with that of the public interest, the former is
given the first priority.

OCCUPATIONAL INJUSTICE

It occurs in situations when people are exploited,

barred, confined, restricted, segregated, prohibited,
undeveloped, disrupted, and/or alienated from
marginalized, and vulnerable sectors of society.

3. Parity of Participation by Nancy Fraser.

This requires social arrangements that permit all

members of society to interact with one another as
peers.

HUMAN RIGHTS

Are rights inherent in all human beings whatever their

nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, color, religion, language, or any other status is.
We are all equally entitled to our human rights without
discrimination