‭Determination of Acetic Acid Content in Vinegar‬

‭N.T. Bunag‬‭1‬‭, M.M. Datanagan‬‭2‬‭, and A.J. Tonogbanua‬‭3‬

‭1, 2, 3‬
‭BS in Chemical Engineering, School of Technology,‬‭University of the Philippines Visayas, Philippines‬

‭ ate Submitted: 3 November 2023‬

D
‭Instructor’s Name: S.C. Turita‬

‭ bstract:‬ ‭The‬ ‭method‬ ‭of‬ ‭titration‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭calibrated‬ ‭sodium‬ ‭hydroxide‬ ‭solution‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭this‬ ‭experiment‬ ‭to‬ ‭measure‬‭the‬
A
‭molarity‬‭of‬‭a‬‭solution‬‭and‬‭the‬‭percent‬‭by‬‭mass‬‭of‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭in‬‭vinegar.‬‭Furthermore,‬‭a‬‭stock‬‭solution‬‭of‬‭standardized‬‭sodium‬
‭hydroxide‬ ‭solution‬ ‭is‬ ‭being‬ ‭prepared.‬ ‭Titration‬ ‭of‬ ‭potassium‬ ‭hydrogen‬ ‭phthalate,‬ ‭KHP‬ ‭solution,‬ ‭with‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬
‭standardizes‬‭the‬‭NaOH‬‭solution.‬‭Dissolving‬‭KHP‬‭in‬‭distilled‬‭water‬‭yields‬‭the‬‭KHP‬‭stock‬‭solution.‬‭Acetic‬‭acid,‬‭CH3COOH,‬‭is‬‭a‬
‭colorless‬‭solution‬‭of‬‭an‬‭organic‬‭molecule‬‭that‬‭is‬‭a‬‭weak‬‭acid.‬‭Apart‬‭from‬‭water,‬‭this‬‭acid‬‭is‬‭a‬‭significant‬‭component‬‭in‬‭vinegar.‬
‭Titration‬‭with‬‭a‬‭standardized‬‭sodium‬‭hydroxide‬‭NaOH‬‭solution‬‭is‬‭used‬‭in‬‭this‬‭experiment‬‭to‬‭estimate‬‭the‬‭molarity‬‭of‬‭a‬‭solution‬
‭and‬‭the‬‭percent‬‭by‬‭mass‬‭of‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭in‬‭vinegar.‬‭This‬‭experiment‬‭has‬‭been‬‭divided‬‭into‬‭two‬‭parts:‬‭first‬‭is‬‭standardizing‬‭the‬
‭NaOH‬‭solution,‬‭and‬‭second‬‭is‬‭determining‬‭the‬‭molarity‬‭of‬‭a‬‭solution‬‭and‬‭the‬‭percent‬‭by‬‭mass‬‭of‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭in‬‭vinegar.‬‭The‬
‭KHP‬‭solution‬‭is‬‭titrated‬‭with‬‭NaOH‬‭in‬‭order‬‭to‬‭standardize‬‭the‬‭NaOH‬‭solution‬‭with‬‭Potassium‬‭Acid‬‭Phthalate.‬‭The‬‭KHP‬‭solution‬
‭is‬‭prepared‬‭by‬‭diluting‬‭0.8‬‭g‬‭of‬‭KHP‬‭in‬‭50mL‬‭of‬‭distilled‬‭water.‬‭The‬‭experiment‬‭is‬‭then‬‭followed‬‭by‬‭the‬‭second‬‭phase,‬‭in‬‭which‬
‭the‬‭standardized‬‭NaOH‬‭solution‬‭is‬‭titrated‬‭with‬‭vinegar‬‭that‬‭has‬‭been‬‭diluted‬‭with‬‭distilled‬‭water.‬‭Parts‬‭1‬‭and‬‭2‬‭titrations‬‭are‬
‭done‬‭three‬‭times‬‭to‬‭obtain‬‭outcomes‬‭that‬‭are‬‭more‬‭accurate.‬‭Overall,‬‭the‬‭bigger‬‭the‬‭mass‬‭of‬‭solute‬‭in‬‭the‬‭acid‬‭solution,‬‭the‬
‭more‬ ‭concentrated‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution‬ ‭gets.‬ ‭As‬ ‭a‬ ‭result,‬ ‭the‬ ‭larger‬ ‭the‬ ‭molarity,‬ ‭the‬ ‭greater‬ ‭the‬ ‭volume‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭required‬ ‭to‬
‭neutralize the acid. The experiment has been completed and successfully carried out.‬

‭ eywords:‬ ‭Standardization,‬ ‭Vinegar,‬ ‭Sodium‬ ‭Hydroxide‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭Solutions,‬ ‭Potassium‬ ‭hydrogen‬ ‭phthalate,‬ ‭KHP,‬
K
‭Phenolphthalein, Titration, Acid-Base Titration, Acetic Acid, CH‬‭3‬‭OOH, Neutralization‬

‭Introduction‬ 1‭ -Iron stand‬

‭1-Burette Clamp‬
‭ inegar‬ ‭comprises‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭acid‬ ‭and‬ ‭water.‬ ‭The‬ ‭Philippine‬
V ‭2-50 mL Burette‬
‭government‬ ‭requires‬ ‭a‬ ‭minimum‬ ‭acidity‬ ‭of‬ ‭4%.‬ ‭Titration‬ ‭1-500 mL Volumetric flask‬
‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭standard‬ ‭base‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭phenolphthalein‬ ‭indicator‬‭is‬ ‭1-250 mL beaker‬
‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭determine‬ ‭acidity.‬ ‭The‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭focuses‬ ‭on‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭3- 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks‬
‭acid‬ ‭concentration.‬ ‭Throughout‬ ‭this‬ ‭experiment,‬ ‭the‬
‭researchers‬ ‭aim‬ ‭to‬ ‭prepare‬ ‭HCl‬ ‭and‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solutions,‬
‭standardize‬ ‭NaOH‬‭with‬‭KHP,‬‭and‬‭use‬‭acid-base‬‭titration‬‭to‬ ‭Methodology‬
‭find‬ ‭the‬ ‭concentration‬ ‭of‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭acid‬ ‭in‬ ‭vinegar.‬ ‭This‬
‭experiment‬‭is‬‭based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭fundamental‬‭acid-base‬‭Titration‬ ‭ he‬ ‭0.1‬ ‭M‬ ‭solution‬ ‭of‬ ‭sodium‬ ‭hydroxide‬ ‭(NaOH)‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬
T
‭and‬‭the‬‭chemistry‬‭of‬‭Acetic‬‭Acid‬‭in‬‭Vinegar.‬‭The‬‭acid‬‭in‬‭the‬ ‭KHP‬ ‭reagent‬ ‭was‬ ‭already‬ ‭prepared‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭laboratory‬
‭vinegar‬ ‭reacts‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭standardized‬ ‭sodium‬ ‭hydroxide‬ ‭management.‬
‭solution with a balanced equation:‬ F‭ or‬ ‭the‬ ‭Standardization‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬ ‭with‬ ‭KHP,‬
‭three‬‭Erlenmeyer‬‭flasks‬‭designated‬‭Trial‬‭1,‬‭Trial‬‭2,‬‭and‬‭Trial‬‭3‬
‭𝐶𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬‭‬ + ‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬→ ‭‬‭𝑁𝑎‬‭𝐶𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂‬‭‬ + ‭‬‭𝐻‬‭2‬‭𝑂‬ ‭were‬ ‭used‬‭to‬‭prepare‬‭the‬‭KHP‬‭solution.‬‭Approximately‬‭0.8‬
‭grams‬‭of‬‭KHP‬‭for‬‭each‬‭flask‬‭were‬‭weighed‬‭on‬‭an‬‭analytical‬
‭ he‬ ‭endpoint‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭titration‬ ‭is‬ ‭detected‬ ‭using‬
T ‭balance.‬ ‭Every‬ ‭flask‬ ‭had‬‭50‬‭mL‬‭of‬‭CO‬‭2‭-‬ free‬‭distilled‬‭water‬
‭phenolphthalein,‬ ‭which‬ ‭changes‬ ‭color‬ ‭from‬ ‭colorless‬ ‭to‬ ‭measured‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭50‬ ‭mL‬ ‭graduated‬ ‭cylinder.‬ ‭2‬ ‭drops‬ ‭of‬
‭pale‬ ‭pink‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭acid‬ ‭is‬ ‭neutralized.‬ ‭With‬ ‭this,‬ ‭the‬ ‭phenolphthalein‬ ‭solution‬ ‭were‬ ‭added‬ ‭to‬ ‭each‬ ‭flask‬ ‭when‬
‭researchers‬‭can‬‭calculate‬‭the‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭content‬‭in‬‭vinegar‬ ‭KHP was completely dissolved.‬
‭samples.(Parel,2021)‬
‭ he‬ ‭50‬ ‭mL‬ ‭burette‬ ‭for‬ ‭titration‬ ‭was‬ ‭clamped‬ ‭to‬ ‭an‬ ‭iron‬
T
‭ his‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭ascertain‬ ‭whether‬ ‭the‬ ‭vinegar‬
T ‭stand‬‭and‬‭washed‬‭with‬‭5‬‭mL‬‭of‬‭NaOH.‬‭It‬‭was‬‭filled‬‭with‬‭50‬
‭meets‬‭or‬‭exceeds‬‭the‬‭4%‬‭minimum‬‭acidity‬‭requirement.‬‭The‬ ‭mL‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬ ‭after‬‭the‬‭rinse.‬‭The‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬
‭Acetic‬ ‭Acid‬ ‭is‬ ‭responsible‬ ‭for‬ ‭vinegar’s‬ ‭characteristic‬ ‭sour‬ ‭solution‬‭used‬‭was‬‭recorded‬‭as‬‭it‬‭was‬‭titrated‬‭into‬‭the‬‭Trial‬‭1‬
‭taste‬‭and‬‭is‬‭good‬‭in‬‭preservation‬‭by‬‭inhibiting‬‭the‬‭growth‬‭of‬ ‭flask‬ ‭until‬ ‭a‬ ‭permanent‬ ‭faint‬ ‭pink‬ ‭color‬ ‭emerged.‬ ‭This‬
‭harmful‬ ‭microorganisms.‬ ‭Accurate‬ ‭determination‬ ‭of‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭procedure‬‭was‬‭repeated‬‭for‬‭Trials‬‭2‬‭and‬‭3,‬‭with‬‭the‬‭volumes‬
‭acid‬ ‭content‬ ‭is‬ ‭critical‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭sector‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭being recorded as well.‬
‭product‬‭compliance‬‭with‬‭regulatory‬‭standards‬‭and‬‭product‬
‭quality.(Pavantheja, 2022)‬ F‭ or‬ ‭each‬ ‭trial,‬ ‭the‬ ‭molarity‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭was‬ ‭calculated‬ ‭using‬
‭the formula:‬
‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑜𝑓‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬(‭𝑀‬) = ‭𝐿‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬
‭Experimental‬
‭To get the average M, the formula below was used.‬
‭Materials‬
(‭𝑀‭‬‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑇
‬ 𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‭1
‬ )‬ +(‭𝑀‭‬‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‬‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‭2
‬ ‬)+‭(‬ ‭𝑀‭‬‬‭𝑜𝑓‬‭‭𝑇
‬ 𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‭3
‬ ‬)
‭𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒‬‭𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬ =
‭ O‬‭2‬‭-free distilled H‬‭2‬‭O‬
C ‭3‬
‭Solid NaOH‬
F‭ or‬‭the‬‭determination‬‭of‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭in‬‭vinegar,‬‭25.00‬‭mL‬‭of‬
‭Phenolphthalein solution‬
‭Del‬ ‭Monte‬ ‭Red‬ ‭Cane‬ ‭Vinegar‬ ‭was‬ ‭pipetted‬ ‭into‬ ‭a‬‭250‬‭mL‬
‭Potassium acid phthalate (KHP)‬
‭volumetric‬ ‭flask.‬ ‭The‬ ‭mixture‬‭was‬‭properly‬‭mixed‬‭after‬‭50‬
‭100 mL Del Monte Red Cane Vinegar‬
‭mL‬ ‭of‬ ‭CO‬‭2‭-‬ free‬ ‭distilled‬ ‭water‬ ‭was‬ ‭added.‬ ‭50.00‬ ‭mL‬
‭2-50 mL Graduated cylinder‬
‭aliquots‬ ‭were‬ ‭pipetted‬ ‭from‬ ‭250‬ ‭mL‬ ‭mother‬ ‭aliquot‬
‭2-10 mL measuring pipet‬
‭ olumetric‬ ‭flask‬ ‭into‬ ‭three‬ ‭Erlenmeyer‬ ‭flasks‬ ‭designated‬
v ‭ he‬ ‭table‬ ‭2‬ ‭shows‬ ‭the‬ ‭collected‬ ‭data‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬
T
‭Trial‬‭A,‬‭Trial‬‭B,‬‭and‬‭Trial‬‭C,‬‭with‬‭50‬‭mL‬‭of‬‭water‬‭and‬‭2‬‭drops‬ ‭consumed‬ ‭during‬ ‭the‬ ‭titration‬ ‭for‬ ‭Trial‬ ‭1,‬‭2,‬‭and‬‭3‬‭with‬‭the‬
‭of phenolphthalein solution added to each flask.‬ ‭volume‬‭of‬‭56.3‬‭mL,‬‭8.9‬‭mL,‬‭and‬‭61.3‬‭mL‬‭respectively.‬‭With‬
‭this‬ ‭data,‬ ‭the‬ ‭researchers‬ ‭were‬ ‭able‬ ‭to‬ ‭calculate‬ ‭the‬
‭ he‬ ‭50‬ ‭mL‬ ‭burette‬ ‭for‬ ‭titration‬ ‭was‬ ‭rinsed‬ ‭with‬ ‭5‬ ‭mL‬ ‭of‬
T ‭mass-volume‬‭percentage‬‭for‬‭each‬‭trial‬‭with‬‭4.7%,‬‭7.4%,‬‭and‬
‭standardized‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution.‬ ‭After‬ ‭that,‬ ‭50‬ ‭mL‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭5.2% respectively.‬
‭solution‬‭was‬‭poured‬‭into‬‭the‬‭burette‬‭without‬‭the‬‭addition‬‭of‬
‭air‬‭bubbles.‬‭The‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭consumed‬‭was‬‭recorded‬ ‭ inegar‬ ‭is‬ ‭present‬ ‭in‬ ‭most‬ ‭households,‬ ‭though‬ ‭it‬ ‭has‬ ‭to‬
V
‭while‬ ‭a‬ ‭flask‬ ‭was‬ ‭titrated‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬ ‭until‬ ‭a‬ ‭contain‬ ‭at‬ ‭least‬ ‭4%‬ ‭of‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭acid‬ ‭before‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭considered‬
‭permanent‬ ‭faint‬ ‭pink‬ ‭tint‬ ‭emerged.‬ ‭Trials‬ ‭B‬ ‭and‬ ‭C‬ ‭were‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭and‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭sold,‬ ‭according‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippine‬
‭titrated‬ ‭with‬ ‭0.1‬ ‭M‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭for‬ ‭30‬ ‭seconds,‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭first‬ ‭government.‬ ‭Ji-yong‬ ‭et.al‬ ‭in‬ ‭their‬ ‭study‬ ‭noted‬ ‭that‬ ‭China‬
‭permanent pink color generated was recorded.‬ ‭alone‬ ‭consumes‬ ‭millions‬ ‭of‬ ‭liters‬ ‭of‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭everyday‬‭and‬
‭that‬‭quality‬‭control‬‭of‬‭vinegar‬‭is‬‭difficult‬‭since‬‭there‬‭is‬‭such‬‭a‬
F‭ or‬ ‭the‬ ‭calculations,‬ ‭dimensional‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭was‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭large‬ ‭quantity.‬ ‭In‬ ‭order‬ ‭to‬‭try‬‭to‬‭maintain‬‭quality‬‭testing‬‭of‬
‭determine‬‭the‬‭%‬‭w/v‬‭acidity‬‭of‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭(CH3COOH)‬‭with‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭at‬ ‭a‬ ‭rapid‬ ‭pace,‬ ‭they‬ ‭had‬ ‭used‬ ‭Near‬ ‭infrared‬
‭a molar mass of 60.053 g/mol with the formula:‬ ‭spectroscopy‬ ‭(NIR)‬ ‭and‬ ‭were‬ ‭detecting‬ ‭patterns‬‭that‬‭each‬
‭different type of vinegar was producing (Ji-yong et.al, 2013).‬
‭𝑚‬ ‭𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝐶
‬ 𝐻‬‭3‬‭𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‭%‬ ‭𝑣‬ = × ‭100‬
‭𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝐶
‬ 𝐻‬‭3‬‭𝑂𝑂𝐻‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬ I‭n‬ ‭this‬ ‭experiment‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭was‬ ‭used‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬‭neutralizer‬‭to‬‭the‬
‭acid‬ ‭present‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭and‬‭the‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭used‬
‭Results and Discussions‬ ‭indicated‬‭how‬‭much‬‭acid‬‭was‬‭present‬‭in‬‭the‬‭solution,‬‭but‬‭to‬
‭know‬ ‭when‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬ ‭fully‬ ‭neutralized,‬ ‭the‬
‭Results‬ ‭researchers‬‭had‬‭used‬‭phenolphthalein,‬‭which‬‭is‬‭a‬‭chemical‬
‭indicator‬‭that‬‭turns‬‭from‬‭colorless‬‭to‬‭a‬‭pale‬‭pink‬‭coloration‬
‭Standardization of NaOH solution with KHP‬ ‭once the solution has been fully neutralized.‬
‭ here‬ ‭have‬ ‭been‬ ‭proven‬ ‭differences‬ ‭in‬ ‭different‬ ‭types‬ ‭of‬
T
‭ ass of KHP‬
M ‭ olume of‬
V ‭ olarity‬
M
‭vinegar,‬ ‭even‬ ‭if‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭made‬ ‭up‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬‭ingredients‬‭but‬
‭at 99.98%‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭(M)‬
‭have‬ ‭been‬ ‭processed‬ ‭in‬ ‭different‬ ‭ways.‬ ‭Nie‬ ‭et.al‬ ‭in‬ ‭their‬
‭purity(g)‬ ‭consumed‬
‭study‬ ‭noted‬ ‭that‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭is‬ ‭an‬ ‭important‬ ‭seasoning‬ ‭when‬
‭for the‬
‭cooking,‬ ‭and‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭time‬ ‭that‬ ‭it‬ ‭takes‬ ‭to‬ ‭age‬ ‭them‬ ‭can‬
‭titration (mL)‬
‭mean‬‭a‬‭large‬‭difference‬‭in‬‭price‬‭(Nie‬‭et.al‬‭2019).‬‭Even‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭study‬‭by‬‭Cosmulescu‬‭et.al,‬‭where‬‭they‬‭found‬‭that‬‭there‬‭are‬
‭TRIAL 1‬ ‭0.8158368 g‬ ‭57 mL‬ ‭0‬. ‭070‬‭08475689‬ ‭noticeable‬ ‭differences‬ ‭when‬ ‭you‬ ‭compare‬ ‭the‬ ‭Traditional‬
‭M‬ ‭and‬ ‭commercial‬ ‭vinegar,‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭density‬ ‭to‬ ‭even‬ ‭the‬
‭compounds‬ ‭present‬ ‭between‬ ‭them‬ ‭(Cosmulescu‬ ‭et.al,‬
‭TRIAL 2‬ ‭0.82503496 g‬ ‭57.2 mL‬ ‭0‬. ‭070‬‭62711374‬ ‭2022).‬
‭M‬ ‭ he‬‭experiment‬‭consisted‬‭of‬‭three‬‭trials‬‭that‬‭each‬‭had‬‭50‬‭ml‬
T
‭of‬ ‭CO‬‭2‬‭-free‬ ‭distilled‬ ‭water‬ ‭added‬ ‭to‬ ‭an‬ ‭Erlenmeyer‬ ‭flask‬
‭TRIAL 3‬ ‭0.8268346 g‬ ‭58.5 mL‬ ‭0‬. ‭069‬‭20825698‬ ‭which‬‭has‬‭0.8‬‭g‬‭of‬‭KHP.‬‭Each‬‭flask‬‭was‬‭titrated‬‭with‬‭50‬‭ml‬
‭of‬ ‭0.1‬ ‭M‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭faint‬ ‭pink‬ ‭color,‬ ‭The‬‭average‬
‭M‬
‭molarity‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭solutions‬ ‭would‬ ‭become‬ ‭the‬
‭standard‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭acid‬ ‭trials.‬ ‭Since‬ ‭this‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬
‭ verage‬
A ‭0‬. ‭069‬‭97337587‬ ‭standardization‬‭portion‬‭of‬‭the‬‭experiment,‬‭KHP‬‭was‬‭used‬‭in‬
‭Molarity‬ ‭place‬ ‭of‬‭the‬‭vinegar‬‭since‬‭the‬‭researchers‬‭would‬‭know‬‭the‬
‭M‬
‭acid‬ ‭content‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution,‬ ‭and‬ ‭once‬ ‭it‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬
‭ able‬ ‭1:‬ ‭Data‬ ‭(Mass‬ ‭of‬ ‭KHP‬ ‭in‬ ‭grams‬‭with‬‭99.98‬‭%‬‭purity,‬
T ‭neutralized.‬
‭volume‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬ ‭consumed,‬ ‭calculated‬ ‭Molarity‬
‭for‬ ‭each‬ ‭trial,‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭average‬ ‭Molarity)‬ ‭needed‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭ able‬ ‭1‬ ‭shows‬ ‭the‬ ‭mass‬ ‭of‬ ‭KHP‬ ‭at‬‭99.98%‬‭purity‬‭that‬‭was‬
T
‭Standardization of NaOH solution with KHP‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭each‬ ‭trial:‬ ‭Trial‬ ‭1‬ ‭had‬ ‭0.8160‬ ‭g‬ ‭of‬ ‭KHP,‬ ‭Trial‬ ‭2‬‭had‬
‭0.8252g,‬‭and‬‭Trial‬‭3‬‭had‬‭0.8270g.‬‭These‬‭initial‬‭trials‬‭were‬‭for‬
‭ able‬ ‭1‬ ‭shows‬ ‭the‬ ‭data‬ ‭needed‬ ‭to‬ ‭calculate‬ ‭the‬ ‭average‬
T ‭the‬ ‭standardization‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH,‬ ‭the‬ ‭table‬ ‭also‬ ‭shows‬ ‭the‬
‭Molarity‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Standardized‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬ ‭with‬ ‭KHP.‬ ‭It‬ ‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭that‬‭was‬‭used‬‭in‬‭each‬‭trial:‬‭Trial‬‭1‬‭had‬‭used‬
‭consists‬ ‭of‬ ‭mass‬ ‭of‬ ‭KHP‬ ‭in‬ ‭grams‬ ‭at‬ ‭99‬ ‭.98%‬ ‭purity,‬ ‭the‬ ‭57‬‭ml‬‭of‬‭NaOH,‬‭Trial‬‭2‬‭had‬‭used‬‭57.2‬‭ml,‬‭and‬‭Trial‬‭3‬‭had‬‭used‬
‭volume‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭consumed‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭titration‬ ‭with‬ ‭its‬ ‭58.5‬ ‭ml,‬ ‭these‬ ‭trials‬ ‭show‬ ‭that‬‭when‬‭there‬‭is‬‭more‬‭KHP‬‭in‬
‭calculated‬‭Molarity‬‭for‬‭each‬‭trial.‬‭It‬‭also‬‭shows‬‭the‬‭average‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution,‬ ‭the‬ ‭larger‬ ‭amount‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭would‬ ‭be‬
‭Molarity of the three trials.‬ ‭consumed to fully neutralize the solution.‬

‭ etermination‬ ‭of‬ ‭Acetic‬ ‭Acid‬ ‭in‬ ‭Del‬ ‭Monte‬ ‭Red‬ ‭Cane‬

D ‭ he‬ ‭last‬ ‭column‬ ‭of‬ ‭Table‬ ‭1‬ ‭shows‬‭the‬‭Molarity‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭in‬
T
‭Vinegar‬ ‭the‬‭solution‬‭after‬‭the‬‭trials:‬‭Trial‬‭1‬‭had‬‭0.070M‬‭of‬‭NaOH,‬‭Trial‬
‭2‬‭had‬‭0.070M‬‭NaOH,‬‭and‬‭Trial‬‭3‬‭had‬‭0.069M‬‭NaOH.‬‭Based‬
‭on‬ ‭these‬ ‭results,‬ ‭it‬ ‭shows‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭amount‬ ‭of‬ ‭KHP‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬
‭Trial A‬ ‭Trial B‬ ‭Trial C‬ ‭solution‬ ‭is‬‭proportional‬‭to‬‭the‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭that‬‭would‬
‭be‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭neutralize‬ ‭it.‬ ‭This‬ ‭means‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭Molarity‬ ‭of‬
‭Volume of‬ ‭56.3 mL‬ ‭88.9 mL‬ ‭61.3 mL‬ ‭NaOH‬‭is‬‭inversely‬‭proportional‬‭to‬‭the‬‭mass‬‭of‬‭KHP‬‭that‬‭was‬
‭NaOH solution‬ ‭used in this experiment.‬
‭consumed‬
‭(mL)‬ ‭ he‬ ‭experiments‬ ‭to‬ ‭find‬ ‭the‬ ‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭content‬‭of‬‭vinegar‬
T
‭consisted‬ ‭of‬ ‭three‬ ‭trials‬ ‭that‬ ‭had‬ ‭25.00ml‬ ‭of‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭that‬
‭ m/v acidity‬
% ‭4‬. ‭7%‬ ‭7‬. ‭4%‬ ‭5‬. ‭2%‬ ‭was‬ ‭diluted‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭mark‬‭in‬‭a‬‭250-ml‬‭volumetric‬‭flask‬‭with‬
‭of CH‬‭3‬‭COOH‬ ‭CO‬‭2‬‭-free‬‭distilled‬‭water.‬‭50‬‭ml‬‭of‬‭the‬‭aliquots‬‭was‬‭put‬‭into‬
‭three‬ ‭250-ml‬ ‭Erlenmeyer‬ ‭flasks‬ ‭that‬ ‭each‬ ‭had‬ ‭50‬ ‭ml‬ ‭of‬
‭ able‬ ‭2:‬ ‭Collected‬ ‭data‬ ‭of‬ ‭Volume‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭and‬
T ‭water‬ ‭added‬ ‭and‬ ‭two‬ ‭drops‬ ‭of‬ ‭phenolphthalein‬ ‭added‬ ‭to‬
‭mass-volume percentage of Del Monte Red Cane Vinegar‬
t‭ hem.‬‭Each‬‭Erlenmayer‬‭flask‬‭was‬‭then‬‭titrated‬‭with‬‭50‬‭ml‬‭of‬
‭the‬ ‭standardized‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭solution‬ ‭until‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution‬ ‭turned‬
‭into‬‭a‬‭faint‬‭pink‬‭color.‬‭The‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭content‬‭of‬‭the‬‭vinegar‬
‭was‬ ‭then‬ ‭calculated‬ ‭using‬ ‭the‬ ‭amount‬ ‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭used‬‭(see‬
‭Table‬‭2)‬‭since‬‭NaOH‬‭neutralizes‬‭the‬‭CH‬‭3‬‭COOH‬‭found‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭vinegar.‬
‭ able‬ ‭2‬ ‭covers‬ ‭the‬ ‭results‬ ‭of‬ ‭testing‬ ‭the‬ ‭amount‬ ‭of‬ ‭acetic‬
T
‭acid‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭sample.‬ ‭In‬ ‭Trial‬ ‭1,‬‭the‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬
‭consumed‬‭was‬‭56.3‬‭ml,‬‭in‬‭Trial‬‭2‬‭it‬‭was‬‭88.9‬‭ml,‬‭and‬‭in‬‭Trial‬
‭3‬ ‭the‬ ‭amount‬ ‭consumed‬ ‭was‬‭61.3‬‭ml.‬‭Once‬‭the‬‭volume‬‭of‬
‭the‬‭consumed‬‭NaOH‬‭was‬‭gathered,‬‭the‬‭acid‬‭levels‬‭of‬‭each‬
‭sample‬‭were‬‭calculated‬‭and‬‭it‬‭was‬‭found‬‭that‬‭Trial‬‭A‬‭had‬‭a‬
‭4.7%‬‭acid‬‭content‬‭in‬‭the‬‭sample,‬‭Trial‬‭B‬‭had‬‭7.4%,‬‭and‬‭Trial‬‭C‬
‭had‬‭5.2%‬‭acid‬‭content.‬‭The‬‭results‬‭found‬‭that‬‭the‬‭samples‬‭of‬
‭Del‬ ‭Monte‬ ‭Red‬ ‭Cane‬ ‭Vinegar‬ ‭do‬ ‭follow‬ ‭the‬ ‭regulations‬ ‭of‬
‭having‬ ‭at‬ ‭least‬ ‭4%‬ ‭acid‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭considered‬ ‭Vinegar‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬
‭Philippine‬ ‭government.‬ ‭This‬ ‭is‬ ‭similar‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭commercial‬
‭vinegar‬‭acid‬‭content‬‭found‬‭in‬‭the‬‭study‬‭by‬‭Pavantheja‬‭et.al,‬
‭in‬ ‭which‬ ‭commercial‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭was‬ ‭found‬ ‭to‬ ‭contain‬ ‭5%‬
‭acetic‬ ‭acid‬ ‭and‬ ‭apple‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭containing‬ ‭8.1%‬ ‭acetic‬ ‭acid‬
‭(Pavantheja et.al, 2023).‬
‭ he‬ ‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭consumed‬‭was‬‭used‬‭to‬‭calculate‬‭the‬
T
‭acidity‬‭of‬‭the‬‭samples.‬‭By‬‭using‬‭phenolphthalein‬‭as‬‭a‬‭way‬‭to‬
‭find‬ ‭out‬ ‭when‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬ ‭fully‬ ‭neutralized,‬ ‭we‬
‭can‬‭calculate‬‭how‬‭much‬‭NaOH‬‭it‬‭took‬‭to‬‭neutralize‬‭the‬‭acid‬
‭and‬‭can‬‭thus‬‭calculate‬‭the‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭acid‬‭that‬‭was‬‭present‬
‭in‬ ‭the‬‭solution‬‭and‬‭can‬‭find‬‭the‬‭acid‬‭content‬‭of‬‭the‬‭sample‬
‭as a whole.‬
‭ ome‬ ‭limitations‬ ‭to‬ ‭this‬ ‭study‬ ‭have‬ ‭mostly‬ ‭been‬ ‭the‬
S
‭researchers‬ ‭having‬ ‭difficulty‬ ‭reading‬ ‭the‬ ‭burette‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬
‭volume‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬‭and‬‭using‬‭the‬‭scale‬‭to‬‭measure‬‭the‬‭mass‬
‭of‬‭KHP‬‭accurately.‬‭The‬‭researchers‬‭had‬‭only‬‭conducted‬‭the‬
‭standardization‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭study‬ ‭and‬ ‭another‬ ‭team‬
‭handled‬ ‭the‬ ‭determination‬ ‭of‬ ‭acid‬ ‭content‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭vinegar‬
‭samples.‬
F‭ or‬ ‭future‬ ‭studies,‬ ‭the‬ ‭researchers‬ ‭recommend‬ ‭that‬ ‭there‬
‭should‬‭be‬‭more‬‭trials‬‭conducted‬‭and‬‭possibly‬‭with‬‭different‬
‭brands‬ ‭and‬ ‭samples‬ ‭to‬ ‭see‬ ‭the‬ ‭possible‬ ‭differences‬
‭between them.‬
‭Conclusions‬
‭The‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭needed‬‭to‬‭neutralize‬‭the‬‭KHP‬‭in‬
t‭ he‬‭first‬‭experiment‬‭was‬‭57‬‭mL‬‭for‬‭trial‬‭1,‬‭57.2‬‭mL‬‭for‬‭trial‬‭2,‬
‭and‬ ‭58.5‬ ‭mL‬ ‭for‬ ‭trial‬ ‭3.‬ ‭In‬ ‭trial‬ ‭1,‬ ‭the‬ ‭molarity‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬
‭solution‬‭is‬‭0.07009877665M,‬‭in‬‭trial‬‭2,‬‭it‬‭is‬‭0.07064124199M,‬
‭and‬ ‭in‬‭trial‬‭3‬‭it‬‭is‬‭0.0692221014M.‬‭The‬‭average‬‭molarity‬‭for‬
‭trials 1, 2, and 3 was calculated to be 0.06998737335M.‬
‭The‬ ‭volume‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭used‬ ‭when‬ ‭entirely‬‭reacting‬‭to‬
a‭ cetic‬‭acid‬‭in‬‭the‬‭second‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭experiment‬‭is‬‭56.3‬‭mL‬
‭for‬ ‭trial‬ ‭A,‬ ‭88.9‬ ‭mL‬ ‭for‬ ‭trial‬ ‭B,‬ ‭and‬ ‭61.3‬ ‭mL‬ ‭for‬ ‭trial‬ ‭C.‬
‭Furthermore,‬‭the‬‭%‬‭m/v‬‭acidity‬‭of‬‭CH3COOH‬‭in‬‭Del‬‭Monte‬
‭Red‬‭Cane‬‭Vinegar‬‭is‬‭4.7%‬‭in‬‭trial‬‭A,‬‭7.5%‬‭in‬‭trial‬‭B,‬‭and‬‭5.2%‬
‭in‬ ‭trial‬ ‭C.‬ ‭The‬ ‭experiment‬ ‭was‬ ‭a‬ ‭success‬ ‭considering‬ ‭all‬
‭objectives‬‭were‬‭satisfied.‬‭Vinegar‬‭comprises‬‭acetic‬‭acid‬‭and‬
‭water.‬ ‭The‬ ‭Philippine‬ ‭government‬ ‭requires‬ ‭a‬ ‭minimum‬
‭acidity‬ ‭of‬ ‭4%.‬ ‭In‬ ‭conclusion,‬ ‭the‬ ‭Del‬ ‭Monte‬ ‭Red‬ ‭Cane‬
‭Vinegar meets the required minimum acidity.‬
‭Author Contributions‬
‭ bstract: AJT, SOTECH‬
A
‭Introduction: NMB, MMD SOTECH‬
‭Conceptualization: NMB, MMD, AJT SOTECH‬
‭Data curation: MMD, SOTECH‬
‭Visualization: MMD, SOTECH‬
‭Discussion: NMB, MMD, SOTECH‬
‭Methodology: MMD, SOTECH‬
‭ alculation: MMD, SOTECH‬
C
‭Conclusion: AJT, SOTECH‬
‭Writing: NMB, MMD, AJT, SOTECH‬
‭References‬
[‭ 1]‬ ‭Determining‬ ‭the‬ ‭Acetic‬ ‭Acid‬ ‭Concentration‬ ‭in‬ ‭White‬
‭Vinegar:‬ ‭An‬ ‭At-Home‬ ‭Undergraduate‬ ‭Chemistry‬
‭Experiment‬ ‭During‬ ‭the‬ ‭COVID-19‬ ‭Pandemic‬‭.‬ ‭(n.d.).‬
‭Determining‬ ‭the‬ ‭Acetic‬ ‭Acid‬ ‭Concentration‬ ‭in‬ ‭White‬
‭Vinegar:‬ ‭An‬ ‭At-Home‬ ‭Undergraduate‬ ‭Chemistry‬
‭Experiment‬ ‭During‬ ‭the‬ ‭COVID-19‬ ‭Pandemic‬‭.‬ ‭Retrieved‬
‭November‬ ‭1,‬ ‭2023,‬ ‭from‬
‭https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/60d7‬
‭7238261611d7608c6815‬
[‭ 2]‬ ‭Comparative‬ ‭Study‬ ‭on‬ ‭Effectiveness‬ ‭of‬ ‭Organic‬ ‭Apple‬
‭Juice‬ ‭Vinegar‬ ‭Over‬ ‭Commercially‬‭Available‬‭Vinegar‬‭Using‬
‭Chemical‬‭Titration‬‭Technique‬‭for‬‭Chicken‬‭Quality‬‭Analysis‬‭-‬
‭ProQuest‬‭.‬ ‭(2023,‬ ‭November‬ ‭2).‬ ‭Comparative‬ ‭Study‬ ‭on‬
‭Effectiveness‬ ‭of‬ ‭Organic‬ ‭Apple‬ ‭Juice‬ ‭Vinegar‬ ‭Over‬
‭Commercially‬ ‭Available‬ ‭Vinegar‬ ‭Using‬ ‭Chemical‬ ‭Titration‬
‭Technique‬ ‭for‬ ‭Chicken‬ ‭Quality‬ ‭Analysis‬ ‭-‬ ‭ProQuest‬‭.‬
‭https://www.proquest.com/openview/2dc3e4895ac53881d‬
‭6cd741bfdbeaf82/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2045095‬
[‭ 3]‬ ‭Rapid‬ ‭detecting‬ ‭total‬ ‭acid‬ ‭content‬ ‭and‬ ‭classifying‬
‭different‬ ‭types‬ ‭of‬ ‭vinegar‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭near-infrared‬
‭spectroscopy‬ ‭and‬ ‭least-squares‬ ‭support‬ ‭vector‬ ‭machine,‬
‭(2013,‬ ‭May)‬ ‭Rapid‬ ‭detecting‬ ‭total‬ ‭acid‬ ‭content‬ ‭and‬
‭classifying‬‭different‬‭types‬‭of‬‭vinegar‬‭based‬‭on‬‭near-infrared‬
‭spectroscopy‬ ‭and‬ ‭least-squares‬ ‭support‬‭vector‬‭machine‬‭-‬
‭ScienceDirect.‬
‭https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S03‬
‭08814612015981‬
[‭4]‬‭Comparison‬‭of‬‭two‬‭types‬‭of‬‭vinegar‬‭with‬‭different‬‭aging‬
‭times‬ ‭by‬ ‭NMR-based‬‭metabolomic‬‭approach‬‭(2019,‬‭March‬
‭18)‬‭Comparison‬‭of‬‭two‬‭types‬‭of‬‭vinegar‬‭with‬‭different‬‭aging‬
‭times‬ ‭by‬ ‭NMR-based‬ ‭metabolomic‬ ‭approach‬ ‭-‬ ‭Wiley‬
‭OnlineLibrary.‬
‭https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfbc.12835‬
[‭ 5]‬‭Comparison‬‭of‬‭Chemical‬‭Properties‬‭between‬‭Traditional‬
‭and‬ ‭Commercial‬ ‭Vinegar‬ ‭(2022,‬ ‭March‬ ‭5)‬ ‭Comparison‬ ‭of‬
‭Chemical‬ ‭Properties‬ ‭between‬ ‭Traditional‬ ‭and‬ ‭Commercial‬
‭Vinegar - MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/3/225‬
‭1.‬ ‭ hy‬ ‭is‬ ‭there‬ ‭a‬ ‭need‬ ‭to‬ ‭standardize‬ ‭the‬ ‭NaOH‬
W
‭solution?‬
‭ aOH‬ ‭must‬ ‭be‬ ‭standardized‬ ‭since‬ ‭its‬ ‭hygroscopic‬
N
‭nature‬ ‭hinders‬ ‭precise‬ ‭molarity‬ ‭determination‬ ‭by‬
‭mass‬ ‭alone.‬ ‭Its‬‭molarity‬‭can‬‭be‬‭precisely‬‭determined‬
‭by‬ ‭titrating‬ ‭it‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭known‬ ‭acid‬ ‭solution‬ ‭and‬
‭measuring‬ ‭the‬ ‭volume‬ ‭necessary‬ ‭at‬ ‭the‬ ‭equivalence‬
‭point.‬ ‭This‬ ‭standardized‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭precision‬ ‭in‬
‭future titrations‬‭[1]‬‭.‬
‭Reference‬‭:‬
[‭ 1]‬‭The‬ ‭Standardization‬ ‭of‬ ‭NaOH‬ ‭and‬ ‭KHP‬‭.‬ ‭(2023,‬
‭October‬‭30).‬‭The‬‭Standardization‬‭of‬‭NaOH‬‭and‬‭KHP‬‭.‬
‭https://www.odinity.com/standardization-naoh-khp/‬
‭2.‬ ‭ hy‬ ‭is‬ ‭there‬ ‭a‬ ‭need‬ ‭to‬ ‭use‬ ‭CO‬‭2‬‭-free‬ ‭distilled‬
W
‭water in this analysis?‬
I‭t‬ ‭is‬ ‭essential‬ ‭to‬ ‭use‬ ‭CO‬‭2‭-‬ free‬ ‭distilled‬ ‭water‬ ‭in‬
‭chemical‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭for‬ ‭two‬ ‭reasons.‬ ‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭in‬ ‭water‬
‭produces‬ ‭carbonic‬ ‭acid,‬ ‭which‬ ‭lowers‬ ‭pH‬ ‭and‬ ‭may‬
‭ ause‬ ‭errors‬ ‭in‬ ‭pH-sensitive‬ ‭research,‬ ‭and‬ ‭can‬
c f‭ ound‬‭that‬‭the‬‭carbonic‬‭acid‬‭produced‬‭by‬‭the‬‭dissolved‬‭CO‬‭2‬
‭interfere‬ ‭with‬ ‭chemical‬ ‭reactions,‬ ‭reducing‬ ‭the‬
‭precision‬ ‭of‬ ‭measurements,‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭in‬
‭bicarbonate-sensitive‬ ‭tests.‬ ‭CO‬‭2‭-‬ free‬ ‭distilled‬ ‭water‬
‭ensures‬ ‭a‬ ‭balanced‬ ‭pH‬ ‭and‬ ‭eliminates‬ ‭interference,‬
‭allowing‬ ‭for‬ ‭precise‬ ‭and‬ ‭credible‬ ‭results‬ ‭in‬ ‭these‬
‭tests‬‭[1]‬‭.‬
‭Reference‬‭:‬
[‭ 1]Acid-Base‬‭Titrations‬‭.‬‭(2023,‬‭October‬‭31).‬‭Acid-Base‬
‭Titrations‬‭.https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materi‬
‭als/Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments/General_La‬
‭b_Techniques/Titration/Acid-Base_Titrations‬
‭3.‬ ‭ earch‬ ‭literature‬ ‭and‬ ‭discuss‬ ‭the‬ ‭principle‬
S
‭behind why phenolphthalein changes color.‬
‭The‬ ‭color‬ ‭of‬ ‭phenolphthalein‬ ‭changes‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬
i‭onization,‬‭which‬‭changes‬‭the‬‭shape‬‭of‬‭the‬‭phenolphthalein‬
‭molecules.‬ ‭Ionized‬ ‭molecules‬ ‭attract‬ ‭molecules‬ ‭with‬
‭opposing‬ ‭charges‬ ‭and‬ ‭repel‬ ‭molecules‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬
‭charge.‬ ‭Although‬ ‭its‬ ‭ion‬‭appears‬‭pink,‬‭phenolphthalein‬‭is‬‭a‬
‭weak‬‭acid‬‭that‬‭is‬‭colorless‬‭in‬‭solution.‬‭When‬‭hydrogen‬‭ions‬
‭(H+,‬ ‭as‬ ‭found‬ ‭in‬‭acids)‬‭are‬‭introduced‬‭to‬‭the‬‭pink‬‭solution,‬
‭the‬ ‭equilibrium‬ ‭shifts‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution‬ ‭becomes‬ ‭colorless.‬
‭The‬ ‭addition‬ ‭of‬ ‭hydroxide‬ ‭ions‬ ‭(OH-,‬ ‭found‬ ‭in‬ ‭bases)‬
‭converts‬ ‭the‬ ‭phenolphthalein‬ ‭into‬ ‭its‬ ‭ion,‬ ‭turning‬ ‭the‬
‭solution‬ ‭pink.‬ ‭Phenolphthalein‬ ‭is‬ ‭colorless‬ ‭by‬ ‭nature‬ ‭but‬
‭becomes‬ ‭pink‬ ‭in‬ ‭alkaline‬ ‭solutions.‬ ‭The‬ ‭compound‬ ‭is‬
‭colorless‬‭throughout‬‭the‬‭acidic‬‭pH‬‭range,‬‭but‬‭begins‬‭to‬‭turn‬
‭pink‬‭at‬‭pH‬‭8.2‬‭and‬‭progresses‬‭to‬‭a‬‭brilliant‬‭magenta‬‭at‬‭pH‬‭10‬
‭and higher‬‭[1]‬‭.‬
‭Reference:‬
[‭ 1]Kozlowski,‬ ‭R.‬ ‭(2020,‬ ‭February‬ ‭16).‬ ‭Sciencing.‬ ‭Retrieved‬
‭from‬ ‭sciencing.com:‬
‭https://sciencing.com/phenolphthalein-change-color-5271‬
‭431.html‬
‭4.‬ ‭ re‬‭‘equivalence‬‭point’‬‭and‬‭‘end‬‭point’‬‭the‬‭same?‬
A
‭If yes, why? Otherwise, differentiate the two.‬
‭ ndpoints‬ ‭and‬ ‭equivalence‬ ‭points‬‭are‬‭two‬‭distinct‬‭steps‬‭in‬
E
‭the‬‭titration‬‭process.‬‭An‬‭equivalence‬‭point‬‭is‬‭defined‬‭as‬‭the‬
‭point‬ ‭at‬ ‭which‬ ‭the‬ ‭total‬‭number‬‭of‬‭moles‬‭of‬‭two‬‭solutions‬
‭becomes‬ ‭equal.‬ ‭The‬ ‭end‬ ‭point,‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭other‬‭hand,‬‭comes‬
‭after‬ ‭the‬ ‭comparable‬ ‭point.‬ ‭It‬ ‭signifies‬ ‭a‬ ‭stage‬ ‭in‬ ‭which‬ ‭a‬
‭change‬‭in‬‭color‬‭or‬‭intensity‬‭indicates‬‭the‬‭completion‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭reaction‬‭[1]‬‭.‬
‭can back-titrate an over titrated solution (Kim et.al, 2009).‬
‭Reference:‬
[‭ 1]‬ ‭Science‬ ‭Equip.‬ ‭(n.d)‬‭Everything‬‭you‬‭need‬‭to‬‭know‬
‭about Back Titration‬
‭https://www.scienceequip.com.au/blogs/news/what‬
‭-is-back-titration-and-its-uses‬
[‭ 2]‬ ‭Kim‬ ‭et.al.‬ ‭(2009,‬ O
‭ ctober‬ ‭1).‬ H
‭ ow‬ ‭to‬ ‭Save‬
‭Overshot‬ ‭Titrations:‬ ‭A‬ ‭Bubbly‬ ‭New‬ ‭Twist‬ ‭to‬ ‭Finish‬
‭Acid Base Titrations‬
‭ ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/267355930_Ho‬
h
‭w_to_Save_Overshot_Titrations‬
‭6.‬ ‭ hat‬ ‭could‬ ‭be‬ ‭the‬ ‭possible‬ ‭sources‬ ‭of‬ ‭error‬ ‭in‬
W
‭the experiment?‬
‭ here‬ ‭are‬ ‭many‬ ‭possible‬ ‭sources‬ ‭of‬ ‭error.‬ ‭The‬ ‭first‬
T
‭type‬ ‭of‬ ‭error‬ ‭is‬ ‭human‬ ‭error,‬ ‭which‬ ‭can‬ ‭mean‬
‭misreading‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭instruments,‬ ‭improper‬ ‭handling‬ ‭of‬
‭the‬ ‭chemicals,‬ ‭etc.‬ ‭Next‬ ‭would‬ ‭be‬ ‭chemical‬ ‭errors,‬
‭oftentimes‬ ‭these‬ ‭are‬ ‭caused‬ ‭by‬ ‭impurities‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬
‭chemicals‬ ‭or‬ ‭if‬ ‭a‬ ‭solution‬ ‭is‬ ‭not‬ ‭properly‬ ‭mixed.‬
‭Equipment‬‭errors‬‭can‬‭occur‬‭in‬‭multiple‬‭ways,‬‭such‬‭as‬
‭contaminations‬ ‭and‬ ‭physical‬ ‭defects.‬ ‭Environmental‬
‭errors‬ ‭can‬ ‭occur‬ ‭when‬ ‭a‬ ‭chemical‬ ‭is‬ ‭exposed‬ ‭to‬
‭different‬ ‭factors‬ ‭that‬ ‭could‬ ‭change‬ ‭how‬ ‭it‬ ‭behaves,‬
‭such‬‭as‬‭light‬‭or‬‭air.‬‭Lastly,‬‭there‬‭are‬‭procedural‬‭errors,‬
‭which‬ ‭can‬‭occur‬‭while‬‭doing‬‭the‬‭experiment‬‭such‬‭as‬
‭improper‬ ‭mixing‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭solution‬ ‭and‬ ‭cleaning‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬
‭equipment‬‭[1]‬‭.‬
‭Reference‬‭:‬
[‭ 1]‬ ‭Abbas‬ ‭A.‬ ‭(2023,‬ ‭April‬ ‭12)‬ ‭Sources‬ ‭of‬ ‭Errors‬ ‭in‬
‭Titration‬‭. Master Chemistry‬
‭ ttps://themasterchemistry.com/sources-of-errors-i‬
h
‭n-titration/‬

‭ eference:‬
R
‭[1]‬‭https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/difference-betwee‬
‭n-endpoint-and-equivalence-point‬

‭5.‬ ‭ side‬ ‭from‬ ‭repeating‬ ‭the‬ ‭experiment,‬ ‭search‬

A
‭literature‬ ‭and‬ ‭suggest‬ ‭what‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭done‬ ‭to‬
‭remedy a sample that is ‘over-titrated’.‬

‭ ince‬‭over-titration‬‭means‬‭that‬‭there‬‭is‬‭an‬‭excess‬‭amount‬‭of‬
S
‭reagent‬‭in‬‭the‬‭solution,‬‭back-titration‬‭is‬‭adding‬‭an‬‭analyte‬‭to‬
‭the‬ ‭over-titrated‬ ‭sample‬ ‭to‬ ‭reverse‬ ‭the‬ ‭titration.‬ ‭The‬
‭back-titration‬ ‭neutralizes‬ ‭the‬ ‭excess‬ ‭reagent‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬
‭sample’s data is able to be recorded and used.‬

‭ ‬ ‭study‬ ‭by‬ ‭Kim‬ ‭et.al‬ ‭in‬ ‭2009‬ ‭experimented‬ ‭with‬ ‭saving‬

A
‭overshot‬ ‭titrations‬ ‭by‬ ‭exhaling‬ ‭air‬ ‭into‬ ‭the‬ ‭overshot‬
‭acid-base‬ ‭titrations‬ ‭to‬ ‭neutralize‬ ‭the‬ ‭extra‬ ‭NaOH.‬ ‭They‬
 −‭3‬
‭4.‬‭048683033‬×‭10‬ ‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑀‬(‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭3)‬ = ‭1‬‭𝐿‬ = ‭0‬. ‭06920825698‬‭‬‭𝑀‬
‭58‬.‭5‭‬‭𝑚
‬ 𝑙‬× ‭1000‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬

(‭𝑀‭‬‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑇
‬ 𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‭1
‬ )‬ +(‭𝑀‭‬‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‬‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‭2
‬ ‬)+‭(‬ ‭𝑀‭‬‬‭𝑜𝑓‬‭‭𝑇
‬ 𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‭3
‬ ‬)
‭𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒‬‭‬‭𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬ =
‭Appendices‬ ‭3‬

‭0.‬‭07008475689‬‭‭𝑀
‬ +
‬ ‭0.‬‭07062711374‬‭‭𝑀
‬ +
‬ ‭0.‬‭06920825698‬‭‭𝑀
‬ ‬
‭𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒‬‭𝑀‬ = ‭‬ ‭3‬

‭Trial 1‬ ‭Trial 2‬ ‭Trial 3‬ = ‭0‬. ‭0699733758‬‭𝑀‬

‭Determination of Acetic Acid in Vinegar‬
‭0.8160 g‬ ‭0.8252 g‬ ‭0.8270 g‬ ‭1‭‬‭𝐿
‬‬
‭Trial A=‬ ‭56‬. ‭3‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬‭× ‬ ‭1000‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬
= ‭0‬. ‭0563‬‭‬‭𝐿‬
‭ able‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Collected‬ ‭data‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭mass‬ ‭of‬ ‭Impure‬ ‭KHP‬ ‭from‬
T
‭Standardization of NaOH solution with KHP‬ ‭𝑔‬‭𝑜𝑓‬‭𝐶‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶 𝑂𝑂𝐻‬ =
‬

‭Calculations:‬

‭Standardization of NaOH solution with KHP‬

(‭0‬. ‭0699733758‬‭‬ ‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬
‭𝐿‬ )
‭ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐶
𝑚
‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ (‭0‬. ‭0563‬‭‬‭𝐿‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬) 𝑚
‬ ‬‭𝐻‭3‬ ‭𝐶
‭ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝑁 ‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
( )‭ ‬
)( )
‭99‬. ‭98%‬‭‭𝑝
‬ 𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝐾
‬ 𝐻𝑃‬ ‭60‬.‭053‬‭‭𝑔
‬ ‬‭‭𝐶
‬ ‭𝐻
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬

‭Trial 1‬
( ‭250‬‭‭𝑚
‭50‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬
‬ 𝐿‬ ‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐶
‬ ‭𝐻
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
= ‭1‬. ‭182894285‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐶‭𝐻
‬ ‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ = ‭0‬. ‭9998‬‭‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭‬‭× 0‬. ‭8160‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬‭‬‭‬ =
‭𝑚‬ ‭𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒‬
‭%‬ ‭𝑣‬ = ‭𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒‬‭‭𝑜‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬
‭𝑥‬‭100‬
‭ ‬. ‭8158368‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒‬‭‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬
0
‭Trial 2‬ ‭𝑚‬ ‭1‬.‭182894285‬‭‭𝑔
‬ ‬‭‬‭𝐶‭𝐻
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ = ‭0‬. ‭9998‬‭‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭‬‭× 0‬. ‭8252‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ = ‭%‬ ‭𝑣‬ = ‭25‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬‭‭𝐶
‬ ‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶 𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‭×100‬ = ‭4‬. ‭73157714%‬
‬

‭ ‬. ‭82503496‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬
0 ‭Trial B=‬ ‭88‬. ‭5‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬‭× ‬ ‭1000‬‭‭𝑚 = ‭0‬. ‭0885‬‭‬‭𝐿‬
‭1‭‬‭𝐿
‬‬
‭Trial 3‬ ‬ 𝐿‬

‭𝑔‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ = ‭0‬. ‭9998‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭× 0‬. ‭8270‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ =

‭𝑔‬‭𝑜𝑓‬‭𝐶‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬ =
‭0‬. ‭8268346‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬

‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ =
‭204‬.‭2231‬‭‭𝑔
‬‬ (‭0‬. ‭0699733758‬‭‬ ‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬
‭𝐿‬ )
‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ (‭0‬. ‭0885‬‭‬‭𝐿‬‭‭𝑁
‭ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐶
𝑚
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬) 𝑚
‬ ‭𝐻
‭ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ (
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
)( ‭250‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬
‭50‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬ )
‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬

‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭1‬ = ‭‬‭57‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬
‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ = ‭0‬. ‭8158368‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ ×
‭ ‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐾
1 ‬ 𝐻𝑃‬
( ‭60‬.‭053‬‭‭𝑔
‬ ‭‬‬‭𝐶‭𝐻
‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐶
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‬ ‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬ ) = ‭‬‭1‬. ‭859434178‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐶‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬‭‬
‭ 04‬.‭2231‬‭‬‭𝑔‭‬‭𝐾
2 ‬ 𝐻𝑃‬
‭𝑚‬ ‭𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒‬
‭1‭‬‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ −‭3‬
‭%‬ ‭𝑣‬ = ‭𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒‬‭‭𝑜‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬
‭𝑥‬‭100‬
× ‭1‭‬‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐾
‬ 𝐻𝑃‬
= ‭3‬. ‭994831143‬ × ‭10‬ ‭‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑚‬ ‭‬‭1‬.‭859434178‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐶‭𝐻
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‭ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝑜
𝑚 ‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ ‭%‬ ‭𝑣‬ = ‭25‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬‭‭𝐶
‬ ‬‭𝐻‭3‬ ‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‭×100‬ = ‭‭7
‬ ‬. ‭437736712%‬
‭𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭‬(‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‬‭1‬) = ‭𝐿‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬
‭1‭‬‭𝐿
‬‬
‭3.‬‭995630269×‬‭10‬ ‭‭𝑚
−‭3‬
‬ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭Trial C=‬‭61‬. ‭3‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬‭× ‬ ‭1000‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬
= ‭0‬. ‭0613‬‭‬‭𝐿‬
‭𝑀‬(‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭1‬) = ‭1‭𝐿
‬‬ = ‭0‬. ‭07008475689‬‭‬‭𝑀‬
‭57‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑙‬× ‭1000‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬
‭𝑔‬‭𝑜𝑓‬‭𝐶‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬ =
‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭2‬ = ‭‬‭57‬. ‭2‬‭𝑚𝐿‬

‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ = ‭0‬. ‭82503496‬‭𝑔‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ ×

‭ ‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐾
1 ‬ 𝐻𝑃‬
‭ 04‬.‭2231‬‭‬‭𝑔‭‬‭𝐾
2 ‬ 𝐻𝑃‬
(‭0‬. ‭0699733758‬‭‬ ‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬
‭𝐿‬ )
‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ (‭0‬. ‭0613‬‭‬‭𝐿‬‭‭𝑁
‭ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐶
𝑚
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬) 𝑚
‬ ‭𝐻
‭ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ (
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
)( ‭250‬‭‬‭𝑚𝐿‬
‭50‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬ )

×
‭1‭‬‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭1‭‬‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐾
‬ 𝐻𝑃‬
= ‭4‬. ‭039864971‬× ‭10‬ ‭‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
−‭3‬
( ‭60‬.‭053‬‭‭𝑔
‬ ‭‬‬‭𝐶‭𝐻
‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐶
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‬ ‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬ ) =‭1‬. ‭8678384‬‭‬‭𝑔‬‭‬‭𝐶‬‭𝐻‬‭3‭𝐶
‬
𝑂𝑂𝐻‬

‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ ‭𝑚‬ ‭𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒‬
‭𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭‬(‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‬‭2‬) = ‭𝐿‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬ ‭%‬ ‭𝑣‬ = ‭𝑥‬‭100‬
‭𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒‬‭‭𝑜‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬
−‭3‬
‭4.‬‭039864971‬×‭10‬ ‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ ‭1‬.‭8678384‬‭‭𝑔
‬ ‬‭‬‭𝐶‭𝐻
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑀‬(‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭2)‬ = ‭1‬‭𝐿‬ = ‭0‬. ‭07062711374‬‭‬‭𝑀‬ ‭𝑚‬
‭%‬ ‭𝑣‬ = ‭×100‬ = ‭5.‬ ‭151788254‬‭‭%
‬ ‬
‭57‬.‭2‭‬‭𝑚
‬ 𝑙‬× ‭1000‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬
‭25‬‭‭𝑚
‬ 𝐿‬‭‬‭𝐶‭𝐻
‬ ‬‭3‬‭𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻‬

‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭3‬ = ‭‬‭58‬. ‭5‬‭𝑚𝐿‬

‭1‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝐾
‬ 𝐻𝑃‬ ‭1‬‭‬‭𝑚‭0‬ ‭𝑙‬ ‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬ = ‭0‬. ‭8268346‬‭𝑔‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬ × ‭204‬.‭2231‬‭‬‭𝑔‭‬‭𝐾
‬ 𝐻𝑃‬
× ‭1‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝐾𝐻𝑃‬

−‭3‬
‭4‬. ‭048683033‬ × ‭10‬ ‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑚𝑜𝑙‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬
‭𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭‬(‭𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙‬‭‬‭3‬) = ‭𝐿‬‭‭𝑜
‬ 𝑓‬‭‭𝑁
‬ 𝑎𝑂𝐻‬‭‭𝑠‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛‬