Satellite

Link
Analysis
Prof R V Raja Kumar and
Antennas

Note: Only diagrams and some derivations are

given, here. The material and diagrams used
here are taken from ISRO and text books like
Roddy, Tri T Ha and sources from Internet.
 A Basic Satellite Link

PT = Transmit power
GT = Transmit antenna gain
 Satellite Link Analysis
S = PT GT /[4pRu2]
Rx power by the Sat Rx = SAeff = ShA X

Aeff= Effective aperture of Rx antenna

GR
PT GT

GR
PR = PT GT GR / [4pRu]2
lu
 Satellite Link Analysis
S = PT GT /[4pRu2]
Rx power by the Sat Rx = SAeff X

PR = PT GT GR / LuL1

Path loss, Lu = [4pRu]2

lu
PT GT
L1 = Antenna pointing loss due
and loss due to atmospheric
absorption.

PR in dB = PT in dB + GT in dB + GR in dB – Lu in dB – L1 in dB
 Satellite Link Analysis
S = PT GT / [4pRu2]
X
Rx power by the Sat Rx = SAeff
PR = PT GT GR / LuL1

PT GT
Tu = Sat Rx noise temp, B = Sat Rx
Noise eq., BW, k = Boltzmann’s
const (1.38x10-23 J/K)

CNR at the Sat Rx = Cu/Nu = PR /N0 = PT GT GR / LuL1 / [kTuB]

 Downlink Analysis
Nu
PD = Transmit power
Cu GS = Transmit antenna gain
PD = Gain [Cu + Nu]

CNR at the Earth Stn Rx = Cd/Nd = PRE /N0E = PD GTD GRE / LdL2 / [kTdB]
 Downlink Analysis
Nu
PD = Transmit power
Cu GS = Transmit antenna gain
PD = Gain [Cu + Nu]
Here, noise power in Sat Tx
power =
PD Nu / [Cu + Nu]
= PD / [Cu /Nu+1]

CNR at the Earth Stn Rx = Cd/Nd = PRE /N0E = PD GTD GRE / LdL2 / [kTdB]
 Nu Downlink Analysis
PD = Transmit power
Cu GS = Transmit antenna gain
PD = Gain [Cu + Nu]
Here, noise power in Sat Tx
power =
PD Nu / [Cu + Nu]
1 = PD / [Cu /Nu+1]

Here, total noise power at the earth stn Rx

= PD GTD GRE / LdL2 / [Cu /Nu+1] + kTdB
Actual CNR at the Earth Stn Rx =
1 ~ 1
1/ [C /N ] + 1/ [C /N + 1] 1/ [C /N ] + 1/ [C /N ]
d d u u d d u u
 Overall CNR Incl., of Interference

UL additive Int. powers, DL additive Int. powers,

1
~
1 1
The Example of a Ku-band (14/12) GHz Sat Com system
with Single Carrier per Transponder
Channel Bandwidth – With Pulse Shaping
Random binary bit stream Bbinary = rb /2 to rb

Ts = 2Tb = 2/rb =1/rs

- rb 0 rb
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb
Quaternary symbol Bquaternary = rb /4 to rb/2
stream

0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts - r s 0 rs

QPSK
BQPSK = rb /2 to rb

fc
fc- rs fc+ rs
 Link Design
Fix mod scheme going by
the Pe, consider
available antennae (G/T),
consider the interference
(Tx-Rx filters), uplink and
downlink SNR’s and fid
the Uplink and Downlink
transmit powers.

If the powers are not

feasible, reconsider the
above choices and
reiterate, till a
satisfactory choice of
subsystems fits in.
Satellite Antennas
 Cassegrain & Multi-feed Antennas

Cassegrain Antenna Mult-feed Multi-Beam Antenna

Master Control Facility (MCF) Earth Station Antenna
MCF, Hasan, Karnataka & Bhopal

payloads in UHF, L, S, C, Ext-C, Ku and Ka

bands are facilitated by MCF.

Round-the-clock Operations,
Flight Dynamics Activities.
Telemetry, Tracking, Commanding and Ranging
(TTC&R) & User-Services.
Satellite Data Processing

•Initial Phase (LEOP)

•On-orbit Phase (Normal Phase)
•End of Life phase (EOL)
 0.76m Ka Band VSAT Antenna Satcom
Dish for Satellite Internet
Frequency Tx: 28GHz~31GHz Rx: 18.2
Range GHz~21.0GHz
Antenna Gain（ Tx: G≥44.0＋20lg(f/29.5) Rx: G≥41.0
dBi） ＋20lg(f/19.95)

1.2 m C band VSAT antenna satellite

broadband antenna

Operating Tx:- Frequency Rx:-

5.85-6.425 GHz 3.625-4.200 GHz
Tx gain: 35.2dB; Rx gain: 31.5 dB.
Electrical Specification Cassegrain Antenna
Diameter 20M
Operating
Receive Transmit
Frequency, GHz
3.625-4.2 5.85-6.425
Antenna Gain, dBi 56.85+20lg f/4 60.30+20lgf/6
Antenna Noise Temperature:
36K
10deg Elevation

Azimuth 0 to170deg continuous（w.r.t true south）

Elevation 5 to 90deg (continuous)