MORPHOLOGY

Supporting Lecturer: Nur Syamsiah, M.Pd

GROUP 4:
 DHEA FEBI CAHYANI (211104O254)
 SERLI SASMYTHA (2111040096)
 YANTI OKTAVIA (2111040276)

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING

RADEN INTAN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY LAMPUNG

2022
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, we finished writing this

paper entitled “MORPHOLOGY” right in the calculated time.

The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment tat given by Mrs. Nur

Syamsiah as Lecturer in “Introduction to Linguistic” major.

In arraging this paper, we truly get lots of challenges and abstuction but with help of

many individual, those abstructions could passed. We also realized there are still many

mistakes in process of writing this paper.

Because of that, we want to say thank you to all individuals who helps in the process

of writing this paper. Hopefully Allah replies all helps and bless you all. We realized that his

paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. We hope the criticsm fro the readers can

helps the readers to gain more knowledge about linguistic major.

Bandar Lampung, 10 November 2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE...................................................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................ii

BAB I. INTRODUCTION

A. Problem Background..................................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation…..................................................................................................1
C. Purpose of the Problem..................................................................................................1

BAB II.DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Morphology……………………………………………………………..2
B. Structural Approach to Morphology ………………………………………………….2
C. Morphemess …………………………………………………………………………..3
D. Types of Morphemes ………………………………………………………………….3

BAB III. CLOSING

A. Conclusion......................................................................................................................5

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................
.

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 CHAPTER I

INTODUCTION

A. Background

Problem Background Morphology is the arrangement and relationships of the smallest

meaningful units in a language. So what does this really mean? Every human language
depends on sounds. When specific sounds are put together in aspecific way, words, phrases,
and finally sentences can be created. This is how messages are sent and received.

In order to understand morphology, you need to know theterm Morphemes, which is the
smallest unit of a word with meaning. That meaning is how language conveys messages.
Morphemess are more than just letters. When a number of letters are put together into a word
part that now has meaning, then you have a Morphemes. Morphology studies how these units
of meaning, or word parts, can be arranged in a language

B. Identification of Problem
a. What is Morphology?
b. What is structural approach to Morphology?
c. What is Morphemess?
d. What are the types of Morphemes?

C. Objective
a. To explain and understand definition of Morphology
b. To Explain about the types of Morphemes
c. To explain and understand about Morphemess
d. To explain and understand about approach to morphology

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

a. Definiton of Morphology

Morphology is a branch of linguistics that involves the study of the grammatical

structure of words and how words are formed and varied within the lexicon of any given
language. Morphology studies the relationship between Morphemess, referring to the
smallest meaningful unit in a word, and how these units can be arranged to create new words
or new forms of the same word. Within the study of morphology, a Morphemes is further
distinguished from a lexeme, the latter being the minimal word unit that has content meaning
in itself. A Morphemes is, more broadly speaking, a language unit, which can be a word unit,
and therefore a lexeme. It can also be an affix or a word part that has no content meaning in
itself but has functional meaning.

b. Structural approach to Morphology

There are three main approaches to studying morphology; the Morphemes-based

approach, the lexeme-based approach, and the word-based approach.
 The Morphemes-based approach, analyzes words as an arrangement of individual
Morphemess. Its approach is sequential, where Morphemess are arranged sequentially
onto the stem word to form more complex forms of the stem word. For example;
 The word "dogs" is composed of two Morphemess: the stem word "dog" and
the inflectional suffix "-s" to indicate the plural form of "dog".
 The word "jumped" is composed of two Morphemess: the stem word "jump"
and the inflectional suffix "-ed" to indicate the past tense of "jump".
 The word "constitutionally" can be reduced to four Morphemess: The stem
word "constitute", the derivational suffix "-ion", the adverb inflection suffix "-
al", and finally the adjective inflection suffix "-ly". This approach is best
illustrated by the morphology tree below.

 The lexeme-based approach, is more complex than the Morphemes-based approach.

In the lexeme-based approach, words are not viewed as an arrangement of individual
Morphemess. Rather, the lexeme is what results when a set of processes or rules are
applied to the stem word. For instance;
 in the sentence "the five dogs ran," the inflectional rule of the plural must be
applied to the stem word "dog", and this results in a new word form "dogs".
The lexeme-based approach must, therefore, consider the larger sentence in
order to determine what rule or process is applied.

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  The Morphemes-based approach generates word forms from stems and the lexeme-
based approach states rules to combine Morphemess into word forms, the word-based
approach relies on generalizations between the forms of inflectional paradigms that
the words fit into. A new word is formed by applying a regular rule or process to an
already existing word.

c. Morphemess

In order to understand morphology, it is important to have a clear understanding of

Morphemess. A Morphemes is the smallest meaningful unit of a word. There are two forms
meaning can take: functional meaning and content meaning. It is also important to note that
the number of syllables in a word is not equivalent to the number of Morphemess that a word
contains.
For instance, the word "jumps" has one syllable, but has two Morphemess, "jump"
(verb Morphemes) and "-s" (inflectional bound suffix Morphemes). Another example is the
word "points" which also has one syllable, but has two Morphemess. The word "America"
has four syllables but is a lexical Morphemes on its own. This means one cannot break the
lexeme "America" down further into meaningful units. The word "polluted" has three
syllables but only has two Morphemess. "Pollute" is the stem verb Morphemes, while "-ed" is
the bound Morphemes in the form of an inflectional suffix that indicates the past tense of the
word.
d. Types of Morphemess

There are two types of Morphemess: bound and free Morphemess.

 Bound Morphemess are Morphemess that must be attached to other Morphemess in
order to make sense. Bound Morphemess cannot stand on their own and do not have
content meaning, but do, however, hold functional meaning. Affixes are examples of
bound Morphemess and include suffixes and prefixes . Suffixes include noun suffixes,
verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, and adverb suffixes. Here are some examples:
 "-ly" is an adverb suffix meaning "to be characterized by", as in "quickly" and
"coldly"
"-ness" is a noun suffix meaning "a state of being", as in "sadness" and "coldness"
"-fy" is a verb suffix meaning "to make", as in "horrify" and "glorify"
As an adverb suffix, "-ly" changes the stem word into an adverb. While "-ly"
does not have content meaning on its own, it does have a functional meaning. In this
case, its functional meaning lies in how it changes a word into an adverb, for instance
from the stem verb word "quick" to the adverb "quickly".

 Stand-alone words are free Morphemess. The two categories of free Morphemess are
lexical Morphemess and grammatical/functional Morphemess.

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Lexical Morphemess are independently meaningful. Many of these Morphemess
exist, such as the word cat. This word is a lexical Morphemes because it can stand
alone and contains its meaning. The words "and," "but," "or," "after," "that," "the,"
and "she" are examples of grammatical/functional Morphemess. These Morphemess
contain functional words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and determiners.
The word "catfish" is an example of combing two free Morphemess, "cat" and "fish,"
together to create a new compound word.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Morphology is the study of building books of meaning in language. These building blocks,
called morphonmes, are the smallest units of form that bear meaning or have a grammatical
function. Morphology is the sudy of word formation in a particular language. It focuses
especially on the internal structure of the words and their alteration through the addiition of
prufixes and suffixes.

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 PREFERENCE

Agirre, E.; et al. (1992), "XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based ontwo-
level morphology", Proceedings of the Third Conference of Applied Natural Language
Processing (PDF), pp. 119–125

Bubeník, Vit. (1999). An introduction to the study of morphology. LINCOM coursebooksin

linguistics, 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-570-2

Bauer, Laurie (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology (2nd ed.).Washington,D.C.:

Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-343-4