20EE1001 – Basic Electrical and Computer Engineering

LECTURE – 1

Topic: Power Supply - Single Phase &

Three Phase
Module 1: Electric Grid & Power Supply

Presented By

Dr. F. T. Josh, M.E., Ph.D,

Assistant Professor
DIVISION OF EEE
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Academic Year : 2023-2024

Semester : Odd Semester (1st)
Class : I B.Tech. Food Pro ‘A’
Batch :1

Division of EEE, School of E&T, KITS, Coimbatore

 Principle Advantages of AC system over DC System

• Alternating voltages can be stepped up or stepped

down by means of a transformer

• AC motors are cheaper and simpler in construction

that DC motors

• Switchgear (switches and circuit breakers) for AC

system is simpler than DC system
 Why Sine Waveform?

• In AC machines and transformers, sinusoidal voltages and

currents produce the least iron and copper losses for a
given input. Hence efficiency is better

• Sinusoidal voltages and currents produce less

interference (noise) on telephone lines.

• The sine waveform produces the least disturbance in the

electrical circuit and is the smoothest and efficient
waveform.
Rotating Phasor
 Rotating Phasor
• The rotating phasor should be equal to the peak
value of the quantity
• The rotating phasor should initially start at zero
and then move its direction (anticlockwise)
• The speed of the phasor should be in such way that
during its one revolution the alternating quantity
completes one cycle
• Generally RMS values are used for phase
representation
)
Basic AC Quantities
Average Value:
The average value of an alternating current is
that value of the direct current which transfers
across any circuit in a given time the same charge as
that of transferred by the alternating current in the
same circuit. It is also called as mean value.

Average value of a sinusoidal alternating voltage is

given by, 2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ;
𝜋
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value:
The rms value of an alternating current is given by
that value of direct current which when flowing through a
given circuit for a given time produces the same heating
effect as that produced by an alternating current when
flowing through the same circuit for the same time. It is
also called as effective value.

RMS, value of a sinusoidal alternating voltage is given by,

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ;
2
Form Factor = 1.11;

Peak Factor = 1.414

 Tutorial Problem 1
A alternating sinusoidal current equation is given by i = 200 sin 314𝑡. Obtain Iavg, Irms, form
factor, peak factor, frequency and time period.
Solution: i = Im Sin ωt;
from i = 200 sin 314𝑡 ; Im = 200V;

2𝐼𝑚 2×200
Iavg = = = 127.32A
𝜋 𝜋
𝐼𝑚 200
Irms = = = 141.44
2 2
Form factor = Irms / Iavg = 1.11
Peak factor = Max. Value / Irms = 1.414
𝜔
Frequency: 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 ; 𝑓 = = 50Hz
2𝜋
Time period = 1/frequency = 20ms.
Phase:
Phase:
The phase of an alternating quantity is the fraction of the
time period that has elapsed from reference position ( zero
posisiton)

Types of Phase Quantities:

• Inphase
• Phase Lead
• Phase Lag
Two alternating quantities are said to be in inphase, if they reach
their zero value of max. value at the same time. If they don’t they
are said to be out of phase.

Lagging alternating quantity is the one which reaches its max.

value and zero value later than that of the other alternating
quantity.

Leading alternating quantity is the one which reaches its max.

value and zero value earlier than that of the other alternating
quantity.
 Why Three Phase (3 - ɸ) System?
• It is viewed as the combination of three single phase
systems with a phase difference of 120ᵒ between every
pair.
• GTD of three phase power is cheaper than single
phase.
• Three phase system is more efficient than single
phase system.
• Uniform torque production occurs in three phase
whereas pulsating torque is produced in the case of
single phase system.
According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction,
emf’s are induced in the three coils (RR’,YY’ and BB’).

• The emf induced in coil YY’ lags behind the emf

induced in the coil RR’ by 120ᵒ.

• The emf induced in coil BB’ lags behind the emf induced
in the coil YY’ by 120ᵒ.

It is given by,
VR = Vm sin ωt
VY = Vm sin (ωt - 120ᵒ)
VB = Vm sin (ωt - 240ᵒ)
• All the three induced emf’s have the same amplitude,
same period and frequency.
• Thus, the above set of voltages are called three phase balanced
system of voltages.
Phase Sequence:

• The order in which the different phasors reach

their respective maximum value is known as
phase sequence.

• Phase sequence indicates the rotation of phasors

in a particular direction.