Student Book answers B13 Reproduction

B13.1 Types of reproduction

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a no fusion of gametes, only one parent, no variation 1
1b fusion of gametes from two parents, variation 1
1c sex cell containing only a single set of chromosomes, made as a result 1
of meiosis (cell division)
1d differences between individuals as a result of their genetic material 1
2 Asexually produced offspring formed by mitosis from cells of one 1
parent,
with no joining of gametes and no mixing of genetic information, hence 1
no variation.
Sexually produced offspring formed by meiosis, 1
with fusing of male and female gametes from two parents, 1
hence offspring genetically different from both parents and from each 1
other.
3 Points may include: 6 Any other valid point.
asexual offspring identical to parents so if conditions change and one
individual cannot survive, none of them can; sexual reproduction
introduces variation so if conditions change some offspring may survive;
change in conditions may make it more difficult for sexually reproducing
organisms to meet and mate, so may be less likely to survive than
asexual organisms that can reproduce regardless.

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B13.2 Cell division in sexual reproduction

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a 23 1
1b 23 1
1c 46 1
2 Sexual reproduction involves fusing of two gametes, bringing genetic 1
information from two individuals together and introducing variation.
Gametes result from meiosis, 1
during which each gamete receives random mixture of original 1
chromosome pairs,
so gametes are all different from original cells as well as from each 1
other.
3a Meiosis. 1
After chromosomes are copied, 1
cell divides twice, 1
resulting in sex cells each with single set of chromosomes. 1
3b reproductive organs (ovaries or testes) 1
3c It halves number of chromosomes in gametes so that when two 1
gametes fuse during sexual reproduction, new individual has full set of
chromosomes.
It introduces variation as each gamete receives random mixture of 1
original chromosomes.

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B13.3 The best of both worlds

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 Any one similarity from: 1
• continue a species;
• pass on genes;
• can be sped up by humans (cloning in asexual reproduction,
selective breeding in sexual reproduction).
Any one difference from: 1
• one parent in asexual reproduction, two in sexual reproduction;
• asexual reproduction faster;
• asexual reproduction results in identical offspring, sexual
reproduction in varied offspring.
2a Flowering plants commonly reproduce sexually but can reproduce 1
asexually (e.g., strawberry runners),
enabling formation of new plants even when sex organs (flowers) 1
destroyed or eaten.
Fungi commonly reproduce asexually but can reproduce sexually when 1
conditions are unfavourable (e.g., too dry).
2b Malaria parasites reproduce differently at different stages of life cycle – 1
asexually in human liver and blood cells,
sexually inside red blood cells in mosquito. 1
Both sexual and asexual reproduction are part of life cycle, 1
asexual reproduction is not an alternative for bad conditions, as it is in 1
fungi.

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 Student Book answers B13 Reproduction

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
3 Points may include: 6 Any other valid point.
if organism can reproduce asexually in favourable conditions (e.g.,
fungi), variation is not needed – organism can reproduce fast and safely
with genetic makeup that works;
if conditions become more difficult, reproducing sexually can introduce
variation to increase chances of survival (e.g., to produce spores better
adapted to adverse conditions);
reproducing sexually as fixed part of life cycle guarantees continuous
variation, which can be an advantage to a pathogen (e.g., malaria
parasite) – makes it harder for body to identify and reject it, and harder
to make vaccines against it.

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B13.4 DNA and the genome

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a entire genetic material 1
1b Human cells can use same genes in different ways 1
and switch parts of genes on or off, changing proteins made by a single 1
gene,
so humans can make many more chemicals than they have genes. 1
2a major project to sequence entire human genome 1
2b Any three from: 3
• involved scientists from all over the world working together,
• results shared freely between teams and all other scientists,
• finished ahead of schedule,
• cost less than expected.
2ci To find out as much as possible about human genome, 1 Any other valid point.
to identify common sequence differences and similarities between people, 1
to identify genes associated with particular diseases, 1
and to discover more about human evolution. 1
2 c ii To find similarities and differences between humans and other organisms, 1 Any other valid point.
to identify evolutionary relationships between different organisms, 1
and to identify organisms with genetic similarities to people that may be 1
useful in models of disease.
3 All living humans originate from ancestors who migrated from Africa 1 Any other well researched point.
around 60 000 years ago.
Genome analysis enables scientists to map genetic markers in modern 1
humans
to trace human migration patterns throughout history. 1
DNA samples are collected from different ethnic groups 1
and genetic differences are identified. 1
More closely related groups will have fewer genetic differences. 1

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B13.5 DNA structure and protein synthesis

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a one of four different compounds known as A, C, G, and T that are key 1
to DNA structure
1b single unit of DNA made up of sugar, phosphate, and base 1
2 When the protein chain is completed on the ribosome, it folds up. 1
Shape made depends on sequence of amino acids. 1
Unique shape enables it to carry out specific job 1
as an enzyme, hormone, or structural protein. 1
3 Template is produced that reflects sequence of bases in DNA of a 1
single gene.
Template is small enough to leave nucleus through pores in nuclear 1
membrane, and binds to surface of ribosome.
Carrier molecules in cytoplasm, each attached to specific amino acid, 1
attach themselves to template in order given by DNA until template
completed.
Amino acids join together to form specific protein. 1
Protein detaches from carrier molecules, which detach from template 1
and return to cytoplasm to pick up more amino acids.
Once protein chain is complete molecule folds up to form unique shape 1
that will enable it to carry out its functions in cell.

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B13.6 Gene expression and mutation

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a gene expressed when protein it codes for is produced in cell 1
1b Non‑coding regions of DNA 1
involved in switching genes on so they are expressed, 1
switching them off so they are not expressed, 1
or switching only part of gene on so different protein is expressed. 1
2 Order of bases in DNA controls proteins made on ribosomes in cell. If 1
mutation alters DNA bases, this may change amino acids joined
together to form protein.
This affects way in which protein folds and functions. 1
If an enzyme cannot work, certain chemicals will not be made and this 1
can affect organism appearance.
If mutation affects non-coding DNA, gene expression is affected, which 1
would also affect appearance.

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 Student Book answers B13 Reproduction

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
3 Points may include: 6 Any other valid point.
most mutations have no effect – every organism contains many
mutations that have no observable effect;
changes in order of amino acids/shape of protein may have bad effect –
active site of enzyme changed so it no longer fits normal substrate,
structural protein may lose its strength;
mutation may cause changes in molecules controlling rate of cell cycle
– causing cancer;
mutation may mean organism doesn’t compete well – leading to death
of affected organism;
mutation may cause production of enzyme with different‑shaped active
site – enabling it to produce different colour/better camouflage;
may cause production of enzyme that allows breakdown of different
food source – enabling survival when normal food is scarce;
may cause production of enzyme that is faster or more efficient catalyst
– improving cell function;
mutation in bacteria may alter biochemistry to cause antibiotic
resistance – advantage to bacteria if not to people;
mutation may affect gene expression rather than changing product of
particular gene – effect may be neutral, positive, or negative.

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B13.7 Inheritance in action

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a allele controlling development of characteristic even when present on 1
only one chromosome
1b allele controlling development of characteristic only if present on both 1
chromosomes
1c homozygous: both alleles for particular characteristic are the same; 1
heterozygous: individual has two different alleles for particular 1
characteristic
2 Gametes A a 5
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
3a Black fur in mice is dominant phenotype. Black mice may be BB or Bb. 1
Brown mouse has recessive phenotype with genotype bb. 1
Crossing black mouse with brown mouse can help work out genotype of 1
black mouse.
Any brown mice in litter show black adult mouse is heterozygote. If 1
offspring are all black, black mouse may be homozygous but not proven
as all offspring could be black by chance.
3bi 5
Gametes B B
B BB BB
b Bb Bb
3 b ii 5
Gametes B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb

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B13.8 More about genetics

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a XX 1
1b XY 1
2 Gametes meeting is a random event. 1
Lots and lots of genetic crosses are needed for patterns to emerge, to 1
overcome the random element of mating.
3a People think that the more times you have a girl, 1
the greater the chance that the next child will be a boy. 1
3b Every time an egg or a sperm meet it is a random event. 1
Whether the sperm is carrying an X or a Y chromosome is completely 1
random,
so the chances of any baby being a boy or a girl are 1:1 or 50% that it 1
will be a boy (XY) or a girl (XX).
Also accept Punnett square demonstrating this.
4a Gametes G g 5
g Gg gg
g Gg gg
4b Genotypes 1
Gg: 50%, gg: 50%
Phenotypes 1
Orange: 50%, white 50%
1:1 ratio 1
Punnett squares only give the probability. 1

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B13.9 Inherited disorders

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a inherited disorder that causes extra fingers or toes 1
1b polydactyly phenotype 1
is dominant 1
2a A = Pp, 1
individual had polydactyly but had unaffected child (must have 1
recessive allele);
B = Pp, 1
individual had polydactyly but had two unaffected children (must have 1
recessive allele);
C = PP or Pp, 1
both parents have polydactyly so each could have passed on dominant 1
allele P, and both parents are heterozygotes as have unaffected
children, so each could have passed on recessive allele p
2b Carriers have an allele for the normal dominant phenotype, 1
so their body works normally. 1
2c Cystic fibrosis caused by recessive allele, 1
which must be inherited from both parents for child to have disease. 1
If both parents had the disease themselves they would almost certainly 1
be infertile,
so parents must be carriers (heterozygotes). 1
3 Couple must both be carriers (heterozygotes): 5
Gametes S s
S SS Ss
s Ss ss

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B13.10 Screening for genetic disorders

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 amniocentesis: taking some fluid from around the developing fetus at 2
around 15–16 weeks of pregnancy;
chorionic villus sampling of embryonic cells: taking small sample of 2
tissue from developing placenta at around 10–12 weeks of pregnancy
2a Ultrasound used to show position of fetus and needle, which is inserted 1
through body wall into amniotic fluid.
Amniotic fluid sample containing fetal cells drawn up into syringe. 1
DNA isolated from fetal cells and tested for particular genetic disorders. 1
2b Early embryo tested before implantation in mother. 1
DNA isolated from embryonic cells and tested for particular genetic 1
disorders.
3 advantages: 6 Any other valid point.
• screening could reduce high societal cost of health care and
support for children with genetic problems,
• screening could avoid children being born into pain/suffering
caused by genetic disorders;
disadvantages:
• collecting cells from fetus increases risk of miscarriage,
• screening can give false positive or negative result,
• screening necessitates decisions about termination,
• screening is expensive,
• screening could give rise to ‘designer babies’,
• no current cures for genetic disorders identified in screening,
• number of children born with genetic disorders relatively low so
screening every fetus may not be cost‑effective.

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