UNIDAD EDUCATIVA “ALFREDO PÉREZ GUERRERO”

INDEX
NUMERAL THEMES PAGE
1 Vocabulary 1-5
2 Pronouns 6-8
3 Regular and irregular verbs 8-13
4 ADJETIVES 14
5 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJETIVE 14
6 ARTICLES 15
7 PREPOSITIONS 15-16
8 ADVERBS 17-19
9 NUMBERS 19-20
10 NOUNS 20-23
11 MEASUREMENT UNITS 23
12 .QUESTION WORDS 24
13 CONNECTORS OR CONJUNCTION 24-25
14 GRAMMAR 25
15 SIMPLE PRESENT TO-BE 25-26
16 SIMPLE PAST TO-BE 26-27
17 SIMPLE FUTURE TO- BE 27-28
18 SIMPLE PRESENT(R.I) 28-30
19 IMPLE FUTURE (R.I) 30-31
20 PRESENT PERFECT 32
21 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 32
22 PAST PERFECT. 33-34
23 PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS. 35-36
 1.VOCABULARY

NOUNS VERBS ANIMALS

Face Rostro Add Agregar Crab Cangrejo

Finger Dedo Advance Avanzar Dolphin Delfín

Flower Flor Appear Aparecer Shark Tiburón

Food Comida Agree Estar de acuerdo Eel Anguila

Football Fútbol Answer Responder Whale Ballena

Glass Vidrio,vaso Absorb Absorber killer whale Orca

Glasses Anteojos Arise Surgir Jellyfish Medusa

Sadness Triteza Arrive Llegar Mantaray Mantarraya

Sea Mar Assing Asignar Octopus Pulpo

Sky Cielo Assist Ayudar-asistir Pigeon Paloma

COLORS PLACES FAMILY

Gris Gray Cafetería Cafetería Boyfriend Novio

Amarillo Yellow Canteen Cantina Brother Hermano

Verde Green Casino Casino Brother-in-law Cuñado

Naranja Orange Castle Castillo Cousin Primo/a

Marrón Brown Catedral Catedral Dad Papá

Rosa Pink Chemist's Farmacia Daddy Papi

Violeta Violet Church Iglesia Daughter Hija

Púrpura Purple Cinema Cine Daughter-in-law Nuera

Dorado Golden Convent Convento Father Padre

Plata Silver Court Tribunal Father-in-law Suegro

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 PROFESSIONS SPORTS OBJETS
Countant Contable. Aerobics Aerobic Bandage Venda,.

Actor / Actress Actor / Actriz. Archery: Tiro al arco Basin Barreño

Air hostess Azafata Badminton Bádminton Broom Escoba.

Archaeologist Arqueólogo. Baseball Béisbol Brush Cepillo.

Architect Arquitecto. Basketball Baloncesto Bucket Cubo.

Astronaut Astronauta. Beach volleyball Voleibol Bulb Bombilla

De playa
Baker Panadero. Bulldog clips Clip
Boat race Regata
Biologist Biólogo/a. Carabiner Mosquetón
Bowling Bolos
Bricklayer Albañil. Cloth Trapo, paño
Boxing Boxeo
Bus driver Conductor/a Drill Taladro
deautobus Bungee jumping Puenting

TRANSPORT BODY PARTS

FRUITS
Boat Barco Ears Orejas
Mora Blackberry
Bus Autobus Nose Nariz
Arándano rojo Cranberry
Car Coche Mouth Boca
Kiwi Kiwi
Helicopter Helocóptero Teeth Dientes
Piña Pineapple
Truck Camión Tongue Lengua
Sandía Watermelon
Moped Motocicleta Forehead Frente
Melón Melon
Bike Bicicleta Liver Hígado
Pepino Cucumber
Submarine Submarino Kidneys Riñones
Papaya Papaya
Taxi Taxi Intestines Intestinos
Mango Mango
Train Tren Brain Cerebro
Coco Coconut

2
 DAYS MONTS
CARDINAL NUMBERS
Enero January
Monday Lunes 1 one
Febrero February
Tuesday Martes 2 two
Marzo March
Wednesday Miercoles 10 ten
Abril April
Thursday Jueves 11 eleven
Mayo May
Friday Viernes 12 twelve
Junio June
Saturday Sábado 13 thirteen
Julio July
Sunday Domingo 20 twenty
Agosto Augusts
22 twenty-two
Septiembre September
23 twenty-three
Octubre October
24 twenty-four
Noviembre November
25 twenty-five
Diciembre December
30 thirty

ORDINAL NUMBERS ADJECTIVES CLASS OBJECTS

1st first gordo Fat Tiza Chalk.
2nd second bonito Nice Silla Chair.
3rd third caliente Hot Tijeras Scissors.
4th fourth joven Young Bandera Flag.
5th fifth redondo Round Bolígrafo Pen.
6th sixth largo long Reloj Clock.
7th seventh Entretenido Entertained Regla Ruler.
8th eighth Aburrido Bored Pegamento Glue
9th ninth Cansado Tired Borrador Erraser
10th tenth Aterrado Terrified Calculadora Calculator
20th twentieth Emocionado Excited Calendario Calendario
21st twenty-first Sorprendido Surprised Pintura Paint
Agotador Tiring Pupitre Desk

3
 FOOD JEWERLRY
CLOTHES
French fries patatasfritas Belt cinturón Bangle Brazalete
Potato chips patatas Bikini bikini Chain Cadena

Sauce salsa Blouse blusa Necklace Collar

Beef carne de ternera Boots botas Bracelet Pulsera

Pork carne de cerdo Boxers bóxer brooch broche

Lamb cordero Bra sujetador Locket Medallón

Turkey pavo Cap gorro Pendant Colgante

Chicken pollo Coat abrigo Medallion Medallón

Fur coat abrigo de piel Barrette Pasador

Fried chicken pollo frito
Costume disfraz Earrings Aretes
Meat carne
Diaper pañal Ring Anillo
Hamburguesa Burger
Dress vestido Wallet Cartera
Pizza Pizza

FURNITURE PARTS OF THE

SEASON OF THE YEAR
HOUSE
armchair sillón
Ático Attic Spring Primavera
bed cama
Summer Verano
Balcón Balcony
table mesa
Autumn Otoño
Baño Bathroom
bookcase estantería Winter Invierno
sótano Cellar
chair silla
Cobertizo Shed
chest of drawers cómoda
Cocina Kitchen
clock reloj de pared
Comedor Dining room
coat stand percha
Cuarto Room
cupboard despensa
habitación Bedroom
desk escritorio
Entrada Entrance
double bed cama doble
Escalera Staircase
mirror espejo
Garaje Garage

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 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS COUNTRY
Cuba Cuban
SUBJECS Accordion Acordeón
Jamaican Jamaican
Chemistry Química Bassoon Fagot
Haiti Haitian
Drawing Dibujo Castanets Castañuelas
Puerto Rico Puerto Rican
Economics Economía Bass Bajo
Afghanistan Afganistán
English Inglés Fiddle Violín Argentina Argentina
French Francés Piano Piano Australia Australia
History Historia kettledrum Timbal Bolivia Bolivia
Maths Matemáticas Mandoline Mandolina Brazil Brasil

Music Música Guitar Guitarra Chile Chile

Physics Física Banjo banjo China China

Colombia Colombia
Technology Tecnología Clarinet Clarinete
Ecuador Ecuador
Literature literatura Cymbals Platillos
Egypt Egipto
Battery Bateria

HOME APPLIANCES
Air Conditione Aire Acondicionado
Can Opener Abre Latas
Dishwasher Lavaplatos
Water Boiler Calentador
Hair Dryer Secadora de pelo
Iron Plancha

Hair Iron Plancha para el Pelo

Microwave Oven Microondas
Refrigerator Refrigeradora
Toaster Tostador
Flat Screen Pantalla Plana
CD Player Reproductor de Música
Mixer Batidora

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 2.PRONOUNS

2.1 PERSONBAL PRONOUNS

Pueden ser reemplazados por sustantivos

He Reemplaza a un nombre masculino.
She Reemplaza a un nombre femenino.
It Reemplaza a una cosa que no sabemos que es.
We Reemplaza a dos o más personas incluida tu.
They Reemplaza a personas en las que no estén incluidas ni TU ni YO.
Ejemplos:
• They are a really beautiful family.
• He teaches us Math.
• She sent me a lot of presents.

2.2OBJECT PRONOUNS

Acompañan al verbo.
Me Me
You Te
Him le para hombre
Her le para mujer
It le para esto.
Us Nos
You Les para ustedes
Them Les para ellos.

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Ejemplos:
• I explain her about homework.
• He explains us about homework.
• My brother borrowed his money.

2.3 POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES.

Se usa con un sujeto para ello se debe fijar muy bien el sujeto para ubicar el adjetivo
posesivo.
My Mi
You Tu
His Su de el
Her Su de ella
Its Su de esto o esta
Our Nuestr@, de nosotros
Your Su de ustedes, sus.
Their Sus de ellos
Ejemplo:
• Our house is red.
• Their house is black.

2.4 POSSESIVE PRONOUNS.

Se usa al final de una oración posesiva, se usa verbos posesivos.

Mine Mio.
Yours Tuyo.
His Suyo de el.
Hers Suyo de ella.
Ours De nosotros, nuestro.
Yours Suyo de ustedes.
Theirs Suyo de ellos.
Ejemplos:
• The house is red
• The dog is ours
• The market is theirs.

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2.5 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Usados para reflexionar consigo mismo, se ubica en el lugar que quede mejor.
Myself Yo mismo o mismo
Yourself Tu mismo
Himself El mismo
Itself Est@ mism@
Ourselves Nosotros mismos.
Yourselves Ustedes mismos.
Temselves Ell@s mism@s.
Herself Ella o la misma.
Ejemplos
• You yourself will be responsible for the debt.
• He himself will deliver the letter.
• The idea itself surprised everybody.

3.REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

3.1 LIST OF REGULAR VERBS

Son los que en general forman el pasado y el participio pasado añadiendo la terminación 'ed'
Reglas para formar el pasado con verbos regulares:
Study Studied Cuando termina en y ante puesta de una consonante se reemplaza Y por IED.

Smile smiled Cuando termina en E se añade D al final.

Cry Cryed En las demás palabras terminadas en Y se añade ED al final.

Stop stopped En ciertos casos se duplica la ultima consonante y se añade ED.

INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST AND PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION

Act Acted Actuar
Add Added Añadir
Agree Agreed Estar de acuerdo
Answer Answered Responder
Arrive Arrived Llegar
Ask Asked Preguntar
Beg Begged Rogar
Believe Believed Creer
Belong Belonged Pertenecer
Brush Brushed Cepillar
Call Called Llamar
Carry Carried Llevar, transportar
Change Changed Cambiar
Clap Clapped aplaudir
Clean Cleaned Limpiar
Close Closed Cerrar
Charge Charged Cobrar; cargar
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Cry Cried Llorar
Dance Danced Bailar
Decide Decided Decidir
Describe Described Describir
Die Died Morir
Dry Dried Secar
Enjoy Enjoyed Disfrutar
Explain Explained Explicar
Finish Finished Acabar
Happen Happened Ocurrir
Hate Hated Odiar
Help Helped Ayudar
Hope Hoped Esperar
Imagine Imagined Imaginar
Improve Improved Mejorar
Include Included Incluir
Invite Invited Invitar
Kiss Kissed Besar
Kill Killed Matar
Laugh Laughed Reír
Lie Lied Mentir
Like Liked Gustar
Live Lived Vivir
Look Looked Mirar
Love Loved Amar, querer
Miss Missed Fallar; extrañar
Move Moved Mover
Pass Passed Pasar; aprobar
Play Played Jugar
Practice Practiced Practicar
Prefer Preferred Preferir
Promise Promised Prometer
Rain Rained Llover
Receive Received Recibir
Remember Remembered Recordar
Repeat Repeated Repetir
Save Saved Ahorrar; salvar
Smoke Smoked Fumar
Study Studied Estudiar
Talk Talked Hablar
Touch Touched Tocar
Try Tried Intentar
Use Used Usar
Visit Visited Visitar
Wait Waited Esperar
Want Wanted Querer
Walk Walked Andar
Wash Washed Lavar
Watch Watched Mirar
Wish Wished Desear
Work Worked Trabajar
Worry Worried Preocupar

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 3.2 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Los verbos irregulares son aquellos en los cuales la forma de formar el pasado en
individual en cada verbo.
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE MEANING
abide (abáid) abode (abóud) abiden (abíden) sufrir, soportar, cumplir
arise (aráis) arose (aróus) arisen (arísen) levantarse, surgir
awake (awéik) awoke (awóuk) awoken (awóuken) despertarse, despertar
bear (ber) bore (bor) born (born) aguantar, soportar, parir
beat (bíit) beat (bíit) beaten (bíiten) golpear, derrotar, batir
become (bikám) became (bikéim) become (bikám) convertirse en, llegar a
ser, volverse, ponerse
begin (biguín) began (bigáan) begun (bigán) empezar
bend (bend) bent (bent) bent (bent) doblar, torcer, inclinarse
bet (bet) bet (bet) bet (bet) apostar
bid (bid) bid (bid) bid (bid) ofrecer, pujar, licitar
bind (báind) bound (báund) bound (báund) atar, unir, encuadernar
bite (báit) bit (bit) bitten (bíten) morder, picar
bleed (blíid) bled (bled) bled (bled) sangrar
blow (blóu) blew (blú) blown (blown) soplar
break (bréik) broke (bróuk) broken (bróuken) romper
breed (bríid) bred (bred) bred (bred) criar, engendrar
bring (bring) brought (brot) brought (brot) traer
broadcast broadcast* broadcast* (brodkást) transmitir
(brodkást) (brodkást)
build (bild) built (bilt) built (bilt) construir
burn (bern) burnt* (bernt) burnt* (bernt) quemar
burst (berst) burst (berst) burst (berst) explotar, reventar
buy (bái) bought (bot) bought (bot) comprar
cast (kast) cast (kast) cast (kast) lanzar, echar, emitir
catch (kach) caught (kot) caught (kot) atrapar, asir, tomar
choose (chúus) chose (chóus) chosen (chóusen) elegir
clap (klap) clapt* (klapt) clapt* (klapt) aplaudir
cling (kling) clung (klang) clung (klang) agarrarse, adherirse,
aferrarse
clothe (klóud) clad* (klad) clad* (klad) vestir, revestir, cubrir
come (kam) came (kéim) come (kam) venir
cost (kost) cost (kost) cost (kost) costar
creep (kríip) crept (krept) crept (krept) gatear, arrastrarse
cut (kat) cut (kat) cut (kat) cortar
deal (díil) dealt (delt) dealt (delt) tratar con, repartir, dar
dig (dig) dug (dag) dug (dag) cavar
dive (dáiv) dove* (dóuv) dived (dáivt) zambullise, sumergirse,
bucear
do (du) did (did) done (dan) hacer
draw (dróo) drew (dru) drawn (dróon) dibujar, extraer, sacar
dream (dríim) dreamt* (dremt) dreamt* (dremt) soñar
drink (drink) drank (draank) drunk (drank) beber
drive (dráiv) drove (dróuv) driven (dríven) conducir, ir en coche,
llevar en coche
dwell (duél) dwelt (duélt) dwelt (duélt) habitar, morar
eat (íit) ate (éit) eaten (íiten) comer
fall (fol) fell (fel) fallen (fólen) caer, caerse
feed (fíid) fed (fed) fed (fed) alimentar/se, dar de comer
feel (fíil) felt (felt) felt (felt) sentir/se, palpar, tocar
fight (fáit) fought (fot) fought (fot) pelear, combatir
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find (fáund) found (fáund) found (fáund) encontrar
fit (fit) fit* (fit) fit* (fit) encajar, quedar bien,
instalar
flee (flíi) fled (fled) fled (fled) huir, huir de
fling (fling) flung (flang) flung (flang) echar, arrojar
fly (flái) flew (flu) flown (flóun) volar
forbid (forbíd) forbade (forbéid) forbidden (forbíden) prohibir
forecast (forkást) forecast* (forkást) forecast* (forkást) pronosticar, preveer
foresee (forsíi) foresaw (forsó) foreseen (forsíin) preveer
foretell (fortél) foretold (fortóuld) foretold (fortóuld) predecir
forget (forguét) forgot (forgót) forgotten (forgóten) olvidar
forgive (forguív) forgave (forguéiv) forgiven (forguíven) perdonar
forsake (forséik) forsook (forsúuk) forsaken (forséiken) abandonar, desamparar
freeze (fríiss) froze (fróuss) frozen (fróussen) congelar
get (get) got (got) got/gotten (goten) conseguir, recibir,
ponerse, llegar
give (guív) gave (guéiv) given (guíven) dar
go (góu) went (went) gone (góon) ir
grind (gráind) ground (gráund) ground (gráund) moler
grow (gróu) grew (gru) grown (gróun) crecer, cultivar
handwrite (jand- handwrote (jand- handwritten (jand-ríten) escribir a mano
ráit) róut)
hang (jáang) hung (jang) hung (jang) colgar
have (jáav) had (jáad) had (jáad) tener
hear (jíier) heard (jerd) heard (jerd) oír
hide (jáid) hid (jid) hidden (jíden) esconder/se
hit (jit) hit (jit) hit (jit) golpear, pegar
hold (jóuld) held (jeld) held (jeld) sostener, celebrar, esperar
hurt (jert) hurt (jert) hurt (jert) herir, lastimar, doler
inlay (inléi) inlaid (inléid) inlaid (inléid) incrustar
input (ínput) input* (ínput) input* (ínput) entrar, introducir
keep (kíip) kept (kept) kept (kept) mantener, guardar,
continuar, criar
kneel (níil) knelt* (nelt) knelt* (nelt) arrodillarse, estar de
rodillas
knit (nit) knit* (nit) knit* (nit) tejer, tricotar
know (nóu) knew (niú) known (nóun) saber, conocer
lay (léi) laid (léid) laid (léid) poner, colocar
lead (líid) led (led) led (led) guiar, llevar, conducir
lean (líin) leant* (lent) leant* (lent) apoyarse, inclinarse
leap (líip) leapt* (lept) leapt* (lept) saltar
learn (lern) learnt* (lernt) learnt* (lernt) aprender, enterarse
leave (líiv) left (left) left (left) irse, dejar, marcharse
lend (lend) lent (lent) lent (lent) prestar
let (let) let (let) let (let) dejar, permitir
lie (lái) lay (léi) lain (léin) yacer, echarse, quedar
light (láit) lit* (lit) lit* (lit) encender
lose (lúus) lost (lost) lost (lost) perder
make (méik) made (méid) made (méid) hacer
mean (míin) meant (ment) meant (ment) significar, querer decir,
tener la intención de
meet (míit) met (met) met (met) encontrarse con, conocer
melt (melt) melted (mélted) molten* (móulten) derretir
mislead (mislíid) misled (misléd) misled (misléd) engañar, despistar, llevar
por mal camino
mistake (mistéik) mistook (mistúuk) mistaken (mistéiken) confundir, interpretar mal

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misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood entender mal
(misanderstánd) (misanderstúud) (misanderstúud)
mow (móu) mowed (móud) mown (móun) segar, cortar
overhear overheard overheard (ouverjérd) oír por casualidad, oír sin
(ouverjíier) (ouverjérd) intención de ello
overtake overtook overtaken (ouvertéiken) sobrepasar
(ouvertéik) (ouvertúuk)
pay (péi) paid (péid) paid (péid) pagar
prove (prúuv) proved (prúuvt) proven* (prúuven) probar, resultar
put (put) put (put) put (put) poner
quit (kuít) quit (kuít) quit (kuít) abandonar, rendirse, dejar
read (ríiid) read (red) read (red) leer
rid (rid) rid* (rid) rid* (rid) librar, desembarazar
ride (ráid) rode (róud) ridden (ríden) andar en, pasear en,
montar
ring (ring) rang (raang) rung (rang) sonar, llamar por teléfono
rise (ráis) rose (róus) risen (rísen) levantarse, subir
run (ran) ran (raan) run (ran) correr
saw (so) sawed (sod) sawn* (sóon) serrar, serruchar
say (séi) said (sed) said (sed) decir
see (síi) saw (so) seen (síin) ver
seek (síik) sought (sot) sought (sot) buscar
sell (sel) sold (sóuld) sold (sóuld) vender
send (send) sent (sent) sent (sent) enviar
set (set) set (set) set (set) poner, ambientar
sew (sóu) sewed (sóud) sewn* (sóun) coser
shake (shéik) shook (shúuk) shaken (shéiken) sacudir, agitar, hacer
temblar
shave (shéiv) shaved (shéivt) shaven* (shéiven) afeitarse, rasurar
shear (shíir) shore* (shor) shorn* (shorn) esquilar, cortar
shed (shed) shed (shed) shed (shed) derramar, mudar, echar
shine (sháin) shone (shóun) shone (shóun) brillar, lustrar
shoot (shúut) shot (shot) shot (shot) disparar, matar a tiros
show (shóu) showed (shóud) shown (shóun) mostrar, exhibir
shrink (shrink) shrank (shraank) shrunk (shrank) encoger/se, reducir/se
shut (shat) shut (shat) shut (shat) cerrar
sing (sing) sang (saang) sung (sang) cantar
sink (sink) sank (saank) sunk (sank) hundir/se
sit (sit) sat (sat) sat (sat) sentar/se
slay (sléi) slew (slúu) slain (sléin) matar
sleep (slíip) slept (slept) slept (slept) dormir
slide (sláid) slid (slid) slid (slíden) deslizar/se, resbalarse
sling (sling) slung (slang) slung (slang) tirar, arrojar
slink (slink) slunk (slank) slunk (slank) moverse, escabullirse
slit (slit) slit (slit) slit (slit) rajar, cortar
smell (smel) smelt* (smelt) smelt* (smelt) oler
sneak (sníik) snuck* (snak) snuck* (snak) entrar/salir
sow (sóu) sowed (sóud) sown (sóun) sembrar
speak (spíik) spoke (spóuk) spoken (spóuken) hablar
speed (spíid) sped* (sped) sped* (sped) acelerar, ir a toda
velocidad
spell (spél) spelt* (spélt) spelt* (spélt) deletrear
spend (spend) spent (spent) spent (spent) gastar, pasar
spill (spil) spilt* (spilt) spilt* (spilt) derramar, volcar
spin (spin) spun (span) spun (span) girar, hilar, tejer
spit (spit) spat (spat) spat (spat) escupir
split (split) split (split) splite (split) partir, rajar, dividir
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spoil (spóil) spoilt* (spóilt) spoilt* (spóilt) estropear, echar a perder,
arruinar
spread (spred) spread (spred) spread (spred) extender, desplegar,
spring (spring) sprang (spraang) sprung (sprang) saltar
stand (stáand) stood (stúud) stood (stúud) estar de pie, pararse,
soportar
steal (stíil) stole (stóul) stolen (stóulen) robar
stick (stik) stuck (stak) stuck (stak) pegar, clavar, atascarse,
asomar
sting (sting) stung (stang) stung (stang) picar, arder
stink (stink) stank (stáank) stunk (stank) apestar, oler mal
stride (stráid) strode* (stróud) stridden (stríden) andar con pasos largos
strike (stráik) struck (strak) struck/stricken (stríken) golpear, dar (la hora)
string (string) strung (strang) strung (strang) encordar, ensartar, atar
strive (stráiv) strove (stróuv) striven (stríven) luchar, esforzarse
swear (suéer) swore (suóor) sworn (suóorn) jurar, decir palabrotas,
malcedir
sweat (suét) sweat* (suét) sweat* (suét) sudar
sweep (suíip) swept* (suépt) swept* (suépt) barrer, azotar
swell (suél) swelled (suéld) swollen (suólen) hincharse, crecer,
aumentar
swim (suím) swam (suáam) swum (suám) nadar
swing (suíng) swung (suáng) swung (suáng) balancear, mecer, colgar
take (téik) took (túuk) taken (téiken) tomar, llevar
teach (tíich) taught (tot) taught (tot) enseñar
tear (téer) tore (tóor) torn (tóorn) desgarrar, romper,
arrancar
tell (tel) told (tóuld) told (tóuld) decir, contar
think (zink) thought (zot) thought (zot) pensar
thrive (zráiv) throve* (zróuv) thriven* (zríven) prosperar, crecer mucho,
desarrollarse
throw (zróu) threw (zrú) thrown (zróun) tirar, arrojar
thrust (zrast) thrust (zrast) thrust (zrast) empujar con fuerza, clavar
tread (tred) trod (trod) trodden (tróden) pisar, andar
undergo underwent undergone (anderwént) sufrir, ser sometido a,
(andergóu) (anderwént) recibir
understand understood understood (anderstúud) entender
(anderstáand) (anderstúud)
undertake undertook undertaken (andertéiken) emprender, acometer
(andertéik) (andertúuk)
wear (uéer) wore (uóor) worn (uórn) usar, vestir, gastar
weave (uíiv) wove (uóuv) woven (uóuven) tejer
wed (uéd) wed* (uéd) wed* (uéd) casarse, contraer
matrimonio
weep (uíip) wept (uépt) wept (uépt) llorar
wet (uét) wet* (uét) wet* (uét) mojar
win (wín) won (wán) won (wán) ganar
wind (wáind) wound (wáund) wound (wáund) dar cuerda, envolver,
enrollar
withdraw (widróo) withdrew (widrú) withdrawn (widróon) retirar, sacar
withhold (widjóuld) withheld (widjéld) withheld (widjéld) retener, ocultar,

13
 4.ADJETIVES
Califican o describen al sustantivo.
Ejemplos:

SUSTANTIVO ADJETIVO ORACIÓN

Casa Grande Big house
Niña Hermosa Beautiful girl
Niño Hermoso Handsome boy
Niño Pequeño Short child
Algunos adjetivos son:

5.DEMONSTRATIVE ADJETIVE
Un adjetivo demostrativo modifica un sustantivo.
THIS Este/a usado para un objeto que esté cerca.
THESE Estos/as usado para varios objetos que estén cerca.
THAT Eso/a, aquello/a usado para un objeto que esté lejos.
THOSE Esos/as, aquellos/as usado para varios objetos que estén lejos.
ORACIONES:
● This chair is broken.

● This car is cheap.

● These clothes are wet.

● Those birds are flying south.

● What is this?

This is a marker.

14
 6.ARTICLES

A Significa un o una y se utiliza antes de una

consonante, ejemplo: A market, a book.
AN Significa un o una y se utiliza antes de una vocal
Ejemplo: an octopus, an apple.
THE Significa el, la, l@s, 2 artículos masculinos y dos
femeninos, se utiliza antes de una vocal o una consona-
nte. Ejemplo: the Winter, the earth.

EXCEPCIONES
• Si estás utilizando una palabra con una ‘h’ muda, como ‘honourable’ u ‘honest’
entonces tienes que utilizar ‘an’. Por lo tanto, sería “an honourable man” y “an honest
mistake”.
• Con palabras como ‘umbrella’, ‘ice cream’ y ‘apple’ tienes que utilizar: “an umbrella”,
“an ice cream” y “an Apple”.
excepciones a esta regla.
Cuando la ‘u’ tiene el mismo sonido que la ‘y’ en “you”, o la ‘o’ tiene el mismo sonido
que la ‘w’ en “won” entonces debes de usar ‘a’.

7. PREPOSITIONS
AT: Significa a las o en, indica el tiempo preciso ya sea en horas exactas o en frases
que indiquen tiempo o lugares. ejemplos:
o’clock es usado para horas
●At 3 o’clock
en punto, ejemplo:
●At 10:30 am.
4 o’clock significa 4 en punto
●At dinner/bed/lunch time.
●At sunrise.
VOCABULARIO
●At noon.
At noon: Medio día.
●At home.
At dinner time: en la cena.
●At the university.
At bed time: A la hora de dormir.
At lunch time: A la hora del almuerzo.
ORACIONES: At home: En casa.
- I wake up at 5:40 am.
- I am in the APG school.
- At this time.
- I'll See you at the six o'clock.
15
In: significa en, se usa para, meses, años, siglos y periodos largos, ejemplos:

●In february
●In 19º8
La S al final de año indica
●In xx century. todos los años de la década.
●In summer/ spring/winter/autumn.
●In 1990s
●In the past
●In the ice age.

ORACIONES:
- He wakes up verty early in the morning.

- I don’t like walking the dog in winter.

- His birthday is in March.

On: Significa en, es usado para días y fechas, ejemplos :

● On Monday/Tuesday.
● On september 1st.
● On christmas.
Pronunciaciones
● On my birthday. Americana Britanica
Day Dí
ORACIONES:

-The pen is on the table.

-He's sitting on the rock.
-The car is on top.
-The lamp is on the desk

16
 8.ADVERBS
Un adverbio es una parte de la oración que complementa a un verbo, un adjetivo,
otros adverbios e incluso oraciones.

8.1 FREQUENCY ADVERBS

Van antes de los verbos irregulares y después del verbo to-be en cualquier tipo de
oración.
Always Siempre.
100%
Usually Usualmente.
Often A menudo.
Sometimes A veces.
Seldom De vez en cuando.
0 Rarely Rara vez.
Never Nunca.

ORACIONES:
■ He is usually on time class. on time- a tiempo
□ I have never travel.
■ Julia is never sleeping in class.

8.2 QUANTITY ADVERB.

Responden a la pregunta “¿cuánto?”
COUNT NONCOUNT
Many Much@s Much Much@
A lot of Bastantes A lot of Bastante.
Several Varios A little Un poco de
A few Un@s poc@s No Nada
Any Nada, ningún/o. Any Nada
Some Algun@s. Some Algo

ORACIONES
-She helped me a lot at work.
-She speaks Little.
-I don´t need much money.
-She works too much.

17
8.3 ADVERB OF TIME.
Se usan al final de una oración excepto already.
Now/today Ahora /Hoy.
Soon/later Pronto/Luego.
Yet/ already. Aún/Ya. Se usan antes del verbo.
Last night/ to night/ tomorrow night
Last Monday/ month/ year/ week.

ORACIONES:
-We are planning to visit them tonight.
-I receibed your letter last week.
-The mail hasn’t arrived yet.
-He was already a famous actor.

8.4 PLACE ADVERBS.

describe dónde está sucediendo una acción.
ADVERBS MEANING
Above Arriba
Far Lejos
Far awaty Muy lejos
Back Atrás/ detrás
Here Aquí.
Outside Fuera.
Indoors Adentro/ puertas adentro.
Dowstairs: Bajo las gradas/ piso abajo
Upstairs Gradas arriba
Inside Dentro
Nearby Fuera
There Alla
Near Cerca
Below Abajo
Down Bajo.
Up Arriba.

ORACIONES
- They built a house nearby
- She took the child outside.
- Come here!

18
8.5 MANNER ADVERBS.

Explican como se realiza una acción, se ubican después del verbo.

ADVERBS MEANING
Carefully Cuidadosamente
Slowly Lentamente/suavemente.
Badly Malévolamente.
Easily Facilmente.
Quickly Rapidamente
Eficiently Eficientemente.
Painfully Dolorosamente.
Closely Cercanamente.
Cheerfully Alegremente
Secretly Secretamente
Peacefully Pacificamente
EJEMPLOS:
- Pedro drives slowly.
- Paco calls secretly.
- Dalton drives his red car slowly.
9.NUMBERS
9.1CARDINAL NUMBER

son números que expresan cuántos hay de algo, como uno, dos, tres, cuatro.

ORACIONES:
- She has four cats.
- He has five trees.
- He has six romos.

19
9.2 ORDINAL NUMBERS.
Son números que denotan la posición de un elemento perteneciente a una sucesión
ordenada.

ORACIONES:
- My first love was a girl from school.
- It's my sixth shot at target.
- The third dancer is wonderful.

10.NOUNS
Las cosas se clasifican en contables y no contables, las contables pueden ser
pluralizados aplicando reglas y para las cosas no contables se usan unidades de
medida

20
10.1 COUNTABLE NOUN
Son objetos que pueden ser contados.
10.1.1 REGLAS PARA SU PLURALIZACIÓN.
Los nombres contables que terminen en Y antecedida de una consonante,
cambiamos la Y por I y agregamos ES, ejemplo:
Country Countries
Family Families
Los nombres terminados en O, CH, SH, S aumentamos ES, ejemplo:
Potato Potatoes
Box Boxes
Church Churches
Brush Brushes
Drees Dresses
Los nombres contables terminados en F, reemplazamos la F por V y aumentamos ES,
ejemplos:
Half Halves
Leaf Leaves
Los demás nombres contables terminados en cualquier vocal o consonante,
aumentamos S para pluralizar, por ejemplo:
Table Tables
Window Windows
Marker Markers
Existen nombres contables para los cuales su pluralización es individual, ya que las
reglas antes escritas no se aplican en estos nombres.
10.1.2 IRREGULAR NOUNS.

21
10.2 UNCONTABLE NOUNS.
Las cosas incontables se clasifican en líquidos, sólidos, abstractos, minerales y
fenómenos naturales por su pluralización se emplean los adverbios de cantidad.

22
ORACIONES:
A liter of milk
A glass of wáter
A Pound of Meath
A Little of laughter
10.2.1 WHOLE GROUPS

GROUP SPANISH
clothing vestimenta
equipment Equipamiento
food Comida
fruit Fruta
furniture Fortuna
Garbage Basura
Grass Cesped
Jewelry Joyería
Machinery Maquinária
Information Información
Cash Efectivo
News Noticias
History Historia
Peper Pimienta

ORACIONES:
- Pedro pay his car with cash.
- She sells a lot of jewelry.
- Dalton don´t have money.

11. MEASUREMENT UNITS

Son usadas para medir la magnitud física de un determinado objeto.
UNIT SPANISH UNIT SPANISH
Pound Libra Quart Cuarto de galón
Kilogram Kilogramo Gram Gramo
Quintal Quintal Arroba Arroba
Liter Litro Ton Tonelada
Gallon Galón Ounce Onza
Milliliter Mililitro Metro Metro
Pint Pinta Kilometer Kilometro

23
 12.QUESTION WORDS
Las wh questions cuentan con un núcleo, que es un verbo ubicado a continuación del
adverbio introductorio cuyas dos primeras letras son ‘wh’, y este verbo se conjugará en
el tiempo que corresponda según la situación que se quiera referir (presente, pasada o
futura; real o hipotética) y a la persona que corresponda.

ORACIONES:
• What are you doing? • Which is your favorite color?
• When is your birthday? •Where is your pet?
•Who is your brother? •Whose pet is this?
•Whom did you visit at the hospital?
13.CONNECTORS OR CONJUNCTION
Los conectores unen el texto. Sirven para explicar, ejemplificar, justificar, contrastar,
modificar, distribuir o resumir la oración anterior

CONECTORS MEANING CONECTORS MEANING

Likewise Así mismo On the contrary Al contrario
Therefore Por lo tanto Even so Aún así
First Prmero Yet Aún/ Todavía
Possible Posiblemente In the same way De la misma manera
To begin Paea empezar Correspondingly En misma medida
Whereas Mientras que Due to Debido a
Moreover Además For Por que/Para
Otherwise De otro modo Since Puesto que
And Y As Como
In addition Además So Entonces
For thet Además Nence De ahí
Finally Finalmente But Pero
Last Por último Then Entonces
24
 Equally Igualmente Inorder to A fin de
Though Aunque For instance Por ejemplo
Conversely En cambio Indeed De hecho/En efecto
Instead Por el contrario Because of Debido a

EJEMPLO:
To begin in the holidays, I did no go anywherein particular, however I enjoy with my
family on these short holidays.
First I did my homework on the contrary I woud have problems at school, though I only
had math and chemistry homework, the homework was a bit long, second i bught an 8
gigabyte RAM module for my computer, i tought about give money to the homeless, but
i don´t have money after of the purchase.
finally i had dinner with my family in christmas and I played in my computer.

GRAMMAR
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT TO-BE (am-is-are)

I Am
You Are
He Is
She Is
It Is
We Are
You Are
They Are

1.1.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM S+V+C

•I am in the mountain. Am-Is-are

•Dalton is a dog.
•James and Pedro are humans.

1.1.2 NEGATIVE FORM S + V + NOT + C

• I am not in the mountain. Am-Is-are

• Dalton Isn't a dog.

• James and Pedro aren't humans.

25
1.1.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS. V + S+ C+?
• Am I in the mountain? Am-Is-are

Yes, i am.
• Is Dalton a Dog?
Yes, he is.
• Are James and Pedro humans?
No, they aren’t.

1.1.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS. WH + V + S + C+?

• Where I am? Am-Is-are

I am in the mountain.
• Wat is Dalton?
Dalton is a dog.
• When is your birthday?
My birthday is on Janury 13th.

1.1.5 TAG QUESTIONS. +-

• Dalton is a dog, isn’t he ?
+-
Yes, Dalton is a dog.
• Luis isn’t a pigeon, is he ?
No, he isn’t a human.

1.2 SIMPLE PAST TO-BE (WAS-WERE)

I Was Yesterday
You Were
The last week/ month/ Sunday.
He Was
She Was
It Was
We Were
You Were
They Were

S+V+C
1.2.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORMS.
•Toby was in the lake the last Friday. Was-were

•Julia and Paul were in the hospital the last month.

26
1.2.2 NEGATIVE FORM S + V + NOT + C Forma afirmativa Forma negativa

• He was not at the market. Was-were

Was Wasn’t

Were Weren´t
• Anna was not my friend.
También se puede negar solo agregando NOT a
las dos formas

1.2.3 YES / NO QUESTIONS. V + S +C + ?

• Was I a student?
Was-were
Yes, I was
• Was they teachers?
Yes they were.

1.2.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS. WH + V +S +C +?

• Where was your birthday?

Was-were
My birthday was in the garden.
• Who was your dad?
My father was Pedro.

+-
1.2.5 TAG QUESTIONS. -+

• Toby was in the lake the last Friday. Wasn´t he?

Yes he was in the lake.
• Julia and Paul were in the hospital the last month. Weren´t they?
No they weren’t in the Mountain.

1.3 SIMPLE FUTURE TO- BE (WILL BE).

I Will be
You Will be
He Will be
She Will be
It Will be
We Will be
You Will be
They Will be

27
 S + WILL + BE +C
1.3.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM.
• He will be my doctor in two weeks.
• I will be an engineer in six years.

1.3.2 NEGATIVE FORM. S + WON´T + BE + C

• Dalton wont’t be my trainer.
• Andy won’t be my teacher.

1.3.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS WILL + S + BE +C + ?

• Will Andy be a playero of soccer in three years?

Yes, he wilñla Good player of soccerin three years.
• Will Dalton be a teacher in two years?
No, he won’t be a teacher in three year.

1.3.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS WH + WILL + S + BE + C +?

• When will you be a actor?
I will a actor in four years.
• When Will He be a teacher?
He Will be a teacher the next Monday.

1.3.5 TAG QUESTIONS? +-

-+
•He will be my doctor in two weeks, won’t he?
Yes, he Will be my doctor.
•Bryan won’t be my trainer, Will he?
Yes, he Will be my trainer.

2 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT(R.I)

S + V+ C
2.1.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM.
• Patrick teresa and I study in Ibarra.
• Andres Works in Otavalo.

28
 S + AX + NOT + V + C
2.1.2 NEGATIVE FORM. 1ras personas
DO DON’T
• Carlos don’t dance salsa music. DOES DOESN´T
3ras personas

• The students doesn’t there homework.

2.1.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS. AX + S +V +C + ?

• Do you live in Araque?
Yes, I do.
• Does your Friends have sisters?
No, they doesn’t.

2.1.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS. WH + AX + S +V +C +?

• Where do Bill live?
He lives in Mexico.
Para las resuestas se aplica
•Where does she live? las reglas de las terceras
personas en los verbos
She lives in Ibarra.

+-
2.1.5 TAG QUESTIONS -+

•Andres Works in Otavalo, don’t he?

Yes, Andres Works in Otavalo city
•Mary Works in San pablo, doesn’t she?
No, Mary Works in Ibarra.

2.2 SIMPLE PAST (R.I)

2.2.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM. S + V +C

• My brother Travelled to Peru. (R,I) PASADO

• My family and I eaten in Quito the last week.

2.2.2 NEGATIVE FORM. S + AX +NOT +V +C Si en una oración hay

un auxiliar el verbo de
• Pablo didn’t cook fish yesterday. la misma no cambia
DIDN´T
• Peter didn’t hit the ball the last Monday.

29
2.2.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS. AX + S + V +C + ?
• Did Anna sing in the theater? DID
(R,I)

Yes, she did.

• Did Paco watch the T.V?
No, he didn’t

WH + AX + S + V + C + ?
2.2.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS
DID

• Where did you live the last year?

I lived in Ambato. En la oración al usar WHO no se pone el sujeto
•What did you dad the last month?
My dad did one house

+-
2.2.5 TAG QUESTIONS. -+

• My brother travelled to Peru, didn’t he?

Yes , he travelled to Peru.
• Anna didn’t cook fish yesterday, did she?
Yes, she cooked fish yesterday.

2.3 SIMPLE FUTURE (R.I)

Se hace uso del auxiliar will el cual convierte el verbo a su forma futura, este axiliar se
lo usa con todos los sujetos o pronombres.
I Will
You Will
He Will
She Will
It Will
We Will
You Will
They Will

2.3.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM. S + WILL + V + C

• Dalton will walk for three hours on Monday.

• My Friends and I will study for the test.

30
2.3.2 NEGATIVE FORM. S + WILL + NOT + V + C
WONT’T

• My sister won’t travel to Peru the next month.

• I won’t swim tomorrow

2.3.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS. WILL + S + V +C + ?

• I will ate fish tomorrow?

Yes, I will.
• Will my friend and I study for the test the next week?
No, we won’t.

2.3.4 INFORMATION QUESTION. WH + WILL + S + V + C +?

• Where will she live the next year?

She will live in Riobamba the next year.
• What will you cook tomorrow?
I will cook chicken.

+-
2.3.5 TAG QUESTIONS. -+

• Alfredo will Kill people tomorrow at 9 o’clock, won’t he?

Yes, he will kil people tomorrow.
• My brother won’t travel to Brazil the next holidays, will he?
No, he won´t travel to Brazil because he don’t have money.

3. PERFECT TENSE.
I Have
You Have
He Has
She Has
It Has
We Have
You Have
They Have

31
3.1 PRESENT PERFECT Past
participle

3.1.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM. S+V+V+C

HAVE

• I have done my work this morning. HAS

• Homero has done his homework this day.

S + V + NOT + V + C
3.1.2 NEGATIVE FORM. Past
HAVEN’T
participle
HASN’T

• I haven’t travelled to China yet.

• Julia, Roger and Paul haven´t written the essay yet.

3.1.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS. V + S + V +C + ?

HAVE Past

• Have you done your homework? HAS participle

Yes, I have.
• Has my mom bought a new cellphone?
No, she Hasn’t.
WH + V +S + V + C + ?
HAVE Past -
HAS participle, R.I
3.1.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS
• Where has Platon worked the last ten years?
He has worked in Ambato.
• What have you done in the last three hours?
I have done my homework.

3.1.5 TAG QUESTIONS. +-

-+
•He has done his homework this morning, hasn´t he?
Yes, he has done his homework.
•Roger, Homero and Platon haven´t come to class, have they?
No, they haven´t come to class.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Las oraciones imperativas llevan solamente el verbo y el complemento o solo el verbo
cuando este tiene significado completo las oraiones imperativas sirven para indicar
órdenes, indicaciones, comandos, direcciones e instrucciones. Ejemplo:
Read your book.(orden)
Rise your hads.(comando)
Match the columns.(indicación)
32
Drive to the mountain and turn to the left.(dirección)

3.2 PAST PERFECT.

Usado para indicar una acción del pasado que nos está contando alguien.

S + V + V + C
3.2.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM. HAD Past
participle

• My uncle had bought a airplane twenty years ago.

• The fireman had arrived after the accident in the hotel.

S + V + NOT + V + C
3.2.2 NEGATIVE FORM. HADN’T Past
participle

• Socrates hadn’t bought the medicine.

• Anna, Rick and Jessy hadn’t drunk beer.

V+ S + V + C +?
3.2.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS. HADN Past
participle

• Had the photographer taken any pictute of the accident?

Yes, he had taken pictures.
• Had peter arrived to his house the last night?
Yes, he has arrived to his house.

WH + V + S + V + C + ?
3.2.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS. HAD Past
participle

• What had the photographer taken of the accident?

The photographer has already taken pictures.
• What had Carla cultivated in her garden?
She had cultivated potatoes.

+-
3.2.5 TAG QUESTIONS. -+
• My uncle had bought a airplane twenty years ago, hadn’t he?
Yes you uncle had bught a airplane in 2018.
• Anna, Rick and Jessy hadn’t drunk beer, had they?
No, they had drunk beer.

33
3.3 FUTURE PERFECT
Es usado para realizar planes con fechas o tiempos.

S + AX + V + V + C
WILL HAVE P.P
3.3.1 AFFIRMATIVE FORM
• Alex will have finished scholl in three years.
• I will have travelles to Spain.

S + WON’T + V + V + C
3.3.2 NEGATIVE FORM. HAVE P.P

• I won’t have wed in two months.

• I won’t have complete the university in six years.

AX + S + V + V + C + ?
3.3.3 YES / NO QUESTIONS. WILL HAVE P.P

• Will Pedro have wed in two months?

Yes, he will.
• Will Isaias have completed the school in one year?
No, he won’t.
WILL HAVE P.P

3.3.4 INTERROGATIVE FORM. WH + AX + S + V + V + C +?

•When will pedro have presented your homework?

Pedro presented your homework Monday.
•When will Angela have cooked goose?
Angela cooked goose Friday.

+ -
3.3.5 TAG QUESTIONS. - +

•Alex will have finished school in three years, won't he?

Yes, he will
•Anna won’t have wed in two months, will she?
No, she won´t

34
4 PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS.
Se emplea verbos en gerundio,
1) Todos los verbos que terminen en E, reemplazamos E por ING, excepto el
verbo Be. Ejemplo:
Live Living
Dance Dancing
Be Being
2) Verbos terminados en IE, reemplazamos IE por Y y agragamos ing. Ejemplo:
Die Dying
Lie Lying
3) En algunos verbos se necesitan duplicar la última consonante y agregar ING.
Ejemplo:
Jog Jogging Sit Sitting Hop Hopping
Stop Stopping Dig Digging Swim Swimming
Win Winning
4) Todos los demás verbos agregamos ing para crear el progresivo.
Sleep Sleping
Cook Cooking

S + V + V + C
AM ING
4.1 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE. IS
ARE

• Alexander is listening the chemistry class.

• Judas, Jesus and Jose are walking in the forest.

S + V + NOT + V + C
4.1.2 NEGATIVE FORM. AM NOT
ING
ISN’T
AREN’T
• I´m not eating in the Otavalo market.
• Juan isn’t listening death metal music.

V + S + V + C + ?
4.2.3 YES/ NO QUESTIONS. AM- IS-ARE ING

• Is she studying math?

Yes, she is
• Am I playing basketball?
No, I am

WH + V + S + V + C + ?
4.3.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS. AM- IS-ARE ING

• Where is the students going?

Respuesta: S + V(am.is,are) + V(ing) + C. And S+V(am,is,are)+ not+V(ing)+C(Otro complemento)
The are going to the lake.
• What is Juan studying?
35
He is studying chemistry.

+-
4.3.5 TAG QUESTIONS. -+
• Alexander is listening the chemistry class, isn’t he?
Yes, he is listening the chemistry class
• Juan isn’t listening death metal music, Is he?
No he isn’t listening progressive rock music.

36