CONFIDENTIAL CS/FEB 2023/STA210

APPENDIX 1

FORMULA LIST

CONFIDENCE INTERVALS

Description A (1-α)100% confidence interval

σ s
Mean μ, for large x̄±z α x̄±z α
sample 2 √n or 2 √n

Mean μ, for small s

x̄±t α , df=n-1
sample, unknown
2 √n
variance σ²

Proportion, p ^p±z α
2
√ ^p ( 1− ^p )
n

2 ( n−1 ) s2 2 ( n−1 ) s2
Variance, σ <σ < 2 , df=n-1
χ 2α /2 χ 1−α / 2

Difference between two

means 1
μ −μ
2,
( x̄ 1− x̄ 2 ) ±t α sp
2 √ 1 1
+
n1 n2

√
unknown variances and
σ 2 =σ 2 ( n1 −1 ) s 12 + ( n2 −1 ) s 22
1 2 df =n1 + n2 −2 , sp=
n 1 +n2 −2

√
2

Difference between two

s
12
s
22 ( s 2 / n 1 +s 2 / n2 )
1 2
( x̄ 1 − x̄ 2 ) ±t α n1
+
n2
, df= 2 2
μ −μ2 ,
means 1
2 ( s1 2 / n 1 ) + ( s2 2 / n2 )
unknown variances and n1 −1 n 2−1
σ 2 ≠σ 2
1 2

sd
Difference between two d̄±t α , df =n-1 where n is no . of pairs
means for paired 2 √n
μ
samples, d

√
Difference between two p^ 1 ( 1− ^p1 ) ^p2 ( 1− ^p2 )
samples proportions, ( p^ 1 − ^p2 )±z α / 2 +
p1 − p2 n1 n2

s σ 1 s1
12 1 2 2

Ratio of two variances < ¿ f , v 1 =n1−1 , v 2 =n2 −1

s 2 f α / 2,v ,v σ 2 s2 α /2,v 2 ,v1
2 2
2 1 2

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

 CONFIDENTIAL CS/FEB 2023/STA210

APPENDIX 2(1)

FORMULA LIST

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Null Hypothesis/Test Test statistic

x̄ -μ 0
H 0 :μ=μ 0 z=
σ
( known σ ) √n
x̄ -μ0
H 0 :μ=μ 0 t= , df=n-1
s
( unknown σ ) √n
^p -p 0
z=
H 0 :p= p0
√ p0 ( 1− p0 )
n

H 0 :σ 2 =σ 20 ( n-1 ) s2
χ 2= , df=n-1
σ 20

H 0 :μ1 −μ2 =d 0 ( x̄ 1− x̄ 2 )−d 0

z=
( known σ 1 and σ2 )
√ σ 21 / n1 +σ 22 / n2

( x̄1 − x̄ 2 ) −d 0
H 0 :μ1 −μ2 =d 0 t=

( σ 1 =σ 2 but unknown )
sp
√ 1
+
1
n1 n2

df =n1 + n2 −2 , sp=
√ ( n1−1 ) s 12 + ( n2 −1 ) s 22
n 1 +n2 −2

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

 CONFIDENTIAL CS/FEB 2023/STA210

( x̄ 1 − x̄ 2 ) −d 0
t=

√
H 0 :μ1 −μ2 =d 0
s s
12 22
+
( σ 12≠σ 22 and unknown ) n1 n2

( s 12 / n1 + s2 2 / n2 )
2

df =
( s 12 / n1 ) ( s2 2 / n 2 )
2 2

+
n1 −1 n2−1

APPENDIX 2(2)

FORMULA LIST

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Null Hypothesis/Test Test statistic

H 0 :μ D=d 0 d̄ -d 0
t= , df =n-1 where n is no . of pairs
sd
( paired observations )
√n
( p^ 1− ^p2 )−d 0 x1+ x2
H 0 :p 1 −p 2=d 0 z= , { ^p= ¿

√
n 1 +n2
p^ q^
( 1 1
+
n1 n2 )
s 2
1
H 0 :σ 21 =σ 22 f=
s 2
2

v 1=n 1−1 , v 2 =n2 −1

a n
y .. 2
H 0 :μ1 =μ2 =. ..=μ a SST =∑ ∑ y 2−
i=1 j =1 ij N

a y
i .2 y . .2
SSTR=∑ −
i =1 n N

n1 ( n1 +1 ) n2 ( n2 +1 )
Mann Whitney Test u1 =w 1− , u2 =w 2−
2 2

( o i−ei ) 2
Chi-Square Test of χ =∑ 2

Independence i ei
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL CS/FEB 2023/STA210

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL