WW1 RESEARCH JOURNAL

A. Map of Africa

B. Map of Europe

i.

2. PEOPLE THAT CAUSED WW1

A. King George V- Great Britain
 i. George V was king of the United Kingdom and British Dominations, and
Emperor of India. He was most known for his colonial tours and being on the
one cent coin.
ii. Meeting allied heads of state inspecting troops and visiting the wounded
.
B. Kaiser Wilhelm II – Germany
i. Known as one of the most recognisable public figures of WW1. He is the last
monarchical ruler of Germany.
ii. Kaiser was a commander in chief of the German Armed forces. He retained
the power to make upper level changes in military command.

C. TSAR Nicholas II -Russia

i. Known as the last emperor of Russia, ruling for 21 years he was an
uncompromising autocrat he hadn’t been adequately educated in Russian
politics, this lack of training is why he provoked ww1
ii. He mobilised Russian forces to threaten Austria-Hungary if it invaded Serbia,
then Russia declared war in response, prompting German Kaiser to declare
war.
D. General Joffre- France
i. A French general, third of 11 children. Joffre played a significant role in
developing France’s trench warfare tactics and other strategic operations
ii. Formulating and implementing Frances military strategy, he was best known
to be responsible for regrouping the retreating allied armies to defeat the
Germans
E. Gavrilo Princip – Serbia
i. Serbian student that assassinated Duke Franz Ferdinand, grew up really
poor
ii. The assassination gave Austria-Hungary the excuse it had sought for to
develop hostilities against Serbia and thus provoked WW1
F. Emperor Franz Josef – Austro-Hungary
i. He was the emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary, he reigned for 68
years, and was a symbol of integration.
ii. The assassination of his nephew Franz Ferdinand resulted in the Emperor
signing the declaration of war on Serbia triggering the First World War.
G. Relations.
i. Kaiser Wilhelm, TSAR Nicholas ll and King George V are cousins.
ii. Wilhelm and George, George and Nicholas are first cousins, Wilhelm and
Nicholas were third cousins

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 iii.

iv. The alliances in the countries listed above, are France and Russia, England
and Serbia against Germany, Austria-Hungary.
v. The two alliance groups were called The triple Entente consisting of the UK,
France, and Russia. The Triple Alliance was composed of Germany, Austria-
Hungary, and Italy.

3. HOW DID WW1 START?| CAUSES OF THE WAR

A. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=c7nUDLKKEBY
i. A domino affect, a series of events
ii. Britain hadn’t fought a war on the continent since the defeat of Napoleon.
iii. Only 2/3 men had the right to vote, and no women
iv. Some people in Ireland wanted to be ruled by Dublin
v. Germany wanted an empire of its own
vi. Britain initially admired Germany and thought of it as an alliance, but
imperial Germany soon started to threaten Britain for a sense of superiority
vii. The new German navy was a threat to Britain’s dominance
viii. Britain couldn’t stand this so this rivalry soon turned to an arms race
ix. Each nation tried to out produce the other
x. Battleships we’re seen as the nuclear weapons of the day
xi. Britain saw Germany as a threat
xii. By 1907 Europe has split into opposing sections
xiii. Germany disturbed the delicate balance of power in Europe

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 xiv. France fearing Germany allied with Russia in the east an unlikely friendship
for Europe’s two ideologically opposed nations.
xv. Then Germany felt surrounded, pushed them to form an alliance with the
Austia-Hungarian Empire
xvi. Then Britain fearing the German dominance drifted closer to France and
Russia. Forming an alliance
xvii. The two alliance groups were, Germany, Austria and Hungary. Then France
Russia and to some extent Britain
xviii. In the Summer of 1940 the balkans in south east Europe were not prepared
for the war after 2 wars in 3 years
xix. These wars had made Serbia much larger, sparking tensions with Austria-
Hungary
xx. When Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian terrorist
Austria-Hungary felt it had no choice but to assert its dominance
xxi. Austria-Hungary set out to punish Serbia, encouraged by Germany
xxii. After Serbia failed to meet the terms of a ultimatum Austria- Hungary
declares war on Serbia.
xxiii. When Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia came in to support
them in defence of a Slavic Nation.
xxiv. Then Germany came into the war in support of its ally declared war on
Russia, brought France into the war on Russias side.
xxv. Italy didn’t join the war as its allies with Austria-Hungary and Germany were
a defensive Pact
xxvi. In a matter of weeks Europe’s largest powers were prying for war
xxvii. Britain was still confused wether to join the war or not
xxviii. The tipping point came due to germanys war plan
xxix. Germany attempted to attack France through neutral Belgium
xxx. Belgium was a country British had swore to protect
xxxi. On the 4th of august Britain issues an ultimatum to Germany which was
ignored
xxxii. Ended in Britain declaring war on Germany
xxxiii. Most participants in the war thought it would be over by Christmas
xxxiv. The war defined the shape of the world

B. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the perfect excuse for Germany to
start the war it had been planning

FOR AGAINST

A domino affect, a series of events Austria-Hungary set out to punish Serbia

Germany wanted an empire of its own Germany came into the war in support of its
ally
Austria-Hungary set out to punish Serbia,
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 encouraged by Germany

Then Germany came into the war in support

of its ally declared war on Russia, brought
France into the war on Russias side.

The tipping point came due to germanys war

plan

C. MAIN Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRcg_t2oJkc

M- A- I- N-
Militarism – when Alliances- the Imperialism – a strategy Nationalism- when one
countries race to build agreements countries for enhancing a nations country thinks it’s better
up their armies, navies, make to support and strength and influence than the others and feels
weapons and strategies back up each other through a diplomacy or very patriotic (proud and
to defend attack or to force. loyal) to the country
attack others.
Everyone wanted a Everyone wanted There was competition Everyone thought their
stronger military support in case of a war over the colonies country was better than
the others
The British has the Triple alliance 1882 Germany was motivated Domino effect of war
strongest naval militia linked Germany, Austria by imperial ambitions to declarations
Hungary and Italy invade France
The Germans were Triple entente 1907 Serbian nationalism
competing against the linked Britain, France created the triggered
British for this and Russia cause of conflict

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 4. MAP WORK- BATTLE LINES
A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjR2fohHH8E August 1914 - The Battle
for France
i. Germany planned its own war against France
ii. Opening 6 weeks created the course of the war.
iii. France wanted to achieve the so called French territory
iv. France is allied with Russia so war on France would inevitably involve
Russia
v. The Russians had a major shortage, so each solider only got one bullet each
vi. Germany had reasons to fear being trapped
vii. The German came up with the schlieffen plan
viii. Called for an invasion into France through Belgium
ix. This plan had the potential to win the war
x. Germans brought trucks to run people over and then go forward themselves
xi. This plan was changed by Helmuth von Moltke
xii. He changed the plan to reduce the ratio of attacking army
xiii. Great Britain was a protector of Belgium
xiv. The invasion on Belgium brought Britain into the war

Dates of Battles Nations fighting Numbers killed Who

ordered/planned
the battle
Liège 4-16 august 1914 Liège, Wallonia, The city captured
Belgium by the imperial
German army.
Namur 25 august 1914 – Namur, Wallonia, It was liberated by
21 November Belgium British forces.
1918
Mona 11 November Wallonia, Belgium Mons was liberated
1914 by the British forces
on 11 November
1918 and is the place
where the last shots
were reported to be
fired on the Western
Front on 11
November 1918.
City of 20 September 1914 Brussels-Capital Belgium was
Brussels/Bruxelles Region, Belgium occupied by Imperial
German forces on 20
September 1914 and
liberated by Allied
forces on 18
November 1918.
City of Antwerp 10 October 1914 Antwerp, Flanders, The city of Antwerp
Belgium fell to the Imperial
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 German Army on 10
October 1914.
Antwerp was
liberated by British
forces on 19
November 1918.
The Belgian coast 17 October 1918 West Flanders, occupied and
Belgium fortified by the
Imperial German
Army following the
fall of Antwerp in
mid October 1914.
Yser river & canal 16 October – 10 West Flanders. The reclaimed, low-
November 1914 Belgium lying land at was
deliberately flooded
by the Belgians to
halt the German
advance here.
The Ypres salient October 1914 – West Flanders, Battlefields of The
October 1918 Belgium Ypres Salient
Nerve Chapelle, 1915 Departments of Nord Battlefields of Neuve
ambers ridge, 1916 and Pas-de-Calais, Chapelle, Aubers
festubert, Fromelles, & 1918 French Flanders, Ridge and Festubert
the Lys France
La bassee – loos – lens 1915 Departments of Nord Battlefields at La
1917 and Pas-de-Calais, Bassée, Loos and
Artois, France Lens
Loretto heights and 1915 Department of Pas- Battlefields of
Vinny ridge 1917 de-Calais, Artois, Loretto Heights and
France Vimy Ridge
City of arras 1914 Department of Pas-
1917 de-Calais, Artois, City of Arras and
France battlefields east of
the city
The Somme 1914 Department of the Battlefieldsh of the
1918 Somme, Picardy, Somme
France
Cambria November 1917 Department of Nord, Battlefield of
French Flanders, Cambrai
France
Aisne 1914 Department of the Battlefields of the
1918 Aisne, Picardy, Aisne
France

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5. AUSTRALIAN ENLISTMENT IN WW1- FINDING OUT
A. Activity One

Features Responses

Author/ creator N/A

Date 1917

Audience Men, specifically those into sports

Message Men are wanted and needed and whence man

would do it
Agenda Influence men to join the war and participate.

Poster/ wanted sign Wanted sign shows interest.

Features Responses

Author/ creator Lindsay Norman

Date This was made in 1918 which was around the

end of Ww1.
Audience Men, as it was intended that they were the
ones that were hoping would volunteer o be
recruited.
Message Germans will take over if Australia does
nothing and that will lead to fatal
consequences which will leave a devastating
affect on our society. And it subconsciously
persuades Australian men to join the force
and fight against such events.
Agenda Influence men to join the war and volunteer to
be enlisted as a member of the army and
represent Australia in the war and fight off
Germans. It also embeds a sense of fright and
fear for the Australians so it gives them a
reason to join the war.
Nature It is a propaganda poster. And can be
identified by the misleading idea that
Germans
Techniques  Bold text and rhetoric question
 People begging and the facial
expressions being distressed.
 The old man begging, making him look
vulnerable and in dread.
 ‘This’ in large text and bold helps to
paint a picture and incorporates visual
imagery

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Will you fight now or wait for this analysis ^

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This burgundy colour makes the
poster stand out more from the
background and helps to
emphasise it.
It also says "which" which implies that the
poster is trying to promote the idea of "who
will be the man" wearing this badge in order to
make it seem more appealing to the audience.
This image is used to make the poster look
more sophisticated and uses the badge to show Shows a bunch of sports equipment to emphasise
and trap people that participating in something like
superiority and how joining would give them a
badge would give them superiority . this will give them more ‘masculine’ energy and
turns it into a competition, like ‘who’s gonna be the
man’.

The use of the word ‘man’ targets the

audience and has a more personal
approach/attack, and like further uses the
idea of masculinity to influence people.

‘You’ just helps to create a better

relationship with the audience and The link between the word ‘man’ and
targets them in a way urging them the image of the man just helps create
to believe that they are needed and connection and relationship with the
it makes the audience feel that the
audience and creates contrast
have some kind of duty

The way the man is pointing

helps to create a more personal
attack and builds a relationship
The image of the gun can be perceived as a
with the audience persuasive technique as it gives a visual of
what the people are needed for, and helps
give like a trailer of what’s gonna happen
Credits/ extra information the text is small so when they go
it’s hard to determine, but an educated guess
would be that it’s credits to the artist or some
extra information

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 B. Activity Two:
‘You’ creates a more
personal attack and
it urges the viewer
to take immediate
action
Bolted text and ‘now’ just
makes it seem really crucial
to take action
Faded and dull
colours to set the
mood to be
agonising and sad,
Terrified faces, powerless
and the contrast reactions , the woman is
most likely about to get
with blue and
raped which tells the male
orange audience that they need to
protect their family

Elder man begging

on his knees, appeal
to patriotism, and
the body language
Symbolism shows how
The man also has a very fierce stance distressed he is.
that shows power/superiority.

Disempowered/ has been

robbed of his life

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 C. Activity 3

As part of the British Empire, Australia did not make its own declaration of war in
1914; it was simply assumed to be at war with the Central Powers. Initially, there
was no need to conscript or "call up" people to join the army in Australia as there
were many volunteers. There were lots of reasons why Australians were keen to join
the army, including:

Reason What might this mean?

Loyalty to Young men during ww1 might have wanted to enlist for the Army
the empire due to their reason of loyalty to the British empire and because
Australia was colonised by the British under their control, they
would have to serve them as they are a part of the empire.

Shame Shame could be the fact that they were put into a position where they
were depicted to be “strong” and “fearless” so they feeling of not
attending would lead them to feel shame or the guilt of not living up
to the standards set by society, and that he would be a let down to
their image brought on themselves but also family and friends

Adventure Men might have found it entertaining to experience being in the war,
and trying something new. Their name would raise and they might be
seen as fearless and/or the manly capability would have been
unleashed.

Romance If men back then were to join the war it would give them fame in
and glory their hometown and it was assumed that they would be seen as
“saviours” that helped their family and in a way would do anything
for their close people, this would lead young women to fawn over the
courageous and find them appealing and attractive, and the men
going into the war would seek this validation.

Patriotism Duty and giving protection, to the nation.

Economic They might have also been paid really well, not just in money but in
incentives attention as well. And they would’ve received a lump some amount
of money which would have benefited their family.

Moral Many of the young men would see this as a duty, to fulfil their
duty “duty” to their family, and protect people.

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 Sources containing reasons for
enlistment
Spelling and punctuation is as
they are in the original
documents
What reasons or motivations can you
identify from these sources for
enlistment?

Private Percy Samson: Reason: Supporting the nation and doing

I will go, in my heart hating all it for the sake of the family, and the
the time the military spirit, loyalty to the Empire.
rousing though it is... from
love of empire, and for the Supporting quote as evidence:
good of civilisation. I will train “love of empire, and for the good of
myself well in the use of civilisation.”
military implements, and
forms which are necessary for
our purpose, without being
carried away by the blind,
ignorant, heroic spirit which
inspires warlike men who fight
for fighting’s sake alone...

The Australian War Memorial, Reason: Economic differences, they

Aboriginal Service During the weren’t being treated fairly due to the fact
First World War: that weren’t as reputable and if they
Indigenous soldiers were paid fought they’d gain respect and the same
the same rate as non- level of treatment.
Indigenous soldiers. In
general, Indigenous soldiers Supporting quote as evidence:
served under the same “many experiencing equal treatment for
conditions of service as other the first time in their lives.”
members of the AIF
(Australian Imperial Airforce), “hope that having served would deliver
with many experiencing equal greater equality after the war.”
treatment for the first time in
their lives. There may also
have been hope that having
served would deliver greater
equality after the war.

Private A. J. McSparrow: Reason: Moral duty, and young ages are

I have [enlisted]... and I don’t
regret it in the very least. I
believe it is every young
fellow’s duty... besides every
paper one lifts it has something
to say about young fellows
being so slow in coming
forward... we are the sort of
men who should go.
the ones that have a responsibility to serve
in the war.
Supporting quote as evidence:
“I believe it is every young fellow’s
duty...”
“we are the sort of men who should go.”

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 Corporal R. E. Antill: Reason: economic incentives
... things were so
[economically] bad in Supporting quote as evidence:
Melbourne... and they are a
jolly site worse now... every “this war is bound to last a good while
day that passes 4/- (‘4/-’ means yet... if I am killed you will get what is
four shillings.) goes down to due to me just the same, as it goes to the
me and this war is bound to next of kin.”
last a good while yet... if I am
killed you will get what is due
to me just the same, as it goes
to the next of kin.

Battery Sergeant Major G. Reason: romance and glory, shame. Love

Ellsworth
[I]f I had stayed at home I
would never have been able to
hold my head up & look any
decent girl in the face... Surely
everyone must realize that the
Empire is going thro a Crisis it
has never gone thro’ before
and that every one is expected
to do his duty now.
superiority being able to serve in the war
gave them ego and validation.
Supporting quote as evidence:
“I would never have been able to hold my
head up & look any decent girl in the
face”

Lieutenant E. H. Chinner Reason:

[I am] very keen to get to grips
with those inhuman brutes ... Supporting quote as evidence:
to do something to help wipe
out such an infamous nation.
The Parson this morning
preached on this text—‘What
can a man give in exchange for
his soul?’ But he altered ‘man’
to ‘nation’. I am sure that God
will take a strong hand in the
war and thoroughly punish
Germany.

Lieutenant D. G. Armstrong Reason:

I am going to have a try for the
war... I think I ought to go, Supporting quote as evidence:
they want all they can get
and... I think it is the greatest
opportunity for a chap to make
a man of himself, those that
come back from this war will
be the right sort that anybody
would be proud of.

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 Extension: Access The Australian War Memorial: ANZAC diversity page and chose an ANZAC
to learn about. Make some notes about the experiences of the individual during the war,
including motivations for joining the army.

6. (11) MAKING CONCLUSIONS-

A. Why did the Australian Government want to introduce conscription in 1916?
i. Britain pressured Australia to make a bigger contribution to the war effort,
in 1916 PM Huges visited Britain and came back convinced that the
conscription was necessary to win the war

7. (12) MAKING CONCLUSIONS

https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/personnel/australian-women
A. What were the roles of women prior to 1914?
i. Factory worker, Home workers, Domestic servants
B. What percent of Australian Women writhing the total female population in 1911,
were engaged in active medical service overseas?
i.
C. What percent of Australian Women writhinthe total female population in 1911,
were engaged in active medical service in Australia?
i.
D. Look at the Education Census data for 1911 – what percentage of the total
female population was receiving university education?
i.
E. What do these figures tell you about society expectations of women and why we
commemorate the medical service of women in WW1? (paragraph answer with
data as proof of your opinion)
i.

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