Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Set 1
Set 1
Set 1
Short Notes
1. Classify carbohydrates with suitable examples.
2. Mention physiological importance of three hexoses.
3. Name a pentose present in nucleic acid.
4. What are different tests that can be performed with glucose, fructose, lactose maltose? What will
be observation?
5. Explain mutarotation with example.
6. Name two properties of monosaccharide that go along with mutarotation.
7. What are epimers? Ilustrate with two examples.
8. If a aldose sugar contain 3 asymmetric carbon units, how many diastereoisomers are possible?
9. What is the principle of benedicts reaction? What are the components of benedict reagent?
10. How can the presence of a reducing sugar be detected? Give an example of non-reducing sugar and
indicate its source.
11. Describe the osazones of different sugars. What are furfurals.
12. What is milk sugar? What are its components?
13. What is composition of invert sugar. What is its precursor?
14. Explain the term invert sugar and inversion.
15. What are homopolysaccharide. Give two examples.
16. Name the storage polysaccharide of human body. Name the tissue in which it is stored.
17. Explain how glucose molecules are combined together to form glycogen.
18. Name a polysaccharide made up of fructose units.
19. What is biomedical importance of cellulose?
20. Enumerate general features of glycosaminoglycans. List any three glycosaminoglycans & their
functions. Name a heteropolysaccharide that does not contain uronic acid. Name intracellular GAG.
21. Define glycosides. What is cardiac glycoside?
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Glycolysis
Long Questions:
1. Enumerate the steps of Glycolytic pathway with energetics and mention two inhibitors.
Short Questions:
1. Enlists the steps in glycolysis and give the number of ATPs formed in it from a single
molecule of glucose .
2. Narrate the irreversible steps in glycolysis
3. .What are the regulatory enzymes in glycolytic pathway?
4. Write short notes on glycolysis in RBC.
5. Describe the malate – aspartate shuttle and its significance
6. Explain the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
7. Write briefly on the Rappaport – Leubering cycle.
8. Why should lactate be the end product of glycolysis in RBC’s? Explain.
9. How does the difference in Km value between glucokinase and hexokinase suits its
functions?
10. Discuss the difference between Hexokinase and Glucokinase.
11. How do you preserve a sample of blood which is meant for blood glucose estimation.
What happens to glucose in an oxalated blood?
12. Write a note on cori’s cycle
13. What is 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate? What is its signifance?
14. Give an example of an allosteric enzyme present in glycolytic pathway.
15. What are the possible fates of glucose – 6 – phosphate in the cell?
16. Formation and Fate of pyruvate
TCA Cycle
Long Questions:
1. Give an outline of citric acid cycle indicating the enzymes, coenzyme and sites of ATP
production. Add a note on its energetic and amphibolic nature.
Short Questions:
Gluconeogenesis:
Long Questions
1. Define gluconeogenesis. What are its substrates? Explain the various reactions involved
in this process. What are the clinical and physiological significance of gluconeogenesis?
2. Describe the pathway of conversion of lactate to glucose? Describe the regulation of
Gluconeogenesis.
3. Trace the pathway of Gluconeogenesis. Mention their Key enzymes.
Short Questions:
Long Questions
Describe the metabolic fate of muscle glycogen during severe muscular exercise?
HMP Pathway
Long Questions
Diabetes Mellitus
1. What are the enzyme defects that can occur in fructose metabolism? Mention the congenital
disorders& enzyme defects in fructose metabolism. (2)
2. What are the urine findings in different types of fructose metabolism? (2)
3. Give two functions of the uronic acid pathway. (1)
4. What are the possible reducing sugars that can be detected in the urine of a newborn? (1)
5. State the enzyme deficient in classical galactosemia? What is the mechanism of cataract
formation in this condition?
6. Which enzyme deficiency leads to lactose intolerance (1)
7. Explain the glucose transportation in various tissues. (2)
8. Essential Pentosuria (2)
9. Mention two important biochemical changes seen in Von-Gierke’s disease. What is the
enzymatic defect?
LIPID CHEMISTRY
1. What are fatty acids? Classify them. Comment on number of carbon atoms in its structure.
2. What is the number of double bonds in arachidonic acid? What are their positions? What is their
biological role?
3. What are prostaglandins? Discuss biological actions and importance and clinical applications of
prostaglandins.
4. What is difference between prostacyclins and thromboxanes?
5. Name unsaturated fatty acids with two double bonds. Mention the position of the double bonds.
6. What are omega 3 fatty acids and their importance?
7. Does trans isomer of oleic acid have a higher or lower melting point than cis-oleic acid? Explain.
8. What is iodine number? Give its significance. What is saponification?
9. What is autoxidation of PUFA known as? Give an example for in vivo antioxidant.
10. What is lipid peroxidation & what is its effect on biological system?
11. Name essential fatty acids. Draw their structure.
12. Classify compound lipids giving examples.
13. Name five phospholipids. Give one function for each. State role of liposomes in therapy.
14. Mention the different components of lecithin. What is significance of L:S ratio?
15. What is the structural feature of Sphingomyelin which enables it to participate in formation of
biomembrane?
16. Cardiolipin
17. Ceramide
18. Membrane lipids are rich in unsaturated fatty acids whereas the storage lipids are rich in saturated
fatty acids. Explain the biological significance and bio -chemical basis of the above two observations.
(5)
19. What is liposome? Mention its application.
20. Give an example of derived lipid.
21. Draw structure of cholesterol. What is its hydrophilic end? Enumerate its functions.
22. Define sterol. Give two examples.
LIPID METABOLISM
Explain Briefly
1. Why does b - oxidation of fatty acid does not take place in RBC? (1)
2. Can a fatty acid with even carbon atoms be converted to glucose? (1)
3. Explain why odd chain fatty acids are both ketogenic and glucogenic? (2)
4. What is the role of vitamin B12 in the metabolism of odd chain fatty acid? (2)
Lipoprotein Metabolism
1. How dietary triglycerides are absorbed and transported in the plasma?
2. Classify lipoprotein. Explain the role of lipoprotein in the transport of lipids.
3. Indicate the basic structure of a lipoprotein. Explain the metabolism of lipoprotein
concerned with the transport of dietary triglycerides.
4. HDL cycle
5. What is reverse cholesterol transport
6. Give the composition and function of chylomicrons
7. What are lipoproteins. What is bad cholesterol? Discuss its clinical significance?
8. Name the lipoprotein synthesized by the intestinal cell (1)
9. A patient was found to have low HDL cholesterol and high LDL cholesterol. What is the clinical
significance of these findings? (1)
10. Draw the general structure of lipoprotein. (2)
11. Why does plasma appear milky after a fat rich meal? Name the enzyme responsible for its
clearance. (2)
12. How do the dietary lipids enter the circulation? (2)
13. Write in detail the significance of apolipoprotein in LDL metabolism. (2)
14. Write briefly about absorption and transport of dietary lipids? (5)
15. How are dietary triglycerides absorbed and transported in the plasma? Explain briefly the
transport of dietary triglycerides from intestine to liver (8)
16. Write the enzyme associated with HDL. (1)
17. Define Lipoprotein. Write in detail about formation, metabolism and clearance of VLDL. (8)
Cholesterol Metabolism & Bile Salts
Long Question
1. Describe the synthesis and degradation of cholesterol. Add a note on its regulation.
2. Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis
3. Name the regulatory enzymes in cholesterol synthesis. Name two inhibitors of this
enzymes.
4. What are the byproducts of cholesterol. What are its excretory products?
5. Give the normal values of serum cholesterol and one pathological condition in which it is
altered
6. Name the common precursor for all steroid hormones. From which biochemical
substances steroid hormones are formed
7. Which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis? (1)
8. Name the biologically important compounds derived from cholesterol. What is the normal level of
cholesterol in plasma? (2)
9. How does the cholesterol influence the membrane property by its presence? (2)
10. How is HMG CoA formed and utilized? (2)
11. How statin group of drugs lowers plasma cholesterol? (1)
12. Name the ring structure in cholesterol and the compounds formed from cholesterol.
13. Add a note on familial hypercholesterolemia.(8)
14. Causes and investigation in a case of hypercholesterolemia.(MD)
15. What is the role of cholestyramines resin in bile acid metabolism? (2)
16. What is enterohepatic circulation of bile salts? (5)
17. Name the secondary bile acids. (1)
18. Formation and uses of bile acids (5)
19. Name the two primary bile acids. (1)
20. Name the primary and secondary bile acids. What are their functions?
Ketone Bodies
Short questions
1. Explain the biosynthesis and utilization of Ketone bodies
2. Describe the steps involved in ketone body production.
3. Write a short note on ketosis
4. Name the ketone bodies. Mention the test to detect ketone bodies in urine.
5. Why ketone bodies cannot be used as a fuel by the liver? (1)
6. What is the site of formation of acetoacetate from fatty acids? (1)
7. Name the ketone bodies excreted in urine and explain Rothera’s test (2)
Eicosanoids
Short notes
1. Functions of Eicosanoids
2. Enumerate the clinical applications of prostaglandins
3. Name the steps in prostaglandin synthesis. Name one inhibitor of this pathway. (2)
4. Explain the biochemical basis by which aspirin and indomethacin carry out their anti-inflammatory
actions.(1)
5. What are Eicosanoids?(1)
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Long Questions
1. What are various sources of nitrogen in our body? How nitrogen is disposed from our body?
2. Explain reactions of urea cycle in detail. Write a note on defects associated with urea cycle. Add a
note on regulation of urea cycle.
Short questions
1. Transamination
2. How ammonia is transported in blood?
3. Oxidative deamination
4. What is the significance of glutamine in context of nitrogen disposal?
5. Differentiate between CPS-I and CPS-II
6. What is amino acid pool? Write a note on Nitrogen balance.
Short notes
1. Write a note on enzyme defect & clinical features of Phenylketonuria (PKU).
2. What is the test performed for detecting PKU. What is the dietary advice given to PKU patient.
3. Essential amino acids
4. Name the special products derived from tyrosine metabolism.
5. Outline the steps of creatine biosynthesis.
6. What is active methionine? How it is formed? Give two reactions where it is used.
7. How is gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) formed in the body. Mention its role.
8. Write a note on albinism
9. What are aminoacidurias?
10. Indicate the biochemical defect in Maple syrup urine disease & Hartnup disease
11. Transmethylation
12. Hyperhomocystinaemia & Homocystinuria
13. What is carboxylation and decarboxylation products of glutamic acid. Name the coenzyme involved
in these reaction.
14. What is active sulphate. What are its uses.
15. What is glutathione. Name the amino acids that form glutathione
16. What is serotonin? What is its acetylated and methylated products
17. Name the amino acid which forms vitamin niacin. What is the the neurotransmitter synthesized
from that amino acids?
18. Enumerate Ketogenic amino acids.
19. Name the enzyme deficient in alkaptonuria. How can you detect the presence of homogentisate in
urine.
20. Name the biologically important compound derived from tryptophan
21. Write a note on one carbon metabolism
22. Name the amino acid from which melanin is synthesized
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
General
1. Name the sources of carbonds and nitrogens of purine and pyramiding ring.
Purine Metabolism
1. Name the first committed step in Purine biosynthesis. Mention major steps in purine
biosynthesis. How is denovo pruine biosynthesis regulated?
2. What are salvage pathways in purine metabolism? What is Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (Focus
on enzyme deficiency, hyperuricemia and self mutilation)?
3. What is the pathway for breakdown of purine nucleotides? What is the end product of
purine catabolism?
4. What is gout? Enumerate various causes of gout with rationale how they cause
hyperuricemia (Focus on overactivity and underactivity of enzymes causing it).
5. Enumerate the clnical findings in gout. What is the mode of action of drug allopurinol in
this condition?
6. Why allopurinol is given to patients with leukemia? Why hyperuricemia is generally seen
in patients with leukemia
7. What is the normal level of uric acid? Write a note on hyperuricemia.
Pyrimidine metabolism
1. How is carbamoyl phosphate formed? Mention major steps in purine biosynthesis.
2. Distinguish between CPS-I & CPS-II
3. How is pyrimidine biosynthesis regulated?
4. Orotic aciduria
5. Mention the end products of pyrimidine catabolism.
Plasma Proteins
1. How are plasma protein separated by electrophoresis. What is the significance of M Band?
2. What are the important functions of albumin? Give major causes and menifestations of
Hypoalbuminemia.
3. Enumerate major transport proteins of plasma and list out their functions.
4. Name the substances that are carried by albumin.
5. Name protein related to emphysema.
6. Draw normal serum electrophoretic pattern and pattern in multiple myeloma, cirrhosis and
nephritic syndrome.
7. What is haptoglobin? Write its importance.
8. What is A:G ratio? How is it helpful in diagnosis?
9. What are Acute phase proteins? Give three examples mentioning their clinical significance.
10. What is meant by salting in and salting out? How it is used for separation of albumin from
globulin?
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Structure of DNA
1. Describe the structure of tRNA?
2. Indicate two differences between the nascent mRNA and mature mRNA.
3. What are different eukaryotic RNA polymerases?
4. Which component of nucleotide stores and transmits the genetic information in DNA?
What is the role of sugar and phosphate residues in DNA?
5. Which protein is involved in DNA packing?
6. Role of histones in maintaining DNA intergrity
7. What is frame shift mutation?
8. Mitochondrial DNA
RDT
1. What are restriction endonucleases? (2)
2. What is gene therapy? Explain. (3)
3. What is probe in relation to nucleic acid analysis? Enumerate the types.
4. What is PCR? What are its applications? (3)
5. Name the enzyme that is used for polymerase chain reaction? It is active upto what
temperature?
6. Name the retrovirus that produces immune deficiency in humans. Which enzyme is
necessary for these viruses to multiply? (2)
7. Reverse transcripitase (3)
8. What is chimeric DNA . What is a cDNA? (3)
9. Indicate the biochemical defect in xeroderma pigmentosa (1)
10. Genetic engineering…
11. What is plasmid DNA? Why is it commonly used for Genetic engineering? (2+2)
12. Write two uses of recombinant DNA. (1)
13. Mention the application of molecular cloning in medicine.(1)
14. What is Chimeric DNA? What is cDNA? (3)
What is the principle of southern blotting. Give two applications. (3)
Describe the applications of recombinant DNA technology (5)
Explain the Western blot technique 10. Describe
the applications of RFLP and PCR. (5)
Principle and applications of recombinant DNA technology (3)