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DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF A COLD STORE WITH WATER-

COOLED CHILLER

Article in Latin American Applied Research - An international journal · January 2022

DOI: 10.52292/j.laar.2022.635

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Latin American Applied Research
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF A COLD STORE
WITH WATER-COOLED CHILLER
S. AKDEMİR
Department of Machine and Metal Technologies. Technical Sciences Vocational School,
Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, 59030, TURKEY.
sakdemir@nku.edu.tr
Abstract−− Objective of this research was to de-
sign, construction and test of a cold store with chiller
unit. Dimensions of the cold store were 5x4x3m. Heat
load was calculated and capacity of cooling system
was determined. Ambient temperature was set 2oC
and relative humidity 90% for cold store testing. Am-
bient temperature, relative humidity and air velocity
were measured for 3 different levels and 12 points for
each level in the cold store. Total heat load and capac-
ity of cooling system were calculated 6264 kcal/h
(7.284 kW). The descriptive statistics were calculated
for the ambient temperature; mean, 2.82oC, standard
deviation 0.02oC and CV (%) 0.56, and for the rela-
tive humidity; mean 88.01%, standard deviation 0.61
(%) and CV(%) 0.70 and for the air velocity mean
0.37m/s, standard deviation 0.22 m/s, CV 33.45 %.
Even the air velocity CV was high, the ambient tem-
perature and relative humidity variations were eval-
uated very good.
Keywords−− cold store, chiller, design, heat load
I. INTRODUCTION
Reducing the losses with various techniques from harvest
to consumer indirectly increases agricultural production
and producer income (Eris, 2001). In order to ensure the
homogeneity of the temperature in large volume cold
stores, it is necessary to provide it with separate and spe-
cial air channel systems (Bayboz et al., 2004). It is the
range of change of this temperature in a factor as im-
portant as the storage temperature. Deviations in the cold
storage degree should be less than ± 1oC. The biggest dis-
advantage of high deviations in the storage temperature
is that it affects the storage humidity. Therefore, this is
very important in cold store with high relative humidity
(Cemeroglu et al., 2001). In the design and operation of
cold storage systems, the problems of saving operation
cost and improving global economics of whole systems
are equally important. An approach to calculate and to
choose the chiller and cold storage tank for the optimal
scheme was provided in the method. The method was
demonstrated by a case study, in which the optimal
scheme was compared on economics with other schemes
with chiller priority control or storage priority control. It
can be seen that the payback period of the optimal
scheme was the shortest (Liu and Wang, 2001). The de-
sign guide of the chiller cooling systems was presented
in a book (Anonymous, 2009). Energy performance of a
chiller and cooling tower systems integrated with varia-
ble condenser water flow and optimal speed control for
https://doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2022.635
52(1):21-26 (2022)
tower fans and condenser water pumps were investigated.
With regard to an example chiller system, the optimal
control coupled with variable condenser water flow could
reduce the annual system electricity use by 5.3% and op-
erating cost by 4.9% relative to the equivalent system us-
ing constant speed fans and pumps with a fixed set point
for cooling water temperature control (Yu and Chan,
2008). In a study, calculation of cooling load and choos-
ing of the cooling system elements as compressor, con-
denser, and evaporator were explained for designing of
an evaporative cold store (Akdemir, 2008). A manual
was prepared to discuss various piping and control strat-
egies commonly used with chilled water systems includ-
ing variable flow pumping systems (Anonymous, 2001).
Steady natural convection heat transfer behavior of
nanofluids is investigated numerically inside a square en-
closure filled with a porous medium. The governing
equations were obtained based on the Darcy's law with
the nanofluid model. The transformed dimensionless
governing equations were solved by finite difference ap-
proach (Mansour et al., 2015). A risk-based design pro-
cedure of ammonia-based refrigeration processes taking
into account the allocation of the manufacturing plant and
the surrounding environment vulnerability at early stages
of process design was presented in paper (Biscotti et al.,
2019).
Chiller cooling systems are becoming more and more
common in cold storage. In this type of cold stores, cold
air is conditioned, ventilated from the ceiling and ab-
sorbed through inlets located on the opposite side. The
purpose of this research was to calculate the heat load for
a cold store with water-cooled chiller system that distrib-
utes conditioned cold air as homogeneously as possible
in the cold store. The capacities of the system elements
were determined according to the cooling load calcula-
tions. Then, the cold store with chiller was constructed
and the cooling system was tested for ambient factors
such as temperature, relative humidity and air velocity.
II. METHODS
A. Cooling load calculations
Heat load from the stored products and other heat sources
in the cold store were calculated for determining cooling
load. Cooling capacity of the air conditioning and the
cooling unit were calculated in order to provide the de-
sired temperature and relative humidity in the cold store.
Transmission heat (𝑞1 ), infiltration heat (𝑞2 ), heat for
cooling of the stored products (𝑞3 ), heat from other
sources (𝑞4 ) and unknown and unexpected heat load (𝑞5 )
21
Latin American Applied Research
for calculated to determine total amount of heat required
in the cold store (Ozkol, 1999). Outdoor temperature as
35oC, storage temperature as 0oC and relative humidity
as 90% were taken for the cooling load calculations.
Monthly average air temperature for the hottest month
was determined as outside temperature. The transmission
heat load (𝑞1 ) generated by heat transmission from walls,
ceiling and floor was calculated by using Eq. (1-3) (Guzel
et al., 1996).
𝑞1 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑘𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝛥𝑡𝑖 (1)
1 lightening (𝑞4,2 ) and unknown and unexpected heat load
𝑘𝑖 = 1 𝑛 𝐿 1 (2)
𝛼𝑜
+ ∑𝑖=1
λ
+
𝛼𝑖
𝛥𝑡𝑖 = 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑟 (3)
where
𝑞1 = Transmission heat load (kCal/h)
𝑖 = Number of layer (1, 2, ..,n)
𝑛 = Maximum number of layers
𝑘𝑖 = Total heat transfer coefficient (kCal/m2hoC)
𝐴𝑖 = Total surface area of ceiling, walls, floor (m 2)
𝛥𝑡𝑖 = Temperature difference (oC)
𝛼𝑜 = Coefficient of heat transmission of outside surface
(kCal/m2hoC) (It was assumed as 18 kCal/m2hoC)
𝐿 = Material thickness (m)
λ = Thermal conductivity (kCal/mhoC)
𝛼𝑖 = Coefficient of heat transmission of inside surface
(kCal/m2hoC) (It was assumed as 18 kCal/m2hoC)
𝑡𝑜 = Neighbour volume (outside) temperature (oC)
𝑡𝑟 =Room (inside) temperature (oC)
𝑘𝑖 was calculated 0.26 kCal/m2hoC for walls, ceiling
and floor manufactured from polyurethan. Thickness was
0.08 m.
Infiltration heat load (𝑞2 ) caused from leakage and
exchange air was calculated by the Eq. 4 (Erol, 1993).
𝑞2 = 𝑧. 𝛾. 𝑉. ℎ𝑜 . ℎ𝑖 (4)
where
𝑞2 = Heat load from leakage and exchange air (kcal/h)
𝑧 = Number of air changes in one day (Erol, 1993)
𝛾 =Specific gravity of air (kg/m3) (for 35oC) (Savas,
1987)
𝑉 = Room volume (m3)
ℎ𝑜 = Enthalpy of outdoor air (kcal/kg)
ℎ𝑖 = Enthalpy of indoor air (kcal/kg)
Heat load (𝑞3 ) caused by stored products was calcu-
lated by Eq. (5-7)
𝑞3 = 𝑞3,1 + 𝑞3,2 (5)
where
𝑞3 = Cooling load (q3) from cold stored products (kcal/h)
𝑞3,1 = Heat generated by cold stored product (kcal/h)
𝑞3,2 = Heat generated by stored product maturation
(kcal/h)
The heat emitted by reducing the amount of heat re-
quired to be taken from the daily loaded products to de-
crease temperature from 𝑡𝑜 to 𝑡𝑟 .
𝑞3,1 = (𝐺𝑢 . 𝑐𝑢 ). (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑟 ) (6)
where
𝑞3,1 = Heat produced by cold stored product (kcal/h)
𝐺𝑢 = Amount of the daily stored products (kg)
𝑐𝑢 = Specific heat of the product (kCal/kgoC)
22
52(1):21-26 (2022)
𝑡𝑜 = Outdoor temperature (oC)
𝑡𝑟 = Indoor temperature (oC)
Heat generated by stored product maturation (𝑞3,2 de-
fined as also maturation heat was calculated by Eq. 7.
𝐺 .𝑐
𝑞3,2 = 𝑢 𝑟 (7)
1000 .24
where 𝑐𝑟 = Respiration heat during storage (kCal/ t-24h)
(It was assumed as 200 kCal/t-24h for apple at 0oC cold
storage).
Other heat load (𝑞4 ) generated by workers (𝑞4,1 ),
(𝑞4,3 ) were calculated by Eq. (8-10) (Cemeroglu and
Acar, 1986; Ozkol, 1999; Erol, 1993).
𝑞4 = 𝑞4,1 + 𝑞4,2 + 𝑞4,3 (8)
𝑞4,1 = 𝑛. 𝑐𝑖 . 𝑡1 (9)
where
𝑞4,1 = Heat load emitted from workers (kCal/day)
𝑛 = Number of workers
𝑐𝑖 =Heat load from a worker (kCal/h-person) (Ozkol,
1999)
𝑡1 = Daily working time for a worker in the cold store
(h/day) (assumed as 1 h/day).
𝑞4,2 = 860. 𝑁𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 . 𝑡2 (10)
𝑞4,2 = Heat load generated by lightening (kCal/day)
860 =Thermal equivalent of work (kCal/kWh)
𝑁𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =Power of the lighting facility (kW) (0.020kW)
𝑡2 = Daily working time of the lighting (h /day) (2h/day)
In order to include the effect of unknown and unex-
pected heat load (𝑞4,3 ) was determined by Eq. 11 (Ozkol,
1999).
𝑞4,3 = 0.1 (𝑞4,1 + 𝑞4,2 ) (11)
where 𝑞4,3 = Unknown and unexpected heat load
(kCal/day)
It was also assumed that the cooling system works 16
hours per a day and time factor as 24/16 was reflected to
the calculation of the total heat load (𝑄𝐾 ) (Eq. 12)
(Cemeroglu and Acar, 1986; Ozkol, 1999; Erol, 1993).
24
𝑄𝐾 = ( ) . (𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 𝑞4 + 𝑞5 ) (12)
16
where 𝑄𝐾 = Total heat load (kCal/h) and 24/16 = Time
factor.
B. Determination of Cooling Unit Capacity
Air is cooled by giving its heat to the fluid passing
through the pipes when the air passes through the serpen-
tine in the ventilation unit. The air conditioner provides
the desired temperature and humidity to the air before en-
ters the cold store. Calculations of the volumetric flow
rate, mass flow rate and the cooling capacity of the air
conditioning unit were determined by the following for-
mulas. The amount of cold air was calculated by Eq.13
(Yamankaradeniz et al., 2012).
𝑄𝐾
𝑉𝑎 = (13)
𝜌ℎ .𝐶𝑝ℎ .𝛥𝑡
where
𝑉𝑎 = Volumetric air flow rate (m3/h)
𝜌ℎ = Density of air (kg/m3)
𝐶𝑝ℎ = Specific heat of air at constant pressure (kcal/kg0C)
𝛥𝑡 = Differences between storage temperature and venti-
lation temperature (0C)
 S. AKDEMIR

minimum, maximum, standard deviation (SD) and Coef-

ficient of Variation (CV) to determine variability in the
cold store.
III. RESULTS
A. Heat load for the selection of the cooling system
Transmission heat load in Table 1, infiltration heat load
in Table 2, heat load from the stored products in Table 3
Figure 1: Measurement points, levels and plains in the cold
and Table 4, heat load from unknown and unexpected
store
sources in Table 5 and total heat load were given in Table
The mass flow rate of air and the capacity of the ser- 6, respectively.
pentine were calculated by using Eqs. 14 and 15. Total daily transmission heat load was determined as
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 . 𝜌ℎ (14) 18959 kCal/day. Total daily infiltration heat load was
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝑜 − ℎ𝑖 ) (15) 10908 kCal/day from Table 2. Total heat gain coming
where from stored product was calculated as 65417 kCal/day
𝑚𝑎 =Amount of ventilated air into the cold store (kg/h) from Table 3 and Table 4. Heat load from unknown and
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = Serpentine capacity (kcal/h) unexpected sources was 4932 kCal/day (Table 5).
ℎ𝑜 − ℎ𝑖 = Enthalpy difference inlet and outlet air for air- Total heat load was calculated as 7.284 kW (6264
conditioning unit (kcal/kg). kCal/h) (Table 6). Cooling system elements were chosen
C. Testing of cold store with chiller unit according to the total heat load. In practice, the conden-
Ambient temperature, relative humidity and air ve- ser capacity is determined 15% higher than heat load per
locity were measured for 12 points for 3 levels as base, hour. The evaporator capacity is equal to the total heat
middle and top (Fig. 1). load. In the cooling system using R404a as the refriger-
Testo 177H1 sensors were used for ambient tempera- ant, the evaporator capacity for the evaporator-condenser
ture and Testo 435 sensor for air velocity. The results temperature -15/+400C was selected as 7.4 kW.
were evaluated by descriptive statistics such as mean,
Table 1. Transmission heat load
Cold Width Length Area Thickness of Conduction heat transfer 𝑘𝑖 (kcal/h Temperature Heat load per Heat load
store (m) (m) (m2) the panel (m) coefficient (kCal/hmoC) oC m2) differences hour (kcal/h) Per day
(oC) (kcal/day)
Wall 4.00 3.00 12.00 0.08 0.021 0.255 35 107.13 2571
Wall 4.00 3.00 12.00 0.08 0.021 0.255 35 107.13 2571
Wall 5.00 3.00 15.00 0.08 0.021 0.255 35 133.91 3214
Wall 5.00 3.00 15.00 0.08 0.021 0.255 35 133.91 3214
Ceil- 4.00 5.00 20.00 0.08 0.021 0.255 35 178.54 4285
ing
Floor 4.00 5.00 20.00 0.08 0.021 0.255 25 129.36 3105
Total daily heat load (kCal/day) 18959
Table 2. Infiltration heat load
Cold store Number of ventila- Outdoor en- Differences between outdoor
Air density Indoor air en- Heat load per
volume 3 tions per day (num- thalpy and indoor air enthalpies
(kg/m ) thalpy (kCal/kg) day (kCal/day)
(m3) ber/24h) (kCal/kg) (kCal/kg)
60 1.21 10.1 15 0 15 10908
Table 3. Heat load from stored products
Amount of Tempera- Specific heat Heat load
Product tem- Storage tem- Cooling time Heat load per a
o o the stored ture differ- gain per hour
perature ( C) perature ( C) per a day (h) day (kcal/day)
product (kg) ences (oC) (kcal/kgoC) (kcal/h)
Above freezing
25 0 2000 25 0.65 16 2031.25 48750
point
Table 4. Respiration heat load from stored products
Amount of the Tempera- Respiration Heat load
Product tem- Storage tem- Cooling time Heat load per a
o o stored product ture differ- heat (kCal/t- per hour
perature ( C) perature ( C) per a day (h) day (kcal/day)
(kg) ences (oC) 24h) (kcal/h)
Respiration 2000 200 16667 16667
Table 5. Heat load from unknown and unexpected sources
Heat source Number Heat value Working time (h) Daily heat load (kcal/day)
Human 2 persons 205 kcal/h 8 3280
Lighting 7 Watt- 20 pieces 0,86 kcal/h/W 10 1204
Unknown and unexpected sources 448
Total heat load 4932

23
Latin American Applied Research 52(1):21-26 (2022)

Table 6. Total heat load per hour and day Table 10. General specifications of the cold store
Heat load Amount (kCal/day) Dimensions (m) 4.0x5.0x3.0m
Transmission 18959 Working temperature (°C) 0°C /+30 °C
Infiltration 10908 Relative humidity 55% – 95%
Stored product 65417 Tolerance for relative humidity (%) ±%5
Unknown and unexpected source 4932 Tolerance for ambient temperature(°C) ± 0,5 °C
Total Daily heat load 100216 Steps for controlling of the ambient tem- 0.1 °C
Total heat load (kCal/h) 6264 kCal/h perature
Total heat load (kW) 7.284 kW

Table 7. Volumetric flow of air

𝑄𝐾 (kcal/h) 𝜌ℎ (kg/m3) 𝐶𝑝ℎ (kCal/kgoC) 𝛥𝑡 (oC) 𝑉ℎ (m3/h)
5236 1.2 1003.5 4 4816.8

Table 8. Mass flow of air

𝑉ℎ (kg/h) 𝜌ℎ (kg/m3) 𝑚ℎ (kg/h) 𝑚ℎ (kg/s)
5000 1.2 6000 1.66
Table 9. Capacity of the cooling unit
𝑚ℎ (kg/s) ℎ𝑖 (kj/kg) ℎ𝑜 (kj/kg) 𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑔 (kW)
1.66 14 10 6.66
Figure 2: Plan of the cold store
B. Calculation of ventilation flow rate
The volumetric flow of the air to enter the air conditioner
for the selection of the air conditioning device was given
in Table 7, the mass flow in Table 8 and the capacity of
the cooling unit was given in Table 9.
The volumetric flow rate of the air was calculated
4816.8 m3/h for the air conditioner. The amount of air to
be given to the tank was determined as 1.66 kg/s. The
cooling capacity of serpentine was calculated as 6.66 kW,
but cooling unit selection was made according to 7 kW.
C. Construction and testing of the cold store
Dimensions of the cold store were 4m in width, 5m in
length and 3m in height), volume 60m3 and cooling ca-
pacity 7kW (Fig. 2).
The operating temperatures of this cold store, are 0 /+
10°C, humidity range is 75% -90% RH humidity toler-
ance ± 5%, temperature tolerance is ± 0.5°C and temper-
ature control steps are 0.1°C.
Water cooled chiller group consists of compressor,
condenser, evaporator, electrical control panel, micro-
processor control system.
Electronic expansion valve, drier-filter, sight glass,
safety valve, water flow control automatics, low-high
Figure 3: Placing of panels and cold general view
pressure switch and cooling valves are installed in order
to operate the cooling circuit elements safely and auto-
matically in the system.
General specifications of the cold store with chiller
were given in Table 11.
Air entering the air conditioner and passing through
the cooling serpentine cools by giving its heat to the wa-
ter passing through the pipes. The water that takes the
heat is cooled in chiller unit and sent back to the cooling
unit by a pump (Yamankaradeniz et al., 2012). The air
prepared to the desired conditions in the air conditioner
is blown through three discharge blown into the cold
store by a system. After passing cold store, the cold air
is drawn by three intake channels on the other side of the
cold store (Fig. 2). Thus, air was distributed relatively ho-
mogeneously in the store. As a result, agricultural prod-
ucts were stored at more homogeneous conditions in the
cold store. It is designed different from the evaporative
cold storages.
After the design of the cold store, it was constructed
in the Tekirdag Namik Kemal University. A new build-
ing was built at 40° 59'37.87 "N and 27° 34'44.23" E po-
sition. All surfaces of the walls and floors were covered
with prefabricated sandwich panels filled with polyure-
thane (Fig. 3). Panel thickness was 80 mm. and transmis-
sion coefficient 0.025W/mK according to DIN 4108.
Both surfaces of the wall and ceiling panels were 0.50
mm thick, hot-dip galvanized sheet, painted with polyes-
ter-based paint. The floor panels, were covered with im-
ported 0.5 mm thick stainless-steel sheet on 9 mm thick
imported plywood, and the outer surface was hot dip gal-
vanized with 0.50 mm thick and 80 mm polyurethane
filled. Then sliding door installation was done.
Cooling system consists of water-cooling group
(chiller), air cooling group, air conditioning unit, suction
and discharge channels. The water was cooled with
R404a refrigerant in the chiller. The cold water ensures
cooling of the air in the cooling battery of the air condi-
tioning device. Temperature and relative humidity of the
cold air adjusted to the desired values and then blown in-
side of the cold store. Technical characteristics of cooling
system were given in Table 11.

24
 S. AKDEMIR

Table 11. Technical specifications of chiller

Compressor model Semi-Hermetic Cylinder
Evaporator-condenser 0/+40°C
temperature
Capacity 15 kW
Compressor power 4,59 kW
C.O.P 3,27
Water inlet/outlet temperature 10/6°C
Refrigerant R404a

Table 12. Technical specifications of the air conditioner

Ventilator type Axial
Air flow rate (m3/h) 8.000
Figure 6: Automatic control of the cooling system.
Coolant battery capacity (kW) 10
Heater capacity (kW) 5 kw Table 13. Descriptive statistics of ambient temperature(t), rel-
Inlet air 19°C %65RH ative humidity (RH) and air velocity(v) measurements
Outlet air 15°C %85RH Level Plain t (oC) RH (%) v(m/s)
Water Inlet/Outlet 6/11°C Top 1 2.83 87.43 0.43
Heater type Number of the electricity 2 2.83 88.23 0.41
resistance:1 3 2.83 88.07 0.26
Ventilator air flow rate It can be adjusted 4 2.80 87.70 0.18
Middle 1 2.80 87.67 0.23
2 2.83 89.57 0.57
3 2.80 87.47 0.40
4 2.80 88.23 0.22
Base 1 2.83 88.13 0.34
2 2.83 87.47 0.41
3 2.80 88.53 0.44
4 2.80 87.60 0.52
(a) (b) Mean 2.82 88.01 0.37
Figure 4: Air-conditioner group and chiller (a), pressure Minimum 2.80 87.43 0.18
and suction channels(b). Maximum 2.83 89.57 0.57
SD 0.02 0.61 0.12
CV (%) 0.56 0.70 33.45

peremeter etc. All controls were made from the electri-

Figure 5: Humidification device and control panel
Technical specifications of the air conditioning de-
vice are given in Table 12.
The air channels between the ventilation device (air
conditioning unit) and the cold store inlet channels are
made of galvanized sheet iron. These air channels de-
liver the cold air into the cold store and absorb ex-
hausted air from the cold a store (Fig. 4). Sealing and
fitting elements were used for joining points of the
channels. The channels were hung in the style and in-
tervals specified due to Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning
Contractors’ National Association (SMACNA). Insu-
lated suction and discharge air channels were given in
Fig. 4. In order to distribute the conditioned (cold) air
coming from the discharge channel. Three ventilation
inlets were placed at the side of the door and three suc-
tion channels on the other side at the ceiling to allow
the exhaust air to be absorbed. All this was to ensure
that the air was sent to the cold store at a desired tem-
perature and relative humidity in a closed cycle and to
recover the exhaust air. Steam humidifier capacity was
2 kg/h used in the cold store (Fig. 5). Electrical control
panel has fuse, contactor, relay, lamp, switch, am-
cal panel (Fig. 5).
Cooling and humidification processes were con-
trolled by a microprocessor to establish required tem-
perature. In case of any excessive temperature in the
system, the entire system can be stopped and the alarm
was activated (Fig 6.).
Descriptive statistics of the ambient temperature,
relative humidity and air velocity measurements for dif-
ferent levels and plains were given in Table 13.
The descriptive statistics of the ambient tempera-
ture were calculated as mean 2.820C, standard deviation
0.020C and CV (%) 0.56, for the relative humidity;
mean 88.01%, standard deviation 0.61% and CV (%)
0.70 and for the air velocity mean 0.37 m/s, standard
deviation 0.22 m/s, CV 33.46%. Even the air velocity
CV was high as 33.46%, the ambient temperature and
relative humidity variations were too close to the set
value as 20C and 90%.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Cooling system with chiller has been widely used for
cold storage of the agricultural products. All details of the
design for a cold store with water cooled chiller were
given in this paper for researchers and manufacturers. In
this research study a cold store with water-cooled chiller
was designed, constructed and tested for ambient factors.

25
 Latin American Applied Research
The operating ranges and capacities of the selected cool-
ing system provided homogeneous distribution of ambi-
ent temperature and the relative humidity in the given
storage conditions.
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Received: September 9, 2020
Sent to Subject Editor: January 12, 2021
Accepted: August 4, 2021
Recommended by Subject Editor Ardson Vianna Jr.