Electrical Machines

CM3 – DC machine

Author : Halil Ibrahim Cakar

Group : EENG3
Department : ECAM Engineering
Date : 22th September, 2020

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 Objective of the Course

 Understanding the operation of a DC motor

 Know the vocabulary associated with DC Machine

 Know the main features of a DC Machine

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 Why Working with DC Machine?
 History:
 Designed in the 19th century
 For a long year, only electric machine with wide speed range
 Perfect reversibility to provide DC power as a generator
 Advantages:
 Easy torque control
 By control of the armature current
 Direct speed control
 By adjusting the armature voltage
 Simple operation, easy to understand and therefore to drive
 Modern applications:
 Toys, servomotors, electric traction

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 EM Conversion
 Three electrical machines (dc, induction, and synchronous) are
used extensively for electro- mechanical energy conversion.
 Main two phenomena:
 When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in
the conductor.
 When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experiences a mechanical force.

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 Motional Voltage - Electromagnetic Force
 An expression can be derived for the voltage
induced in a conductor moving in a
magnetic field.
𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣

 Due to a current carrying conductor in a

magnetic field, Lorentz force is produced.

𝑓 = 𝐵𝑙𝑖

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 Construction of DC Machine

At the stator:
- Two salient poles
- Field windings.
- A yoke
- Two concentric
windings traversed by
the same current 𝑖1 ,
called excitation
current
- It is continuous,
adjustable and
therefore creates an
inductive magnetic
field, fixed in space
and time.
i1
In the rotor:
- Armature windings.
- A cylindrical magnetic
circuit with smooth
slotted poles.
- The coils are in the
notches and are
traversed by a
continuous current 𝑖2
i2
This is the armature of
the machine

This is the inductor of

the machine

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 Laplace forces.

The rotor is rotated by

the Laplace forces:

𝑭 = 𝑩𝒊𝒍
With 𝑙 the useful length
of turn, 𝐵 the magnetic F B
field and 𝑖 to be the
armature current. F

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 Demonstration: the homopolar motor
 Material:
 A battery (AAA)
 Two powerful circular magnets
 Aluminum foilo

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 Physical explanation of the phenomenon

When the battery and

S magnet assembly is
N placed on the aluminum,
an electrical contact is
established and a current
flows from positive to
negative. A Laplace force
is developed according to
N the rule of the right
S hand.

SN NS

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 F, B, I relation on a DC Machine
 The magnetic field remains oriented from North to South
 Current must change direction during rotation

F
F
B F

B F
F
F

 For this we use the commutator (A mechanical rectifier)

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 The principle of commutator and brushes
 Commutator-brush combination is used as a mechanical rectifier.
 To make the armature terminal voltage unidirectional and to make
the MMF wave due to the armature current.
 The brushes are used to change the direction of the current when
the armature pass through the quadrature-axis (xx’).
 This makes all the conductors under one pole carry current in one
direction.
 So the MMF will be manipulated as well as torque!

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 How does it work?

Stripped portion of the

The rotor coil is energized only when conductor
the stripped portions of the conductor
are in contact with the axis of
rotation.

If the motor drives a load, there must

be a power supply at all times to
provide enough mechanical power.

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 The commutator and the brushes
Brushes: They are carbon, it is a soft conductive material to avoid
damaging the rotor. It is mechanically linked to the stator which
induces friction (brush wear). The brush / blade contact of the rotor
causes a voltage drop of 1 V / contact

Commutator: it is linked to the rotor.

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 The commutator and the brushes
a : Conductor « goes » to one turn
a’ : Conductor returns from one turn Commutator blades
(rotating with the rotor)
The commutator
reverses the Brushes (fixed)
direction of the
current in the
leads of
armature at the
moment when
they pass the
position xx’
=> The
forces keep
their
resulting
forces

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 The commutator and the brushes

Armature Commutator
conductors blades

commutator

Brushes

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 Symbols of a DC Machine

Inductor Armature

or

Brushes

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 Reversibility of DC Machine
 DC machine can operate both as a generator and as a motor.
 As generator:
 A prime mover rotates the armature of the dc machine and DC
power is generated in the machine.
 As motor:
 The input is to the machine is electrical power and the output is
mechanical power.
 If the armature is connected to a dc supply the motor will develop
mechanical torque and power.

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 Electromagnetic torque
Ir

x x’ Θ

B B

x x’ Θ

B Tem

x x’ Θ

We express the torque by: 𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 2. 𝑙. 𝐵. 𝑟. 𝑖𝑟

The torque is in agreement with a driving force in the same direction. All
this is possible thanks to the change of sign of 𝑖𝑟 crossing the border xx‘.

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 Electromotive Force
e (at the terminals of the coil.)

x x’ Θ

The EMF at the terminals of the coil is

expressed by:
𝑒 = 2. 𝐵. 𝑙. 𝑟. Ω𝑚

The EMF changes direction at the end of the

turn because it would follow B. But what
matters is the EMF on the terminals of the
two brushes (induced voltage).

e (at the terminals of the brushes)

When crossing the border xx ', the
direction of the current is reversed
and therefore that of the force as x x’ Θ
well. So we see an EMF always
positive.
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 Multiplication of the number of windings
The torque is
maximized by
dividing the drivers:

2n conductors Every time a driver

=> n turns at the passes from one side to
winding of the 𝛼1 the other of line xx',
armature the current changes
direction.
=> Torque = n.r.I.l.B
Each turn is
connected to a
collector blade.

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 Multiplication of the number of windings.

TEm

Resulting Torque

Elementary Torques

𝛼1
Θ

All the conductors in the armature winding develop torque in the same
direction and thus:

The resulting torque is the sum of the elementary torques on each

turn, it does not depend on the position of the rotor.

Similarly to the resulting emf is considered that the fixed terminals of

the brushes
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 Multiplication of the number of windings
The Torque on each elementary
turn:

TEm = 2.l.r.B.ir
2
TEm = 𝜋.π.l.r.B.ir
2
TEm = 𝜋.Φ.ir

Where Φ is the induction flux of B

in the surface of the gap.

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Representation of the DC motor.

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 Equivalent electrical diagrams
Attention to the direction of I2 according to the
motor or generator mode
I1 I2

R2

V1 R1 V2

Inductor R1 >> R2 Armature

(Passive dipole) In charge, I2 >>I1 (Active dipole)

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation
 Receiving Convention

 Inductor: I2
 Coil and its resistance

 Armature: R1, L1 V2
R2, L2
 Coil and its resistance I1
 Electromotive force E V1

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation


 Considering the magnetic I2

materials as non saturable
 the EMF is proportional to
the speed and inductor flux R1, L1 V2
R2, L2
I1
𝐸2 = 𝑀𝑜 . 𝐼1 . Ω
V1

𝑀0 : 𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation
 Electromagnetic power is written :
𝐸2 . 𝐼2 = 𝑇. Ω I2

 We thus deduce the

electromagnetic torque: R1, L1 V2
R2, L2
I1

𝑇 = 𝑀𝑜 . 𝐼1 . 𝐼2 V1

Special case: Permanent magnet inductor

There is no current to the inductor, the speed is directly adjusted by adjusting the
armature voltage and the torque by adjusting the armature current.
𝐸2 = 𝑘. Ω
T = 𝑘. 𝐼2

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation
I2

Power Balance
R1, L1 V2
R2, L2
I1
𝑃𝐽𝑆 = 𝑅1 . 𝐼12
V1

𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉1 . 𝐼1

T. Ω
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑉2 . 𝐼2
Efficiency

𝑃𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑇. Ω
𝑃𝐽𝑅 = 𝑅2 . 𝐼22 η=
𝑉1 . 𝐼1 + 𝑉2 . 𝐼2

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 Complement the power balance.
𝑃𝑢 𝑃𝑎 −𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠
Efficiency : η = = What if we do not have access to the
𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑎
product measure of 𝑻. 𝜴 and the powers
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝐽𝑆 − 𝑃𝐽𝑅 − 𝑃𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ − 𝑃𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛
η= PMech and PIron ?
𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ + 𝑃𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛
Torque Losses: 𝑇𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
Ω
It is independant from the load and it can
be measured with no-load test and it is:

𝑇𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠_𝑁𝐿 = 𝑀0 . 𝐼1 . 𝐼2_𝑁𝐿
In practice, we find thed product 𝑀0 . 𝐼1 thanks to the
operating characteristic and the value 𝐼2 .
(NL: No-Load)

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation
I2
 Demonstration of the torque-speed expression:

𝑀0 . 𝐼1 𝑀02 . 𝐼12 R1, L1 V2

𝑇= 𝑉 − Ω
𝑅2 2 𝑅2 R2, L2
I1
1 𝑅
Ω= 𝑉2 − 2 2 2 𝑇
𝑀0 . 𝐼1 𝑀0 . 𝐼1 V1

 At zero speed, the starting torque is obtained as:

𝑀0 . 𝐼1
𝑇𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 𝑉2
𝑅2
 Let’s plot the trace characteristics by keeping the parameters
fixed two by two.

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation
Ω Ω Ω

𝑉2
𝑇 𝑇

I1 constant 𝑉2 I1 constant 𝑇 V2 constant I1

Ω I2 I2

I1 𝑇

I1

V2 constant 𝑇 Ω constant I1 V2 constant 𝑇

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation
Ω
 If we want to maintain a constant torque
between 0 and the nominal speed:
 The armature voltage is varied.
𝑇
 Power will evolve linearly with speed.
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑀𝑜 . 𝐼1𝑛 . 𝐼2𝑛
𝑉2 − 𝑅2 . 𝐼2𝑛
Ω= I1 constant 𝑉2
𝑀𝑜 . 𝐼1𝑛
𝑃𝑢 = 𝑇𝑛 . Ω
 We have an increasing power up to the
nominal point
2
𝑃𝑢 = 𝑉2𝑛 . 𝐼2𝑛 − 𝑅2 . 𝐼2𝑛
 Beyond, we will go over-speed by defluxing
the engine (down I1) => decline in torque.

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 External Model: DC machine with separate excitation
 Mode of operation in defluxing.
 Constant torque.
 Then at constant power by decreasing I1
𝑇 𝑃𝑢

𝑃𝑢𝑛
𝑇𝑛

Ω𝑛 Ω Ω𝑛 Ω

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 Beware of engine runaway!

 Whatever the excitation, when the machine operates as a

𝑉2 −𝑅2.𝐼2
motor, we have: Ω𝑚 =
𝑀0 .𝐼1
 During operation if we cut i1 (the flux will be cancelled), Ωm
will increase:
 The motor will runaway
 Deterioration of the machine and danger for users

Never turn off the excitation of a DC machine whose armature

is energized!

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 DC Machine Excitation Modes

 For the moment we have only seen machines with

separate excitation, but there are machines with different
excitation methods:

 Shunt mode (alternator excitation, battery charge)

 Series mounting (rail traction)

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 External model: DC machine with series excitation
 Within this configuration:
I=I1=I2
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 𝑉 V
I

 The torque-speed
characteristics thus becomes: R1, L1 V2
𝑀0 2 I
R2, L2
𝑇= 2 . 𝑉 V1
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑀0 . Ω

1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Ω= 𝑉−
𝑀0 . 𝑇 𝑀0

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 External model: DC machine with series excitation
Ω Ω I

𝑇
𝑉

V 𝑇 𝑇

We notice that the speed drops sharply with the increase of the torque.

We also note that the speed is very high at low torque.

=> Be careful never to start a series engine at no-load configuration.

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 External model: DC machine with series excitation
 And how to adjust the excitation of a series engine?
 We add a variable adjustable parallel to R1
 We then have: 𝐼1 =
𝛼
𝐼 V
1+𝛼
𝛼R1 I
 And so:
𝛼 I1
𝑇= 1 + 𝛼 𝑀0 2
𝛼 𝛼 2.𝑉 R1, L1
𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑀01+𝛼Ω
V2
1+𝛼 1 2 R2, L2
V1
𝛼
1 𝑅1 1 + 𝛼 + 𝑅2
Ω= 𝑉− 𝛼
𝛼 𝑀 01+𝛼
𝑀0 1 + 𝛼 𝐶

 In this way we can do some defluxing.

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 Application
 DC Machine with serial excitation
 Give the equivalent electrical diagram of a series excited DC motor.
 We have :
 V=200V
 Resistance of the inductor: R1=0,5 Ω
 Resistance of the armature : R2=0,2 Ω
 Consumed current : I=20 A
 Rotation speed : N=1500 rpm
 Calculate:
 The EMF of the motor
 The absorbed power
 The power dissipated by Joule effect
 The useful power (knowing that the PMech+PIron=100 W)
 The useful torque
 The efficiency

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 External model: DC machine with shunt excitation
 In this configuration:
I=I1+I2
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉 I
I1 I2

 The torque-speed
V2 V
characteristics therefore R1, L1
R2, L2
become : V1
𝑀0 𝑀0 𝑉2
𝑇= 1− Ω
𝑅1 . 𝑅2 𝑅1

𝑅1 𝑅1 . 𝑅2
Ω= 1− 𝑇
𝑀0 𝑀0 𝑉 2

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 External model: DC machine with shunt excitation
Ω Ω I

𝑇 𝑉

V 𝑇 𝑇

The first curve shows saturation, so we have several possible voltage

without losing too much speed in this mode

The other two curves are linear. One can play on the couple to change
the speed of rotation to given tension. One also to play on the couple to
change the current I to given voltage.

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 Application
 A shunt excitation motor is powered at a voltage of 200V. It
absorbs a current I = 22A. The resistance of the inductor is R1 =
100Ω and that of the armature R2 = 0.5Ω. Iron and mechanical
losses are estimated at 200W.
 Calculate
 Excitation I1 and armature I2 currents
 Counter-electromotive force
 Joule losses in the inductor and in the armature
 The absorbed power
 Useful power
 Overall performance

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 Comparison of different modes of excitation
Separated Serial Shunt

Constant
Torque

Constant
Voltage

Constant
Current

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 Mechanical Characteristic of a DC Machine

The speed varies very little

𝑻 (𝑵. 𝒎) 𝑇𝑚 mechanical characteristic of with the increase in the load
the motor but it shows a slight
decrease.

𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 mechanical characteristic

of the load

Intersection point => the operation point

𝛀 (𝒓𝒂𝒅Τ𝒔)

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 Starting a DC machine
 At startup the speed is zero, or E is
proportional to Ω. So, we have zero
E at startup and the voltage
V2Start=R2.I2Start RhStart
I2Start
=> So we have a strong current
requirement.
I1

 2 solutions to avoid damage to the

machine:
V2
 We gradually increase the supply V1 M E
voltage.
 A series starting rheostat of the
armature is used.

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 How to start a DC Machine
 We have a DC Machine with the following characteristics:
 Rated Current: 15 A
 Rated Power: 2,2 kW
 Rated speed for V2=180 V and I1=0,4 A : 1280 rpm
 Armature resistance: 1 Ω
 Resistance of the inductor: 300 Ω
 Drops at Brushes: 2x2V
 Starting rheostat: 9 Ω

 Establish the procedure for starting this DC Motor from the circuit
diagram (table)

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 How to start a DC Machine
 Step 1 :
 The inductor is supplied with a DC voltage source
 The inductor (or excitation) current is set to the nominal value
I1=0,4A.
 Step 2 :
 We set the start rheostat to maximum (9 Ω)
 We calculate the voltage level V2Start that we can reach to start the
machine without making a strong current requirement:
V2Start=(Rarmature+RhStart)*i2nom+DropBrushes=(1+9)*15+4=154V
 Step 3 :
 We increase the voltage V2 up to V2Start=154V
 We drop the start rheaostat to 0 Ω
 We raise the voltage V2 up to its nominal value180V

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 Generator operation.
 As soon as the winding has more than 3 or 4 turns, the
voltage produced by the machine approaches a DC voltage.

 A DC machine works as a generator If:

 V2<E
 I2 is in the same sense as E: U2=E – R2.I2

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 Generator operation.
 Power balance in generator:

Electromagnetic
Absorbed Power: Useful
mechanical PEmag=E.I2 electric
power: power:
Pa=Ta.Ωm PU=V2.I2

Rotor Joules
PIron PMech losses:
PJR=R2.𝐼22

 Efficiency: 𝑃𝑢
Efficiency : η =
𝑃𝑎 +𝑉1 .𝐼1

𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝐽𝑅 − 𝑃𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ − 𝑃𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛

η=
𝑃𝑎 + 𝑉1 . 𝐼1

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 Application
 A generator with independent excitation delivers a constant EMF
of 210V for a current inductor of 2 A. The resistances of the
armature and inductor windings are respectively 0.6Ω and 40Ω.
Iron and mechanical losses are estimated at 400W.

 For a flow rate of 45A, calculate:

 The induced voltage V2
 Useful power
 Joule induced losses and inductor
 The absorbed power
 The efficiency

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 DC Machine Breaking
 Reverse breaking:
 Reverse the flow direction of the induced current
 The torque unfolds against the opposite direction
 The engine brakes

 Dynamic braking: use the machine in generator mode

 Rheostatic braking: we close the armature of the dynamo on a
resistance
 Electric
power is dissipated by Joule effect
 Causes rapid braking but is very energy intensive
 Recovery braking: the electrical energy returned to the electrical
source (If the source is reversible, we have energy that can be stored
or used)

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 DC Machine with permanent magnets
 Magnets are placed on the stator to
create the B field

 Advantages :
 Better efficiency (no joule losses at the
stator)
 Simplified control
 Cheaper, lighter, less cumbersome

 Disadvantages:
 This is not feasible beyond 15kW
 We can not control the flux

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 DC servomotor
 The DC Machine can also be coupled to an electronic
variable speed drive
 Allows quick dynamic regime

Control Block

DC Machine

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 Advantages and disadvantages of DC Machine

Presence of a
collector and
Easily
its brushes
reversible

Easy to
operate
Important
maintenance
Start-up
capability

Torque High
independent manufacturing
speed cost

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 Applications of the DC Machines
 Lifting, pumping
 Railway traction
 Low power motors: toys
 Automotive Accessories

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 Losses – Electrically
 Losses by heating
 Losses by Joules effect: PJ = R.I²
𝐿
 Resistance of a conductor: R = ρ.
𝑆
 Example of a copper conductor:
 ρ20 =1,724.10-8Ω.m at 20°C
 ρ = ρ20(1 + α.ΔT) at 20°C + ΔT and α=0,00393K-1
 Cross-Section = 0,32mm²
 Total length of the winding: 400m
 I=5 A
 Calculating the resistance of a winding to 20° C and the
associated losses.
 Calculating the resistance of a winding to 100°C and the
associated losses.
 Conclude.

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 Losses – Core
 Ferromagnetic losses: PF = PH + PCF
 PH : Hysteresis loss due to the change in magnetic field.
 PCF : Eddy current losses due to currents induced in the materials in a
varying magnetic field.
 The losses do not depend on the load but on the excitation.

Laminated magnetic circuit

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 Losses – Mechanical
 Mechanical losses:
 Friction on the bearings
 Ventilation losses
 Friction on the brush (if any)
 These losses depend only on the speed of rotation!

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 Losses - Torque Case
 Torque losses:
 𝜏𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝜏𝑙_𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 + 𝜏𝑙_𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ.
 Electromagnetic torque:
 𝜏𝐸𝑚 = 𝜏𝑢 + 𝜏𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑑Ω
 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = 𝜏𝑢 − 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑Ω
 where 𝐼 = (𝜏𝐸𝑚 −𝜏𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ) − 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑑𝑡

 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡. is the same sign as Ωm if the load is resistant; it is opposite sign

to Ωm if the load is driven!
 𝜏𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 is always the same sign as the speed!
 𝜏𝑢 is the same sign as Ωm if it is in the motor mode. With opposite
sign if it is generator mode (breaking!)
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 Power balance of an electric motor

Be careful, in a generator the balance will be significantly

different. A more precise assessment will be drawn up for
each machine studied!

Ploss_iron

Electric power Electromagnetic power Pem Mechanical power

consumed by the output Pu
motor Pa P u = 𝜏𝑢 . Ω m

Joules Ploss_mech.
losses
Ploss_joule

Result:
𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠_𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 − 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠_𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ. − 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠_𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛

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 Efficiency of an electric machine.
 Efficiency of an electric machine:
𝑷𝒖
𝜼=
𝑷𝒂

 In motor operation:
 The consumed power is of an electric nature.
 The output power is mechanical in nature.
 In generator operation it's the opposite!

 To calculate the efficiency of an engine:

𝑃𝑢 𝑃𝑎 −𝑃𝐽 −𝑃𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ. −𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛

𝜂= =
𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑎

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 Tests of an electric motor.
 Main tests to be performed:
 Determination of the torque
 Determination of the efficiency and the internal losses.
 Measurement of the heat increase for the given regime.

 There are two approaches:

 Direct Test: the engine is placed on a test bench with a suitable load
to operate the engine at the desired speed => Difficult to implement
for high power machines
 Indirect Test: By having a no-load test, the internal losses
corresponding to a given regime are estimated and the efficiency is
calculated.

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 Tests of an electric motor
 The formulation for the efficiency:
𝑃𝑢 𝜏𝑢 Ω𝑚
η= =
𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑎

 Measurement at:
 Electrical power consumed by the motor:
 DC : voltmeter and ampermeter
 AC : Single-phase => one wattmeter
Three-phase => two wattmeters
 Output Power
 Torque : Detailed measurement in the next slide
 Speed : Optical or mechanical tachometer

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 Tests of an electric motor
 Torque measurement more difficult and less accurate
 By a torque-meter: based on the changement of the torsion that is
coupled with strain gauges.
 By using a known load: torque that applies to the motor according to
the setting.
 By setting the system "balance" position. This is a quite accurate method
but the installation at the level of the bearings is expensive.

𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 9.81 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑁. 𝑚)

Brake mounted in balance.

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 Load and Brakes used
 The Generator
 It delivers a « resistance » the
necessary power for load tests.
 The external torque can be adjusted
by changing the load resistance or
the excitation current (i2).
 The external torque varies
proportionally with speed.
 There is no torque when the R G DC
machine is at steady speed.
 The power is dissipated in the load
and not in the generator. Variable load resistance.

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 Load and Brakes used
 Electromagnetic breaks and Eddy currents
 Aluminum disc (driver) rotating in an adjustable magnetic field
 Heating losses
in the disk
 Torque proportional to speed

 Hysteresis brake
 Magnetically coupled brake between a gear wheel and a magnetized
rotating part, adjustable by the excitation current.
 Electromagnetic powder brake
 Rotating part with grooves filled with iron powder. The magnetic field
attracts the powder, which causes a couple of friction and therefore a
braking torque.

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 Tests of an electric motor
 Measurement of the heat of a machine
 Winding resistance measurement after the test, at a regular rate
 We then deduce the value of the resistance at the hottest point by
extrapolation of the curve below
 The temperature is deduced with the relationship seen previously!

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 Tests of an electric motor
 Indirect test of an electric motor:
 Principle: For a supposed regime at fixed torque and speed:
 We determine all the losses!
 We calculate the power that would be needed for the given scheme

𝑃𝑎 = 𝜏𝑢 Ω𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑢 𝜏𝑢 Ω 𝑚
 We deduce the efficiency: η = =
𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑎

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 Tests of an electric motor
 Indirect test of an electric motor:
 Balance of losses in an engine:
 Joule losses in the windings: by calculation taking into account the
operating temperature
 Iron losses and mechanical losses: they are deduced from an no-load test
(at the same speed and under the same magnetic field as the operating
regime considered)
 Additional losses estimated between 0.5 and 1% of the rated power of
the machine
 Losses of the rotating contacts: about 1V of voltage drop per rotating
contact (x2 dc , x3 three-phase)

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 Examples of application of electric motors
 Lifting, handling
 Applied torque independent of speed
 Electric braking downhill or at a standstill
 Pumping, gas compression, etc.
 Constant applied torque with speed
 Fixed or adjustable speed, wide speed range
 Machine tools
 Regularity of the torque (cutting)

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 Examples of application of electric motors
 Industrial Robotics
 High-speed for travelling
 Achievement of high rates
 Electric Traction
 Strong torque on start and on uphill
 Electrical break
 Domestic Equipments
 Low-cost, intermittent service
 Single-phase source or battery
 Electric power generation
 Low rotation speed
 Good performance

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 Thank you!

Halil Ibrahim Çakar

halil-ibrahim.cakar@ecam.fr
hicakar@gmail.com

Some of the images on this presentation are taken from the mentioned lecture resources!

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