APPENDIX

FORMULAS FROM
A G IBRA
G OMETRY, AND
TRIGONOMETRY

Algebra
(a + b)2 = a2 + lab + b2.
{a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2fc + 3aZ?2 + b3.
Quadratic formula: If a # 0 the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are

— Aac
X=
Ta •
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 570 FORMULAS FROM ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, AND TRIGONOMETRY

Geometry
The slope or the straight line passing through points (xj, y,) and (x2, y2) with xx ^ x2
is

slope =
X2 -

*(x2,y2)

Equation of a straight line of slope m is

y = mx + by
where b is the y intercept (the value of v when x = 0).
A circle of radius r has circumference 27rr and area TIT2.
A sphere of radius r has surface area 4irr 2 and volume |irr 3 .

Trigonometry
If r is the distance from the origin to a point (x, y) and 0 is the polar coordinate
angle, then

cos 6 = jc/r, sin 6 = y/r, tan 6 = ylx.

x,y)

esc 6 = 1/sin 6, sec 6 = 1/cos 0, cot 0 = 1/tan 0.

sin2 0 + cos 2 0 = 1 .
sin(0 ± a) = sin 0 cos a ± cos 0 sin a,
cos(0 ± a) = cos 0 cos a + sin 0 sin a.
On a circular sector of radius r subtending an angle 0 (measured in radians) the arc length
of the circle is s = r0:

0(in radians) = 0(in degrees) — -

loO
180
0 (in degrees) = 0 (in radians) .
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https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818493.026 Published online by Cambridge University Press